mando

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* * *

mando, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [manusdo], to commit to one's charge, to enjoin, commission, order, command (syn.: praecipio, edico); constr. alicui aliquid, with ut, ne, the simple subj., or with inf. (class.).

Lit.

Alicui aliquid:

tibi de nostris rebus nihil sum mandaturus per litteras,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1:

praeterea typos tibi mando,

id. Att. 1, 10, 3:

si quid velis, huic mandes,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 7:

L. Clodio mandasse, quae illum mecum loqui velles,

Cic. Fam. 3, 4, 1:

alicui mandare laqueum,

to bid go and be hanged, Juv. 10, 57.—With ellipsis of dat.:

tamquam hoc senatus mandasset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 39, § 84:

excusationem,

Suet. Oth. 6:

haec ego numquam mandavi,

Juv. 14, 225.—

With ut or ne:

Voluseno mandat, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21:

mandat ut exploratores in Suebos mittant,

id. ib. 6, 10, 3:

Caesar per litteras Trebonio magnopere mandaverat, ne, etc.,

id. B. C. 2, 13.—

With simple subj.:

huic mandat, Remos reliquosque Belgas adeat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 11.—

With object-clause:

mandavit Tigranen Armeniā exturbare,

Tac. A. 15, 2:

non aliter cineres mando jacere meos,

Mart. 1, 88, 10.—

Impers. pass.:

fecerunt ut eis mandatum fuerat,

Vulg. Gen. 45, 21.—

Transf.

In gen., to commit, consign, enjoin, confide, commend, intrust any thing to a person or thing:

ego tibi meas res mando,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 54:

bona nostra haec tibi permitto et tuae mando fidei,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 61:

ludibrio habeor... ab illo, quoi me mandavisti, meo viro,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 32:

(adulescens) qui tuae mandatus est fide et fiduciae,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 80; 91; 99:

aliquem alicui alendum,

Verg. A. 3, 49:

alicui magistratum,

Caes. B. C. 3, 59:

honores,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 37, § 81:

filiam viro,

to give in marriage, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 32:

aliquem aeternis tenebris vinculisque,

Cic. Cat. 4, 5, 10:

se fugae,

to betake one's self to flight, Caes. B. G. 2, 24:

fugae et solitudini vitam suam,

Cic. Cat. 1, 8, 20:

semen terrae,

i. e. to sow, Col. 1, 7, 6:

hordea sulcis,

Verg. E. 5, 36:

corpus humo,

to bury, id. A. 9, 214:

aliquid memoriae,

Cic. Quint. 6, 24:

litteris,

to commit to writing, id. de Or. 2, 12, 52:

scriptis actiones nostras,

id. Off. 2, 1, 3:

historiae,

id. Div. 2, 32, 69:

monumentis,

id. Ac. 2, 1, 2:

fruges conditas vetustati,

to keep for a long time, to suffer to grow old, id. N. D. 2, 60, 151:

Alcibiadem interficiendum insidiis mandare,

Just. 5, 2, 5.— Absol.:

Claudio mandante ac volente (opp. invito),

Vop. Aur. 16, 2.—

To charge a person to announce something, to send word to a person or place only poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

mandare ad Pisonem, noli, etc.,

Suet. Calig. 25:

mandabat in urbem, nullum proelio finem exspectarent,

sent word, Tac. A. 14, 38:

ferre ad nuptam quae mittit adulter, quae mandat,

Juv. 3, 46:

senatui mandavit, bellum se ei illaturum,

Eutr. 5, 5:

consulantes, si quid ad uxores suas mandarent,

Flor. 3, 3, 6.—P. a. as subst.: mandā-tum, i, n., a charge, order, commission, injunction, command.

