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21 σάκκος
σάκκος, ου, ὁ (Hdt., Aristoph.+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 20:2; Test12Patr, JosAs; AscIs 2:10; Joseph.; Mel., P. 19, 131.—Semit. loanw.: HLewy, Die semit. Lehnwörter im Griech. 1895, 87 [cp. שַׂק]. On the quest. whether to spell it w. one κ or two s. Mayser 215) a coarse cloth made of animal (goat or camel) hair, sack, sackcloth ὠμόλινον ἐκ σάκκου γεγονός a rough linen towel made of (a) sack (cloth) Hs 8, 4, 1. The fabric from which a sack is made is usu. dark in color ἁμαρτίαι μελανώτεραι σάκκου 1 Cl 8:3 (quot. of unknown orig.). μέλας ὡς σάκκος τρίχινος Rv 6:12 (cp. Is 50:3). Hence sackcloth is esp. suited to be worn as a mourning garment (LXX; PsSol 2:20; JosAs 10:16 al.; Jos., Bell. 2, 237, Ant. 5, 37 al.) περιβεβλημένοι σάκκους Rv 11:3 (cp. 4 Km 19:2; Is 37:2; AscIs 2:10 σάκκον and s. περιβάλλω 2a). ἔρριψεν αὑτὸν χαμαὶ ἐπὶ τὸν ς. (Joseph) threw himself down to the ground on sackcloth JosAs 13:1. W. σποδός (Esth 4:2f; Jos., Ant. 20, 123; TestJos 15:2) ἐν ς. καὶ σποδῷ καθῆσθαι sit in sackcloth and ashes Lk 10:13 (Mel., P. 19, 131). ἐν ς. καὶ σποδῷ μετανοεῖν Mt 11:21. ἐπὶ ς. καὶ σποδοῦ κόπτεσθαι (κόπτω 2) B 7:5. καὶ σάκκον ἐνδύσησθε καὶ σποδὸν ὑποστρώσητε 3:2 (Is 58:5).—Menand., Fgm. 544 Kock=754 Kö., of Syrian penitents, who sinned against the goddess: ἔλαβον σακίον, εἶτʼ εἰς τὴν ὁδὸν ἐκάθισαν αὑτοὺς ἐπὶ κόπρου, καὶ τὴν θεὸν ἐξιλάσαντο τῷ ταπεινοῦσθαι σφόδρα ‘they took sackcloth, then seated themselves in the path on a dunghill and propitiated the goddess by humiliating themselves exceedingly’; Plut., Superst. 7 p. 168d: ἔξω κάθηται σακκίον ἔχων καὶ περιεζωσμένος ῥάκεσι ῥυπαροῖς, πολλάκις δὲ γυμνὸς ἐν πηλῷ κυλινδούμενος ἐξαγορεύει τινὰς ἁμαρτίας, ὡς τόδε φαγόντος ἢ πιόντος ἢ βαδίσαντος ὁδόν, ἣν οὐκ εἴα τὸ δαιμόνιον ‘he sits outside in sackcloth, girt with filthy rags, and frequently he rolls naked in mire and publicly confesses some sins, such as eating or drinking this or that or taking some path forbidden by Heaven’; cp. Lam. 4:5. On the rags of a penitent cp. ἐν ἱεροῖς ῥακενδύτας: Hermes Trismeg., Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/4 p. 148, 2; 165, 16.—DELG. M-M. TW. -
22 Σαμουήλ
Σαμουήλ, ὁ indecl. (שְׁמוּאֵל) Samuel a major OT prophet (1 Km 1:1–25:1, 28; Jer 15:1; Ps 98:6; 1 Ch 6:13, 18; 9:22; 1 Esdr 1:18 ἀπὸ τῶν χρόνων Σαμουὴλ τοῦ προφήτου; Sir 46:13; Philo, Just.—Joseph. has Σαμούηλος, ου [Ant. 6, 51]; s. EpArist 50; Preisigke, Namenbuch); in our lit. he brings the period of the Judges to an end Ac 13:20, and begins the line of the prophets 3:24. περὶ Δαυίδ τε καὶ Σαμουὴλ καὶ τῶν προφητῶν Hb 11:32. In addition he is: a priest who serves in place of Zacharias GJs 10:2; a son of Joseph 17:2. On these two passages see deStrycker 317.—BHHW III 1663f. M-M. -
23 σιδηροῦς
σιδηροῦς, ᾶ, οῦν (s. prec. entry; Hom.+ in the form σιδήρεος, whereas the Attic Gks. have the contracted form. The word is also found in ins, pap, LXX; TestJud 9:40; JosAs 10:5; GrBar 3:7; ApcEsdr 4:25 p. 28, 30 Tdf.; Philo, Op. M. 141; Joseph. [in both forms; cp. Schmidt, Joseph. 492]; SibOr 3, 540) (made of) iron of a bar B 11:4 (Is 45:2; JosAs 10:5; ApcEsdr 4:25). Of a prison door (s. πύλη a) Ac 12:10. Of breastplates Rv 9:9. In imagery = merciless (Hom.+; cp. Περὶ ὕψους 13, 1 after Pla., Rep. 586a σιδηροῖς κέρασι) ῥάβδος σιδηρᾶ (after Ps 2:9) Rv 2:27; 12:5; 19:15 (ποιμαίνω 2aγ).—DELG s.v. σίδηρος. M-M s.v. σιδήρεος. -
24 σκηνή
σκηνή, ῆς, ἡ (Trag., X., Pla.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestAbr A; TestJud 25:2; ApcMos, Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 22, 2; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 6, 16)① a place of shelter, freq. of temporary quarters in contrast to fixed abodes of solid construction, tent, hutⓐ gener. lodging, dwelling, of the tents of nomads (Gen 4:20; 12:8; TestAbr A 1 p. 77, 4 [Stone p. 2].—Dalman, Arbeit VI ’39) Hb 11:9. Of a soldier’s tent σκηνὴν πηγνύναι pitch a tent (πήγνυμι 2) GPt 8:33. Of Joseph in the desert ἔπηξεν τὴν σκηνὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκεῖ GJs 1:4. δίαιτα τῆς σκηνῆς (s. δίαιτα 2) 1 Cl 56:13 (Job 5:24). τρεῖς σκηναί three huts (of temporary structures made from brush) in the account of the Transfiguration (w. ποιεῖν as Jos., Ant. 3, 79= pitch tents) Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5 (RStein, JBL 95, ’76, 79–86); Lk 9:33 (s. σκηνοπηγία and lit. s.v. μεταμορφόω 1; esp. ELohmeyer, ZNW 21, 1922, 191ff; HRiesenfeld, Jésus transfiguré ’47, 146–205; HBaltensweiler, Die Verklärung Jesu ’59; WSchmithals, ZTK 69, ’72, 379–411).—Metaph. ἡ σκηνὴ Δαυὶδ ἡ πεπτωκυῖα David’s fallen dwelling of his ruined kingdom Ac 15:16 (Am 9:11). Here σκηνή may perh. mean king’s tent (Diod S 17, 36, 4. More precisely 5 ἡ τοῦ Δαρείου σκηνή; 17, 76, 6 ἡ βασιλικὴ σκηνή): David’s fallen royal tent.ⓑ of a movable cultic tentα. Yahweh’s tabernacle ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ μαρτυρίου the Tabernacle or Tent of Testimony (Ex 27:21; 29:4; Lev 1:1; Num 1:1 and oft.; ViHab 13 [p. 87, 4 Sch.]; Just., D. 36, 2 al.) Ac 7:44; 1 Cl 43:2, 5. Also simply ἡ σκηνή (LXX; Jos., Ant. 20, 228; Just., D. 127, 3; s. Iren. 1, 18, 2 [Harv. I 171, 15]) Hb 8:5; 9:21; 1 Cl 43:3. οἱ τῇ σκ. λατρεύοντες Hb 13:10 (s. θυσιαστήριον 1dγ and OHoltzmann, ZNW 10, 1909, 251–60). σκηνὴ ἡ πρώτη the outer tent, i.e. the Holy Place 9:2; cp. vss. 6, 8 (πρῶτος 1c; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 12 has ἡ πρώτη σκηνή of the tabernacle in contrast to Solomon’s temple). Hence σκηνὴ ἡ λεγομένη Ἅγια Ἁγίων the Tabernacle or Tent that is called the Holy of Holies vs. 3, ἡ δευτέρα (σκηνή) vs. 7.β. Moloch’s tabernacle ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ Μολόχ of this deity’s portable sanctuary (cp. ἡ ἱερὰ σκηνή of the Carthaginians in Diod S 20, 65, 1) Ac 7:43 (Am 5:26), s. Μόλοχ.② transcendent celestial tent, tent, dwelling metaph. ext. of 1. The earthly Tabernacle (s. RKittel, RE XIX 33–42 and GBarton, JBL 57, ’38, 197–201) corresponds in Hb to another σκηνή: Christ as High Priest, taking his own blood (rather than that of goats and calves), goes διὰ τῆς μείζονος καὶ τελειοτέρας σκηνῆς ἐφάπαξ εἰς τὰ ἅγια 9:11f. He is τῶν ἁγίων λειτουργὸς καὶ τῆς σκηνῆς τῆς ἀληθινῆς 8:2. Rv 15:5 speaks of a ναὸς τῆς σκηνῆς τοῦ μαρτυρίου ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ. God’s σκ.= dwelling is in heaven 13:6, and will some time be among humans 21:3. αἱ αἰώνιοι σκηναί the eternal dwellings of the life to come Lk 16:9 (TestAbr A 20 p. 104, 2 [Stone p. 56] αἱ σκηναὶ τῶν δικαίων; s. RPautrel, ‘Aeterna tabernacula’ [Lk 16:9]: RSR 30, ’40, 307–27; LEby, JBL 58, ’39, p. xi).—OScherling, De Vocis σκηνή Significatione et Usu, diss. Marburg 1908; HBornhäuser, Sukka ’35, 126–28: Σκηνή u. verwandte Worte im NT.—B. 461. DELG. OEANE V 179–81. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
