nose+area

congested [kən'dʒestɪd]

adjective

(a) (area, town) surpeuplé; (road) encombré, embouteillé; (airport, communication lines) encombré;

∎ the roads are congested with traffic il y a des embouteillages ou des encombrements sur les routes

(b) Medicine (clogged → organ) congestionné; (→ nose) bouché;

∎ I'm feeling really congested j'ai les bronches très prises

congestion [kən'dʒestʃən]

noun

(a) (of area) surpeuplement m; (of road, traffic) encombrement m, embouteillage m;

∎ the new road will relieve the congestion in the town la nouvelle route va décongestionner la ville

(b) Medicine (blockage → in organ, nose) congestion f

land [lænd]

terres ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d) région ⇒ 1 (c) pays ⇒ 1 (e), 1 (f) royaume ⇒ 1 (f) poser ⇒ 2 (a) débarquer ⇒ 2 (a) hisser ⇒ 2 (b) décrocher ⇒ 2 (c) atterrir ⇒ 3 (a) arriver à quai ⇒ 3 (b) tomber ⇒ 3 (c) finir ⇒ 3 (d)

1 noun

(a) (for farming, building etc) terre f;

∎ he works on the land il travaille la terre;

∎ this is good farming land c'est de la bonne terre;

∎ building land terrain constructible;

∎ land for sale (sign) terrain à vendre;

∎ a piece of land (for farming) un lopin de terre; (for building) un terrain (à bâtir);

∎ to live off the land vivre des ressources naturelles de la terre;

∎ figurative to see how the land lies, to find out the lie or lay of the land tâter le terrain

(b) (property) terre f, terres fpl;

∎ their lands were confiscated leurs terres ont été confisquées;

∎ get off my land! sortez de mes terres!

(c) (area, region) région f;

∎ the desert lands of Northern Australia les régions désertiques du nord de l'Australie

(d) (not sea) terre f;

∎ Nautical to make land reconnaître la terre;

∎ Nautical they sighted land ils aperçurent la terre;

∎ we travelled by land to Cairo nous sommes allés au Caire par la route;

∎ over land and sea sur terre et sur mer

(e) literary or formal (nation, country) pays m;

∎ to travel in distant lands voyager dans des pays lointains;

∎ the victory was celebrated throughout the land le pays tout entier a fêté la victoire;

∎ a land of opportunity un pays où tout est possible

(f) figurative (realm) royaume m, pays m;

∎ he is no longer in the land of the living il n'est plus de ce monde;

∎ she lives in a land of make-believe elle vit dans un monde de chimères

2 transitive verb

(a) (plane) poser; (cargo, passengers) débarquer;

∎ they landed him on the deck of the ferry ils l'ont fait atterrir sur le pont du ferry;

∎ they have succeeded in landing men on the moon ils ont réussi à envoyer des hommes sur la Lune

(b) (fish → onto bank) hisser sur la rive; (→ onto boat) hisser dans le bateau

(c) familiar (job, contract) décrocher;

∎ he's just landed a good job il vient juste de décrocher ou dégoter un bon boulot

(d) familiar (put, place) ficher;

∎ he caught me a blow that nearly landed me in the water il m'a flanqué un tel coup que j'ai bien failli me retrouver dans l'eau;

∎ this could land us in real trouble ça pourrait nous attirer de gros ennuis ou nous mettre dans le pétrin;

∎ you've landed us in a nice mess! tu nous as mis dans de beaux draps!;

∎ it'll land you in prison! tu finiras en prison!

(e) (blow) flanquer;

∎ I landed him a blow or landed him one on the nose je lui ai flanqué ou collé mon poing dans la figure

(f) familiar (encumber)

∎ I got landed with the job of organizing the party c'est moi qui me suis retrouvé avec la fête à organiser^□, c'est moi qui me suis tapé l'organisation de la fête;

∎ I've been landed with the job of telling him c'est à moi qu'il est revenu de le lui dire;

∎ we got landed with their children for the weekend ils nous ont refilé leurs gosses ou il a fallu se farcir leurs gosses tout le week-end;

∎ as usual, I got landed with all the work comme d'habitude, c'est moi qui me suis tapé tout le travail;

∎ they landed me with the bill c'est moi qui ai écopé de l'addition

3 intransitive verb

(a) Aviation & Astronomy atterrir;

∎ they land at 7 p.m. ils atterrissent ou leur avion arrive à 19 heures;

∎ to land on the moon atterrir sur la Lune, alunir;

