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81 Γαλιλαῖος
Γαλιλαῖος, α, ον (Joseph.; Just., D 108, 2 Ἰησοῦ τινος Γ.; 80, 4 name of a Jewish sect) Galilean, ὁ Γ. the Galilean, inhabitant of Galilee Mt 26:69; Ac 2:7; cp. J 7:52; recognizable by his dialect Mk 14:70; Lk 22:59.—Lk 13:1f; 23:6; J 4:45; Ac 1:11 (Epict. 4, 7, 6 οἱ Γαλιλαῖοι=Christians). τὴν Μαρίαν τὴν Γ. AcPl Ha 8, 26f; AcPlCor 2:14. Surname of the insurrectionist Judas Ac 5:37.—TW. -
82 Γαμαλιήλ
Γαμαλιήλ, ὁ indecl. (גַּמְלִיאֵל, Num 1:10; 2:20 al., in Joseph. Γαμαλίηλος, ου [Ant. 20, 213]) Gamaliel. The NT knows only Rabban G. the Elder, a Pharisee and renowned teacher of the law in Jerusalem Ac 5:34. Acc. to 22:3 Paul’s teacher.—Schürer II 372f; WBacher, Jewish Encycl. V 1903, 558ff; Billerb. II 636–39; HBöhlig, Der Rat des G. in Ac 5:38f: StKr 86, 1913, 112–20; HSteege, Beth-El 27, ’35, 298–304 (on Ac 5:34); MEnslin, Paul and G.: JR 7, 1927, 360–75; JSwain, G’s Speech and Caligula’s Statue: HTR 37, ’44, 341–49; BHHW I 513; Haenchen, index. -
83 γείτων
γείτων, ονος, ὁ and ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 1 p. 77, 7 [Stone p. 2]; Philo, Aet. M. 144; 148; Joseph.; Just., A I, 16, 4; II, 1, 2) neighbor (w. φίλοι, φίλαι as 3 Macc 3:10; Jos., Ant. 18, 376; cp. Epict. 1, 12, 20 with ἀδελφός and others in a related series) Lk 15:6, 9; 14:12.—J 9:8.—B. 1349. DELG. M-M. TW. -
84 γενεά
γενεά, ᾶς, ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol C 13:7; TestJob, Test12Patr; GrBar 10:3; Philo, Joseph., SibOr, Just., Tat.) a term relating to the product of the act of generating and with special ref. to kinship, frequently used of familial connections and ancestry. Gener. those descended fr. a common ancestor, a ‘clan’ (Pind., P. 10, 42 the Hyperboreans are a ἱερὰ γενεά; Diod S 18, 56, 7; Jos., Ant. 17, 220), then① those exhibiting common characteristics or interests, race, kind gener. as in Lk 16:8 εἰς τὴν γ. τὴν ἑαυτῶν the people of the world are more prudent in relation to their own kind than are those who lay claim to the light (difft. GBeasley-Murray, A Commentary on Mk 13, ’57, 99–102).② the sum total of those born at the same time, expanded to include all those living at a given time and freq. defined in terms of specific characteristics, generation, contemporaries (Hom. et al.; BGU 1211, 12 [II B.C.] ἕως γενεῶν τριῶν); Jesus looks upon the whole contemp. generation of Israel as a uniform mass confronting him ἡ γ. αὕτη (cp. Gen 7:1; Ps 11:8) Mt 11:16; 12:41f; 23:36; 24:34; Mk 13:30; Lk 7:31; 11:29–32, 50f; 17:25; 21:32 (EGraesser, ZNW Beih. 22,2 ’60). S. also 1 above. This generation is characterized as γ. ἄπιστος καὶ διεστραμμένη Mt 17:17; Mk 9:19 D; Lk 9:41; ἄπιστος Mk 9:19; πονηρά Mt 12:45; 16:4 D; Lk 11:29; πονηρὰ κ. μοιχαλίς Mt 12:39; 16:4; μοιχαλὶς καὶ ἁμαρτωλός Mk 8:38 (JGuillet, RSR 35, ’48, 275–81). Their contemporaries appeared to Christians as γ. σκολιὰ καὶ διεστραμμένη (the latter term as Mt 17:17; Mk 9:19 v.l.; Lk 9:41, the former Ac 2:40; cp. Ps 77:8) Phil 2:15 (Dt 32:5).—Cp. Wsd 3:19. A more favorable kind of γ. is mentioned in Ps 23:6; 111:2; 1QS 3:14.—The desert generation Hb 3:10 (Ps 94:10). ἰδίᾳ γ. ὑπηρετήσας after he had served his own generation Ac 13:36; γ. ἡμῶν 1 Cl 5:1; αἱ πρὸ ἡμῶν γ. 19:1; πρώτη γ. the first generation (of Christians) Hs 9, 15, 4 (Paus. 7, 4, 9 τετάρτῃ γενεᾷ=in the fourth generation).③ the time of a generation, age (as a rule of thumb, the time between birth of parents and the birth of their children; since Hdt. 2, 142, 2; Dionys. Hal. 3, 15; Gen 50:23; Ex 13:18; 20:5; EpJer 2; Philo, Mos. 1, 7; Jos., Ant. 5, 336; SibOr 3, 108). Here the original sense gradually disappears, and the mng. ‘a period of time’ remains.ⓐ of periods of time defined in terms of a generation: age, generation Mt 1:17 (a similar list of numbers in Hellanicus [400 B.C.]: 323a, Fgm. 22a Jac. ἐννέα γενεαῖς ὕστερον … ἓξ γενεαῖς ὕστερον … τρισὶ γενεαῖς ὕστερον; Just., D. 92, 5 γενεαὶ ἀνθρώπων; Tat. 41, 1 μιᾷ τῶν Τρωϊκῶν προγενέστερος … γενεᾷ [of Heracles]); Lk 1:48; 1 Cl 50:3; ἐν γενεᾷ καὶ γ. (Ps 44:18; 89:1) in one generation after the other 7:5.ⓑ of an undefined time period period of time gener. εἰς γενεὰς καὶ γενεάς (Ps 48:12; 88:2 al.; Just., D. 92, 2 μετὰ τοσαύτας γ.) to all ages Lk 1:50 (v.l. εἰς γενεὰς γενεῶν and εἰς γενεὰν καὶ γενεάν); cp. 1 Cl 61:3; εἰς πάσας τὰς γ. (Ex 12:14) to all generations Eph 3:21; ἀπὸ τῶν γ. from earliest times Col 1:26 (for the combination αἰῶνες and γενεαί cp. Tob 1:4; 8:5 S; 13:12; Esth 10:3k). ἐκ γενεῶν ἀρχαίων fr. ancient times Ac 15:21 (cp. Sir 2:10); ἀπὸ γενεᾶς εἰς γ. (Ex 17:16; Ps 9:27) fr. generation to g. Lk 1:50 v.l.; MPol 21; ἐν πάσαις ταῖς γ. in all generations 1 Cl 60:1; GJs 6:2; 7:2; cp. 1 Cl 11:2; ἐν πάσαις ταῖς γενεαῖς τῆς γῆς GJs 12:1 (TestJob 4:6); ἑτέραις γ. at other times Eph 3:5 (cp. Jo 1:3; Ps 47:14); ἐν ταῖς παρῳχημέναις γ. in past ages Ac 14:16.④ in the quot. fr. Is 53:8 τὴν γ. αὐτοῦ τίς διηγήσεταὶ Ac 8:33; 1 Cl 16:8 γ. is prob. to be taken in the sense of family history.—MMeinertz, ‘Dieses Geschlecht’ im NT, BZ n.F. 1, ’57, 283–89.—DELG s.v. γίγνομαι p. 222. M-M. TW. Sv. -