25 Σολομών
Σολομών, ῶνος, ὁ (so predom. in NT and Joseph. [even in quotations of Joseph. fr. Dios, pre-Christian: 785 Fgm. 1, 114 Jac. =C. Ap. 1, 114f] and Menander of Ephesus, III B.C.: 783 Fgm. 1, 120 Jac. [C. Ap. 1, 120]; Eupolemus the Jew [II B.C.]: 723 Fgm. 2b 8ff Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 30, 8ff]; Just., Tat., Mel.; Christian magical pap PGM II, P 17, 10 p. 218 [Henrichs], rare in the LXX) and Σολομῶν, ῶντος, ὁ ([for accent cp. Ξενοφῶν] Cass. Dio. 69, 14, 2 τὸ μνημεῖον τοῦ Σολομῶντος; Zosimus: Hermet. IV p. 111, 13; Ac 3:11 and 5:12 as στοὰ Σολομῶντος); only as v.l. the indecl. Σολομών Mt 1:6 and Σαλωμών Ac 7:47 (the latter is the normal form in the LXX) or Σαλομών Sin.; s. Tdf., Proleg. 104; 110: W-H., App. 158; B-D-F §53, 1; 55, 2; W-S. §10, 4; Mlt-H. 146f; Thackeray p. 165 f (שְׁלֹמֹה) Solomon, son of Bathsheba and David, and the latter’s successor, known for his love of splendor Mt 6:29; Lk 12:27 and for his wisdom Mt 12:42ab; Lk 11:31ab. Builder of the first temple in Jerusalem Ac 7:47. There was also a colonnade named for him in Herod’s temple J 10:23; Ac 3:11; 5:12 (cp. Jos., Ant. 20, 221, Bell. 5, 185). In the genealogy of Jesus Mt 1:6f. Pauly-W. VIII Suppl. 660–704; BHHW III 1651–53.—GKnoppers, The Vanishing Solomon: JBL 116, ’97, 19–44 (anc. Israel). M-M. TW. -
26 στρώννυμι
στρωννύω/στρώννυμι impf. ἐστρώννυον; fut. στρώσω (JosAs 13:12 cod. A [p. 58, 10 Bat.]), 3 pl.-σουσιν LXX; 1 aor. ἔστρωσα; pf. ἔστρωκα Pr 7:16. Pass.: pf. 3 sg. ἔστρωται Job 17:13; ptc. ἐστρωμένος (on the two forms of the word: B-D-F §92; Rob. 318.—For the word: Hom. [στορέννυμι, στόρνυμι], Aeschyl., X., Pla.; ins, pap, LXX, TestAbr; JosAs 2:15 [also cod. A 13:12]; Joseph.; SibOr 5, 438)① to distribute someth. over a surface, spread τὶ someth. ἱμάτια κτλ. ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Mt 21:8ab; also εἰς τὴν ὁδόν Mk 11:8 (for the idea cp. 4 Km 9:13; Jos., Ant. 9, 111 ὑπεστρώννυεν αὐτῷ τὸ ἱμάτιον). χιτῶνας χαμαί Hs 9, 11, 7. στρῶσον σεαυτῷ (i.e. τὴν κλίνην; στρ. is used w. this acc. in Eur., Pla., and Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 44, 2 Jac.; Diod S 8, 32, 2; SIG 687, 16; 1022,1f τὴν κλίνην στρῶσαι τῷ Πλούτωνι. Cp. Ezk 23:41; TestAbr B 5 p. 109, 17f [Stone p. 66], cp. A 4 p. 80, 17 [Stone p. 8] δύο κλινάρια; Jos., Ant. 7, 231 κλίνας ἐστρωμένας) make your own bed Ac 9:34.—Of a room, without an indication of what is being spread or put on over a surface within it: ἀνάγαιον ἐστρωμένον Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12 may be a paved upper room (στρ. has this mng. in an ins APF 2, 1903, 570 no. 150. So Luther et al.—Jos., Ant. 8, 134 ἐστρωμένος means ‘floored’ or ‘panelled’). Others prefer 2a next② to equip someth. with appropriate furnishing(s)ⓐ to furnish ἀνάγαιον ἐστρωμένον upper room furnished w. carpets or couches for the guests to recline on as they ate (EKlostermann, ELohmeyer; Field, Notes 39; somewhat as Plut., Artox. 10 [22, 10]; Artem. 2, 57 codd. Also Diod S 21, 12, 4; IG II, 622 ἔστρωσεν refers to a couch at a meal; Dalman, Arbeit VII 185. Eng. transl. gener. prefer this sense.—PGM 1, 107 χώρημα στρῶσαι means to prepare a room for a banquet) Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12.ⓑ to saddle a riding animal (L-S-J-M στόρνυμι II) ἔστρωσεν τὸν ὄνον Joseph saddled his donkey.—B. 573. DELG s.v. στόρνυμι. -
27 στρωννύω
στρωννύω/στρώννυμι impf. ἐστρώννυον; fut. στρώσω (JosAs 13:12 cod. A [p. 58, 10 Bat.]), 3 pl.-σουσιν LXX; 1 aor. ἔστρωσα; pf. ἔστρωκα Pr 7:16. Pass.: pf. 3 sg. ἔστρωται Job 17:13; ptc. ἐστρωμένος (on the two forms of the word: B-D-F §92; Rob. 318.—For the word: Hom. [στορέννυμι, στόρνυμι], Aeschyl., X., Pla.; ins, pap, LXX, TestAbr; JosAs 2:15 [also cod. A 13:12]; Joseph.; SibOr 5, 438)① to distribute someth. over a surface, spread τὶ someth. ἱμάτια κτλ. ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ Mt 21:8ab; also εἰς τὴν ὁδόν Mk 11:8 (for the idea cp. 4 Km 9:13; Jos., Ant. 9, 111 ὑπεστρώννυεν αὐτῷ τὸ ἱμάτιον). χιτῶνας χαμαί Hs 9, 11, 7. στρῶσον σεαυτῷ (i.e. τὴν κλίνην; στρ. is used w. this acc. in Eur., Pla., and Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 44, 2 Jac.; Diod S 8, 32, 2; SIG 687, 16; 1022,1f τὴν κλίνην στρῶσαι τῷ Πλούτωνι. Cp. Ezk 23:41; TestAbr B 5 p. 109, 17f [Stone p. 66], cp. A 4 p. 80, 17 [Stone p. 8] δύο κλινάρια; Jos., Ant. 7, 231 κλίνας ἐστρωμένας) make your own bed Ac 9:34.—Of a room, without an indication of what is being spread or put on over a surface within it: ἀνάγαιον ἐστρωμένον Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12 may be a paved upper room (στρ. has this mng. in an ins APF 2, 1903, 570 no. 150. So Luther et al.—Jos., Ant. 8, 134 ἐστρωμένος means ‘floored’ or ‘panelled’). Others prefer 2a next② to equip someth. with appropriate furnishing(s)ⓐ to furnish ἀνάγαιον ἐστρωμένον upper room furnished w. carpets or couches for the guests to recline on as they ate (EKlostermann, ELohmeyer; Field, Notes 39; somewhat as Plut., Artox. 10 [22, 10]; Artem. 2, 57 codd. Also Diod S 21, 12, 4; IG II, 622 ἔστρωσεν refers to a couch at a meal; Dalman, Arbeit VII 185. Eng. transl. gener. prefer this sense.—PGM 1, 107 χώρημα στρῶσαι means to prepare a room for a banquet) Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12.ⓑ to saddle a riding animal (L-S-J-M στόρνυμι II) ἔστρωσεν τὸν ὄνον Joseph saddled his donkey.—B. 573. DELG s.v. στόρνυμι. -
28 συνέδριον
