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inclūdō

  • 1 includo

    inclūdo, ĕre, clūsi, clūsum - tr. - [st2]1 [-] enfermer, renfermer (au pr. et au fig.). [st2]2 [-] intercepter, arrêter, boucher, fermer, clore, terminer, borner, limiter, mettre fin à.    - vocem includere: empêcher de parler.    - viam includere, Liv.: boucher le passage.
    * * *
    inclūdo, ĕre, clūsi, clūsum - tr. - [st2]1 [-] enfermer, renfermer (au pr. et au fig.). [st2]2 [-] intercepter, arrêter, boucher, fermer, clore, terminer, borner, limiter, mettre fin à.    - vocem includere: empêcher de parler.    - viam includere, Liv.: boucher le passage.
    * * *
        Includo, includis, inclusi, pen. prod. inclusum, includere. Cic. Enfermer, Enclorre, Enclaver.
    \
        Illigare et includere aliquid in scyphis aureis. Cic. Enchasser.
    \
        Includere aliquem in dialogos. Cic. Le faire parler et jouer parmi un dialogue.
    \
        Includi in periculum legis. Cic. Estre comprins et encloz, etc.
    \
        Dolor inclusit lachrymas. Stat. Il fut si oultré de doleur, qu'il ne peult plourer.
    \
        Includere viam. Liu. Fermer le passage et chemin.
    \
        Consuli tam nouae rei ac subitae admiratio incluserat vocem. Liu. Il fut si estonné qu'il ne povoit parler.
    \
        Includere et insculpere gemmam. Vlp. Enchasser, Mettre en oeuvre.

    Dictionarium latinogallicum > includo

  • 2 includo

    includo includo, clusi, clusum, ere заключать, запирать

    Латинско-русский словарь > includo

  • 3 inclūdō

        inclūdō sī, sus, ere    [1 in+claudo], to shut up, shut in, confine, enclose, imprison, keep in: inclusum atque abditum latēre in occulto: Fila numerata porri, Iu.: Heracleae sese, L.: alios secum, V.: Teucri densā inclusere coronā, closed their ranks around (him), V.: habemus SC inclusum in tabulis: dum sumus inclusi in his compagibus corporis: Inclusae in pumice apes, V.: (animus) inclusus in corpore: includuntur in carcerem condemnati: inclusi parietibus: duces carcere, L.: minora castra inclusa maioribus, Cs.: inclusa tela pharetrā, O.: suras auro, sheathe, V.: inclusus carcere nassae, caught, Iu.: corpora furtim Includunt caeco lateri, V.: huc aliena ex arbore germen Includent, ingraft, V.—To shut off, obstruct, hinder, stop up: limina portis, O.: Pars inclusa caloribus Mundi, H.: dolor includit vocem: spiritum, L.— To interweave: Inclusae auro vestes, inwrought, V.: Inclusum buxo ebur, V.— Fig., to include, enclose, insert, embrace, comprehend: illud, quod in iuris consultorum includitur formulis: animorum salus inclusa in ipsā est: in huius me consili societatem: eos in eam formam: odium inclusum sensibus: oratio libro inclusa, L.: (tempora) fastis, chronicle, H.: quaeris antiquo me includere ludo, H.: alqd orationi: intus inclusum periculum est.—To restrain, control: voluptates inclusae diutius: imperator nullis iuris inclusus angustiis, L.—To close, end: forsitan includet crastina fata dies, Pr.
    * * *
    includere, inclusi, inclusus V
    shut up/in, imprison, enclose; include

    Latin-English dictionary > inclūdō

  • 4 includo

    in-clūdo, clusi, clūsum, ere [ claudo ]
    1) заключать, запирать (aliquem carcere Sen, L, in carcere C, L или in carcerem C; inclusus labyrintho Pt)
    i. se Heracleae или Heraclēam L — запереться в Гераклее
    2) окружать, стеснить ( hostes L); ограничивать (aliquem angustiis temporis L)
    4) включать, вставлять, помещать (orationem in epistulam C; aliquid orationi C; castra minora majoribus Cs)
    oratio inclusa in libro quinto L — речь, помещённая в пятой книге
    5) преграждать, загораживать ( viam L)
    перен. подавлять, сдерживать, удерживать (vocem C; lacrimas St; libidines C, Sen)
    7) сжимать, стискивать ( inclusis dentibus Sen)
    8) заканчивать, завершать (epistulam Sen; fata Prp)
    9) ограничивать, замыкать ( ab occidente Aegeo mari PM)