85 Γεννησαρέτ
Γεννησαρέτ indecl., ἡ (more correctly Γεννησάρ as 1 Macc 11:67; Joseph., Talmud; so also the foll. witnesses in Mt and Mk: D, It., Syr. Sin. and Cur., Pesh.; s. RHarris, ET 40, 1929, 189f) Gennesaret, prob. name of the fertile and (in I A.D.) thickly populated plain south of Capernaum, now El-Ghuweir (Jos., Bell. 3, 516ff) Mt 14:34; Mk 6:53. This was also the name of the large lake adjacent to the plain, λίμνη Γ. (Jos., Bell. 3, 506 λίμνη Γεννησάρ; 1 Macc 11:67 τὸ ὕδωρ τοῦ Γεννησάρ; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Τιβεριάς: this is a city πρὸς τῇ Γεννεσιρίτιδι λίμνῃ) Lk 5:1, less precisely termed θάλασσα τῆς Γαλιλαίας (Mt 4:18; Mk 1:16), and θάλ. τῆς Τιβεριάδος (J 21:1).—Dalman, Orte3 118 (Eng. tr. 121–22); Westm. Hist. Atlas 17 etc.; CKopp, Holy Places of the Gospels, ’63, 167–203; BHHW I 546f. -
86 Γερασηνός
Γερασηνός, ή, όν from Gerasa, a city in Perea, east of the Jordan, about 53 km. SE of Lake Genessaret; ὁ Γ. the Gerasene (s. Joseph. index Niese; Schürer II 149–55; Dalman, PJ 1907–12; HGuthe, Gerasa [D. Land der Bibel III 1, 2] 1919; JStarr, A New Jewish Source for Gerasa: JBL 53, ’34, 167–69; CKraeling, Gerasa ’38.—The word is found Stephan. Byz. s.v. Βάργασα and Γέρασα; IGR IV, 374, 11). Readings antedating Origen Mt 8:28 v.l.; Mk 5:1 (HSahlin, Studia Theolog. 18, ’64, 159–72: Gentile emphasis in the pericope); Lk 8:26, 37 (s. the foll. entry and Γαδαρηνός).—EDNT. PECS 348–49. M-M. -
87 γερουσία
γερουσία, ας, ἡ (s. next; Eur., X.+; s. OGI index VIII; Thieme 16; SEG XXXIX, 1318, 2; XL, 1121, 5 [both II A.D.]; APF 3, 1906, 138 no. 21, 5; PRyl 599, 12; LXX; Philo, In Flacc. 76; 80, Leg. ad Gai. 229; Joseph. Of various boards or councils [e.g. the Roman Senate: Diod S 14, 113, 7 and 8], some having a sacred character [SIG 1112, 1f ἔδοξεν τῇ ἱερᾷ γερουσίᾳ τοῦ Σωτῆρος Ἀσκληπιοῦ; the ἱερὰ γερουσία of Eleusis IG III, 702, 2; 10]) council of elders, esp. the Sanhedrin in Jerusalem (Jdth 4:8; 1 Macc 12:6; 2 Macc 1:10 al.; Jos., Ant. 13, 166) Ac 5:21 (on the juxtaposition of συνέδριον and γερουσία cp. IGR IV, 836, 8 τῷ σεμνοτάτῳ συνεδρίῳ γερουσίας). GJs 4:3; 6:2.—Schürer II 199–209. DELG s.v. γέρων. M-M. TW. -
88 γεύομαι
γεύομαι fut. γεύσομαι, 1 aor. ἐγευσάμην (Hom. et al.; pap, LXX; TestReub 1:10 [v.l. ἔφαγον]; TestZeb 4:2; TestJos 6:3; JosAs 10:20; ApcEsdr 7:1 p. 32, 8 Tdf.; ApcMos, Philo, Joseph.) to have perception of someth. either by mouth or by experience, esp. in ref. to relatively small quantity.① to partake of someth. by mouth, taste, partake of w. acc. (rarely in Gk. lit. with this verb [for acc. w. verbs of consumption, but not γεύομαι, s. Kühner-G. I 356, 2]: Anth. Pal. 6, 120 ἔρσης ἰκμάδα γευόμενος ‘tasting the juicy dew’; also Sb 1106 οἱ συμπόσιον γευόμενοι; 1 Km 14:43; Job 12:11; 34:3; Tob 7:12 BA) water J 2:9. μηδὲν εἰ μὴ ἄρτον καὶ ὕδωρ Hs 5, 3, 7. W. gen. of thing (Crates, Ep. 14 ἰχθύος κ. οἴνου; Dio Chrys. 2, 47; POxy 658, 12; 1576, 4 τοῦ οἴνου; 1 Km 14:24; 2 Km 3:35 al.): a meal=take part in it Lk 14:24. μηδενός (Jos., Ant. 7, 42) Ac 23:14; poisonous plants ITr 11:1. The obj. of the verb is indicated by the context Mt 27:34; Ac 20:11. μὴ ἅψῃ μηδὲ γεύσῃ μηδὲ θίγῃς Col 2:21 (s. ἅπτω 3).—Abs. with apparent ref. to the initial phase of dining γεύομαι= eat (ins Sb 1944; Tob 2:4 BA ‘left his meal untouched’; Jos., Ant. 6, 119 ‘taste’ in contrast to ‘eat’ [ἐσθίω]; 338 the witch of Endor urges Saul to ‘take some food’ [in contrast to his fasting]; cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 98 §407 ‘dine’) Ac 10:10.② to experience someth. cognitively or emotionally, come to know someth. fig. ext. of 1 (Hom. et al.; Pr 31:18; Pfuhl-Möbius II, 1310, 8 ‘taste of words’, or lit.). W. gen. of thing (Pind., N. 6, 24 πόνων; Hdt. 6, 5 ἐλευθερίης; Lycophron vs. 1431 φυγῆς [of Xerxes]; Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 72 πολέμου; Ael. Aristid. 28, 60 K.