συνέδριον, ου, τό (ἕδρα ‘a seat’; Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 4:1; EpArist 301; Philo, Joseph.—Schürer II 205, 14) a common administrative term① a governing board, council (Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 71 Jac.; Diod S 15, 28, 4; συνέδριον ἐν Ἀθήναις συνεδρεύειν; 19, 46, 4; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 286 D.; Jos., Ant. 20, 200, Vi. 368; cp. Poland 156–58; New Docs 4, 202)ⓐ of a local council, as it existed in individual cities pl. Mt 10:17; Mk 13:9.ⓑ transferred by Ign. to the Christian situation. The elders (presbyters; cp. CIG 3417 the civic συνέδριον τῶν πρεσβυτέρων in Philadelphia; CCurtius, Her 4, 1870: ins fr. Ephesus nos. 11 and 13 p. 199; 203; 224) are to take the place of the συνέδριον τῶν ἀποστόλων the council of the apostles in the esteem of the church IMg 6:1. They are called συνέδριον θεοῦ ITr 3:1. συνέδριον τοῦ ἐπισκόπου IPhld 8:1.ⓒ the high council in Jerusalem, Sanhedrin, the dominant mng. in our lit. (Joseph. [Schürer II 206, 18]; Hebraized in the Mishnah סַנְהֶדְרִין); in Roman times this was the highest indigenous governing body in Judaea, composed of high priests (ἀρχιερεύς 1bα), elders, and scholars (scribes), and meeting under the presidency of the ruling high priest. This body was the ultimate authority not only in religious matters, but in legal and governmental affairs as well, in so far as it did not encroach on the authority of the Roman procurator. The latter, e. g., had to confirm any death sentences passed by the council. (Schürer II 198–226; MWolff, De Samenstelling en het Karakter van het groote συνέδριον te Jeruzalem voor het jaar 70 n. Chr.: ThT 51, 1917, 299–320;—On the jurisdiction of the council in capital cases s. ἀποκτείνω 1a [J 18:31]. Also KKastner, Jes. vor d. Hoh. Rat 1930; MDibelius, ZNW 30, ’31, 193–201; JLengle, Z. Prozess Jesu: Her 70, ’35, 312–21; EBickermann, RHR 112, ’35, 169–241; ESpringer, PJ 229, ’35, 135–50; JBlinzler, D. Prozess Jesu ’51 [much lit.], 2 ’55, Eng. tr., The Trial of Jesus, I and FMcHugh, ’59 [3d ed. ’60]; JJeremias, ZNW 43, ’50/51, 145–50; PWinter, On the Trial of Jesus, in Studia Judaica I, ’61.—SZeitlin, Who Crucified Jesus? ’42; on this s. CBQ 5, ’43, 232–34; ibid. 6, ’44, 104–10; 230–35; SZeitlin, The Political Synedrion and the Religious Sanhedrin, ’45. Against him HWolfson, JQR 36, ’46, 303–36; s. Zeitlin, ibid. 307–15; JDerrett, Law in the NT, ’70, 389–460; DCatchpole, The Problem of the Historicity of the Sanhedrin Trial: SHoenig, The Great Sanhedrin, ’53; CFD Moule Festschr. ’70, 47–65; JFitzmyer, AB: Luke 1468–70 [lit.].—On Jesus before the council s. also Feigel, Weidel, Finegan s.v. Ἰούδας 6). Mt 5:22 (RGuelich, ZNW 64, ’73, 43ff); 26:59; Mk 14:55; 15:1; Lk 22:66 (perh.; s. below); Ac 5:21, 27, 34, 41; 6:12, 15; 22:30; 23:1, 6, 15, 20, 28 (on the probability of ref. in vv. 20 and 28 to a locality s. κατάγω and 3, below); 24:20.② an official session of a council, council meeting (cp. Diod S 13, 111, 1 συναγαγὼν συνέδριον, of a circle of friends). Of the Sanhedrin συνήγαγον οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι συνέδριον the high priests and the Pharisees called a meeting of the council J 11:47.③ council meeting room, meeting room (SIG 243 D, 47; 249 II, 77f; 252, 71; POxy 717, 8; 11 [II B.C.]; BGU 540, 25) of the Sanhedrin Ac 4:15; perh. (s. 1 above) Lk 22:66 (GSchneider, Verleugnung etc. [Lk 22:54–71], ’69); Ac 23:20, 28.—Pauly-W. II 8, 1333–53; Kl. Pauly V 456; DBS XI 1353–1413; BHHW II 740f.—DELG s.v. ἕζομαι B 2. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
29 τέκτων
τέκτων, ονος, ὁ (cp. τέχνη; Hom. et al.; pap, LXX; Jos., Ant. 15, 390; SibOr 5, 404; Ath., R. 9 p. 57, 28) one who constructs, builder, carpenter (Hom.+; SEG XXVIII, 1186 ‘worker in wood, carpenter, joiner’. Acc. to Maximus Tyr. 15, 3c, a τ. makes ἄροτρα; Just., D. 88, 8, states that Joseph made ἄροτρα καὶ ζυγά ‘plows and yokes’; acc. to Epict. 1, 15, 2 a τ. works w. wood, in contrast to a worker in bronze; for the latter, less freq., Eur., Alc. 5; in Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 211 D. τέκτων signifies worker in stone. GJs 9:3 al. Joseph’s work is οἰκοδομῆσαι τὰς οἰκοδομάς; the word. τ. is not used.—CMcCown, ὁ τέκτων: Studies in Early Christ., ed. SCase 1928, 173–89). In Mt 13:55 Jesus is called ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός, in Mk 6:3 ὁ τέκτων (cp. Just., D. 88, 8=ASyn. 18, 55f; the difference may perh. be explained on the basis of a similar one having to do with Sophillus, the father of Sophocles: Aristoxenus, Fgm. 115 calls him τέκτων, but the Vita Sophoclis 1 [=OxfT. of Soph., ed. Pearson p. xviii; not printed in NWilson’s ed. ’90] rejects this and will admit only that he may possibly have possessed τέκτονες as slaves. Considerations of social status may have something to do with the variation in the gospel tradition).—HHöpfl, Nonne hic est fabri filius?: Biblica 4, 1923, 41–55; ELombard, Charpentier ou maçon: RTP ’48, 4; EStauffer, Jeschua ben Mirjam (Mk 6:3): MBlack Festschr., ’69, 119–28; RBatey, NTS 30, ’84, 249–58.—B. 589. BHHW III 2341. DELG. M-M. EDNT. -
30 φίλος
φίλος, η, ον (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Test12Patr)① pert. to having a special interest in someone (superl. φίλτατος PLond I, 130, 33 p. 134 [I/II A.D.]; JosAs cod. A 4, 7 and 10 [p. 44, 3 and 10 Bat.] and Pal. 364; Just., D. 8, 3; 141, 5; Tat. 2, 2; Ath., R. 8 p. 56, 31), both pass. beloved, dear, and act. loving, kindly disposed, devoted (both since Hom. [JHooker, Homeric φίλος: Glotta 65, ’87, 44–65]) in the latter sense w. dat. of pers. (X., Cyr. 1, 6, 4; Dio Chrys. 52 [69], 4 θεοῖς) Ac 19:31.② subst., one who is on intimate terms or in close association w. another (cp. Aristotle’s definition: μία ψυχὴ δύο σώμασιν ἐνοικοῦσα ‘one soul inhabiting two bodies’ Diog. L. 5, 20)ⓐ ὁ φίλος friend (male in sing., sometimes generic in pl.)α. lit. Lk 7:6; 11:5a; 16:9 (Plut., Mor. 175e ἀφʼ ὧν … φίλον σεαυτῷ πεποίηκας); 23:12; Ac 16:39 D; 27:3. The use 3J 15ab, perh. also Ac 27:3, suggests a communal assoc. (on φίλοι=Christians: communication [’67] from HCadbury [who also compared J 11:11; 15:14f]; a society honors one of its associates ZPE 36, ’79, 171–72, no. 29, 4 [170/71 A.D.]; on this s. New Docs 4, 17f); Hm 5, 2, 2 (on Ac and 3J s. Harnack, Mission4 I 1923, 435f). φίλοι w. γείτονες Lk 15:6 (s. γείτων); w. συγγενεῖς 21:16; w. σύμβουλοι Hs 5, 2, 6 (Leutzsch, Hermas 471, 68). Opp. δοῦλοι (unknown comic poet vol. III Fgm. 166 Kock; Chariton 7, 3, 2 δούλους οὐκ ἂν εἴποιμι τοὺς φίλους) J 15:15 (ABöhlig, Vom ‘Knecht’ zum ‘Sohn’ ’68, 63); cp. Hs 5, 2, 6; 11; 5, 4, 1; 5, 5, 3 (in Hermas we have the tetrad δεσπότης, υἱός, δοῦλος, φίλοι). On οἱ ἀναγκαῖοι φίλοι Ac 10:24 s. ἀναγκαῖος 2 and Jos., Ant. 7, 350. φίλε as familiar address friend Lk 11:5b; 14:10 (Just., D. 63, 1; pl. 27, 2). W. subjective gen. (TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 8 [Stone p. 22]; TestJob 39:4; JosAs 23:5; GrBar 15:2; Tat. 17, 1; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 109) Lk 11:6, 8; 12:4; 14:12; 15:29; J 11:11; 15:13f (s. EPeterson, Der Gottesfreund: ZKG n.s. 5, 1923, 161–202; MDibelius, J 15:13: Deissmann Festschr. 1927, 168–86; REgenter, Gottesfreundschaft 1928; HNeumark, D. Verwendung griech. u. jüd. Motive in den Ged. Philons über d. Stellung Gottes zu s. Freunden, diss. Würzb. ’37; WGrundmann, NovT 3, ’59, 62–69. Also AvHarnack, Die Terminologie der Wiedergeburt: TU 42, 1918, 97ff). Jesus is τελωνῶν φίλος καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν Mt 11:19; Lk 7:34. Joseph of Arimathaea is ὁ φίλος Πιλάτου καὶ τοῦ κυρίου GPt 2:3. Rarely w. gen. of thing φίλος τοῦ κόσμου Js 4:4. Cp. 2 Cl 6:5.