    Латинско-русский словарь > includo

  • 5 includo

    in-clūdo, clūsī, clūsum, ere (in u. cludo, claudo), I) einschließen, A) persönl. Objj. = einsperren, parietibus deos, Cic., vivos homines, Capit.: alqm in cella Concordiae, Cic.: plurimos duces hostium in triumpho ductos carcere inclusisse, Liv.: propter iniustam dominatus cupiditatem in carcerem quodammodo ipsum sese inclusisse (v. Dionysius), Cic.: incl. in praedonum custodias tantum numerum civium Romanorum, Cic.: corpora furtim caeco lateri, Verg.: ut ne ab hoc quidem carcere, cui inclusa est, teneri queat, Sen.: incl. se munitae urbi cum magna manu popularium, Curt.: ibi in carcere includi, Liv.: includi in carcere inter fures nocturnos, Liv.: consule in carcere incluso, Cic.: dux regiā inclusus, Liv.: includere sese Heracleae u. Heracleam, Liv.: incl. se moenibus, Liv.: animus in corpore inclusus, Cic.: deus inclusus corpore humano, Cic.: multis talium operum artificibus de industria inclusis, versammelt, angestellt, Liv. 29, 35. 8. – im Bilde = einschränken, nullis neque temporis neque iuris inclusus angustiis, quo minus etc., weder durch die Zeit, noch durch das Recht beengt, Liv. 24, 8, 7. – B) sächl. Objj.: 1) einschließen, a) = einfügen, einlassen, emblemata in scaphiis aureis, Cic.: sui similem speciem in clipeo Minervae, Cic.: typos in tectorio atrioli, Cic.: huc aliena ex arbore germen, einpfropfen, Verg.: capitis effigiem portae, Val. Max.: serpentis exuvias aureae armillae, Suet.: verba versu, in den Vers bringen, Cic.: sententiam versibus, in Versen verfassen, Hor.: orationem libro, schriftlich aufsetzen, Liv.: tempora fastis, verzeichnen, Hor. – b) umschließen = umgeben, smaragdum auro, in G. fassen, Lucr.: suras auro, Verg.: inclusae auro vestes, Verg.: ossa pristini corporis inclusa murrā, Mela. – 2) (als Episode) einfügen, orationem in epistulam, Cic. ep.: alqd orationi, Cic. – 3) begrenzen, Callipidas (die Kallipiden in Sarmatien) Hypanis includit, Mela: plaga Ponto ac Maeotide includitur, Mela. – v. Pers., abgrenzen, Agrippa unam (Asiae partem) inclusit ab oriente Phrygiā, Lycaoniā, ab occidente Aegaeo mari etc., Plin. 5, 102. – II) verschließen, verstopfen, versperren, hemmen, A) eig.: alci os spongiā, Sen.: viam, Liv. – vocem (die Sprache), Cic. u. Liv.: spiritum, Liv. u. Plin.: inclusit dolor lacrimas, Stat. – B) übtr.: 1) verschließen = völlig bedecken, emplastrum prioris gemmae locum includat, Pallad. 7, 5, 4. – 2) der Zeit nach schließen, endigen, omnes potiones aquā frigidā, Cels.: huius actionem vespera inclusit, Plin. ep.: sed iam debeo epistulam includere, Sen.: forsitan includet crastina fata dies, Prop. – / arch. Infin. Präs. Pass. includei, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 205. col. 1, 44 u. 47.