=49 p. 510 D.: ἀλαζονείας; Maximus Tyr. 33, 4c ἡδονῶν): θανάτου (analogous to rabb. טָעַם מִיתָה [Billerb. I 751f; 4 Esdr 6:26]; Leonidas in Anth. Pal. 7, 662 ἀδελφὸν ἀστόργου γευσάμενον θανάτου; cp. γ. ζωῆς IGUR III, 1216, 1; s. HRüger, ZNW 59, ’68, 113f) Mt 16:28; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 8:52; Hb 2:9; Ox 654, 5 (where θανάτου is supplied)=ASyn. 247, 20; partake of knowledge 1 Cl 36:2 (cp. Herm. Wr. 10, 8 γ. ἀθανασίας; Philo, Virt. 188 σοφίας al.; Jos., Bell. 2, 158); obtain a gift Hb 6:4. W. acc. of thing (B-D-F §169): a word of God vs. 5. W. ὅτι foll.: γεύσασθαι ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ κύριος experience the Lord’s kindness 1 Pt 2:3 (Ps 33:9); RPerdelwitz, D. Mysterienrel. u. d. Problem des 1 Pt 1911, 65ff.—B. 1030. DELG. M-M. New Docs 4, 41. TW. -
89 γινώσκω
γινώσκω (in the form γιγνώσκω [s. below] since Homer; γιν. in Attic ins in Meisterhans3-Schw. index, from 325 B.C.; in pap fr. 277 B.C. [Mayser 165]; likew. LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph., apolog.) impf. ἐγίνωσκον; fut. γνώσομαι; 2 aor. ἔγνων, impv. γνῶθι, γνώτω, subj. 1 sg. γνῶ and 3 sg. γνῶ (γνοῖ Mk 5:43; 9:30; Lk 19:15; Hm 4, 1, 5; B-D-F §95, 2; W-S. §13, 22; Mlt-H. 83; Rob. 1214); 2 sg. γνώσῃς (TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 5 [Stone p. 20]); opt. 1 sg. γνῴην; 3 sg. γνοίη Job 23:3, 5; inf. γνῶναι, ptc. γνούς; pf. ἔγνωκα, 3 pl. ἔγνωκαν J 17:7 (W-S. §13, 15 n. 15); plpf. ἐγνώκειν. Pass.: 1 fut. γνωσθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐγνώσθην; pf. ἔγνωσμαι. (On the spellings γινώσκειν and γιγνώσκειν s. W-S. §5, 31; B-D-F §34, 4; Mlt-H. 108.) This verb is variously nuanced in contexts relating to familiarity acquired through experience or association with pers. or thing.① to arrive at a knowledge of someone or someth., know, know about, make acquaintance ofⓐ w. acc. of thing: mysteries (Wsd 2:22; En 104:12) Mt 13:11; Mk 4:11 v.l.; Lk 8:10; will of the Master (Just., D. 123, 4) 12:47f; that which brings peace 19:42; truth (Jos., Ant. 13, 291) J 8:32; times Ac 1:7; sin Ro 7:7; affection 2 Cor 2:4; spirit of truth J 14:17; way of righteousness 2 Pt 2:21 P72; God’s glory 1 Cl 61:1.—Abs. γνόντες (Is 26:11) when they had ascertained it Mk 6:38; ἐκ μέρους γ. know fragmentarily, only in part 1 Cor 13:9, 12.—W. prep. γ. τι ἔκ τινος (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 45; Jos., Vi. 364) know a thing by someth. (Diod S 17, 101, 6): a tree by its fruit Mt 12:33; Lk 6:44; 1J 4:6; γ. τι ἔν τινι (Sir 4:24; 26:9) 1J 4:2. Also γ. τι κατά τι (Gen 15:8): κατὰ τί γνώσομαι τοῦτο; by what (= how) shall I know this? Lk 1:18.ⓑ w. personal obj. (Plut., Mor. 69c ἄνδρα τοιοῦτον οὐκ ἔγνωμεν; Did., Gen. 45, 24 evil powers): God (Ael. Aristid. 52, 2 K.=28 p. 551 D.: γ. τὸν θεόν; Herm. Wr. 1, 3; 10, 19a; Sallust. 18, 3 p. 34, 9 θεούς; 1 Km 2:10; 3:7; 1 Ch 28:9; 3 Macc 7:6; PsSol 2:31; Da 11:32 Theod.; Philo, Ebr. 45; Ar. 15, 3; Just., D. 14, 12; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 66, 26f) J 14:7ab; 17:3, 25; Ro 1:21; Gal 4:9; 1J 2:3, 13; 3:1, 6; 4:6ff; 5:20 (for 1J s. M-EBoismard, RB 56, ’49, 365–91); PtK 2. Jesus Christ J 14:7; 17:3; 2 Cor 5:16 ( even though we have known Christ [irrealis, ‘contrary to fact’, is also prob.=even if we had known; cp. Gal 5:11], we now no longer know him; on this pass. s. κατά B7a; σάρξ 5); 1J 2:3f (Just., D. 28, 3). τινὰ ἔν τινι someone by someth. (Ps 47:4; Sir 11:28; TestNapht 3:4) Lk 24:35.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (BGU 824, 8; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 22) Mt 25:24; J 6:69; 7:26; 8:52; 14:20, 31; 17:7f, 25; 19:4. W. ὅθεν preceding by this one knows (EpJer 22) 1J 2:18. ἐν τούτῳ (Gen 42:33; Ex 7:17; Josh 3:10 al.) J 13:35; 1J 2:3, 5; 4:13; 5:2. W. combination of two constr. ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν ὅτι μένει ἐν ἡμῖν, ἐκ τοῦ πνεύματος by this we know that (Jesus Christ) remains in us, namely by the spirit 3:24; cp. 4:13. W. an indir. question foll. (1 Km 14:38: 25:17; 2 Km 18:29; Ps 38:5) Mt 12:7; J 7:51. W. combination of two questions (double interrogative) ἵνα γνοῖ τίς τί διεπραγματεύσατο that he might know what each one had gained in his dealings Lk 19:15.② to acquire information through some means, learn (of), ascertain, find outⓐ w. acc. as obj. (1 Km 21:3; 1 Ch 21:2; 4 Macc 4:4) τοῦτο (1 Km 20:3) Mk 5:43. τὰ γενόμενα what has happened Lk 24:18. τὸ ἀσφαλές Ac 21:34; 22:30. τὰ περὶ ἡμῶν our situation Col 4:8; your faith 1 Th 3:5. Pass. become known to someone w. or without dat. of the pers. who is informed: of secret things Mt 10:26; Lk 8:17; 12:2. Of plots Ac 9:24 (cp. 1 Macc 6:3; 7:3, 30 al.).