β. in a special sense (Hdt. 1, 65=Galen, Protr. 9 p. 28, 26 J.: Lycurgus as φίλος of Zeus; Diod S 5, 7, 7 διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς εὐσεβείας φίλον τῶν θεῶν ὀνομασθῆναι; Ael. Aristid. 27, 36 K.=16 p. 297 D.: θεῶν φίλοι; Maxim. Tyre 14, 6 φίλος θεοῦ as opposed to being δεισιδαίμων i.e. in a state of religious anxiety; JosAs 23:10 cod. A [p. 75, 4 Bat.; δοῦλος Philonenko] Jacob; SibOr 2, 245 Moses as ὁ μέγας φίλος Ὑψίστοιο; Just, D. 8, 1 χριστοῦ φίλοι [prophets]): on Abraham as φίλος (τοῦ) θεοῦ (TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 8 [Stone p. 10], B 4 p. 109, 1 [St. p. 66]) Js 2:23; 1 Cl 17:2; cp. 10:1 and s. Ἀβραάμ and MDibelius, exc. on Js 2:23. On ὁ φίλος τοῦ νυμφίου J 3:29 s. νυμφίος (cp. Sappho, Fgm. 124; Paus. Attic. [II A.D.] ζ, 3 [HErbse ’50]). On φίλος τοῦ Καίσαρος J 19:12 s. Καῖσαρ and EBammel, TLZ 77, ’52, 205–10; New Docs 3, 87–89 (noting that it is questionable whether Pilate’s fortunes were closely bound up with those of Sejanus after the latter’s fall out of imperial favor, s. JLémonon, Pilate et le gouvernement de la Juée ’81, esp. 275f).ⓑ ἡ φίλη (woman) friend (X., Mem. 2, 1, 23; Jos., Ant. 9, 65 al.) pl. τὰς φίλας her women friends GPt 12:51. W. γείτονες Lk 15:9 (s. γείτων).—GFuchs, D. Aussagen über d. Freundsch. im NT vergl. m. denen d. Aristot., diss. Leipzig 1914; FHauck, D. Freundschaft b. d. Griechen u. im NT: Festgabe f. TZahn 1928, 211–28. RAC VIII 418–24; DKonstan, JECS 4, ’96, 87–113. S. ἑταῖρος.—MLandfester, Das griechische Nomen ‘philos’ und seine Ableitungen ’66. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv. -
31 φυλακή
φυλακή, ῆς, ἡ (φύλαξ, cp. φυλάσσω; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol, TestJos; JosAs 4:14; AscIs 2:13; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just., D. 131, 6 φ. ἀπὸ κρούους; Ath., R. 18 p. 70, 9 ἁπάντων φυλακήν τε καὶ πρόνοιαν; loanw. in rabb.) ‘watch, guard’.① the act of guarding, guarding, in the expr. φυλάσσειν φυλακάς keep watch, do guard duty (X., An. 2, 6, 10; Pla., Leg. 6, 758d; Demosth. 7, 14; Plut., Mor. 198a; LXX.—B-D-F §153, 3) φυλ. φυλακὰς τῆς νυκτὸς ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην keep watch over the flock at night (s. φυλ. τῆς νυκτός 4 below) Lk 2:8.② the act of guarding embodied in a pers., guard, sentinel (Hom. et al.; OGI 229, 96; 99; PGiss 19, 16; Jos., Bell. 6, 131) Ac 12:10 (the πρώτη and δευτέρα φ. as first and second sentinel, as Arrian, Anab. 3, 18, 6).③ the place where guarding is done, prison (in sg. and pl. Hdt., Thu. et al.; OGI 90, 13; 669, 17; pap, LXX; Jos., Vi. 178) οἶκος φυλακῆς B 14:7 (Is 42:7). Also simply φυλακή (TestJos 1:6) Mt 14:10; 25:36, 39, 43f; Mk 6:27; Lk 22:33; Ac 5:19, 22 (on prison escapes s. the lit. cited RPervo, Profit w. Delight ’87, 147 n. 15; s. also ἀνοίγω 1); 12:6, 17; 16:27, 39 D, 40; Hb 11:36. The pl. of several prisons (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 17 §65) Lk 21:12; Ac 22:4; 26:10; 2 Cor 6:5; 11:23; Hv 3, 2, 1. βάλλειν τινὰ εἰς φυλακήν (βάλλω 2; cp. JosAs 4:14 ἐνέβαλεν αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν φ.) throw someone into prison Mt 18:30 (s. PSchmidt, Die Gesch. Jesu II 1904, 326f); Lk 12:58; Ac 16:23f, 37; Rv 2:10. Pass. Mt 5:25; Lk 23:25; J 3:24; cp. Lk 23:19. παραδιδόναι εἰς φ. (Diod S 11, 40, 3 παρέδωκαν εἰς φ.; 12, 31, 2; 17, 32, 2; OGI 669, 15) Ac 8:3; cp. Lk 21:12. τίθεσθαι εἰς φ. (cp. PEleph 12, 2 [III B.C.]) Ac 12:4. ἐν (τῇ) φυλακῇ τίθεσθαι Mt 14:3 v.l.; Ac 5:25; ἀποτίθεσθαι Mt 14:3; δῆσαι Mk 6:17; κατακλείειν Lk 3:20; Ac 26:10. τηρεῖν pass. 12:5. Of the nether world or its place of punishment (πνεῦμα 2 and 4c) 1 Pt 3:19 (BReicke, The Disobedient Spirits and Christian Baptism ’46, 116f). It is in a φ. in the latter sense that Satan will be rendered harmless during the millennium Rv 20:7. The fallen city of Babylon becomes a φυλακή haunt for all kinds of unclean spirits and birds 18:2ab.④ one of the periods of time into which the night was divided, a watch of the night (Hdt. 9, 51 al.; Diod S 14, 24, 4 δευτέρα φ.; Arrian, Anab. 6, 25, 5 φυλακὴ τῆς νυκτός; PPetr II, 45 II, 18 [246 B.C.] πρώτης φυλακῆς ἀρχομένης; LXX; Joseph.). Our lit. reflects the Rom. custom of dividing the time betw. 6 P.M. and 6 A.M. into four equal periods or watches (assigned pers. were responsible for security during each period) Mt 14:25; Mk 6:48 (Diod S 19, 26, 1 περὶ δευτέραν φυλακήν; Jos., Ant. 18, 356 περὶ τετάρτην φυλακήν; for περί s. also the Freiburg pap 76, 7 [II B.C.]: UWilcken, Deissmann Festschr. 1927, 10ff ln. 9f περὶ πρώτην φυλακὴν τ. νυκτός). Cp. Mt 24:43; Lk 12:38 (here perh. we are to think of only three night-watches, as among the Hebrews and Greeks [s. Jülicher, Gleichn. 168]: thus Diod, S. 19, 38, 3; Polyaenus 4, 8, 4; Jos., Bell. 5, 510). (Mk 13:35 uses the popular designations ὀψέ 2, μεσονύκτιον, ἀλεκτοροφωνία, πρωί̈; s. these entries.)—B. 1451. DELG s.v. φύλαξ. M-M. TW. -
32 χαλκοῦς
χαλκοῦς, ῆ, οῦν (Trag., X., Pla.+; ins, pap, LXX, TestSol; TestLevi 6:1; GrBar 3:7; Just., D. 94, 3. Contracted fr. χάλκεος, which is found Hom. et al.; ins, but rare in pap and LXX [Thackeray p. 173]; Rv 9:20 v.l. [B-D-F §45; Mlt-H. 121; 347]. Both forms in Joseph. [Schmidt, Joseph. 491f]) made of copper/brass/bronze w. χρυσοῦς, ἀργυροῦς Rv 9:20. Gates πύλη χαλκῆ (Diod S 2, 8, 7; 2, 9, 3; 17, 71, 6. Similarly Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6, 8 θύραις χαλκαῖς) B 11:4 (cp. Is 45:2). θ̣ε̣[οὶ χαλκοῖ] AcPl Ha 1, 18 (restoration suggested by the context). Of the bronze serpent of Moses B 12:6 (Num 21:9; Philo).—DELG s.v. χαλκός. M-M.,-εος. -
33 ἀκριβῶς