∎ to land in the sea amerrir;

∎ to land on an aircraft carrier apponter (sur un porte-avions)

(b) Nautical (boat) arriver à quai; (passengers) débarquer

(c) (ball) tomber, retomber; (gymnast, ski-jumper, horse, high jumper) se réceptionner; (falling object, bomb, parachutist) tomber; (bird) se poser;

∎ an apple/the ball landed on her head elle a reçu une pomme/le ballon sur la tête;

∎ to land on one's feet retomber sur ses pieds; (of cat) retomber sur ses pattes;

∎ familiar figurative he always manages to land on his feet il arrive toujours à retomber sur ses pattes

(d) familiar (finish up) finir^□, atterrir;

∎ he slipped and landed in a puddle il a glissé et a atterri dans une flaque d'eau;

∎ I hope that problem doesn't land on my desk j'espère que ce problème ne va pas atterrir sur mon bureau;

∎ the car landed in the ditch la voiture a terminé sa course dans le fossé^□ ;

∎ he landed in jail il s'est retrouvé en prison^□

4 compound-forming noun

(prices → in town) du terrain; (→ in country) de la terre; (ownership) foncier; British History (army) de terre; (worker) agricole

►► Law land act loi f agraire;

land agent (administrator) régisseur m, intendant(e) m,f; British (estate agent) agent m immobilier;

land bank crédit m foncier;

land breeze brise f de terre;

land bridge isthme m;

Accountancy land charge dette f foncière;

land crab crabe m terrestre;

the Land of Enchantment = surnom donné au Nouveau-Mexique;

Land's End = pointe de la Cornouailles;

Land of Lincoln = surnom donné à l'Illinois;

the Land of the Midnight Sun la terre du soleil de minuit;

land reform réforme f agraire;

land register cadastre m;

land registration inscription f au cadastre;

land registry cadastre m;

land registry office bureau m du cadastre;

land route voie f de terre;

land tax impôt m foncier, contribution f foncière

➲ land up intransitive verb

familiar (finish up) finir^□, atterrir;

∎ the letter landed up in Finland la lettre a atterri en Finlande;

∎ you'll land up in jail! tu finiras en prison!;

∎ I landed up at a friend's house j'ai atterri ou échoué chez un ami;

∎ I landed up having to dance with him il a fallu que je danse avec lui^□ ;

∎ I always landed up with the worst jobs je me tapais toujours les tâches les plus ingrates à faire

ⓘ A land fit for heroes Cette expression ("un pays digne de ses héros") trouve son origine dans un discours que le Premier ministre britannique Lloyd George prononça en 1918. Il y expliquait la façon dont il envisageait l'avenir de son pays au sortir de la Première Guerre mondiale, et déclarait qu'il incombait au gouvernement de faire de la Grande-Bretagne a fit country for heroes to live in ("un pays qui ferait honneur à ses héros"). On utilise aujourd'hui cette formule dans sa version modifiée et souvent sur le mode ironique en parlant de la façon dont un pays traite ses soldats. On dira par exemple if the returning veterans hoped for a land fit for heroes, they were to be sadly disappointed ("si, une fois de retour au pays, les anciens combattants s'étaient imaginé trouver un pays digne de héros, ils allaient être amèrement déçus").