In gen.:

ut mandatum scias me procurasse,

have performed the commission, Cic. Att. 5, 7, 3:

hoc mandatum accepi a Patre,

Vulg. Joh. 10, 18.—More freq. in plur.:

omnibus ei de rebus, quas agi a me voles, mandata des, velim,

Cic. Fam. 3, 1, 2:

dare mandata alicui in aliquem,

id. ib. 3, 11, 5:

dare alicui mandata, ut, etc.,

id. Phil. 6, 3, 6:

accipere ab aliquo,

id. ib. 8, 8, 23:

persequi,

to perform, execute, fulfil, id. Q. Fr. 2, 14, 2:

audire,

id. Phil. 6, 4, 10:

alicujus exhaurire,

id. Att. 5, 1, 5:

exponere in senatu,

id. de Or. 2, 12, 49:

exsequi,

id. Phil. 9, 4, 9; Sall. J. 35, 5:

facere,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 64; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 72:

perficere,

Liv. 1, 56:

efficere,

Sall. J. 58:

facere,

Curt. 7, 9, 17:

deferre,

to deliver, Cic. Att. 7, 14, 1:

perferre,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 18:

neglegere,

to neglect, not perform, Ov. H. 16, 303:

fallere,

id. M. 6, 696:

haec mandata,

Liv. 21, 54, 4: legatis occulta mandata data sint, ut, Just. 34, 1, 5.— Poet., with inf.:

producetque virum, dabit et mandata reverti,

and enjoin him to return, Ov. H. 13, 143.—

Esp. as legal term.

A commission constituting a mutual obligation; hence, in gen., a contract:

mandatum constitit, sive nostra gratia mandamus, sive alienā: id est, sive ut mea negotia geras, sive ut alterius mandem tibi, erit mandati obligatio, et invicem alter alteri tenebimur,

Gai. Inst. 3, 155 sqq.:

itaque mandati constitutum est judicium non minus turpe, quam furti,

i. e. for breach of contract, Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 111:

actio mandati,

an action for the non-performance of a contract, Dig. 17, 1, 8, § 3.—

An imperial command, mandate, Plin. Ep. 10, 110, 1; Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 111:

principum,

Front. Aquaed. 3.—Esp. of the secret orders of the emperors:

(Galba) mandata Neronis de nece sua deprenderat,

Suet. Galb. 9; id. Tib. 52:

occulta mandata,

Tac. A. 2, 43:

fingere scelesta mandata,

id. ib. 2, 71; 3, 16; id. H. 4, 49.—

In eccl. lang., the law or commandment of God:

mandatum hoc, quod ego praecipio tibi hodie, non supra te est,

Vulg. Deut. 30, 11:

nec custodisti mandata,

id. 1 Reg. 13, 13:

maximum et primum mandatum,

id. Matt. 22, 38.

mando, di, sum (in the dep. form mandor, acc. to Prisc. p. 799 P.), 3, v. a. [akin to madeo, properly to moisten; hence], to chew, masticate (syn. manduco).

Lit. (class.):

animalia alia sugunt, alia carpunt, alia vorant, alia mandunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 47, 122:

asini lentissime mandunt,

Plin. 17, 9, 6, § 54; Col. 6, 2, 14.— Poet.:

(equi) fulvum mandunt sub dentibus aurum,

i. e. champ, Verg. A. 7, 279:

tristia vulnera saevo dente,

i. e. to eat the flesh of slaughtered animals, Ov. M. 15, 92.—In part. perf.: mansum ex ore daturum, Lucil. ap. Non. 140, 14; Varr. ib. 12:

omnia minima mansa in os inserere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 39, 162:

ut cibos mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus,

Quint. 10, 1, 19.—

Transf., in gen., to eat, devour (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose): quom socios nostros mandisset impiu' Cyclops, Liv. Andr. ap. Prisc. p. 817 P.; Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 683 P. (Ann. v. 141 Vahl.):

apros,

Plin. 8, 51, 78, § 210:

Diomedes immanibus equis mandendos solitus objectare advenas,

to throw to them for food, Mel. 2, 2.— Poet.: mandere humum (like mordere humum), to bite the ground, said of those who fall in battle, Verg. A. 11, 669; so,

compressa aequora,

Val. Fl. 3, 106: corpora Graiorum maerebat mandier igni, to be consumed, Matius in Varr. L. L. 6, § 95 Müll.

mando, ōnis, m. [2. mando], a glutton, gormandizer: mandonum gulae, Lucil. ap. Non. 17, 16; cf. manduco.

to commit, entrust, order, command.

com-mendo ( conm-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [1. mando], to commit to one for preservation, protection, etc., to intrust to one ' s charge, commit to one ' s care, commend to.