ἀκριβῶς adv. (Aeschyl., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 10:6; 24:2; TestJob 31:1; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., Just.; Ath. 11:1, R. 454, 4; Mel., HE 4, 26, 14; freq. in historical writers, but also medical s. Hobart 251; Alexander [s. below] 131) pert. to strict conformity to a standard or norm, w. focus on careful attention, accurately, carefully, well βλέπειν (POxy 1381, 111f [I/II]) Eph 5:15. ἀκούειν (Thu. 1, 134, 1) Hm 3:4; 4, 3, 7. προσέχειν pay close attention B 7:4. γινώσκειν (Antiphanes 196, 15 Kock al.; Diod S 11, 41, 5 et al.) Hs 9, 5, 5. κατανοεῖν (Herm. Wr. 11, 6b) Hs 9, 6, 3. εἰδέναι (Aeschyl., Pr. 328 et al.; Epict. 1, 27, 17; 2, 22, 36; PPetr II, 15 [1], 11) 1 Th 5:2. διδάσκειν Ac 18:25; Pol 3:2. γράφειν Papias 2:15. ἐξετάζειν (Isocr. 7, 63; Demosth. 6, 37; Galen ed. Kühn XIV, 210; Dt 19:18; Jos., Ant. 3, 70) Mt 2:8; Hs 9, 13, 6. γράφειν conscientiously write/record Papias (2:15). παρακολουθεῖν follow carefully Lk 1:3 (cp. Herodian 1, 1, 3 μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας ἤθροισα ἐς συγγραφήν; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Χαράκμωβα: Οὐράνιος ἐν τοῖς Ἀραβικοῖς—ἀξιόπιστος δʼ ἀνὴρ … σπουδὴν γὰρ ἔθετο ἱστορῆσαι ἀκριβῶς …).—Comp. ἀκριβέστερον more exactly (POxy 1102, 12; BGU 388 II, 41; Philo, Joseph.; Tat. 15, 2; Ath. 9, 2) ἀ. ἐκτίθεσθαι explain more exactly Ac 18:26, cp. 23:15, 20; also more accurately (PPetr II, 16, 13 [205 B.C.]; Epict. 1, 24, 10) 24:22. ἀ. αὐτὰ γνωσόμεθα we will find it out more exactly Hv 3, 10, 10. ἰδεῖν (v.l. μανθάνειν [Herm. Wr. 10, 25; Jos., Ant. 8, 402]) Hs 9, 1, 3.—LAlexander, The Preface to Luke’s Gospel ’93.—DELG s.v. ἀκριβής. M-M. -
34 ἀπογραφή
ἀπογραφή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἀπογράφω; Lysias, Pla. et al.; SIG 1023, 45 and 71; 1109, 34; 1157, 33, OGI 338, 11 and 34; very freq. pap; LXX, EpArist, Joseph.; Just., A I, 34, 2, D. 78, 4) administrative term ‘list, inventory’ of the statistical reports and declarations of citizens for the purpose of completing the tax lists and family registers (s. Mitt-Wilck. I/1 175f; 178; 202ff; 225ff, I/2 198ff, esp. 202, the census edict of C. Vibius Maximus, 104 A.D. [=PLond III, 904, 25f, restored]; on this Dssm., LO 231f [LAE 268f]). Lk 2:2 the word means census, registration, of the census taken by Quirinius. Joseph. puts a census taken by Q. in 6/7 A.D. (cp. Jos., Bell. 7, 253, Ant. 18, 3). Presumably Ac 5:37 ἐν τ. ἡμέραις τ. ἀπογραφῆς also refers to this census. The chronology is full of problems, on which see the handbooks. See Schürer I 399–427 (lit.); Ramsay, Bearing 238ff; Zahn, Lk 129–35 and Exk. IV; EKlostermann, Hdb. on Lk 2:1–3; M-JLagrange, RB n.s. 8, 1911, 60–84; EGroag, Prosopogr. Beitr. VII (JÖAI 21/22, 1924 Beiblatt, cols. 445–78); HWindisch, NThT 16, 1927, 106–24; AvPremerstein, Ztschr. d. Savigny-Stiftg. f. Rechtsgeschichte 48, 1928, Rom. Abt. 449ff; LRTaylor, AJP 54, ’33, 120–33; RSyme, The Roman Revolution ’39, 397–401; ESeraphin, CBQ 7, ’45, 91–96; FHauck, Theol. Hndkomm., Lk p. 37; Goodsp., Probs. 71f; MHombert-CPréaux, Recherches sur le recensement dans l’Egypte romaine, ’52; EStauffer, Jesus, Gestalt u. Geschichte, ’57, Die Dauer des Census Augusti: Studien zum NT u. zur Patristik, ’61, 9–34; HInstinsky, D. Jahr der Geburt Christi, ’57; HBraunert, Historia 6, ’57, 192–214, Cives Romani und ΚΑΤʼ ΟΙΚΙΑΝ ΑΠΟΓΡΑΦΑΙ: Antidoron MDavid in Papyrologica Lugd.-Bat. vol. 17, ’68, 11–21 (lit.; EStauffer, Festschr. Klostermann ’61, 9ff; JThorley, The Nativity Census: What Does Luke Actually Say?: Greece and Rome, ser. 2, 26, ’79, 81–84; Haenchen ad loc.; BPalme, ProBib 2, ’93, 1–24). S. also on ἡγεμονεύω and Κυρήνιος.—Boffo, Iscrizioni 182f (lit.). New Docs 6, 115–19. DELG s.v. γράφω. M-M. -
35 Ἀραβία
Ἀραβία, ας, ἡ (Hdt. 3, 107 et al.; TestSol; EpArist 119; Philo; Joseph. Ἀρρ-; Just. On Ἀ. w. and without the art. s. B-D-F §261, 6; PFlor 278 στρατηγῷ Ἀραβίας) Arabia as a geogr. concept includes the territory west of Mesopotamia, east and south of Syria and Palestine, to the isthmus of Suez. In Roman times independent kingdoms arose like that of the Nabataeans south of Damascus, which could be called simply Arabia (Diod S 19, 94, 1 χώρα τῶν Ἀράβων τῶν καλουμένων Ναβαταίων; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Γοαρήνη: χώρα Ἀραβίας πλησίον Δαμασκοῦ; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 71 §294 describes Ἄραβες and Ἑβραῖοι as neighbors), and is regularly so called by Joseph. This seems to have been the country visited by Paul after his conversion Gal 1:17 (CBriggs, The Ap. Paul in Arabia: Biblical World 41, 1913, 255–59). Of Arabia in the narrower sense, w. special ref. to the Sinai peninsula Gal 4:25. As the home of the phoenix 1 Cl 25:1.—BMoritz, Arabien 1923; HPhilby, Arabia 1930; JMontgomery, A. and the Bible ’34; FAbel, Géographie de la Palestine ’33/38, I 288–94; II 164–68. ANegev, ANRW II/8, ’77, 520–686.—EDNT. M-M. -
36 ἐγγύς
ἐγγύς adv. freq. funct. as prep.(Hom.+) comp. ἐγγύτερον (X. et al.; Jos., Ant. 19, 217 [cp. C. Ap. 2, 224 ἐγγίω]); superl. ἔγγιστα (Antiphon, Hippocr. et al.; ins [BCH 18, 1894, p. 324 no. 2, 26; OGI index]; BGU 69, 8; 759, 9; LXX; TestAbr A 2, p. 78, 14 [Stone p. 4], B 13 p. 117, 24 [Stone p. 82]; TestJob 2:2; Joseph. [always; e.g., Bell. 1, 289, Ant. 4, 254]).① pert. to being in close proximity spatially, near, close toⓐ abs. ἐ. εἶναι be close by J 19:42; IRo 10:2; Hs 9, 6, 6; αἱ ἐγγὺς κῶμαι the neighboring villages Mk 1:38 D (Appian, Iber. 42 §174 οἱ ἐγγὺς βάρβαροι; likew. Appian, Syr. 42 §220). αἱ ἔγγιστα ἐκκλησίαι the closest assemblies IPhld 10:2; cp. Mk 6:36 D οἱ ἔγγιστα ἀγροί (Dionys. Hal. 1, 22, 1 ἡ ἔγγιστα νῆσος; Ps.-Callisth. 2, 11, 6).ⓑ w. gen. (Hom. et al.; also Joseph. as a rule [Schmidt 379f]; TestDan 6:11; TestJob 2:2) ἐ. τοῦ Σαλίμ J 3:23; ἐ. Ἰερουσαλήμ Lk 19:11; J 11:18; Ac 1:12; ἐ. τῆς πόλεως J 19:20; ἐ. τοῦ τόπου 6:23; ἐ. τῆς ἐρήμου 11:54; ἐ. ὑδάτων Hv 3, 2, 9; 3, 7, 3. W. gen. of pers. Hs 8, 6, 5; 9, 6, 2; ApcPt 20:34.ⓒ w. dat. (Il. 22, 453; X., Cyr. 2, 3, 2; al. in later writers as Polyb. 21, 28, 8; Dionys. Hal. 6, 52. Cp. Kühner-G. I 408; JObrecht, D. echte u. soziative Dativ bei Pausanias, Zürich diss. 1919, 14; Ps 33:19; 144:18; Jos., Ant. 1, 335; 7, 218) Ac 9:38; 27:8.ⓓ ἐ. γίνεσθαι come near (opp. μακρὰν εἶναι) Eph 2:13. W. gen. (Vett. Val. 196, 28f) 2 Cl 7:3; 18:2; ἐ. τοῦ πλοίου γίνεσθαι J 6:19; ἐ. τινος ἔρχεσθαι (Theophanes, Chron. 389, 12f de Boor ἐγγύς σου ἐλθεῖν=come to you; BGU 814, 30f [III A.D.]) Hv 4, 1, 9 (Unknown Sayings 85f quotes Ox 1224, Fgm. 2 recto I, 5 [ἐγγὺς ὑμῶν γ]ενήσεται).② pert. to being close in point of time, nearⓐ of the future: καιρός Mt 26:18; Rv 1:3; 22:10. Of summer (Herodas 3, 45 ὁ χειμὼν [winter] ἐγγύς) Mt 24:32; Mk 13:28; Lk 21:30. Of a festival J 2:13; 6:4; 7:2; 11:55. Of God’s reign Lk 21:31. Of the parousia Phil 4:5; 1 Cl 21:3; B 21:3. Of death Hs 8, 9, 4. ἐγγύτερον ἡμῶν ἡ σωτηρία, ἢ … our salvation is nearer than … Ro 13:11. Abs. soon ἐ. τὸ ἔργον τελεσθήσεται will soon be completed Hs 9, 10, 2.ⓑ of the past ἔγγιστα a very short time ago 1 Cl 5:1.③ pert. to being close as experience or event, close, extension of mng 1 (Vi. Aesopi I 6 p. 241, 7 Eberh. ἐγγὺς ἡ γνώμη=his purpose is obvious) ἐ. σου τὸ ῥῆμά ἐστιν the word is close to you, explained by what follows: in your mouth and your heart Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14); κατάρας ἐ. close to being cursed=under a curse Hb 6:8 (cp. Ael. Aristid. 26, 53 K.=14 p. 343 D.: ἀμήχανον καὶ κατάρας ἐγγύς); ἐ. ἀφανισμοῦ ready to disappear altogether 8:13; οἱ ἐ. (opp. οἱ μακράν as Is 57:19; Esth 9:20; Da 9:7 Theod.; TestNapht 4:5) those who are near Eph 2:17; ἐ. (εἶναι) be near of God Hv 2, 3, 4 (cp. Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 87 τινὲς σφόδρα ἐγγὺς παρεστῶτες τοῖς θεοῖς); πάντα ἐ. αὐτῷ ἐστιν everything is near (God) 1 Cl 27:3; cp. IEph 15:3 (Just., A I, 21, 6); ἐ. μαχαίρας ἐ. θεοῦ close to the sword (martyrdom) is close to God ISm 4:2 (cp. Paroem. Gr. II p. 228, Aesop 7 ὁ ἐγγὺς Διός, ἐγγὺς κεραυνοῦ; Pla., Philebus 16c ἐγγυτέρω θεῶν; X., Mem. 1, 6, 10; Pythag., Ep. 2; Crates, Ep. 11 ἐγγυτάτω θεοῦ; Lucian, Cyn. 12 οἱ ἔγγιστα θεοῖς; Wsd 6:19). Agr 3 s.v. πῦρ c. ἐ. ἐπὶ θύραις at (your) very door Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29.—B. 867. DELG. M-M. TW. -