1. наведение; управление

2. система наведения; система управления

3. навигация

4-D guidance

acceleration guidance

arrival guidance

azimuth guidance

BVR guidance

centerline guidance

departure guidance

descent guidance

feedback guidance

flight director guidance

four-dimensional guidance

fuel conservative guidance

glideslope guidance

ground-reference guidance

inertial guidance

landing guidance

lateral guidance

midcourse guidance

missed-approach guidance

navigational guidance

nose-mounted guidance

PFD guidance

pilot guidance

pitch guidance

pitch attitude guidance

pronav guidance

proportional navigation guidance

recovery guidance

singular perturbation guidance

terminal guidance

terminal area guidance

time-controlled descent guidance

trajectory guidance

visual guidance

wind shear escape guidance

windshear guidance

radius of action

radius of gyration

airfoil nose radius

area radius of gyration

bead seat radius

best turning radius

blade radius

Coanda radius

corner radius

deck-launched intercept radius

Earth's equatorial radius

earth-surface radius

edge radius

fillet radius

ground turning radius

HI-LO-HI radius

leading-edge radius

lip radius

LO-LO radius

Mach disc radius

mass radius of gyration

mission radius

operational radius

root cutout radius

search and rescue radius

spin radius

surveillance radius

tight-turning radius

tip radius

trailing edge radius

turn radius

turning radius

— afterbody contour

— contour of runway

— convergent contour

— descent contour

— divergent contour

— exhaust velocity contour

— hold a contour

— nose contours

— nozzle interior contour

— optimum nozzle contour

— optimum thrust contour

— pressure contour

— profile contour

— section contour

— temperature contour

— velocity contour

— aerodynamically improved fuselage

— aft fuselage

— area-ruled fuselage

— bulged top fuselage

— bulgy fuselage

— coke-bottle fuselage

— composite fuselage

— double-bubble fuselage

— drooping-nose fuselage

— egg-shaped fuselage

— fabric-covered fuselage

— faired fuselage

— flight simulator fuselage

— freight fuselage

— front fuselage

— full-down fuselage

— fuselage alone

— hinged rear fuselage

— in mid fuselage

— lifting fuselage

— lower fuselage

— monocoque fuselage

— oval-section fuselage

— parallel-section center fuselage

— pod-type fuselage

— pressurized fuselage

— rectangular-section fuselage

— round fuselage

— semimonocoque fuselage

— sharply pointed fuselage

— sharp-nosed fuselage

— slab-sided fuselage

— slender fuselage

— slenderized fuselage

— slim fuselage

— stringered fuselage

— stringerless fuselage

— stubby fuselage

— twin-boom fuselage

— twin-seat fuselage

— two-deck fuselage

— unpressurized fuselage

— upswept rear fuselage

— ventral fuselage

— welded steel-tube fuselage

— widened fuselage

— ablation profile

— airfoil profile

— altitude profile

— antinoise flight profile

— area-ruled profiles

— basic mission profile

— biconvex profile

— blade profile

— bluff leading-edge profile

— boundary-layer profile

— cabin profile

— cambered profile

— cast profile

— circular-arc profile

— climb profile

— convex-concave profile

— cross-flow profile

— cross-section profile

— curved profile

— density profile

— departure profile

— double-arc profile

— double-wedge profile

— emission profile

— enter profile

— exit velocity profile

— fighter profile

— flame profile

— flattened double-wedge profile

— flight profile

— gust profile

— heating profile

— heat-rate profile

— high-lift profile

— hi-lo profile

— hi-lo-hi profile

— hydrofoil profile

— inlet velocity profile

— interceptor acceleration profile

— interior profile

— inverted-camber profile

— Joukovski profile

— laminar-flow profile

— laminarized profile

— landing profile

— leading-edge profile

— lenticular profile

— long-range profile

— low-drag profile

— Mach-number profile

— maximum endurance profile

— mission profile

— nose profile

— ogival profile

— optimum return profile

— plastic strain profile

— pressure profile

— pressure time profile

— radar profile

— radiation profile

— recession profile

— reflexed profile

— shear profile

— shroud profile

— streamlined profile

— subsonic profile

— supersonic profile

— tail unit profile

— takeoff profile

— temperature profile

— thrust profile

— total temperature profile

— total-pressure profile

— trajectory profile

— tropospheric wind profile

— two-dimensional profile

— uncambered profile

— underwing profile

— vertical takeoff profile

— VTOL takeoff profile

— wedge profile

— wind profile

— wing profile

— zoom profile

— angular region

— anticyclonic region

— atmospheric region

— auroral region

— base region

— blast region

— buffet region

— combustion region

— conical-flow region

— continuous-flow region

— conversion region

— cyclonic region

— dead-air region

— decreased-pressure region

— deep-stall region

— downwash region

— elastic region

— entrance region

— evacuated region

— expansion region

— far region

— flight region

— flow separation region

— fringe region

— heat-producing region

— heavily defended region

— high Mach region

— high-altitude flight region

— high-downwash region

— high-L/D region

— high-speed region

— high-speed stall region

— high-subsonic region

— hover region

— hypersonic region

— icing region

— intermittently turbulent region

— invlscid region

— ionospheric region

— isothermal region

— leading-edge region

— local supersonic region

— low Mach region

— lower transonic region

— low-L/D region

— low-speed region

— low-supersonic region

— mixed-flow region

— mixing region

