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121 De Forest, Lee
SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USAd. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA[br]American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.[br]De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.Bibliography1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.Further ReadingG.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.KF / JW -
122 desandar lo andado
to retrace one's steps* * *(v.) = go back to + square one, go back on + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, retrace + Posesivo + stepsEx. At today's open meeting, the Commissioners voted unanimously to go back to square one.Ex. We then realized we had been walking the wrong path and had to go back on our steps, adding one hour to an already long walk.Ex. Visitors of this exhibition retrace Darwin's footsteps from his youth all the way to the publication of The Origin of Species and his death in 1882.Ex. Numbers given in brackets refer to frames which have led to the one you are reading; this is to help you retrace your steps if necessary.* * *(v.) = go back to + square one, go back on + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, retrace + Posesivo + stepsEx: At today's open meeting, the Commissioners voted unanimously to go back to square one.
Ex: We then realized we had been walking the wrong path and had to go back on our steps, adding one hour to an already long walk.Ex: Visitors of this exhibition retrace Darwin's footsteps from his youth all the way to the publication of The Origin of Species and his death in 1882.Ex: Numbers given in brackets refer to frames which have led to the one you are reading; this is to help you retrace your steps if necessary. -
123 hacer pis
v.to have a pee, to pee.* * *to wee, pee* * *(v.) = piss, pee, take + a leak, have + a leak, widdle, piddleEx. The title of this 1629 picture is 'Woman Pissing in a Man's Ear'.Ex. Why do men break wind when they pee?.Ex. In his press conference today, the President also acknowledged -- perhaps in a related matter -- his difficulties taking leaks.Ex. On the way up to Prague, Bill went to have a leak and noticed a guy uncoupling the carriages of the train.Ex. If your fella is prepared to wipe his willy after widdling just to keep you happy, he must care for you a great deal.Ex. His career took a nosedive after he piddled from his hotel balcony onto a passing parade led by the President.* * *(v.) = piss, pee, take + a leak, have + a leak, widdle, piddleEx: The title of this 1629 picture is 'Woman Pissing in a Man's Ear'.
Ex: Why do men break wind when they pee?.Ex: In his press conference today, the President also acknowledged -- perhaps in a related matter -- his difficulties taking leaks.Ex: On the way up to Prague, Bill went to have a leak and noticed a guy uncoupling the carriages of the train.Ex: If your fella is prepared to wipe his willy after widdling just to keep you happy, he must care for you a great deal.Ex: His career took a nosedive after he piddled from his hotel balcony onto a passing parade led by the President. -
124 insólito
adj.unusual, extraordinary, strange, weird.* * *► adjetivo1 extremely unusual* * *ADJ unusual, unwonted frm* * *- ta adjetivo unusual* * *= extraordinary, unheard of, unlikely, off-beat, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], outlandish, unheard.Ex. Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.Ex. Hypermedia offers unheard of opportunities to gain insight into the way young people perceive, process and use information.Ex. This has led to some unlikely liaisons.Ex. Also, it must be remembered that since experts represent the establishment in a subject area, they may be intellectually reluctant to accept an off-beat new idea from an upstart young author.Ex. This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.Ex. This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.Ex. As professionals are informed about the often unspoken and unheard stories relating to hearing loss, they can then serve with greater knowledge, empathy, and hope.* * *- ta adjetivo unusual* * *= extraordinary, unheard of, unlikely, off-beat, weird [weirder -comp., weirdest -sup.], outlandish, unheard.Ex: Having entered the next state and a highway off the turnpike, he was amazed by the extraordinary flatness of the land, especially in contrast to the hilly terrain he had grown up with back home.