ⓑ w. ὅτι foll. (PGiss 11, 4 [118 A.D.] γεινώσκειν σε θέλω ὅτι; 1 Esdr 2:17; Ruth 3:14) J 4:1; 5:6; 12:9; Ac 24:11 v.l.ⓒ abs. (1 Km 14:29; 3 Km 1:11; Tob 8:12 al.) μηδεὶς γινωσκέτω nobody is to know of this Mt 9:30. ἵνα τις γνοῖ that anyone should obtain knowledge of it Mk 9:30.③ to grasp the significance or meaning of someth., understand, comprehendⓐ w. acc. foll. (Sir 1:6; 18:28; Wsd 5:7 v.l.; 9:13; Bar 3:9 al.; Just., A I, 63, 5; D. 68, 1 σκληροκάρδιοι πρὸς τὸ γνῶναι νοῦν … τοῦ θεοῦ): parables Mk 4:13; what was said Lk 18:34; (w. ἀναγινώσκειν in wordplay) Ac 8:30. ταῦτα J 3:10; 12:16; what one says J 8:43; God’s wisdom 1 Cor 2:8; the nature of God vs. 11; the nature of the divine spirit vs. 14; the love of Christ Eph 3:19 (s. γνῶσις 1); God’s ways Hb 3:10 (Ps 94:10); τὸν νόμον know the law J 7:49; Ro 7:1 (here perh.=have the law at one’s fingertips, cp. Menand., Sicyonius 138f, τῶν τοὺς νόμους εἰδότων; Just., D. 123, 2). πῶς οὖν [ταῦτα γιγν]ώ̣σκομεν; how then shall we know these things? Ox 1081, 25f (=SJCh 90, 1f), as read by Till p. 220 app.ⓑ abs. Mt 24:39.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Wsd 10:12; EpJer 64; 1 Macc 6:13; 7:42; 2 Macc 7:28 al.) Mt 21:45; 24:32; Mk 12:12; 13:28f; Lk 21:30f; J 4:53; 8:27f; 2 Cor 13:6; Js 2:20.ⓓ w. indir. question foll. (Job 19:29) J 10:6; 13:12, 28.④ to be aware of someth., perceive, notice, realizeⓐ w. acc.: their wickedness Mt 22:18; γ. δύναμιν ἐξεληλυθυῖαν that power had gone out Lk 8:46 (on the constr. w. the ptc. cp. PHamb 27, 13 [III B.C.]; BGU 1078 [I A.D.] γίνωσκε ἡγεμόνα εἰσεληλυθότα; POxy 1118, 7; Jos., Ant. 17, 342; Just., D. 39, 2 al.).ⓑ abs. (Ex 22:9; 1 Km 26:12) Mt 16:8; 26:10; Mk 7:24; 8:17.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Gen 3:7; 8:11; 1 Macc 1:5 al.): ἔγνω τῷ σώματι ὅτι ἴαται she felt in her body that she was healed Mk 5:29; cp. 15:10; J 6:15; 16:19; Ac 23:6.⑤ to have sexual intercourse with, have sex/marital relations with, euphemistic ext. of 1 (Menand., Fgm. 558, 5 Kock; Heraclid. Lembus, Pol. 64 [Aristot., Fgm. ed. VRose 1886, 383]; oft. in Plut. and other later authors, and LXX [Anz 306]) w. acc., said of a man as agent (Gen 4:1, 17; 1 Km 1:19; Jdth 16:22; ApcMos 4; Did., Gen. 143, 9) Mt 1:25 (in connection w. the topic of 1:25f see Plut., Mor. 717e; Olympiodorus, Vi. Plat. 1 [Westermann, 1850]: φάσμα Ἀπολλωνιακὸν συνεγένετο τῇ μητρὶ αὐτοῦ τῇ Περικτιόνῃ καὶ ἐν νυκτὶ φανὲν τῷ Ἀρίστωνι ἐκέλευσεν αὐτῷ μὴ μιγνύναι τῇ Περικτιόνῃ μέχρι τ. χρόνου τῆς ἀποτέξεως. Ὁ δʼ οὕτω πεποίηκεν: ‘an apparition of Apollo had relations with [Plato’s] mother Perictione, and in a nocturnal appearance to Ariston [Plato’s father] ordered him not to have intercourse w. P. until the time of her parturition. So he acted accordingly.’—The legend of Plato’s birth is traceable to Plato’s nephew Speusippus [Diog. L. 3:2; Jerome, Adv. Iovin. 1, 42]); of a woman (Judg 11:39; 21:12; Theodor. Prodr. 9, 486 H.) Lk 1:34 (DHaugg, D. erste bibl. Marienwort ’38; FGrant, JBL 59, ’40, 19f; HSahlin, D. Messias u. d. Gottesvolk, ’45, 117–20).⑥ to have come to the knowledge of, have come to know, know (Nägeli 40 w. exx.)ⓐ w. acc.α. of thing (Bar 3:20, 23; Jdth 8:29; Bel 35; Just., D. 110, 1 καὶ τοῦτο γ.): τὴν ποσότητα 1 Cl 35:3; hearts (Ps 43:22) Lk 16:15; will Ro 2:18; truth (Just., D. 139, 5; Tat. 13, 1) 2J 1; 2 Cor 5:21; grace 8:9; πάντα (2 Km 14:20; Just., D. 127, 2) 1J 3:20. τὶ 1 Cor 8:2a. W. object clause preceding: ὸ̔ κατεργάζομαι οὐ γ. what I am accomplishing I really do not know Ro 7:15 (here γ. almost=desire, want, decide [Polyb. 5, 82, 1; Plut., Lycurg. 41[3, 9] ἔγνω φυγεῖν; Appian, Syr. 5 §18; Arrian, Anab. 2, 21, 8; 2, 25, 8; Paradox. Vat. 46 Keller ὅ τι ἂν γνῶσιν αἱ γυναῖκες; Jos., Ant. 1, 195; 14, 352; 16, 331]; mngs. 3 understand and 7 recognize are also prob.). W. attraction of the relative ἐν ὥρᾳ ᾗ οὐ γ. at an hour unknown to him Mt 24:50; Lk 12:46. W. acc. and ptc. (on the constr. s. 4a above) τὴν πόλιν νεωκόρον οὖσαν that the city is guardian of the temple Ac 19:35.β. of pers. know someone (Tob 5:2; 7:4; Is 1:3) J 1:48; 2:24; 10:14f, 27; Ac 19:15; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5); Ox 1 recto, 14 (GTh 31). W. acc. and ptc. (s. α above, end and e.g. Just., A I, 19, 6) Hb 13:23.ⓑ w. acc. and inf. (Da 4:17; Just., D. 130, 2 al.) Hb 10:34.ⓒ w. ὅτι foll. (Sir 23:19; Bar 2:30; Tob 3:14) J 21:17; Ac 20:34; Phil 1:12; Js 1:3; 2 Pt 1:20; 3:3; γ. τοὺς διαλογισμοὺς ὅτι εἰσὶν μάταιοι he knows that the thoughts are vain 1 Cor 3:20 (Ps 93:11).