37 ἐπείγω
ἐπείγω 1 aor. pass. ἠπείχθην Jer 17:16 Sym; Hos 6:3 Quinta (Joseph.) (in var. mgs. since Hom.; LXX; TestJos 2:2; Joseph.; Just., A I, 46, 6) to exert pressure against, press hard τὸ ἐν ἐμοὶ ἐπείγει με προελθεῖν what is in me presses hard to come forth = my baby is about to come GJs 17:3.—DELG. -
38 ἐφίστημι
ἐφίστημι (s. ἵστημι; Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestJob 17:2; EpArist, Joseph.; Just. [‘pay attention’ D. 28, 1]; Ath.) fut. ἐπιστήσω; 1 aor. ἐπέστησα LXX; 2 aor. ἐπέστην, impv. ἐπίστηθι, ptc. ἐπιστάς; pf. ἐφέστηκα LXX, ptc. ἐφεστώς; plpf. 3 sg. ἐφειστήκει LXX; mid. 3 sg. indic. ἐπίσταται 1 Th 5:3 v.l. (on the form s. W-S. §5, 10c); 1 aor. pass. ἐπεστάθην 1 Cl 12:4; Hv 3, 1, 6. This aor. pass. can have mid. mng. (Eur., Iph. T. 1375 al.) and as a rule the mid. has, like the 2 aor., pf. and plpf. act., intransitive sense; it is only this intr. sense that is found for ἐφίστημι in our lit.① to stand at or near a specific place, stand at/near, of living entities and oft. w. connotation of suddenness, pres. and aor. w. dat. of pers. Lk 2:9; 24:4 (of angels, as Diod S 1, 25, 5 of Isis in a dream; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 17, 1 of Hephaestus; SIG 1168, 37 ὁ θεὸς ἐπιστάς; TestSol 1:8 ἐν ᾗ ἂν ὥρᾳ ἐπιστῇ σοι τὸ δαιμόνιον; Jos., Ant. 3, 188. Of a figure in a dream Hdt. 5, 56); Ac 4:1; 12:7 D; 23:11. ἐπεστάθη μοι she approached me Hv 3, 1, 6. ἐπί τι approach or stand by someth. (Sir 41:24) Ac 10:17; 11:11. ἐπάνω τινός stand at someone’s head Lk 4:39 (cp. 2 Km 1:9). περιστερὰ … ἐπεστάθη ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ Ἰωσήφ a dove … perched on the head of Joseph GJs 9:1 (ἐπετάσθη v.l.). Abs. (EpArist 177) Lk 2:38; 10:40; 20:1; Ac 6:12; 12:7; 22:13; 23:27; 1 Cl 12:4; MPol 6:1; GJs 4:1 v.l.; AcPl Ha 4, 8.—Perf. stand by, be present αὐτὸς ἤμην ἐφεστώς I (myself) was standing by Ac 22:20 (cp. Jos., Vi. 294).② to happen, esp. of misfortunes, which (suddenly) come upon someone, happen to, overtake, befall (Soph., Oed. R. 777; Thu. 3, 82, 2; LXX) w. dat. of pers. (cp. Cornutus 10 p. 11, 17; Wsd 6:8; 19:1) αἰφνίδιος αὐτοῖς ἐφίσταται ὄλεθρος 1 Th 5:3. ἐπί τινα Lk 21:34.—DDaube, The Sudden in the Scriptures ’64, 36.③ to come near with intention of harming, attack w. dat. of thing τῇ οἰκίᾳ Ἰ. Ac 17:5.④ to be present to begin someth., begin, come on perf. διὰ τ. ὑετὸν τὸν ἐφεστῶτα because it had begun to rain Ac 28:2 (Polyb. 18, 20, 7 διὰ τὸν ἐφεστῶτα ζόφον). But the mng. here could also be because it threatened to rain (s. 6).⑤ to be present in readiness to discharge a task, fix one’s mind on, be attentive to (Eur., Andr. 547; Demosth. 18, 60) ἐπίστηθι stand by = be ready, be on hand, be persistent 2 Ti 4:2.⑥ to be before one as an event about to occur, be imminent perf. (Il. 12, 326; Demosth. 18, 176; Jos., Ant. 13, 241, Vi. 137 al.) ὁ καιρὸς τῆς ἀναλύσεώς μου ἐφέστηκεν the time of my departure is imminent 2 Ti 4:6. For Ac 28:2 s. 4.⑦ to stand over someth. as leader or overseer, be over, be in charge of perf. (Eur., Aristoph. et al.: Jdth 8:10; 12:11; Synes., Ep. 140 p. 276b ὁ ἐφεστὼς θεός; Just., D. 36, 6; Ath. 12, 1; 31, 2) εἴς τι: οἱ ἄνδρες οἱ εἰς τὴν οἱκοδομὴν ἐφεστῶτες the men who were in charge of the construction Hs 9, 6, 2.—M-M. TW. -
39 ἔρχομαι
ἔρχομαι impv. ἔρχου, ἔρχεσθε; impf. ἠρχόμην; fut. ἐλεύσομαι; 2 aor. ἦλθον, and the mixed forms ἦλθα (W-S. §13, 13; B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208f), ἤλθοσαν (LXX; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 12 [Stone p. 54]), ἤλθωσαν (GJs 21:1; ἤλθωσιν17:3; s. deStrycker p. 246f); pf. ἐλήλυθα; plpf. 3 sg. ἐληλύθει 3 Km 10:10, 12 (Hom.+). This multipurpose marker is not readily susceptible to precise classification, but the following outline of usage covers the principal lines:① of movement from one point to another, with focus on approach from the narrator’s perspective, comeⓐ of movement itselfα. abs. ἔρχου καὶ ἔρχεται Mt 8:9; Lk 7:8; cp. Mt 22:3; Lk 14:17; J 5:7; Ac 10:29; 1 Cor 11:34; Rv 8:3 al. κραυγὴ γέγονεν• ἰδοὺ ὁ νυμφίος ἔρχεται Mt 25:6 v.l. (Jos., Bell. 5, 272 βοῶντες• ὁ υἱὸς ἔρχεται). οἱ ἐρχόμενοι καὶ οἱ ὑπάγοντες Mk 6:31. ἦλθε δρομέως came on the run AcPl Ha 4, 30 (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 24 [Stone p. 12] ἦλθεν δρομαία ἐπʼ αὐτούς=Sarah came to them on the run). Also w. the specif. mng. come back, return (Hom. et al.; Bar 4:37; 1 Esdr 5:8; Tob 2:3 BA) J 4:27; 9:7; Ro 9:9; of Joseph GJs 16:2 (foll. by κατέβη of Mary; both Joseph and Mary ‘return’ from an uninhabited area). Come before the judgment-seat of God 2 Cl 9:4. Come in a hostile sense Lk 11:22 P75 et al. (cp. X., Hellenica 6, 5, 43).β. used w. prepositions: ἀπό w. gen. of place (Herodian 1, 17, 8 ἀ. τοῦ λουτροῦ; ἀ. βορρᾶς PsSol 11:3; ἀ. τῆς μεγάλης πόλεως TestAbr A 2 p. 78, 30 [Stone p. 4]) Mk 7:1; 15:21; Ac 18:2; 2 Cor 11:9; w. gen. of pers. Mk 5:35; J 3:2b; Gal 2:12.—ἐκ w. gen. of place Lk 5:17; J 3:31b.—εἰς w. acc. of place into Mt 2:11; 8:14; 9:1; Mk 1:29; 5:38; Lk 23:42 (cp. 1bα below, end); J 11:30; εἰς Κόρινθον AcPl Ha 6, 2 (εἰς τὸν παράδεισον TestAbr A 11 p. 90, 1 [Stone p. 28]). to, toward J 11:38; 20:3. εἰς τὸ πέραν Mt 8:28; 16:5. εἰς τ. ἑορτήν to the festival, i.e. to celebrate it J 4:45b; 11:56. ἐκ … εἰς J 4:54.—διά w. gen. of place and εἰς Mk 7:31; ὁ … ἐρχόμενος διᾶ τῆς θύρας one who enters by the gate 10:2 (P75).—μετά w. gen. of pers. ἵνα ἔλθῶ μετʼ αὐτοῦ ἐν τῇ δόξη τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ so that I might return with him in the glory of his Father AcPl Ha 10, 8. ἐν w. dat. of the thing w. which one comes Ro 15:29. ἐν ῥάβδῳ 1 Cor 4:21, also to denote the state of being in which one comes ἐν πνεύματι Lk 2:27; cp. Ro 15:32; w. dat. of the pers. who accompanies someone Jd 14.