— moderator region

— monsoon region

— noncontinuous-flow region

— nose region

— operating region

— performance-expansion region

— perturbed region

— post-stall region

— precursor region

— pre-stall region

— reaction region

— region of escape

— region of no-pressure

— region of roughness

— reverse flow region

— slip-flow region

— slipstream region

— space communication regions

— stability region

— stable region

— stagnation region

— stagnation-point region

— stall region

— subcrltical region

— subsonic region

— suction region

— superaerodynamics region

— supercritical region

— supersonic region

— super-stall region

— symmetrical-flow region

— tailplane region

— temperate region

— throat region

— tirade-wind region

— transition region

— transonic region

— transpiration-cooled region

— trans-stall region

— turbulent-flow region

— unperturbed region

— unstable region

— vortex region

— wake expansion region

— wake recirculation region

— wake region

— working region

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Martin acquired a general knowledge of engineering as an industrial worker in Belfast. In 1929 he established the Martin Aircraft Company, which was merged five years later with another concern to form the Martin-Baker Aircraft Company at Denham, Buckinghamshire. They became known for designing and constructing efficient, lightweight military aircraft, and Martin supervised personally every aspect of the work of his factory. During the Second World War they developed a number of aircraft weapons, including an explosive device carried on a bomber's wings for cutting the cables of barrage balloons, the flat-feed system for the 20 mm Hispano cannon used on British fighter planes and the twelve-gun pack mounted in the nose of the Havoc night fighter. Martin began devising means of rapid escape from a disabled fighter plane. First came a quick-release canopy for the Spitfire, followed by an improved form sliding on guides set in the fuselage. Then came the Martin-Baker seat, which ejected the pilot from his plane by an explosive charge. Ground tests were made to determine the rates of acceleration that could be tolerated by the pilot, and the first test in the air with a pilot took place in July 1946 at a speed of 320 mph (515 km/h) and an altitude of 8,000 ft (2,400 m). Its first use in a genuine emergency was in May 1949.

After the Second World War, the firm specialized in making components, particularly the ejector seat, rather than complete aircraft. The higher speeds and altitudes of supersonic jet aircraft made it necessary to modify the ejector seat: a device to hold the pilot's legs together, to prevent their being broken, was incorporated. In addition, with the Institute of Aviation Medicine, Martin developed a face blind to prevent skin damage at low temperatures. Another modification was to allow the seat to fall freely for the first 10,000 ft (3,000 m) to enable the pilot to reach breathable air more quickly; in October 1959 a successful demonstration took place at 1,250 mph (2,000 km/h) and 40,000 ft (12,000 m) altitude. During the inventor's lifetime, it is estimated that his ejector seat saved the lives of some 4,700 airmen.

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SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport

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Morris was the son of Frederick Morris, then a draper. He was the eldest of a family of seven, all of whom, except for one sister, died in childhood. When he was 3 years old, his father moved to Cowley, near Oxford, where he attended the village school. After a short time with a local bicycle firm he set up on his own at the age of 16 with a capital of £4. He manufactured pedal cycles and by 1902 he had designed a motor cycle and was doing car-repair work. By 1912, at the Motor Show, he was able to announce his first car, the 8.9 hp, two-seater Morris Oxford with its characteristic "bull-nose". It could perform at up to 50 mph (80 km/h) and 50 mpg (5.65 1/100 km). It cost £165.

Though untrained, Morris was a born engineer as well as a natural judge of character. This enabled him to build up a reliable team of assistants in his growing business, with an order for four hundred cars at the Motor Show in 1912. Much of his business was built up in the assembly of components manufactured by outside suppliers. In he moved out of his initial premises by New College in Longwall and bought land at Cowley, where he brought out his second model, the 11.9hp Morris Oxford. This was after the First World War, during which car production was reduced to allow the manufacture of tanks and munitions. He was awarded the OBE in 1917 for his war work. Morris Motors Ltd was incorporated in 1919, and within fifteen months sales of cars had reached over 3,000 a year. By 1923 he was producing 20,000 cars a year, and in 1926 50,000, equivalent to about one-third of Britain's output. With the slump, a substantial overdraft, and a large stock of unsold cars, Morris took the bold decision to cut the prices of cars in stock, which then sold out within three weeks. Other makers followed suit, but Morris was ahead of them.

Morris was part-founder of the Pressed Steel Company, set up to produce car bodies at Cowley. A clever operation with the shareholding of the Morris Motors Company allowed Morris a substantial overall profit to provide expansion capital. By 1931 his "empire" comprised, in addition to Morris Motors, the MG Car Company, the Wolseley Company, the SU Carburettor Company and Morris Commercial Cars. In 1936, the value of Morris's financial interest in the business was put at some £16 million.