Prop.

Lit., implying a physical delivery, to deposit with, intrust to; constr. aliquem or aliquid alicui, or absol.:

commendare nihil aliud est quam deponere,

Dig. 50, 16, 186:

Oratorem meum—sic enim inscripsi— Sabino tuo commendavi,

Cic. Fam. 15, 20, 1:

sacrum sacrove commendatum qui clepsit rapsitve parricida esto,

id. Leg. 2, 9, 22; 2, 16, 40:

nummos alicui,

Dig. 16, 3, 24:

corpus alicui loco,

Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 4:

CORPORA SARCOPHAGO,

Inscr. Orell. 4370.— Poet.:

semina sulcis,

Sil. 15, 541.—With apud or ad and acc. (rare and post-class.): Demetrius duos filios apud Gnidium hospitem suum cum magno auri pondere commendaverat, [p. 377] Just. 35, 2, 1:

cujus beneficio ad sororem Medeam est commendatus,

Hyg. Fab. 3.—

Trop.:

ego me tuae commendo et committo fidei,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 47 (cf.:

bona nostra haec tibi permitto et tuae mando fide,

id. And. 1, 5, 61); so,

commendare se patri in clientelam et fidem,

id. Eun. 5, 8, 9; 3, 5, 29:

tibi ejus omnia negotia, libertos, procuratores, familiam,

Cic. Fam. 1, 3, 2:

vos sum testatus, vobis me ac meos commendavi,

id. Dom. 57, 145:

totum me tuo amori fideique,

id. Att. 3, 20, 2:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 9:

simul atque natum sit animal, ipsum sibi conciliari et commendari ad se conservandum,

id. ib. 3, 5, 16; * Cat. 15, 1; Ov. M. 6, 495:

aliquem diis,

Tac. A. 4, 17; cf. id. ib. 15, 23:

rempublicam patribus,

id. H. 1, 90; Suet. Aug. 56.— Trop.: aliquid litteris, to commit to writing, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 10, 2:

historiam immortalitati,

Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 36:

nomen tuum immortalitati,

id. Fam. 10, 12, 5; cf.:

nomen suum posteritati,

Curt. 9, 3, 5:

eum sempiternae gloriae,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 6: se fugae, Auct. B. Afr. 34.—

Esp., of the dying, to commend children, parents, etc., to the care of others:

is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies commendandorum suorum causā postulavisset,

Cic. Off. 3, 10, 46:

hi de suā salute desperantes... parentes suos commendabant, si quos ex eo periculo fortuna servare potuisset,

Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

ille tibi moriens nos commendavit senex,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 11; Prop. 4 (5), 11, 73:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 9.—

In gen., to commend or recommend, i. e. to procure favor for, to make agreeable, to set off with advantage, to grace (class.):

principes undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 27 fin.;

Auct. B. G. 8, 50: P. Rutilii adulescentiam ad opinionem et conscientiae et juris scientiae P. Mucii commendavit domus,

Cic. Off. 2, 13, 47:

(vox) quae una maxime eloquentiam vel commendat vel sustinet,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 252; cf.:

nullā re unā magis oratorem commendari quam verborum splendore et copiā,

id. Brut. 59, 216; id. Att. 13, 19, 2; Quint. 6, 1, 21:

adfectus nemo historicorum commendavit magis,

id. 10, 1, 101:

quod me Lucanae commendet amicae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 21:

marmora commendantur maculis aut coloribus,

Plin. 36, 6, 8, § 49:

compluresque tribuni militum ad Caesarem veniunt seque ei commendant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 74:

hoc idcirco commemoratum a te puto, uti te infimo ordini commendares,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3:

se civibus impiis,

id. ib. 5, 1, 3:

cum se numeris commendat et arte,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 261:

se tonsā cute,

id. ib. 1, 18, 7:

his factis abunde se posteritati commendasset,

Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 2.—Hence, commendātus, a, um, P. a.