Ex: Hypermedia offers unheard of opportunities to gain insight into the way young people perceive, process and use information.Ex: This has led to some unlikely liaisons.Ex: Also, it must be remembered that since experts represent the establishment in a subject area, they may be intellectually reluctant to accept an off-beat new idea from an upstart young author.Ex: This paper surveys some of the more weird World Wide Web sites.Ex: This book discusses some of the most outlandish myths and fantastic realities of medical history.Ex: As professionals are informed about the often unspoken and unheard stories relating to hearing loss, they can then serve with greater knowledge, empathy, and hope.* * *insólito -taunusualfue insólito que viniera it was unusual for him to comehecho insólito freak (occurrence)* * *
insólito◊ -ta adjetivo
unusual
insólito,-a adj (inconcebible) unheard-of, unusual
' insólito' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aparte
- inaudita
- inaudito
- insólita
- peregrina
- peregrino
English:
freak
- unaccustomed
- unheard-of
- unlikely
- extraordinary
- extravagance
- extravagant
- unheard
* * *insólito, -a adjvery unusual* * *adj unusual* * *insólito, -ta adj: rare, unusual -
125 llevar a
v.1 to take to, to carry into, to get to, to draw to.El coche lleva a María a la salida The car takes Mary to the exit.2 to lead to, to come to, to get to, to bring about to.Esta puerta lleva a la cocina This door leads to the kitchen.3 to produce, to bring about.4 to lead to, to drive to, to induce to.5 to get to, to lead to, to arrive at, to come to.* * *(v.) = lead on to, lead up to, result (in), take + Nombre + back to, usher intoEx. A critical view taken of library consultants in general leads on to the identification of factors that will assist libraries in selecting consultants.Ex. The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.Ex. Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.Ex. After a quick tour of the facilities and after meeting a few staff members, Bibeau was ushered into the 'Board Room,' where he was introduced to the other remaining trustees.* * *(v.) = lead on to, lead up to, result (in), take + Nombre + back to, usher intoEx: A critical view taken of library consultants in general leads on to the identification of factors that will assist libraries in selecting consultants.
Ex: The preliminary discussions and proposals which led up to the AACR, did start out with an attempt to fashion an ideology, a philosophical context, for those rules.Ex: Objective 1 results in what is known as a direct catalogue, because it gives direct access to a specific document.Ex: After a quick tour of the facilities and after meeting a few staff members, Bibeau was ushered into the 'Board Room,' where he was introduced to the other remaining trustees. -
126 mear
v.1 to piss, to pee (informal).2 to piss on.Me mea el perro The dog pisses on me.* * *1 familiar to have a piss, have a wee, have a pee, piss1 familiar to wet oneself* * *1.verbo intransitivo (vulg) to (have a) piss (vulg)2.mearse v pron (fam) to wet oneselfme estoy meando — I'm dying for a pee (colloq)
mearse de risa — to wet o (colloq) pee oneself laughing
* * *= piss, pee, take + a leak, have + a leak, widdle, piddle.Ex. The title of this 1629 picture is 'Woman Pissing in a Man's Ear'.Ex. Why do men break wind when they pee?.Ex. In his press conference today, the President also acknowledged -- perhaps in a related matter -- his difficulties taking leaks.Ex. On the way up to Prague, Bill went to have a leak and noticed a guy uncoupling the carriages of the train.Ex. If your fella is prepared to wipe his willy after widdling just to keep you happy, he must care for you a great deal.Ex. His career took a nosedive after he piddled from his hotel balcony onto a passing parade led by the President.----* acuéstate con niños y amanecerás meado = lie down with dogs and you get fleas.* * *1.verbo intransitivo (vulg) to (have a) piss (vulg)2.mearse v pron (fam) to wet oneselfme estoy meando — I'm dying for a pee (colloq)
mearse de risa — to wet o (colloq) pee oneself laughing
* * *= piss, pee, take + a leak, have + a leak, widdle, piddle.Ex: The title of this 1629 picture is 'Woman Pissing in a Man's Ear'.
Ex: Why do men break wind when they pee?.Ex: In his press conference today, the President also acknowledged -- perhaps in a related matter -- his difficulties taking leaks.Ex: On the way up to Prague, Bill went to have a leak and noticed a guy uncoupling the carriages of the train.Ex: If your fella is prepared to wipe his willy after widdling just to keep you happy, he must care for you a great deal.Ex: His career took a nosedive after he piddled from his hotel balcony onto a passing parade led by the President.* acuéstate con niños y amanecerás meado = lie down with dogs and you get fleas.* * *mear [A1 ]vivoy a mear I'm going for a piss, I'm going to have a piss■ mearse( fam); to wet oneselfme estoy meando I'm dying for a pee ( colloq)el bebé se me meó encima the baby peed all over memearse de risa to wet o ( colloq) pee oneself laughingmearse en algn/algo ( Ven vulg): yo me meo en él I don't give a shit about how clever ( o strong etc) he is ( vulg)* * *
mear ( conjugate mear) verbo intransitivo (vulg) to (have a) piss (vulg)
mearse verbo pronominal (fam) to wet oneself;◊ me estoy meando I'm dying for a pee (colloq)
mear vi vulgar to piss, pee
' mear' also found in these entries:
English:
piss
* * *♦ vtto piss, to pee♦ vito piss* * *famv/i pee fam* * *mear vb to wee -
127 volver sobre los pasos de uno
(v.) = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + stepsEx. But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.Ex. Numbers given in brackets refer to frames which have led to the one you are reading; this is to help you retrace your steps if necessary.Ex. Visitors of this exhibition retrace Darwin's footsteps from his youth all the way to the publication of The Origin of Species and his death in 1882.Ex. We then realized we had been walking the wrong path and had to go back on our steps, adding one hour to an already long walk.* * *(v.) = double-back, retrace + Posesivo + steps, retrace + Posesivo + footsteps, go back on + Posesivo + stepsEx: But he was wiry and wily, too, and he could often out-run, track, back-track, double-back, and finally dodge unseen in the subway.