William Morris was a frugal man and uncomplicated, having little use for all the money he made except to channel it to charitable purposes. It is said that in all he gave away some £30 million during his lifetime, much of it invested by the recipients to provide long-term benefits. He married Elizabeth Anstey in 1904 and lived for thirty years at Nuffield Place. He lived modestly, and even after retirement, when Honorary President of the British Motor Corporation, the result of a merger between Morris Motors and the Austin Motor Company, he drove himself to work in a modest 10 hp Wolseley. His generosity benefited many hospitals in London, Oxford, Birmingham and elsewhere. Oxford Colleges were another class of beneficiary from his largesse.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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Major von Parseval and his colleague Captain von Sigsfeld were serving in the German army during the 1890s when improved military observation from the air was being pursued. Tethered observation balloons, raised and lowered by a winch, had been used since 1794, but in strong winds a spherical balloon became very unstable. Manned kites were being developed by "Colonel" S.F. Cody, in Britain, and others, but kites were a problem if the wind dropped. A very successful compromise was achieved in 1897 by von Parseval and von Sigsfeld, who developed a kite-balloon, the Drachen ("Dragon"), which was elongated like an airship and fitted with large inflated fins. It was attached to its tethering cable in such a way that it flew with a positive incidence (nose up) to the wind, thus producing some lift—like a kite. The combination of these factors made the kite-balloon very stable. Other countries followed suit and a version designed by the Frenchman Albert Caquot was widely used during the First World War for observing the results of artillery fire. Caquot balloons were also used around London as a barrage to obstruct enemy aircraft, and "barrage balloons" were widely used during the Second World War. After working at a government balloon factory in Berlin where non-rigid airships were built, von Parseval designed his own non-rigid airship. The Parseval I which flew in 1906 was small, but larger and faster non-rigids followed. These were built by Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H. of Berlin founded in 1908 to build and operate Parseval airships. The British Admiralty ordered three Parseval airships, two to be built by Vickers of Barrow (who had built the rigid airship R 1 Mayfly in 1911), and one to be built in Berlin. This one was flown from Berlin to Farnborough in 1913 and joined the Vickers-built Parseval in the Naval Air Service. During the First World War, Parseval airships had the unique distinction of serving on both sides. Three small Parseval airships were built between 1929 and 1932 for use in advertising.

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SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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After the hang-gliders of pioneers such as Lilienthal, Pilcher and Chanute in the 1890s, this form of flying virtually disappeared for seventy years. It was reintroduced in the late 1960s based on Francis Rogallo's flexible wing, patented in the United States in 1948. Rogallo's wing was very basic: it consisted of a fabric delta wing with a solid boom along each leading edge and one along the centre line. Between these booms, the fabric was free to billow out into two partial cones. Variations of the Rogallo flexible wing were investigated in the 1960s by Ryans as a means of recovering space vehicles (e.g. Saturn booster), and by North American for the recovery of Gemini spacecraft. In 1963 a version with a 155 kW (210 hp) engine was tested by the US services as a potential lightweight transport vehicle. None of these made a great impact and the Rogallo wing became popular as a hang-glider c. 1970. The pilot was suspended in a harness below a lightweight Rogallo wing. A framework attached to the wing structure allowed the pilot to move his or her body in any direction relative to the wing. Thus, if they wished to dive, they would move their weight forward, which made the glider nose-heavy. This was a great improvement over the earlier hang-gliders, in which the upper part of the pilot's body was held in a fixed position and control was achieved by swinging the legs. Rogallo-wing hang-gliders became very popular as they were relatively cheap and easy to transport. Once the sport developed, powered "microlights" made their appearance and a new branch of popular flying was established.