—ἐπί w. acc. of place over Mt 14:28, to (JosAs 26:5; ParJer 8:4; Jos., Ant. 7, 16; Just., D. 88, 3) Lk 19:5; Ac 12:10, 12; w. acc. of thing to (PTor I, 1; II, 29 [116 B.C.] ἔρχεσθαι ἐπὶ τὸ κριτήριον; Jos., Ant. 12, 395) Mt 3:7; Mk 11:13b; w. acc. of pers. to (ἐπὶ γυναῖκα Just., A I, 33, 3) J 19:33; Ac 24:8 v.l.; against Lk 14:31 (1 Macc 5:39 ἔρχ. ἐπί τινα εἰς πόλεμον; Jos., Ant. 7, 233; Mel., P. 17, 114).—κατά w. acc. of place to Lk 10:33; Ac 16:7; AcPl Ha 2, 5.—παρά w. acc. of place to Mt 15:29; w. gen. of pers. from Lk 8:49.—πρός w. acc. of pers. to (X., Mem. 1, 2, 27; En 106:4; JosAs 3:6; Jos., Ant. 2, 106; 11, 243; Just., D. 77, 4) Mt 3:14; 7:15; Mk 9:14; Lk 1:43; J 1:29, 47; 2 Cor 13:1 and oft. ἀπό τινος (gen. of pers.) πρός τινα 1 Th 3:6.γ. w. an adverb of place ἄνωθεν ἔ. J 3:31. ἐκεῖ 18:3. ἐνθάδε 4:16. ὄπισθεν Mk 5:27. πόθεν (Jdth 10:12) J 3:8; 8:14; Rv 7:13. ποῦ Hb 11:8. ὧδε Mt 8:29; Ac 9:21 (ApcEsdr 5:10; ApcSed 9:4; cp. ParJer 7:16 ἐνταῦθα. The adv. w. a case funct. as prep. ἄχρι τινός Ac 11:5. ἐγγύς τινος Hv 4, 1, 9. ἕως τινός Lk 4:42 (ApcMos 34 ἐλθὲ ἕως ἐμοῦ).δ. w. a case, without a prep.: dat. of pers. come to someone (Aeschyl., Prom. 358; Thu. 1, 13, 3; X., An. 7, 7, 30; BGU 1041, 16 [II A.D.] ὅτι ἔρχομαί σοι) Mt 21:5 (Zech 9:9); Rv 2:5, 16.ε. The purpose of coming is expressed by an inf. (Eur., Med. 1270, also Palaeph. p. 62, 12; 1 Macc 16:22; Bel 40 Theod.; 1 Esdr 1:23; 5:63; TestSol 5 D ἦλθε θεάσασθαι; TestAbr B 5 p. 109, 21 [Stone p. 66] ἔρχομαι … κοιμηθῆναι; Just., D. 78, 7 ὸ̔ν ἐληλύθεισαν προσκυνῆσαι) Mt 2:2; 12:42; Mk 15:36; Lk 1:59; 3:12 al.; by a fut. ptc. (Hom. et al.) Mt 27:49; Ac 8:27; by a pres. ptc. Lk 13:6 (TestJob 9:8 αἰτοῦντες); by ἵνα J 10:10; 12:9b (TestJob 34:5; ApcMos 29); εἰς τοῦτο ἵνα Ac 9:21; διά τινα J 12:9a.ζ. Single forms of ἔ. are used w. other verbs to denote that a person, in order to do someth., must first come to a certain place: in parataxis ἔρχεται καί, ἦλθεν καί etc. (Ex 19:7; 2 Km 13:36; 2 Esdr 5:16; JosAs 10:6; TestJob 8:3; ApcMos 37) Mt 13:19, 25; Mk 2:18; 4:15; 5:33; 6:29; 12:9; 14:37; Lk 8:12, 47; J 6:15; 11:48; 12:22; 19:38; 20:19, 26; 21:13; 3J 3; Rv 5:7; 17:1; 21:9. ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε J 1:46; 11:34. ἔρχεσθε καὶ ὄψεσθε 1:39. A ptc. of ἔ. followed by a finite verb ἐλθών (Hdt. 2, 115; LXX; TestJob 7:1; Just., D. 8, 4 al.) Mt 2:8; 8:7; 9:10, 18 (cp. εἷς 3b; προσέρχομαι 1a); 12:44; 14:12; 18:31; 27:64; 28:13; Mk 7:25; 12:14, 42; 14:45; 16:1; Ac 16:37, 39. ἐρχόμενος Lk 13:14; 16:21; 18:5. The participial constr. is best transl. come and. In some pass. ἐλθών is to be rendered when (someone) has come J 16:8; 2 Cor 12:20; Phil 1:27 (opp. ἀπών).—Instead of the transcription ]λη λυθεισα POxy 1081, 3, read after the Coptic SJCh 88, 19–89, 1: ἐ]ληλύθεισαν.ⓑ of making an appearance come before the public, appear (cp. ἦλθον εἰς τόνδε τὸν κόσμον ‘I was born’ Ar. 1, 1).α. of Jesus as Messiah Lk 3:16; J 4:25; 7:27, 31, who for this reason (on the basis of pass. like Ps 117:26; Hab 2:3; Da 7:13 Theod.) is called ὁ ἐρχόμενος Mt 11:3; Lk 7:19f; Hb 10:37 (Hab 2:3), or ὁ ἐρχόμενος ἐν ὀνόματι κυρίου Mt 21:9; 23:39; Mk 11:9; Lk 13:35; 19:38; J 12:13 (in all cases Ps 117:26); also in John, in whose writings the idea of Jesus having come heaven-sent to the earth is of considerable importance J 16:28: (ὁ προφήτης) ὁ ἐρχόμενος εἰς τ. κόσμον J 6:14; 11:27 (cp. ἐρχόμενος εἰς τ. κόσμον ἐπὶ τὸ ὄρος τῶν ἐλαιῶν ParJer 9:20). Of the appearance of Jesus among humans (s. Harnack, ‘Ich bin gekommen’: ZTK 22, 1912, 1–30; AFrövig, D. Sendungsbewusstsein Jesu u. d. Geist 1924, 129ff) Mt 11:19; Lk 7:34; J 5:43; 7:28; 8:42. Foll. by the inf. of purpose Mt 5:17; 10:34f; Lk 19:10. W. ἵνα foll. J 10:10b (ἦλθον, as here, Herm. Wr. 1, 30). W. εἰς τ. κόσμον and ἵνα foll. 12:46; 18:37; εἰς κρίμα, ἵνα 9:39; w. inf. foll. 1 Ti 1:15. ἔ. ἐν σαρκί come in the flesh 1J 4:2; 2J 7; B 5:10f. εἰς σάρκα AcPlCor 1:14. ἔ διʼ ὕδατος καὶ αἵματος 1J 5:6 w. the continuation ἐν τ. ὕδατι καὶ ἐν τ. αἵματι (on the mng. of the prep. s. B-D-F §223, 3; 198, 4). ὀπίσω w. gen. come after of Christ in relation to his forerunner Mt 3:11; Mk 1:7; J 1:15, 27, 30. The idea of coming is even plainer in connection w. the coming of the Human One (Son of Man), the return of Jesus fr. his heavenly home Mt 10:23; Ac 1:11 (opp. πορεύεσθαι); 1 Cor 4:5; 11:26; 2 Th 1:10 (Just., D. 28, 2 al.). W. ἐν τῇ δόξῃ Mt 16:27; 25:31; Mk 8:38; Lk 9:26 (cp. ἔνδοξος … ἐλεύσεται Just., D. 49, 2). ἐπὶ τ. νεφελῶν μετὰ δυνάμεως καὶ δόξης Mt 24:30 (Just., D. 31, 1). ἐν νεφέλαις, νεφέλῃ etc. Mk 13:26; Lk 21:27. ἐν τ. βασιλείᾳ αὐτοῦ in his kingdom Mt 16:28; Lk 23:42 v.l.β. of forerunners of the Messiah and those who identify themselves as such: Elijah Mt 11:14; 17:10, 11, 12; Mk 9:11, 12, 13 (Just., D. 49, 1); John the Baptist Mt 11:18; Lk 7:33; J 1:31; w. εἰς μαρτυρίαν for testimony 1:7. Others, including false messiahs, false teachers, and an antichrist Mt 24:5; Mk 13:6; Lk 21:8 (ἐπὶ τ. ὀνόματί μου calling on my name); J 10:8; 2 Cor 11:4; 2 Pt 3:3; 1J 2:18.② to proceed on a course, with destination in view, go (Hom. et al.; LXX) ὀπίσω τινός go with (lit. ‘after’) someone fig., of a disciple Mt 16:24; Mk 8:34 v.l.; Lk 9:23; 14:27. ἐπί τι go to someth. Mt 21:19; Mk 11:13a (w. indir. quest. foll.). πρός τινα Lk 15:20. σύν τινι J 21:3. ἔ. ὁδόν go on a journey (Hom. et al.) Lk 2:44. S. also 1bα above.③ to change place or position, with implication of being brought, be brought (Hom. et al.; Thu. 6, 71, 2 χρήματα; Arrian, Anab. 2, 13, 5 ἀγγελία et al.) ὁ λύχνος the lamp is brought Mk 4:21. Sim. ἐλθούσης τ. ἐντολῆς when the commandment came Ro 7:9.④ to take place, comeⓐ of timeα. of temporal increments ἔρχονται ἡμέραι in future sense (1 Km 2:31; Am 8:11) Lk 23:29; Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31); ἐλεύσονται ἡμ. Mt 9:15; Mk 2:20; Lk 5:35; 17:22; 21:6 (TestSol 13:7 C; Just., D. 40, 2). ἦλθεν ἡ ἡμέρα 22:7; Rv 6:17.—ἔρχεται ὥρα ὅτε the time is coming when J 4:21, 23; 5:25; 16:25; also ἔ. ὥρα ἐν ᾗ J 5:28; ἔ. ὥρα ἵνα 16:2, 32. ἦλθεν ἡ ὥρα the hour has come = the hour is here Mk 14:41b; J 16:4; Rv 14:7, 15; w. ἵνα foll. J 13:1 (ἥκω P66). ἐλήλυθεν ἡ ὥ. ἵνα 12:23; 16:32; without ἵνα 17:1; cp. 7:30; 8:20.—ἔρχεται νύξ 9:4 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 40 §159 νυκτὸς ἐρχομένης). ἡμέρα κυρίου 1 Th 5:2. καιροί Ac 3:20 (GrBar 8:1 ὁ καιρός). τὸ πλήρωμα τ. χρόνου Gal 4:4.