Commended, recommended to:

quae res gloriosior? quae commendatior erit memoriae hominum sempiternae?

Cic. Phil. 2, 13, 32; id. Balb. 18, 43:

ceteris rebus habeas eos a me commendatissimos,

id. Fam. 12, 26, 2; 2, 8, 3; 13, 10, 2; 13, 64, 1.—

Agreeable, approved, distinguished, valued:

vultus commendatior,

Petr. 110, 5:

calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 65, § 161:

fama commendatior,

id. 25, 10, 81, § 130.

com-mendo ( conm-), āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [1. mando], to commit to one for preservation, protection, etc., to intrust to one ' s charge, commit to one ' s care, commend to.

Prop.

Lit., implying a physical delivery, to deposit with, intrust to; constr. aliquem or aliquid alicui, or absol.:

commendare nihil aliud est quam deponere,

Dig. 50, 16, 186:

Oratorem meum—sic enim inscripsi— Sabino tuo commendavi,

Cic. Fam. 15, 20, 1:

sacrum sacrove commendatum qui clepsit rapsitve parricida esto,

id. Leg. 2, 9, 22; 2, 16, 40:

nummos alicui,

Dig. 16, 3, 24:

corpus alicui loco,

Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 4:

CORPORA SARCOPHAGO,

Inscr. Orell. 4370.— Poet.:

semina sulcis,

Sil. 15, 541.—With apud or ad and acc. (rare and post-class.): Demetrius duos filios apud Gnidium hospitem suum cum magno auri pondere commendaverat, [p. 377] Just. 35, 2, 1:

cujus beneficio ad sororem Medeam est commendatus,

Hyg. Fab. 3.—

Trop.:

ego me tuae commendo et committo fidei,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 47 (cf.:

bona nostra haec tibi permitto et tuae mando fide,

id. And. 1, 5, 61); so,

commendare se patri in clientelam et fidem,

id. Eun. 5, 8, 9; 3, 5, 29:

tibi ejus omnia negotia, libertos, procuratores, familiam,

Cic. Fam. 1, 3, 2:

vos sum testatus, vobis me ac meos commendavi,

id. Dom. 57, 145:

totum me tuo amori fideique,

id. Att. 3, 20, 2:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

id. Fin. 3, 2, 9:

simul atque natum sit animal, ipsum sibi conciliari et commendari ad se conservandum,

id. ib. 3, 5, 16; * Cat. 15, 1; Ov. M. 6, 495:

aliquem diis,

Tac. A. 4, 17; cf. id. ib. 15, 23:

rempublicam patribus,

id. H. 1, 90; Suet. Aug. 56.— Trop.: aliquid litteris, to commit to writing, Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 10, 2:

historiam immortalitati,

Cic. de Or. 2, 9, 36:

nomen tuum immortalitati,

id. Fam. 10, 12, 5; cf.:

nomen suum posteritati,

Curt. 9, 3, 5:

eum sempiternae gloriae,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 6: se fugae, Auct. B. Afr. 34.—

Esp., of the dying, to commend children, parents, etc., to the care of others:

is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies commendandorum suorum causā postulavisset,

Cic. Off. 3, 10, 46:

hi de suā salute desperantes... parentes suos commendabant, si quos ex eo periculo fortuna servare potuisset,

Caes. B. C. 2, 41:

ille tibi moriens nos commendavit senex,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 11; Prop. 4 (5), 11, 73:

tibi suos testamento liberos,

Cic. Fin. 3, 2, 9.—

In gen., to commend or recommend, i. e. to procure favor for, to make agreeable, to set off with advantage, to grace (class.):

principes undique convenire et se civitatesque suas Caesari commendare coeperunt,