—Oft. γινώσκετε, ὅτι you may be quite sure that Mt 24:33, 43; Mk 13:28f; Lk 10:11; 12:39; 21:31; J 15:18; 1J 2:29 (cp. UPZ 62, 32 [161 B.C.] γίνωσκε σαφῶς ὅτι πρός σε οὐ μὴ ἐπέλθω; 70, 14; 3 Macc 7:9; Judg 4:9; Job 36:5; Pr 24:12). In τοῦτο ἴστε γινώσκοντες, ὅτι Eph 5:5 the question is whether the two verbs are to be separated or not. In the latter case, one could point to Sym. Jer 49:22 ἴστε γινώσκοντες and 1 Km 20:3.ⓓ w. indir. question (Gen 21:26; 1 Km 22:3; Eccl 11:5; 2 Macc 14:32; Just., A I, 63, 3 τί πατὴρ καὶ τί υἱός) Lk 7:39; 10:22; J 2:25; 11:57.ⓔ w. adv. modifier γ. Ἑλληνιστί understand Greek Ac 21:37 (cp. X., Cyr. 7, 5; 31 ἐπίστασθαι Συριστί).ⓕ abs. (Gen 4:9; 18:21; 4 Km 2:3; Sir 32:8) Lk 2:43. τί ἐγὼ γινώσκω; how should I know? Hs 9, 9, 1.⑦ to indicate that one does know, acknowledge, recognize as that which one is or claims to be τινά (Plut., Ages. 597 [3, 1]; Jos., Ant. 5, 112) οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς I have never recognized you Mt 7:23; cp. J 1:10. ἐὰν γνωσθῇ πλέον τ. ἐπισκόπου if he receives more recognition than the supervisor (bishop) IPol 5:2. Of God as subject recognize someone as belonging to God, choose, almost= elect (Am 3:2; Hos 12:1; SibOr 5, 330) 1 Cor 8:3; Gal 4:9. In these pass. the γ. of God directed toward human beings is conceived of as the basis of and condition for their coming to know God; cp. the language of the Pythagoreans in HSchenkl, Wiener Studien 8, 1886 p. 265, no. 9 βούλει γνωσθῆναι θεοῖς• ἀγνοήθητι μάλιστα ἀνθρώποις; p. 277 no. 92 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος κ. θεὸν σεβόμενος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ; Porphyr., ad Marcellam 13 σοφὸς ἄνθρωπος γινώσκεται ὑπὸ θεοῦ; Herm. Wr. 1, 31 θεός, ὸ̔ς γνωσθῆναι βούλεται καὶ γινώσκεται τοῖς ἰδίοις; 10, 15 οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὁ θεός, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ γνωρίζει καὶ θέλει γνωρίζεσθαι. S. Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 299f; Ltzm. on 1 Cor 8:3; RAC XI 446–659.—On the whole word: BSnell, D. Ausdrücke für die Begriffe des Wissens in d. vorplatonischen Philosophie 1924; EBaumann, ידע u. seine Derivate: ZAW 28, 1908, 22ff; 110ff; WBousset, Gnosis: Pauly-W. VII 1912, 1503ff; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.3 66–70; 284–308; PThomson, ‘Know’ in the NT: Exp. 9th ser. III, 1925, 379–82; AFridrichsen, Gnosis (Paul): ELehmann Festschr. 1927, 85–109; RPope, Faith and Knowledge in Pauline and Johannine Thought: ET 41, 1930, 421–27; RBultmann, TW I ’33, 688–715; HJonas, Gnosis u. spätantiker Geist I ’34; 2’55; EPrucker, Gnosis Theou ’37; JDupont, La Connaissance religieuse dans les Épîtres de Saint Paul, ’49; LBouyer, Gnosis: Le Sens orthodoxe de l’expression jusqu’aux pères Alexandrins: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 188–203; WDavies, Knowledge in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mt 11:25–30: HTR 46, ’53, 113–39; WSchmithals, D. Gnosis in Kor. ’55, 3’69; MMagnusson, Der Begriff ‘Verstehen’ (esp. in Paul), ’55; RCasey, Gnosis, Gnosticism and the NT: CDodd Festschr., ’56, 52–80; IdelaPotterie, οἶδα et γινώσκω (4th Gosp.), Biblica 40, ’59, 709–25; H-JSchoeps, Urgemeinde, Judenchristentum, Gnosis ’56; EKäsemann, Das Wandernde Gottesvolk (Hb)2, ’57; HJonas, The Gnostic Religion, ’58; JDupont, Gnosis, ’60; UWilckens, Weisheit u. Torheit ( 1 Cor 1 and 2) ’59; DGeorgi, Die Gegner des Pls im 2 Cor, ’64; DScholer, Nag Hammadi Bibliography, 1948–69, ’71.—B. 1209f. DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv. -
90 γλῶσσα
γλῶσσα, ης, ἡ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestJob 43:12; Test12Patr; JosAs 13:8; GrBar 3:6; ApcSed; AscIs 3:18; Philo, Joseph., Just., Tat.)① organ of speech, tongueⓐ lit. (Did., Gen. 88, 26) Lk 16:24; as an organ of speech (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 31, 195 χαλεπώτατόν ἐστιν τὸ γλώττης κρατεῖν; Did., Gen. 46, 26 ὄργανον λόγου ἐστὶν ἡ γ.) Mk 7:33, 35; (Vi. Aesopi I G 7 P.: Isis heals the mute Aesop τὸ τραχὺ τῆς γλώττης ἀποτεμοῦσα, τὸ κωλῦον αὐτὸν λαλεῖν ‘cutting off the rough part of his tongue that prevented him from speaking’) Lk 1:64; Ro 3:13 (Ps 5:10; 13:3; cp. Hes., Op. 322–26); 14:11 (Is 45:23); Js 1:26; 3:5f, 8 (Apion in the schol. on Od. 3, 341 κράτιστον τῶν μελῶν ἡ γλῶσσα.—JGeffcken, Kynika usw. 1909, 45–53; GAvdBergh vEysinga, NThT 20, ’31, 303–20). 