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1 THE
i. – In Quenya, the definite article is generally used as in English. However, notice that it is not used before plural words denoting an entire people or race, such as Valar, Quendi, Noldor, Sindar, Eldar, Ainur, Fírimar etc. This is evident from examples like lambë Eldaron "the language of the Eldar [lit. simply "Eldar"]", Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar [lit. simply "Valar"] will be done". Cf. Tolkien's use of "Men" with no article, meaning the entire human race or humans in general, while "the Men" would be a group of individuals. Anar "the Sun" and Isil "the Moon" are probably treated like proper names in Quenya; they do not take the article. When a noun is determined by a following genitive, it is evidently optional whether it takes the article or not: mannar Valion "into the hands [lit. simply "hands"] of the Lords", Indis i Ciryamo "The Mariner's Wife, *The Wife [lit. simply "Wife"] of the Mariner" – but contrast I Equessi Rúmilo "the Sayings of Rúmil", i arani Eldaron "the Kings of the Eldar". If the genitive precedes the noun it connects with, the article must probably be left out in all cases, as in English (*Eldaron arani, ?Eldaron i arani). Note: i is also the relative pronoun "who, that" and the conjunction “that”; see THAT \#3 and \#4. –I, WJ:404, 368, FS, UT:8, WJ:398, 369 -
2 DWARF
Nauco (pl. Naucor is attested; LT1:261 gives nauca instead of nauco), Norno (Naucalië, Nornalië = the whole people of the Dwarves) Casar (pl. Casari or Casári; partitive plural Casalli; the whole people of the Dwarves being called Casallië. According to WJ, Casar – Quenyaized form of Dwarvish Khazâd – "was the word most commonly used in Quenya for the Dwarves". Nauco "stunted one" and norno "thrawn one" are less polite words for "dwarf"; yet norno is stated to be "the more friendly term". But the Dwarves themselves would definitely prefer Casar.) PETTY-DWARVES Picinaucor, Pitya-naucor (lit. *"small dwarves"), Attalyar (lit. "Bipeds"). DWARROWVAULT Casarrondo (Khazad-dûm) –NAUK, WJ:388, 389 -
3 PETTY-DWARVES
Attalyar (lit. "Bipeds"), Picinaucor, Pitya-naucor (lit. *"small dwarves") –WJ:388, 389 -
4 YEAR
loa (lit. "growth"), coranar (lit. "sun-round", used when the year was considered more or less astronomically – but loa is stated to be the more usual word for "year"). The pl. coranári is attested (PM:126). LONG-YEAR yén (pl. yéni is attested in Nam; the Etymologies as printed in LR cite the stem-form as yen-, but according to VT46:22 Tolkien's manuscript actually has the pl. form yéni as in Nam). A "long-year" is a period of 144 solar years, an Elvish "century" – the Eldar used duodecimal counting, in which 144 is the first three-digit number, like our 100. But sometimes it seems that yén simply means "year". Cf the following words: LAST YEAR yenya, HAVING MANY YEARS linyenwa (old), *RECKONING OF YEARS Yénonótië –LotR:1141, YEN, MR:51 -
5 BELERIAND
Hecelmar, Heceldamar (lit. *"home of the Eglath", q.v.) This is said to be the name for Beleriand used "in the language of the loremasters of Aman". The cognate of Sindarin "Beleriand" is \#Valariandë; only the form Valarianden is attested (a genitive formation from an earlier "Qenya" variant; in LotR-style Quenya it would be a dative). The latter may be the name used in Exilic Quenya. Beleriand was also called Ingolondë "Land of the Gnomes [Noldor]". –WJ:365, LR:202, ÑGOLOD -
6 BELIEVE
sav-. This verb is used = “believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact” (VT49:27; the first person aorist savin is given). Not used with a person as object (in the sense of believing that this person tells the truth); with a noun, name or pronoun as object, sav- implies “I believe that he/she/it really exists/existed”. To “believe in” someone meaning “believe that (s)he tells the truth” can be paraphrased as (for instance) savin Elesarno quetië “I believe in Elessar’s words” (lit. speaking). –VT49:27-28 -
7 CORNFLOWER
menelluin (lit. *"sky-blue") –Pictures of J. R. R. Tolkien -
8 COURAGE
huorë (only attested as a proper name: Huorë, lit. "heart-vigour") –KHŌ-N -
9 COVER
top- (cited as aorist sg. topë) (pa.t. tompë), also untúpa- (lit. "down-roof") –TOP, Nam/RGEO:67 -
10 DETERMINANT VOWEL
