-
41 Glacier studies
Gen Mgtresearch experiments conducted at the Glacier Metal Company in London from 1948 to 1965 to investigate the development of group relations, the effects of change, and employee roles and responsibilities. The Glacier studies were conducted by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations with the research being headed by Elliot Jaques and Fred Emery. Findings from the initial study came from a methodology called “working-through,” which examined possible social and personal factors at play in any potential dispute. From this arose an early form of works council where employees could participate in setting policy for their department. It was also discovered that employees felt the need to have their role and status defined in a way acceptable to both themselves and their colleagues. This research into job roles led Jaques to come up with the notion of the time span of discretion, according to which all jobs, no matter how strictly defined, have some level of content that requires judgment and therefore discretion by the jobholder. Jaques then examined this phenomenon in bureaucratic organizations. In defining a bureaucracy as a hierarchical system in which employees are accountable to their bosses for the work they do, he took a different stance from Max Weber. Much like the Hawthorne experiments, the Glacier studies had far-reaching implications for the way organizations were managed. The initial findings were written up by Jaques in The Changing Culture of a Factory (1951). In 1965, Jaques published the Glacier Project Papers with Wilfred Brown, the managing director of Glacier. -
42 leadership
Gen Mgt, HRthe capacity to establish direction and to influence and align others toward a common goal, motivating and committing them to action and making them responsible for their performance. Leadership theory is one of the most discussed areas of management, and many different approaches are taken to the topic. Some notions of leadership are related to types of authority delineated by Max Weber. It is often suggested that leaders possess innate personal qualities that distinguish them from others: great man theory and trait theory express this idea. Other theories, such as Behaviorist Theories of Leadership, suggest that leadership is defined by action and behavior, rather than by personality. A related idea is that leadership style is not fixed but should be adapted to different situations, and this is explored in contingency theory and situational theory. A further branch of research that examines relationships between leaders and followers is found in transactional, transformational, attribution, and power and influence theories of leadership. Perhaps the most simple model of leadership is action-centered leadership, which focuses on what an effective leader actually does. These many approaches and differences of opinion illustrate the complexity of the leadership role and the intangibility of the essence of good leadership. -
43 management
Gen Mgt, HRthe use of professional skills for identifying and achieving organizational objectives through the deployment of appropriate resources. Management involves identifying what needs to be done, and organizing and supporting others to perform the necessary tasks. A manager has complex and ever-changing responsibilities, the focus of which shifts to reflect the issues, trends, and preoccupations of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the emphasis was both on supporting the organization’s administration and managing productivity through increased efficiency. Organizations following the models of Henri Fayol and Max Weber built the functional divisions of personnel management, production management, marketing management, operations management, and financial management. At the beginning of the 21st century, those original drivers are still much in evidence, although the emphasis has moved to the key areas of competence such as people management. Although management is a profession in its own right, its skill-set often applies to professionals of other disciplines. -
44 organization structure
Gen Mgtthe form of an organization that is evident in the way divisions, departments, functions, and people link together and interact. Organization structure reveals vertical operational responsibilities, and horizontal linkages, and may be represented by an organization chart. The complexity of an organization’s structure is often proportional to its size and its geographic dispersal. The traditional organization structure for many businesses in the 20th century was the bureaucracy, originally defined by Max Weber. More recent forms include the flat, network, matrix, and virtual organizations. These forms have become more prevalent during the last decades of the 20th century as a result of the trend toward restructuring and downsizing and developments in telecommunications technology. According to Harold J. Leavitt, organization structure is inextricably linked to the technology and people who perform the tasks. Charles Handy has shown that it is also directly linked to corporate culture. -
45 power
Gen Mgtthe ability to compel others to obey. Power refers to an authority or influence over others which, in an organizational context, may be derived from the holder’s rank or status, or from their personality. According to Max Weber, power refers to the probability of imposing your own will despite resistance. It is closely linked to, but not the same as, leadership, authority, and responsibility. Organizational power is linked to organization structure and is an inherent part of any hierarchy or bureaucracy. -
46 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. 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Costa Gomes-o Ultimo Marechal. Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 1998.■ Domingos, Emídio Da Veiga. Portugal Político. Análise das Instituiçoes. Lisbon, 1989.■ Goldey, David. "Elections and the Consolidation of Portuguese Democracy: 1974-1983." Electoral Studies 2, 3 (1983): 229-40.■ Graham, Lawrence S. "Institutionalizing Democracy: Governance in Post-1974 Portugal." In Ali Farazmand, ed., Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, 81-90. New York: Dekker, 1991.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Gunther, Richard. "Spain and Portugal." In G. A. Dorfman and P. J. Duignan, eds., Politics in Western Europe, 186-236. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1988.■ Magone, José Maria. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. Basingstoke, U.K.: Macmillan, 1997.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. 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Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? 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Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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47 action
1. сущ.1)а) общ. действие, деятельностьman of action — человек дела, энергичный [деятельный\] человек
physical [mental\] action — физическая [умственная\] деятельность [работа\]
See:б) общ. действие, работа (машины, механизма и т. п.); деятельностьto bring [call, put, set\] into action — приводить в действие
в) общ., сленг преступная деятельность, бандитизм, торговля наркотиками2)а) общ. поступок, деяние, действие; мераto take action — начинать действовать; принимать меры
to be responsible for one's actions — отвечать за свои действия [свое поведение\]
to judge smb. by his actions — судить о ком-л. по его делам
noble/mean action — благородный/подлый поступок
all his actions show — все его поведение говорит о [показывает\]
penal action — уголовно наказуемое деяние [действие\]
See:administrative action, adverse action, affirmative action, action branches, action point, action programmeб) соц. действие (целенаправленное, социально значимое поведение)See:в) соц. действие (в теории М. Вебера: человеческое поведение, с которым действующий индивид связывает некоторый субъективный смысл)See:г) пол. акция, выступлениеaction against smth./smb. — выступление против чего-л./кого-л.