1J 3:18; διὰ τῆς γ. w. the tongue, i.e., in speaking 1 Cor 14:9 (Just., A I, 16, 8 διὰ γλώττης). παύειν τὴν γ. ἀπὸ κακοῦ keep the tongue from (saying) evil things 1 Pt 3:10; 1 Cl 22:3 (both Ps 33:14). Synon. στόμα 35:8 (Ps 49:19); Rv 16:10; 1 Cl 15:4f (Ps 77:36; 11:4f). τὸ ἐπιεικὲς τῆς γ. moderation of the tongue 21:7. μάστιξ γλώσσης words of reproof 56:10 (Job 5:21). Conceited speech 57:2 (cp. 3 Macc 2:17). Of evil tongues Hv 2, 2, 3. ἠγαλλιάσατο ἡ γλῶσσά μου my tongue exulted (the organ for the pers., cp. πούς 1b) Ac 2:26; 1 Cl 18:15 (both Ps 15:9). τὴν γ. προβάλλειν put out the tongue, hiss of a dragon Hv 4, 1, 9.ⓑ fig., of forked flames Ac 2:3 (=לְשׁוֹן אֵשׁ Is 5:24; cp. En 14:9f).② a body of words and systems that makes up a distinctive language, language, tongueⓐ of the language itself (Hom. et al.; PGiss 99, 9; Philo, Mos. 2, 40; Jos., Ant. 10, 8; 158; Just., D. 102, 4) Ac 2:6 v.l., 11; language λαλεῖν ἑτέραις γλώσσαις Ac 2:4. On this s. ἕτερος 2 end.; B-D-F §480, 3.ⓑ of language viewed in terms of pers. using it, language, tongue: πᾶσα γ. every language=every person, regardless of the language that pers. speaks Ro 14:11; Phil 2:11 (Is 45:23; cp. POxy 1381, 198: Ἑλληνὶς δὲ πᾶσα γλῶσσα τὴν σὴν λαλήσει ἱστορίαν καὶ πᾶς Ἕλλην ἀνὴρ τὸν τοῦ Φθᾶ σεβήσεται Ἰμούθην; PGM 12, 188) IMg 10:3. As a distinctive feature of nations γ. can be used as a synonym of φυλή, λαός, ἔθνος (Is 66:18; Da 3:4, 7 al.; Jdth 3:8; AscIs 3:18) Rv 5:9; 7:9; 10:11; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6; 17:15; 2 Cl 17:4 (Is 66:18).③ an utterance outside the normal patterns of intelligible speech and therefore requiring special interpretation, ecstatic language, ecstatic speech, tongue, γλῶσσαι, γένη γλωσσῶν, (ἐν) γλώσσῃ/-αις λαλεῖν (λαλούντων διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος γλώσσαις Iren. 5, 6, 1 [Harv. II 334, 3]) 1 Cor 14:1–27, 39; 12:10, 28, 30; 13:1, 8; Ac 10:46; 19:6. Always without the article (in 1 Cor 14:22 αἱ is anaphoric; vs. 9 belongs under mng. 1a). There is no doubt about the thing referred to, namely the strange speech of persons in religious ecstasy. The phenomenon, as found in Hellenistic religion, is described esp. by ERohde (Psyche3 1903, Eng. tr. 1925, 289–93) and Reitzenstein; cp. Celsus 7, 8; 9. The origin of the term is less clear. Two explanations are prominent today. The one (Bleek, Heinrici et al.) holds that γλῶσσα here means antiquated, foreign, unintelligible, mysterious utterances (Diod S 4, 66, 7 κατὰ γλῶτταν=according to an old expression). The other (Rtzst., Bousset et al.) sees in glossolalia a speaking in marvelous, celestial languages. On ἑρμηνεία γλωσσῶν 1 Cor 12:10 (cp. 14:26) s. ἑρμηνεία.—γλώσσαις καιναῖς λαλεῖν Mk 16:17.—On ‘speaking in tongues’ s. HGunkel, Die Wirkungen d. hl. Geistes2 1899; HWeinel, D. Wirkungen d. Geistes u. d. Geister im nachap. Zeitalter 1899; ELombard, De la Glossolalie chez les premiers chrétiens 1910; EMosiman, Das Zungenreden geschichtl. u. psychol. unters. 1911. WReinhard, D. Wirken d. hl. Geistes 1918, 120ff; KLSchmidt, Die Pfingsterzählung u. d. Pfingstereignis 1919 (against him PSchmiedel, PM 24, 1920, 73–86); HGüntert, Von der Sprache der Götter u. Geister 1921, 23ff; AMackie, The Gift of Tongues 1922; HRust, D. Zungenreden 1924; FBüchsel, D. Geist Gottes im NT 1926, 242ff; 321ff; GCutten, Speaking with Tongues 1927; IMartin, 3rd, Glossolalia in the Apostolic Church: JBL 63, ’44, 123–30; JDavies, Pentecost and Glossolalia: JTS n.s. 3, ’52, 228–31; FBeare, JBL 83, ’64, 229–46; SCurrie, Int 19, ’65, 274–94; RHarrisville, CBQ 38, ’76, 35–48; RAC XI 225–46; EDNT I 251–55.—B. 230; 1260. Frisk. DELG s.v. γλῶχες. M-M. TW. Sv. -
91 γνήσιος
γνήσιος, α, ον (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, TestAbr A, EpArist, Philo, Joseph.)① one who is considered a valid member of a family, legitimate, true. In the Hellenic world ancestral connections were highly prized; hence this term referred orig. to having connection with the γένος by birth: ‘belonging to the race.’ Hence lit. of children born in wedlock, legitimate (X., Cyr. 8, 5, 19; OGI 194, 12; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 145, 21 legitimacy of a son affirmed on basis of birth from a freewoman; PFlor 79, 21; 294, 12 γνησίων τέκνων; POxy 1267, 15 γ. υἱός; PLips 28, 17f; cp. PEleph 1, 3 γ. γυνή; Sir 7:18; Philo, Mos. 1, 15 γ. παῖς, Spec. Leg. 4, 203 τέκνα; Jos., Ant. 17, 45 τέκνα); fig., of affective relationship, esp. as developed through sharing of values or experiences (Herm. Wr. 13, 3 γνήσιος υἱός εἰμι; Eunap. Vi. Soph. 7, 1, 13 p. 49: pupils as παῖδες γ.) γ. τέκνον ἐν πίστει true child in the faith 1 Ti 1:2; cp. Tit 1:4; γ. σύζυγε Phil 4:3 (cp. BGU 86, 19 γ. φίλος; PLond III, 1244, 5 p. 244 [III A.D.]; EpArist 41; TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 7 [Stone p. 42] al.).