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конус

акустически обработанный носовой обтекатель

зона неустойчивой радиосвязи

типичный лучевой конус

конус ударной волны

кок винта в сборе

зона конусного эффекта

пучок лучей

стекатель газов

мертвая зона

хвостовой кок

усеченный конус

ветроуказатель

заборное устройство

воздухозаборник

заглушка воздухозаборника

диффузор воздухозаборника

канал воздухозаборника

обогрев канала воздухозаборника

нерегулируемая кромка воздухозаборника

опасная зона перед воздухозаборником

обогреватель воздухозаборника

давление на входе в воздухозаборник

конус воздухозаборника

управление конусом воздухозаборником

помпаж в воздухозаборнике

минимальное проходное сечение воздухозаборника

клин воздухозаборника

кольцевой воздухозаборник

воздухозаборник в нижней части фюзеляжа

воздухозаборник, раздвоенный на выходе

носовой воздухозаборник

регулируемый воздухозаборник

воздухозаборник с пусковым регулированием

воздухозаборник внешнего сжатия потока

нерегулируемый воздухозаборник

воздухозаборник с фиксированной передней кромкой

утопленный заподлицо воздухозаборник

угол атаки воздухозаборника

канал воздухозаборника

обтекатель передней опоры

потери в воздухозаборнике

заборный канал

такт впуска

всасывающая труба

такт впуска

клапан впуска

воздухозаборник смешанного сжатия потока

многоскачковый воздухозаборник

носовой воздухозаборник

трубопровод подвода воздуха к воздухозаборнику

дозвуковой воздухозаборник

сверхзвуковой воздухозаборник

двухмерный воздухозаборник

двухскачковый воздухозаборник

регулируемый воздухозаборник

воздухозаборник с регулируемой передней кромкой

пункт

автомат приемистости

блок индикатора отклонения от линии пути

аэродромный диспетчерский пункт

рулевая машинка элеронов

бортовой трап

заслонка дозировки расхода воздуха

автомат счисления пути

спасательная команда аэропорта

пункт управления воздушным движением

пункт обслуживания воздушного движения

авиационное подразделение

блок индикатора оставшегося пути

высотный корректор

блок датчика высотного корректора

электронный антенный блок

поворотный механизм антенный

диспетчерский пункт управления заходом на посадку

орган управления движением на перроне

загрузочный механизм

Сектор аудиовизуальных средств

блок автоматического определения дальности

блок отключения автопилота

рулевая машинка автопилота

автомат запуска

вспомогательная силовая установка

блок азимутального наведения

гироавтомат крена и тангажа

блок управления клапанами перепуска

механизм торможения

Картографический сектор

холодильная установка

блок связи с курсовой системой

регулятор постоянных оборотов

командный прибор

Сектор обработки данных

дроссельный механизм

1. блок индикации

Сектор распространения документации

Сектор контроля за документацией

установка углов возвышения глиссадных огней

агрегат с приводом от двигателя

винтомоторный блок

выхлопное устройство

расходы на единицу перевозки

базовый тариф

загрузочный механизм

Сектор учета кадров на местах

Сектор обеспечения снабжения на местах

Сектор закупок на местах

Сектор найма на местах

противопожарный блок

блок сбора полетной информации

аэродромный диспетчерский пункт полетной информации

установка для прокачки

муфта свободного хода

командно-топливный агрегат

пистолет заправки топливом

агрегат дозировки топлива

Сектор общего обслуживания

аэродромная установка для запуска

аэродромный пусковой агрегат

наземная установка для запуска

гидроагрегат

гидроагрегат

блок зажигания

инерциально-навигационный блок

информационно-справочная служба

пульт управления подъемниками

блок сигнализации предельного крена

загрузочный механизм

нагрузка на единицу площади

внешний источник питания

трубопровод подвода воздуха к хвостовому оперению

соединитель со штыревым разъемом

силовой агрегат

автомат давления

регулятор числа оборотов воздушного винта

силовая установка

блок защиты и управления

насосная станция

Сектор закупок

механизм усилий по скоростному напору

быстросъемный блок

блок связи с радиолокационным оборудованием

блок указателя дальности

единица при построении грузовых тарифов

блок датчиков угловых скоростей гироскопа

датчик мгновенного расхода

приемник - процессор

карусель для выдачи

комплект оборудования для заправки и слива топлива

Сектор регистрации и архивов

доход на единицу воздушной перевозки

пульт ножного управления рулем направления

рулевая машинка руля направления

вертикальное оперение

комплект светотехнического оборудования ВПП

рулевая машинка

Экспедиция

пульт централизованного управления

агрегат щелевого типа

запасной агрегат

пусковой блок

автомат подачи пускового топлива

датчик курсовых углов астрокомпаса

гидрошарнирное соединение

блок согласования

система единиц

хвостовое оперение

трехстрелочный указатель

датчик суммарного расхода

единица воздушной перевозки

арматура крепления

укомплектованный груз

средство пакетирования грузов

тариф за перевозку грузов в специальном приспособлении для комплектования

продолжительность единичного звукового сигнала

единица измерения

стоимость контейнерных перевозок

средняя стоимость одного места

специальный тариф за перевозку транспортируемой единицы

перевозка по специальному тарифу

табло информации

блок управления аварийной сигнализации

автомат обогрева стекол