Ex: Numbers given in brackets refer to frames which have led to the one you are reading; this is to help you retrace your steps if necessary.Ex: Visitors of this exhibition retrace Darwin's footsteps from his youth all the way to the publication of The Origin of Species and his death in 1882.Ex: We then realized we had been walking the wrong path and had to go back on our steps, adding one hour to an already long walk. -
128 travel
1. n1) подорож, мандрівка2) pl (далекі) мандри; поїздки3) опис мандрівок4) рух; просування5) амер. вуличний рух6) військ. переміщення цілі7) військ. рух (снаряда по каналу ствола)8) тех. подача; хід; довжина ходуtravel restrictions — дипл. обмеження у пересуванні
2. v1) мандрувати, подорожувати, їздити2) рухатися, пересуватися3) їздити комівояжером4) перемішатися, поширюватися5) перебирати (у пам'яті)6) переходити від одного предмета до іншого (про погляд)7) розм. їхати з великою швидкістю8) пастися, поступово просуваючись уперед (про тварин)* * *I n1) подорожsea travel, travel by boat — морські подорожі
travel writing /books/ — книги про подорожі
travel was slow and dangerous in olden days — в старий час подорож здійснювалася поволі, була пов'язана з небезпекою
2) pl поїздки; ( дальні) мандриis he still on his travels — є він все ще подорожуєє, він ще не повернувся зі своєї поїздкиє; опис подорожей
3) рух; просуванняthe travel of satellites around the Earth — рух супутників навколо Землі; розповсюдження ( хвиль)
travel and nose are the most necessary qualifications of a dog — у собаки найважливіше - швидкість бігу, чуття
4) рух, просування5) aмep. вуличний рух6) вiйcьк. переміщення мети; pyx7) cпeц. подача; хід; довжина ходу; фiз. пройдений шляхII v1) подорожуватиto travel a great deal /widely/ — багато подорожувати, об'їхати багато країн
to travel light — подорожувати без нічого /з невеликим багажом/; to travel for ones health подорожувати з метою покращення здоров'я
2) їздити; їхатиto travel on business — їздити у справах; їхати ( по дорозі)
oertain roads can be travel led only on horseback — по деяких дорогах можна їздити тілько верхи; проїздити, покривати відстань
that day we travellea 800 km — того дня ми проїхали відстань в 800 км.
the modern travel book has travel led a long way from a formal diary — сучасна книга подорожей пройшла /пройшла/ великий шлях від звичайного щоденника; їздити як комівояжер
3) перевозитиto travel cattle — перевозити худобу; перевозитися
cases which travel in freight cars — валізи, які перевозяться /які перевозять/ в товарних вагонах; допускати перевезення
this wine wont — то вино не можна перевозити, це вино не витримає перевезення
4) рухатися, пересуватися, переміщатисяanimals travel on land, in the water, and in the air — тварини переміщаються по землі, у воді, по повітрю
the train was travelling at 150 km an hour — потяг йшов /їхав/ зі швидкістю 150 км. За годину
5) переміщатися, розповсюджуватисяbad news travels quickly — погані новини швидко доходять /розповсюджуються/; ideas travel slowly [quickly] ідеї розповсюджуються поволі [швидко]
the pain travelled all the way to his head — біль дійшов нарешті, до його голови ( over) перебирати ( у пам'яті)
she let her thoughts travel over the past — вона звернулася думками до минулому; переходити від предмету до предмету ( про погляд)
7) обертатися, бути вхожим; належатиto travel in wealthy circles — обертатися в багатому суспільстві, бути вхожим в коло багатих
the crowd he travelled with — компанія, до якої він належав; люди, з якими він спілкувався
8) пастися, поступово просуваючись вперед ( про тварин)9) cпopт. робити пробіжку ( у баскетболі)10) дiaл. йти пішки
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