② pert. to possession of apparent or reputed good character or quality, genuine of things (of ‘genuine’ writings: Harpocration s.v. Ἀλκιβιάδης; Galen XV 748 K.; Athen. 4, 25, 144e; 14, 63, 650d) γνησιώτερος λόγος more reliable teaching B 9:9 (Harpocration s.v. ναυτοδίκαι: Lysias says εἰ γνήσιος ὁ λόγος; Philo, Poster. Cai. 102 γ. φιλοσοφία). ἀγάπη 1 Cl 62:2 (Michel 394, 48f γ. φιλοστοργία). τὸ γ. genuineness, sincerity of love 2 Cor 8:8 (OGI 339, 7 [c. 120 B.C.] τὸ πρὸς τὴν πατρίδα γνήσιον).—DELG s.v. γίγνομαι p. 223. TW. Spicq. -
92 γνωρίζω
γνωρίζω fut. γνωρίσω (γνωριῶ [POxy 1024, 18; LXX; Just., D. 14, 8] Col 4:9 v.l. [Tdf. S. Vog.]); 1 aor. ἐγνώρισα. Mid.: ἐγνωρισάμην. Pass.: 1 fut. γνωρισθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐγνωρίσθην; pf. 3 sg. ἐγνώρισται 2 Esdr 7:24 (Aeschyl. et al.; pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 12, 6; Just., Ath. 3, 1)① to cause information to become known: make known, reveal (Aeschyl., Prom. 487; Diod S 1, 6, 2; 1, 9, 2; 10, 3, 1; Plut., Fab. Max. 186 [21, 3]; Cato Maj. 336 [1, 2] al.; LXX; TestJob 41:5; Jos., Ant. 8, 102) γ. τι Ro 9:22f; Eph 6:19; τί τινι Lk 2:15; Hs 9, 5, 4; ways of life Ac 2:28 (Ps 15:11); sins Hv 2, 1, 2; words 2, 2, 3f; the past and the future B 1:7; cp. 5:3. πάντα Eph 6:21; Col 4:7, 9; J 15:15; cp. Hs 9, 5, 4; name 17:26.—2 Cor 8:1; 2 Pt 1:16. Pass. Eph 3:5, 10; Hv 2, 4, 2. τινὶ τὸ μυστήριον Eph 1:9; pass. 3:3. περί τινος Lk 2:17. W. ὅτι foll. 1 Cor 12:3; τινί τι, ὅτι Gal 1:11. W. indir. quest. foll. Col 1:27; Hv 4, 3, 1; m 8:2; Hs 2:5; 8, 3, 1. W. attraction of the relat. D 9:2f; 10:2. Abs. Hm 12, 1, 3. Pass. γνωριζέσθω πρὸς τ. θεόν let (your requests) be made known to God Phil 4:6. γνωρίζεσθαι εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη be made known among all the nations Ro 16:26. Reflexive ἐγνωρίσθη Ἰωσὴφ τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς J. made himself known to his brothers Ac 7:13 v.l. (ἀνεγν. N., as in Gen 45:1; cp. Ruth 3:3).—In 1 Cor 15:1, where apparently the discussion deals with someth. already known, γ. is nevertheless correctly used because of the instruction, which evidently introduces someth. new.② to have information or be knowledgeable about someth., know (Dio Chrys. 4, 33; Plut., Coriol. 224 [23, 4]; Herodian 2, 1, 10; Achilles Tat. 7, 14, 1 and 3; Herm. Wr. 10, 15; POxy 705, 39; 1024, 18; 1643, 8. Λόγος τέλειος: PGM 3, 602ff; Pr 3:6; 15:10; Job 4:16 Sym. ἐγνώρισα=LXX ἐπέγνων; TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 4 [Stone p. 14]; 8 p. 86, 9 [Stone p. 20]; Philo, De Jos. 165, Conf. Ling. 183; Jos., Ant. 2, 97, Vi. 420; Just., D. 3, 2 γνωρίζεις με al.; 80, 2 ‘share a point of view’; Ath. 3:1 ‘note, recognize’ of animals) w. indir. question foll.: τί αἱρ -
93 Δαθάν
Δαθάν, ὁ indecl. (דָּתָן) (LXX.—In Joseph. Δαθάμης, ου [Ant. 4, 19]) Dathan 1 Cl 4:12; GJs 9:2; s. Ἀβ(ε)ιρών. BHHW I 323. -
94 δαίμων
δαίμων, ονος, ὁ (Hom.+ in the sense ‘a divinity’ [between θεός and ἥρως Pla., Rep. 392a; cp. Menand., Epitr. 1083 S.=725 Kö., specific or unspecified, sometimes ‘destiny’, s. JRexine, Daimon in Classical Gk. Lit. 30, ’85, 335–61; Herm. Wr., ins, pap, Philo, Joseph., SibOr]) means (evil) spirit/demon in the only place, apart from v.l., in the NT text (so Chariton 6, 2, 9 δ. κακός; Epict. 1, 22, 16; Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 86 §366; Alex. Aphr., Probl. 2, 46; Iambl., Myst. 3, 31, 15 πονηρ.; Himerius, Or. 8 [23], 13 [here the πονηρὸς δ. of the disease strangles his victim with the βρόχος]; Sextus 604; Synes., Ep. 79 p. 227d; Eutecnius 2 p. 30, 13 [of a harpy]; PGM 4, 1227 [ἐκβάλλειν]; 2516 [πονηρός]; 3081; 5, 131; POxy 1380, 164; BGU 954, 9; Is 65:11; Philo, Gig. 16b; Jos., Bell. 1, 628, Ant. 8, 45, Vi. 402; TestJud 23:1; Theoph. Ant. 2, 8 [p. 118, 7]. Cp. δαιμόνιον 2; for a positive view of daemons as beneficent beings s. Hes., Op. 123–26) Mt 8:31 in wordplay to emphasize the source of the plight of the two possessed men δύο δαιμονιζόμενοι: the ‘possessors’ of the two ‘possessed’. As v.l. also Mk 5:12; Lk 8:29; Rv 16:14; 18:2.—EOwen, Δαίμων and Cognate Words: JTS 32, ’31, 133–53; HSchibli, Xenocrates’ Daemons and the Irrational Soul: ClQ 43, ’93, 143–67 (p. 147 n. 21 lit.; n. 23 on ‘bad’ daemons that can suffer pain).—EDNT. LexThK3 III 1–6. TRE VIII 275–86 (lit.). DDD 445–55. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv. -