Caes. B. G. 3, 27 fin.;

Auct. B. G. 8, 50: P. Rutilii adulescentiam ad opinionem et conscientiae et juris scientiae P. Mucii commendavit domus,

Cic. Off. 2, 13, 47:

(vox) quae una maxime eloquentiam vel commendat vel sustinet,

id. de Or. 1, 59, 252; cf.:

nullā re unā magis oratorem commendari quam verborum splendore et copiā,

id. Brut. 59, 216; id. Att. 13, 19, 2; Quint. 6, 1, 21:

adfectus nemo historicorum commendavit magis,

id. 10, 1, 101:

quod me Lucanae commendet amicae,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 21:

marmora commendantur maculis aut coloribus,

Plin. 36, 6, 8, § 49:

compluresque tribuni militum ad Caesarem veniunt seque ei commendant,

Caes. B. C. 1, 74:

hoc idcirco commemoratum a te puto, uti te infimo ordini commendares,

Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3:

se civibus impiis,

id. ib. 5, 1, 3:

cum se numeris commendat et arte,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 261:

se tonsā cute,

id. ib. 1, 18, 7:

his factis abunde se posteritati commendasset,

Val. Max. 5, 1, ext. 2.—Hence, commendātus, a, um, P. a.

Commended, recommended to:

quae res gloriosior? quae commendatior erit memoriae hominum sempiternae?

Cic. Phil. 2, 13, 32; id. Balb. 18, 43:

ceteris rebus habeas eos a me commendatissimos,

id. Fam. 12, 26, 2; 2, 8, 3; 13, 10, 2; 13, 64, 1.—

Agreeable, approved, distinguished, valued:

vultus commendatior,

Petr. 110, 5:

calami,

Plin. 16, 36, 65, § 161:

fama commendatior,

id. 25, 10, 81, § 130.

mandātus, a, um, Part. and P. a. of mando, q. v.

mandātus, ūs (only in abl. sing.), m. [1. mando], a command, mandate (class.):

mandatu Caesenniae,

Cic. Caecin. 7, 19:

Sullae,

id. Sull. 23, 65:

praetoris,

Suet. Caes. 7:

creditorum,

Dig. 17, 1, 32:

agitur mandatu meo,

Cic. Fam. 2, 11, 2. [p. 1107]

prae-mando, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

To order or command beforehand; with ut (very rare): ut conquireretur, praemandavi, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9, 2.—

To order or procure beforehand:

puerum aut puellam,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 49.—Hence, subst.: praemandāta, ōrum, n., a warrant for the apprehension of an accused person:

emissus e carcere: idem postea praemandatis requisitus,

Cic. Planc. 12, 31.

prae-mando, ĕre, v. a., to chew beforehand; trop., to explain accurately and clearly (post-class.):

aliquid alicui,

Gell. 4, 1, 11.

prae-mando, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

To order or command beforehand; with ut (very rare): ut conquireretur, praemandavi, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9, 2.—

To order or procure beforehand:

puerum aut puellam,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 49.—Hence, subst.: praemandāta, ōrum, n., a warrant for the apprehension of an accused person:

emissus e carcere: idem postea praemandatis requisitus,

Cic. Planc. 12, 31.

prae-mando, ĕre, v. a., to chew beforehand; trop., to explain accurately and clearly (post-class.):

aliquid alicui,

Gell. 4, 1, 11.

rĕ-mando, āre, v. a. (late Lat.).

To send back word, to notify in return, Eutr. 2, 13; Cassiod. Hist. Eccl. 10, 12.—

To repeat a command:

manda, remanda,

Vulg. Isa. 28, 10; 13.

rĕ-mando, ĕre, v. a., to chew over again, to chew the cud, ruminate (postAug.):

Pontici mures simili modo remandunt,

Plin. 10, 73, 93, § 200:

taedium scripta et lecta saepius revolvendi et quasi eundem cibum remandendi,

Quint. 11, 2, 41.

* * *

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.