See:д) марк. акция, действиеSee:3) общ. действие, воздействие, влияниеSee:4) юр. судебное дело, судебный процесс; судебное преследование; обвинение ( в широком смысле — как в гражданском, так и в уголовном судопроизводстве; в гражданском судопроизводстве — иск, исковое требование, претензия)court action — судебное дело [разбирательство\]
criminal action — уголовное дело, уголовный процесс
civil action — гражданское дело, гражданский процесс
price-fixing action — иск [судебное дело\] о фиксации цены*
to take legal action — начать судебное разбирательство, предъявить иск
to bring an action against smb. — предъявить иск
See:action for nondelivery, action in contract, action to quiet title, Uniform Commercial Code, civil law, suit, actionable subsidy5) воен. бои, боевые действияto be killed [wounded\] in action — пасть [погибнуть\] в бою
6) общ. бурная деятельность; центр активности, гуща событий ( используется с определенным артиклем)to go where the action is — направиться туда, где происходят основные события; активно включиться в работу, в борьбу и т. п.
7)а) СМИ действие (любое действие исполнителя, которое будет передано в эфир или записано)б) СМИ "Мотор!" ( команда режиссера к началу съемки)2. гл.общ. предпринимать действия*, принимать меры*, работать* (с чем-л.; обычно используется в форме "to be actioned")Your order will be actioned within the next 24 hours. — Ваш заказ будет выполнен в течение 24 часов.
All complaints will be actioned within 2 weeks of being received. — Все жалобы будут рассмотрены в течение 2 недель после получения.
* * *действие; мероприятие; иск; исковое требование, поступок, акция. . Словарь экономических терминов . -
48 bureaucratic authority
соц., пол. бюрократическая власть (по М. Веберу: власть, осуществляемая особым слоем людей — управляющими, которые действуют по строго определенным правилам и процедурам)Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > bureaucratic authority
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49 capitalist ethic
соц. капиталистическая этика (этика, свойственная классу капиталистов или способствующая становлению капитализма как строя; в системе М. Вебера — этика, ориентированная на аскетизм как религиозную ценность (что имеет следствием производственное, а не потребительское использование прибыли) и деловой успех как знак предопределенности спасения)See: -
50 competition
сущ.1) общ. соперничество, конкуренция, соревнование, состязаниеkeen [cut-throat\] competition — острая [ожесточенная\] конкуренция
to be in competition with — конкурировать с (кем-л.)
hot [heated-up\] competition — интенсивная конкуренция
See:2) эк. конкуренция, конкурентная борьба (действия производителей, направленные на привлечение к своей продукции покупателей; также действия покупателей, направленные на получение продукта, который находится в ограниченном предложении)See:advertising competition 1), cutthroat competition, export competition, fair competition, foreign competition, global competition, government-subsidized competition, import competition, international competition, knocking competition, non-price competition, price competition, sellers' competition, competition law, competition policy, competitiveness, competitor3) эк. конкуренция (в экономической теории: рыночная структура, при которой в отрасли существует большое число небольших фирм, ни одна из которых не может повлиять на рыночную цену продукта)See:perfect competition, imperfect competition, monopolistic competition, market structure, competitive price4) соц. борьба за существование (по М. Веберу: мирный конфликт, суть которого состоит в борьбе за право контроля над ресурсами)See:5) общ. конкурс, конкурсный экзаменSyn:See:
* * *
конкуренция: столкновение спроса и предложения; = competitive market.* * ** * *. Внутри- или межрыночное соперничество между компаниями, целью которого является завоевание большей доли одного и того же сегмента рынка . Инвестиционная деятельность .* * *Банки/Банковские операциив банковской сфере борьба между банками за клиентуру, более выгодные условия проведения банковских операций и предоставления банковских услуг----- -
51 convention
сущ.1)а) общ. собрание, съездCOMBS:
Syn:conference 1), meeting 1)б) ист. конвент (название чрезвычайных выборных органов с особыми законодательными полномочиями в некоторых странах)в) пол., амер. партийный съезд ( для выдвижения кандидата на пост президента США)2)а) общ. договор, соглашение, конвенцияб) юр. конвенция ( межгосударственное соглашение)ATTRIBUTES:
See:tax convention, 1924 Brussels Convention on Bills of Lading, 1956 Geneva Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, Bern Convention, Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, Cape Town Convention, Chicago Convention, CMR Convention of Geneva, Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalization for Foreign Public Documents, Convention Concerning International Carriage by Rail, Convention for Safe Containers, Convention for the Settlement of Certain Conflicts of Laws in connection with Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes, Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, Convention of Vienna 1980, Convention on International Civil Aviation, Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988, Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988в) пол. договоренность (добровольное соглашение участников политического процесса, напр., о досрочных выборах)provincial executive elections convention — договоренность о проведении выборов органов исполнительной власти на местах
3) соц. обычай, традиция, правило поведения, условностьа) (модель поведения, включающая в себя действия, которые сформировали привычку; совершаются членами социальной общности в определенной ситуации и совпадают с ожиданиями всех прочих членов социума)It is the convention for American lawyers to designate themselves "Esquire". — Среди американских юристов принято называть себя "эсквайром".