95 δακτύλιος
δακτύλιος, ου, ὁ (Sappho, Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol; TestJob 46:5 τὸ δακτύλιον; Philo, Joseph.) a ring for the finger, ring Lk 15:22; used to make a seal (in wax, etc.) for someth. (Diod S 16, 52, 6; Appian, Hann. c. 50 and 51; Diog. L. 4, 59; 7, 45; Esth 8:8, 10; Da 6:18 al.; Jos., Bell. 1, 667; 2, 24) 1 Cl 43:2.—B. 443. M-M. TW. -
96 Δαμασκηνός
Δαμασκηνός, ή, όν from Damascus ὁ Δ. the Damascene (Strabo, Athen., Geopon., Joseph.) 2 Cor 11:32. -
97 Δαμασκός
Δαμασκός, οῦ, ἡ (דַּמֶּשֶׂק Gen 14:15 al.; Just., D. 78, 10 al.) Damascus (Diod S 19, 100, 5 Δ. τῆς Συρίας; Nicol. Dam. in Jos., Ant. 7, 101; Strabo, Joseph.), capital of Coelesyria w. a large Jewish population (Jos., Bell. 2, 561; 7, 368). The city belonged to the Seleucids, the Nabataeans, and finally to the Romans (Schürer II 127–29). Ac 9:2ff; 22:5f, 10f; 26:12, 20; 2 Cor 11:32; Gal 1:17.—HvKiesling, Damaskus, Altes u. Neues aus Syrien 1919; CWatzinger u. KWulzinger, Damaskus 1921; IBenzinger, Pauly-W. IV 1901, 2042–48; LJalabert, Dict. d’Arch. IV 119ff; JSauvaget, Esquisse d’une histoire de la ville de Damas ’35. On the political situation reflected in 2 Cor 11:32 s. ESchwartz, NGG 1906, 367f; 1907, 275; Schürer I 581f; II 97; 129f; Zahn, NKZ 15, 1904, 34; UKahrstedt, Syr. Territorien in hellenist. Zeit 1926; Kl-Pauly I 1371–73; BHHW I 313–15.—S. Ἁρέτας. -
98 Δάν
Δάν, ὁ indecl. (דָּן; LXX; En 13:7; Test12Patr; TestSol 18:20 A; JosAs, Philo, Joseph. The last has both Δάν [Ant. 1, 305] and Δάνος, ου [2, 181]) Dan, name of an Israelite tribe (Gen 30:6; 49:16) Rv 7:5 v.l. for Γάδ (cp. ViEzk 17 [p. 76, 4 Sch.] τὴν φυλὴν Δὰν καὶ τοῦ Γάδ). BHHW I 317f. -
99 Δανιήλ
Δανιήλ, ὁ indecl. (דָּנִיֵּאל; LXX; En 6:7; SibOr 2, 247; Just.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14.—EpArist 49 and Joseph. have Δανίηλος, ου [Ant. 10, 193], likew. Mt 24:15 D) Daniel, the prophet Mt 24:15; Mk 13:14 v.l.; 1 Cl 45:6; 2 Cl 6:8; B 4:5.—BHHW I 318; RAC III 575–85. -
100 δαπανάω
δαπανάω (fr. δάπτω ‘devour’ [of wild beasts Il. 16, 159 al.] via δαπάνη) fut. δαπανήσω; 1 aor. ἐδαπάνησα, impv. δαπάνησον. Pass.: aor. 3 sg. ἐδαπανήθη 2 Macc 1:32; pf. ptc. δεδαπανηνένος LXX (Hdt., Thu.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 12 [Stone p.14]; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Just., A I, 13, 1)① to use up or pay out material or physical resources, spend, spend freely w. acc. as obj. property Mk 5:26 (cp. 1 Macc 14:32; Jos., Ant. 15, 303; SEG XLI, 311, 3 [II A.D.]). τὶ εἴς τι (Diod S 11, 72, 2; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 32 §126; Artem. 1, 31 p. 33, 11f; Sb 8331, 17f [98 A.D.] πολλὰ δαπανήσας ἰς τὸ ἱερόν; OGI 59, 15; Bel 6 LXX, 3 Theod.; Jos., Ant. 4, 277) spend someth. for or on someth. Hs 1:8; also ἔν τινι (BGU 149, 5 ἐν πυρῷ κατʼ ἔτος δαπανᾶται τὰ ὑπογεγραμμένα) ἐν ταῖς ἡδοναῖς ὑμῶν on your pleasures Js 4:3. ἐπί τινι spend (money) on someone=pay someone’s expenses Ac 21:24; cp. ὑπέρ τινος 2 Cor 12:15 (s. BBetzinger, ZNW 18, 1918, 201; Seneca, Providentia 5, 4 boni viri … impendunt, impenduntur, et volentes quidem=good men expend, are expended, and, in fact, voluntarily).—W. the connotation of wastefulness (Hesychius; Suda δαπ.: οὐ τὸ ἁπλῶς ἀναλίσκειν, ἀλλὰ τὸ λαμπρῶς ζῆν καὶ σπαθᾶν καὶ δαπανᾶν τὴν οὐσίαν=not a matter of mere spending, but of living luxuriously, and squandering and wasting one’s estate): πάντα spend or waste everything Lk 15:14 (though the neutral sense use everything up is also prob.). Cp. also Js 4:3 above.—In a bold fig. αἱ δεδαπανημέναι καρδίαι τ. θανάτῳ hearts indentured to death, i.e., they were extravagantly handed over to death (the phrase is amplified by the succeeding phrase: ‘given over to lawless wandering’) B 14:5; the bridge to mng. 2 is apparent.② to cause destruction by external means, wear out, destroy fig. ext. of 1 (Jos., Bell. 3, 74) τοὺς ἀνθρώπους Hm 12, 1, 2; pass. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 41 §171; 4, 108 §456; cp. Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/3 p. 135, 19 ὑπὸ τ. λύπης ἐδαπανώμην) ibid. of base desire.—Of fire (Dio Chrys. 4, 32; 2 Macc 1:23; 2:10; Philo, Exsecr. 153; Jos., Ant. 4, 192; SibOr 2, 197; Just., A I, 13, 1 τὰ … εἰς διατροφὴν γενόμενα … πυρὶ δαπανᾶν) πυρί σε ποιῶ δαπανηθῆναι I will cause you to be consumed by fire MPol 11:2; cp. 16:1.—DELG s.v. δάπτω. M-M.
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