sundóma (lit. *"base-vowel, root-vowel". Christopher Tolkien notes: "Very briefly indeed, the Quendian consonantal base or sundo was characterized by a 'determinant vowel' or sundóma: thus the sundo KAT has a medial sundóma 'A', and TALAT has the sundóma repeated. In derivative forms the sundóma might be placed before the first consonant, e.g. ATALAT.") –WJ:319 -
11 EYRIE
sornion (Þ) (lit. gen.pl "of eagles"?). –LT1:266. (LT1:251 gives ëaren, but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya [see EAGLE]) -
12 FORESIGHT
*apacen (lit. *"after-sight", a vision of something that will come after the present. In MR:216, apacenyë is translated "foresight"; yet the context and the form of the word itself clearly indicates that it is actually the pl. form of an adjective \#apacenya "of foresight". The noun "foresight" is almost certainly *apacen; cf. tercen "insight".) –MR:216 -
13 FORGIVE
\#avatyar- (imperative avatyara and the pl. aorist avatyarir are attested). The matter that is forgiven is the direct object, whereas the person that is forgiven appears in the ablative case: avatyara mello lucassemmar, "forgive us [lit. from us] our debts". This verb \#avatyar- occurs in certain versions of Tolkien's Quenya rendering of the Lord's Prayer; in the latest version he introduced the verb apsene- "remit, release, forgive" instead, with a slightly different syntax: the matter forgiven is still the direct object, but the person forgiven now appears in the dative case. The exact etymology of apsene- is somewhat obscure; the prefix ap- is apparently derived from a root AB- in a meaning which Tolkien according to other sources abandoned (see VT43:18-19); also, it is unclear whether the final –e of apsene- is just the connecting vowel of the aorist (before endings we would rather expect *apseni-) or an integral part of the verbal stem, which would make this an "E-stem" verb otherwise hardly attested. The verb apsene- is once attested with the object ending -t "them" attached: apsenet "[as we] forgive them". The alternative verb \#avatyar- is for many reasons less problematic and may be preferred by writers. –VT43:8, 9, 18-20 -
14 HEART
hón (physical heart), órë (inner mind – concerning this word, see SPIRIT) (Note: a homophone means "rising"), indo (mind, mood), enda (lit. "centre", not referring to the physical organ, but the fëa [soul] or sáma [mind] itself; enda may be the best word to use for the metaphorical “heart” in general), Tolkien’s early “Qenya” also has the word elwen. -HEARTED \#honda (isolated from sincahonda "flinthearted"). EYES OF HEARTSEASE (a name of the pansy) Helinyetillë HEART OF FLAME Naira (a name of the Sun), –KHŌ-N-, LotR:1157, ID, VT39:32, LT1:255, LotR:1015 cf. SD:68, 72, LT1:262, MR:198 -
15 HOME
már (also used of the "home" or native land of peoples). The stem mar- occurs in the phrase hon-maren, q.v. in the Quenya-English wordlist. VT45:33 and VT46:13 give mar "home, dwelling" with stem mard-, but in Fíriel's Song, this is used = "earth" instead (i-mar "the earth", ablative mardello). Short form mar as the final element of compounds: Eldamar "Elvenhome"; the vowel is also short in Mar-nu-falmar, "the Land [lit. Home] under the Waves". – The word ambar, usually translated "world", is also associated with "home, dwelling" in one source. –Silm:408, 428, VT46:13 -
16 HUMAN
firya (lit. *"mortal"; nominal pl. Firyar is attested) –PHIR, WJ:219 -
17 INSIGHT
tercen; OF INSIGHT, lit *INSIGHTFUL \#tercenya (only pl tercenyë is attested) –MR:230 -
18 KINGSFISHER
halatirno, halatir (halatirn-) (lit. "fishwatcher") –SKAL2, TIR -
19 LANGUAGE
quetil (tongue, talk), lambë (tongue). The latter was "the usual word, in non-technical use, for 'language'." (WJ:394) Only the Loremasters used the technical term tengwesta "system or code of signs" instead; this word is also glossed "grammar". Notice that lambë is also used for "dialect" (VT39:15). LANGUAGE (as an abstract, the ability to speak or the "art" of making speech) tengwestië. LANGUAGE with especial reference to phonology: Lambelë. LANGUAGE OF THE VALAR Lambë Valarinwa (lit. *"Valarin language"), LANGUAGE OF THE ELDAR Eldarissa (the latter may not be a valid word in LotR-style Quenya), LANGUAGE OF THE HANDS mátengwië –KWET/VT45:25, WJ:394, 397, VT39:15, LT2:339, VT47:9 -
20 LEGENDARIUM OF
THE FATHERS OF MEN Atanatárion (lit. simply "of the Fathers of Men") –MR:373
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