Syn:practice 1. 3)б) (по М. Веберу: воздействия социума на поведение индивида через неодобрение поступков, выходящих за рамки нормативного поведения)See:
* * *
конвенция, соглашение (напр., соглашение об унификации ставок комиссий по банковским операциям). -
52 legal-rational authority
пол., соц. легально-рациональная власть (тип легитимной власти в типологии М. Вебера, основанный на вере в необходимость подчинения закону и в законность нахождения у власти правящих лиц, которые избираются или назначаются согласно закону)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > legal-rational authority
-
53 routinization of charisma
соц. рутинизация харизмы (по М. Веберу: направляемой харизматическим лидером процесс институционализации и бюрократизации деятельности, которая первоначально представляла собой вызов существующему статус-кво)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > routinization of charisma
-
54 Theory of Social and Economic Organization
пол. "Теория социальной и экономической организации" (произведение М. Вебера, написанное в 1922 г.)See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Theory of Social and Economic Organization
-
55 trading capitalism
эк., ист. торговый капитализм (по М. Веберу: форма капитализма, предшествовавшая современному капитализму)See: -
56 traditional action
соц. традиционное действие (по М. Веберу: один из четырех идеальных типов социального действия, при котором человек следует традициям и/или привычкам)See: -
57 understanding sociology
соц. понимающая социология (методологический подход в социологии, основанный на понимании и интерпретации субъективного, придаваемого самим человеком смысла социального действия)Syn:See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > understanding sociology
-
58 value rationality
соц. ценностная рациональность (по М. Веберу: один из четырех типов действия, при котором человек действует согласно некоторым принципам (религиозным, нравственным и т. д.) и не преследует какой-л. конкретной цели, принимая тот или иной результат в качестве "данного судьбой"; выражается в древнем правиле: "делай, что должно, и будь что будет")See: -
59 value-rational action
соц. ценностно-рациональное действие (в типологии М. Вебера: один из идеальных типов социального действия, основанный на восприятии индивадами целей действия как данных извне и рациональной оценке эффективности средств их достижения)See: -
60 Rothko, Mark
(1903-1970) Ротко, МаркНастоящее имя Маркус Роткович [Rothkovich, Marcus]. Художник. Родился в России в г. Даугавпилсе, с 10-летнего возраста в США. В 1921-23 учился в Йельском университете [ Yale University], но бросил учебу; несколько месяцев учился живописи в Художественной студенческой лиге [Art Students League] в г. Нью-Йорке у Макса Вебера [Weber, Max] (1925). В начале 1930-х написал ряд картин на мифологические сюжеты, а также сюрреалистических полотен, участвовал в групповых выставках. В 1933 впервые прошла его персональная выставка в Галерее современного искусства [Contemporary Arts Gallery] в г. Нью-Йорке. К 1947 сложился как художник-абстракционист, получил известность среди художественных критиков. С этого года персональные выставки его произведений организовывались ежегодно - сначала в галерее Бетти Парсонс [Betty Parsons Gallery], затем в галерее Сидни Джаниса [Sidney Janis Gallery]. В 1950-х его светящиеся прямоугольники были известны во всем мире, а сам художник считался главой школы абстрактного экспрессионизма [ abstract expressionism]. В 1961 в нью-йоркском Музее современного искусства [ Museum of Modern Art] была проведена беспрецедентная для американского художника персональная выставка его картин, еще две аналогичных выставки - в музее Метрополитен [ Metropolitan Museum of Art] и Музее современного искусства были проведены в 1970. В том же году в припадке депрессии художник покончил с собой. В опубликованном в 1943 письме в "Нью-Йорк таймс" он (вместе с другим представителем школы абстрактного экспрессионизма) писал: "Искусство - это путешествие в мир неизведанного... Мы выступаем за простое выражение сложной мысли"English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Rothko, Mark
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