β. of events and situations that are connected w. a certain time ὁ θερισμός J 4:35. ὁ γάμος τ. ἀρνίου Rv 19:7. ἡ κρίσις 18:10. So also the ptc. ἐρχόμενος coming, future, imminent: αἰὼν ἐ. (=הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא) the age to come Mk 10:30; Lk 18:30; ἑορτὴ ἐ. the coming festival Ac 18:21 v.l.; σάββατον ἐ. 13:44; ὀργὴ ἐ. the wrath which will be revealed (at the Judgment) 1 Th 1:10. τὰ ἐρχόμενα what is to come (Is 44:7 τὰ ἐπερχόμενα) J 16:13. Of God in Rv ὁ ὢν κ. ὁ ἦν κ. ὁ ἐρχόμενος 1:4, 8; 4:8.ⓑ of events and circumstancesα. of natural or sensory phenomena (Hom. et al.; also TestAbr A 19 p. 102, 10 [Stone p. 52]; βροντῆς … καὶ ἀστραπῆς ἐλθούσης; ApcEsdr 5:7 νεφέλη) ποταμοί Mt 7:25, 27. κατακλυσμός Lk 17:27. λιμός Ac 7:11. Of rain ἔ. ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς come upon the earth Hb 6:7. Sim. of the coming down of birds fr. the air Mt 13:4, 32; Mk 4:4; of a voice resounding fr. heaven ἦλθεν φωνὴ ἐκ τ. οὐρανοῦ J 12:28 (Test Abr A 10 p. 88, 15 and 14 p. 94, 25 [Stone p. 24; p. 36]; Just., D. 88, 8; cp. Il. 10, 139; En 13:8; TestSol 1:3 VW; TestJob 3:1; ParJer 9:12; ApcEsdr 7:13).β. of transcendent and moral-spiritual phenomena: of spiritual coming of God come, appear J 14:23; of Christ ibid. and vss. 3, 18, 28; of the Paraclete 15:26; 16:7, 13.—ἡ ἀποστασία 2 Th 2:3. ἡ βασιλεία τ. θεοῦ Mt 6:10; Lk 11:2 (MBurrows, JBL 74, ’55, 1–8); 17:20; 22:18 al.; 1 Cl 42:3.—τ. σκάνδαλα Mt 18:7; Lk 17:1. τὰ ἀγαθά Ro 3:8 (cp. Jer. 17:6). τὸ τέλειον 1 Cor 13:10. ἡ πίστις Gal 3:23, 25.⑤ ἐ. in var. prepositional combinations ἔ. ἐκ τ. θλίψεως have suffered persecution Rv 7:14. ἔ. εἰς τὸ χεῖρον Mk 5:26 (Witkowski no. 36, 12=White no. 35 τοῦ παιδίου εἰς τὰ ἔσχατα ἐληλυθότος of a child in desperate circumstances; TestAbr A 20 p. 102, 27 [Stone p. 52] εἰς θάνατον ἔρχονται). εἰς τοσαύτην ἀπόνοιαν, ὥστε 1 Cl 46:7 (Hyperid. 2, 5 εἰς τοῦτο ἀπονοίας ἔ., ὥστε). εἰς πειρασμόν Mk 14:38 (cp. Himerius, Or. 48 [Or. 14], 19 εἰς ἐπιθυμίαν ἐλθεῖν). εἰς ἀπελεγμόν Ac 19:27. εἰς τὴν ὥραν ταύτην J 12:27. ἔ. εἰς κρίσιν submit to judgment (letter of Philip in Demosth. 12, 11; 16; ApcEsdr 2:26 ἔλθωμεν ὁμοῦ εἰς κρίσιν) 5:24. εἰς ἐπίγνωσιν 1 Ti 2:4; 2 Ti 3:7 (Polyb. 6, 9, 12; Appian, Mithr. 31 §123 ἔρχεσθαι ἐς γνῶσίν τινος; Cebes 12, 3 εἰς τὴν ἀληθινὴν παιδείαν ἐλθεῖν; TestSol 20:5 εἰς ἔννοιαν ἐλθεῖν; Just., D. 90, 1 οὐδʼ εἰς ἔννοιαν τούτου ἐλθεῖν). ἵνα ἔλθω εἰς τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν ἀνάστασιν so that I might realize the resurrection of the dead (cp. ApcMos 10 εἰς τὴν ἡμέραν τῆς ἀναστάσεως) AcPlCor 2:35. εἰς φανερόν come to light Mk 4:22; Lk 8:17. εἰς προκοπήν result in furthering Phil 1:12 (cp. Wsd 15:5). ἔ. εἴς τι of the writer of a letter come to, i.e. deal with someth. (a new subject) 2 Cor 12:1 (cp. w. ἐπὶ Ar. 2:1 al.; Just., D. 42 ἐπὶ τὸν λόγον). εἰς ἑαυτόν come to oneself (=to one’s senses) (Diod S 13, 95, 2; Epict. 3, 1, 15; TestJos 3:9; GrBar 17:3; Sb 5763, 35) Lk 15:17. ἐπί τινα of serious misfortunes come over someone (Dt 28:15; Jos., Ant. 4, 128) J 18:4 (cp. PIand 21, 2 ἡμῶν τὰ ἐρχόμενα οὐκ οἶδα); tortures IRo 5:3; blood upon the murderers Mt 23:35; the Holy Spirit comes down upon someone (cp. Ezk 2:2; Just., D. 49, 7; 88, 1 ἐλεύσεσθαι ἐπʼ αὐτὸν τὰς δυνάμεις) Mt 3:16; Lk 11:2 v.l.; Ac 19:6; peace Mt 10:13; the wrath of God Eph 5:6; cp. Col 3:6; ἡ βασιλεία Lk 11:2 D; ἔ. πρὸς τ. Ἰησοῦν come to Jesus = become disciples of Jesus J 5:40; 6:35, 37, 44f, 65; πρὸς τ. πατέρα 14:6. ἔ. ὑπὸ τὸν ζυγόν 1 Cl 16:17 (cp. PsSol 18, 7f. ὑπὸ ῥάβδον παιδείας Χριστοῦ).—Not infreq. the pres. ἔρχομαι has the mng. of the fut.: Mt 17:11; Lk 12:54 (corresp. to καύσων ἔσται vs. 55); 19:13; J 14:3. Esp. also ἕως ἔρχομαι until I shall come J 21:22f; 1 Ti 4:13; Hs 5, 2, 2; 9, 10, 5; 6; 9, 11, 1. S. B-D-F §323; 383, 1; Rob. 869. S. also 4aα above.—B. 696. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
40 ἕλκω
ἕλκω impf. εἷλκον, ἧλκον (ApcMos; GJs, s. deStrycker 241f); fut. ἑλκύσω; 1 aor. εἵλκυσα; aor. pass. 3 sg. εἱλκύσθη Da 4:17a; for the forms w.-υ-s. Mlt-H. 236; B-D-F §101 p. 45 (Hom.; Pherecyd. 26; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 26:9 H; JosAs; ParJer 4:6; ApcMos 38; Joseph., Just., Mel., P. 56, 409) gener. ‘pull, drag, draw’.① to move an object from one area to another in a pulling motion, draw, with implication that the object being moved is incapable of propelling itself or in the case of pers. is unwilling to do so voluntarily, in either case with implication of exertion on the part of the mover τὶ someth. a sword (Soph., Ant. 1233; Libanius, Or. 13 p. 73, 5 F. ξίφος) J 18:10; haul a net 21:6, 11. ἧλκεν τὴν πορφύραν (Mary) stretched (i.e. in a tugging motion) the purple (garment) GJs 11:1; ἔστρωσεν τὸν ὸ̓νον … καὶ ἧλκεν ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ (Joseph) saddled the ass … and his son guided it 17:2. τινά someone (Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 14 τινὰ εἰς; Achilles Tat. 7, 15, 4 εἷλκόν με εἰς τὸ δεσμωτήριον, with ref. in the context to resistance; Jos., Bell. 1, 591 τινὰ εἰς.—Also Clearchus, Fgm. 73; Diod S 14, 5, 3 ἕ. τινὰ ἐπὶ τὸν θάνατον) ἔξω τ. ἱεροῦ drag someone out of the temple Ac 21:30; εἰς τ. ἀγορὰν ἐπὶ τ. ἄρχοντας 16:19 (on the judicial implication s. Reader, Polemo 370); εἰς κριτήρια hale into court Js 2:6 (Herodas 5, 59 ἕ. τινὰ εἰς τὰς ἀνάγκας=to punishment; Just., A II, 12, 4 εἰς βασάνους). οἱ ἕλκοντες ἡμᾶς Ox 654, 10, [οἱ ἕλκον]τες ὑμᾶς 14 (cp. GTh 3; those who mislead us line10, is expanded by Dssm. [LO 365=LAE 427] w. εἰς τὰ κριτήρια; difft. by others. Actually nothing need be supplied, since ἕ. τινά means pull or tug someone back and forth, mistreat someone [Libanius, Or. 58 p. 183, 20 F. ἕλκων κάπηλον; cp. Jos., Bell. 1, 338 εἷλκεν τοὺς ἔνδοθεν]). Of stones ἐκ τοῦ βυθοῦ ἑλκομένους which were dragged out of the deep Hv 3, 2, 6; 3, 5, 2.② to draw a pers. in the direction of values for inner life, draw, attract, an extended fig. use of mng. 1 (Pla., Phdr. 238a; Epict. 2, 20, 15 ἡ φύσις ἕλκει; Aelian, NA 4, 13; Porphyr., Marc. 16 μόνη ἡ ἀρετὴ τ. ψυχὴν ἄνω ἕλκει καὶ πρὸς τὸ συγγενές; Jer 38:3; SSol 1:4; 4 Macc 14:13; 15:11; Jos., Ant. 15, 27; Ath. 26, 1 περὶ τὰ εἴδωλα) J 6:44. ἕλκ. πρός with acc. (Hierocles 25 p. 477 it is said of God ἑλκύσαι πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους; Ath., R. 75, 20 ἑλκούσης … ἐπιθυμίας πρὸς τροφήν): πρὸς ἐμαυτόν 12:32.③ to appear to be pulled in a certain direction, flow an ext. fig. use intr. flow along of a river ἦν ποταμὸς ἕλκων ἐκ δεξιῶν a river flowed along on the right B 11:10 (cp. Da 7:10 Theod.; TestSol 26:9 H).—B. 571. DELG. M-M. TW.
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