    lateinisch-deutsches > includo

  • 6 includo

    in-clūdo, clūsī, clūsum, ere (in u. cludo, claudo), I) einschließen, A) persönl. Objj. = einsperren, parietibus deos, Cic., vivos homines, Capit.: alqm in cella Concordiae, Cic.: plurimos duces hostium in triumpho ductos carcere inclusisse, Liv.: propter iniustam dominatus cupiditatem in carcerem quodammodo ipsum sese inclusisse (v. Dionysius), Cic.: incl. in praedonum custodias tantum numerum civium Romanorum, Cic.: corpora furtim caeco lateri, Verg.: ut ne ab hoc quidem carcere, cui inclusa est, teneri queat, Sen.: incl. se munitae urbi cum magna manu popularium, Curt.: ibi in carcere includi, Liv.: includi in carcere inter fures nocturnos, Liv.: consule in carcere incluso, Cic.: dux regiā inclusus, Liv.: includere sese Heracleae u. Heracleam, Liv.: incl. se moenibus, Liv.: animus in corpore inclusus, Cic.: deus inclusus corpore humano, Cic.: multis talium operum artificibus de industria inclusis, versammelt, angestellt, Liv. 29, 35. 8. – im Bilde = einschränken, nullis neque temporis neque iuris inclusus angustiis, quo minus etc., weder durch die Zeit, noch durch das Recht beengt, Liv. 24, 8, 7. – B) sächl. Objj.: 1) einschließen, a) = einfügen, einlassen, emblemata in scaphiis aureis, Cic.: sui similem speciem in clipeo Minervae, Cic.: typos in tectorio atrioli, Cic.: huc aliena ex arbore germen, einpfropfen, Verg.: capitis effigiem portae,
    ————
    Val. Max.: serpentis exuvias aureae armillae, Suet.: verba versu, in den Vers bringen, Cic.: sententiam versibus, in Versen verfassen, Hor.: orationem libro, schriftlich aufsetzen, Liv.: tempora fastis, verzeichnen, Hor. – b) umschließen = umgeben, smaragdum auro, in G. fassen, Lucr.: suras auro, Verg.: inclusae auro vestes, Verg.: ossa pristini corporis inclusa murrā, Mela. – 2) (als Episode) einfügen, orationem in epistulam, Cic. ep.: alqd orationi, Cic. – 3) begrenzen, Callipidas (die Kallipiden in Sarmatien) Hypanis includit, Mela: plaga Ponto ac Maeotide includitur, Mela. – v. Pers., abgrenzen, Agrippa unam (Asiae partem) inclusit ab oriente Phrygiā, Lycaoniā, ab occidente Aegaeo mari etc., Plin. 5, 102. – II) verschließen, verstopfen, versperren, hemmen, A) eig.: alci os spongiā, Sen.: viam, Liv. – vocem (die Sprache), Cic. u. Liv.: spiritum, Liv. u. Plin.: inclusit dolor lacrimas, Stat. – B) übtr.: 1) verschließen = völlig bedecken, emplastrum prioris gemmae locum includat, Pallad. 7, 5, 4. – 2) der Zeit nach schließen, endigen, omnes potiones aquā frigidā, Cels.: huius actionem vespera inclusit, Plin. ep.: sed iam debeo epistulam includere, Sen.: forsitan includet crastina fata dies, Prop. – ⇒ arch. Infin. Präs. Pass. includei, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 205. col. 1, 44 u. 47.

    Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > includo

  • 7 includo

    to shut in, enclose, establish a siege, surround.

    Latin-English dictionary of medieval > includo

  • 8 includo

    in-clūdo, si, sum, 3, v. a. [claudo], to shut up, shut in, confine, enclose, imprison, keep in (class.).—Constr. with in and abl., in and acc., rarely with the simple abl., dat., or absol.
    I.
    Lit.
    (α).
    With in and abl.:

    habemus senatusconsultum inclusum in tabulis, tamquam in vagina reconditum,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 4:

    armatos in cella Concordiae,

    id. Phil. 3, 12, 31:

    in uno cubiculo,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 133:

    in curia,

    id. Att. 6, 1, 6; 6, 2, 8:

    omne animal in mundo intus,

    id. Univ. 10:

    dum sumus inclusi in his compagibus corporis,

    id. de Sen. 21, 77:

    consule in carcere incluso,

    id. Att. 2, 1, 8; cf.:

    avis inclusa in cavea,

    id. Div. 2, 35, 73; cf.:

    (Animus) inclusus in corpore,

    id. Rep. 6, 26:

    veriti, ne includerentur vento in hostium orā,

    weather-bound on the coast, Liv. 37, 24, 9.—
    (β).
    With in and acc.:

    aliquem in custodias,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 55, § 144:

    aliquem in carcerem,

    Liv. 38, 59 fin. —
    (γ).
    With the simple abl.:

    inclusi parietibus,

    Cic. Rep. 3, 9; cf.:

    aliquem carcere,

    Liv. 38, 60, 6:

    vim terrae cavernis,

    Cic. Div. 1, 36, 79; id. de Sen. 15, 51:

    inclusus caveā,

    Ov. Ib. 521:

    minora castra inclusa majoribus,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 66, 5; cf. id. ib. 3, 67 fin.:

    grandes zmaragdos auro,

    i. e. to set, Lucr. 4, 1127; cf.:

    suras auro,

    to sheathe, Verg. A. 11, 488; 12, 430:

    inclusus carcere nassae,

    caught, Juv. 12, 123.—
    (δ).
    With dat.:

    corpora furtim Includunt caeco lateri,

    Verg. A. 2, 19:

    publicae custodiae aliquem,

    Val. Max. 4, 6, ext. 3.—
    (ε).
    Absol., or with acc.:

    inclusum atque abditum latere in occulto,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:

    fila numerata porri,

    Juv. 14, 133:

    intrat positas inclusa per aequora moles,

    id. 12, 75:

    pars Heracleae incluserunt sese,

    Liv. 36, 17, 9;

    for which: Aetolorum utraeque manus Heracleam sese incluserunt,

    id. 36, 16, 5:

    si quis alienum hominem aut pecudem incluserit et fame necaverit,

    Gai. Inst. 3, 219.— Poet.:

    huc aliena ex arbore germen Includunt,

    ingraft, Verg. G. 2, 76. —
    B.
    Transf.
    1.
    To obstruct, hinder, stop up (rare, and mostly post-Aug.):

    dolor includit vocem,

    Cic. Rab. Post. 17, 48:

    consuli primo tam novae rei admiratio incluserat vocem,

    Liv. 2, 2, 8:

    spiritum,

    id. 21, 58, 4; Plin. 11, 37, 84, § 209:

    lacrimas (dolor),

    Stat. Th. 12, 318:

    os alicui insertā spongiā, Sen. de Ira, 3, 10: post inclusum volatum,

    Pall. 1, 26, 1; cf. 7, 5, 4.—
    2.
    To bound, limit:

    Asiam in duas partes Agrippa divisit: unam inclusit ab oriente Phrygia... alteram determinavit ab oriente Armenia minore, etc.,

    Plin. 5, 27, 28, § 102. —
    II.
    Trop.
    A.
    In gen., to include, enclose, insert in any thing.
    (α).
    With in and abl.:

    qua de re agitur illud, quod multis locis in jurisconsultorum includitur formulis,

    Cic. Brut. 79, 275:

    similem sui speciem in clipeo Minervae,

    id. Tusc. 1, 15, 34:

    animorum salus inclusa in ipsa est,

    id. ib. 4, 27, 58.—
    (β).
    With in and acc.:

    in hujus me tu consilii societatem tamquam in equum Trojanum cum principibus includis?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 13, 32:

    quam (opinationem) in omnes definitiones superiores inclusimus,

    id. Tusc. 4, 7, 15; id. Att. 13, 19, 3:

    eos in eam formam,

    id. Or. 5, 19: [p. 924] orationem in epistulam, id. Att. 1, 16, 10; id. Q. Fr. 1, 7, 24.—
    (γ).
    With abl. (freq. in Liv.):

    illa quae mihi sunt inclusa medullis,

    Cic. Att. 15, 4, 3; cf. Liv. 36, 17, 11; 6, 8, 9:

    oratio libro inclusa,

    id. 45, 25, 3:

    verba versu includere,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 48, 184:

    si aperias haec, quae verbo uno inclusa erant,

    Quint. 8, 3, 68; 12, 10, 66:

    antiquo me includere ludo quaeris,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 3.—
    (δ).
    With dat.: topothesian quam postulas, includam orationi meae, Cic. Att. 1, 13, 5; cf. Liv. 45, 25, 3:

    quas aureae armillae inclusas gestavit,

    Suet. Ner. 6 fin.:

    portae,

    Val. Max. 5, 6, 3.—
    (ε).
    With adv. of place:

    intus inclusum periculum est,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 11.—
    B.
    In partic.
    1.
    Of time, to close, finish, end ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    sic nobis, qui nunc magnum spiramus amantes, Forsitan includet crastina fata dies,

    Prop. 2, 15 (3, 7), 54; cf. Sil. 13, 686:

    tempora quae semel Notis condita fastis Inclusit (= consignavit), volucris dies,

    Hor. C. 4, 13, 16; so,

    hujus actionem (vespera),

    Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 18:

    mellationem idibus Nov. fere,

    Plin. 11, 16, 15, § 42:

    omnes potiones aqua frigida,

    Cels. 1, 8 fin. —
    2.
    To restrain, control:

    adversus imperatorem, nullis neque temporis nec juris inclusum angustiis,

    Liv. 24, 8, 7.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > includo

  • 9 includo

    , clusi, clusum, ere
    окружать; заключать, запирать

    Latin-Russian dictionary > includo

  • 10 includo

    , inclusi, inclusum, includere 3
      заключать, запирать, включать, замыкать

    Dictionary Latin-Russian new > includo

  • 11 inclusus

    inclusus, a, um part. passé de includo. [st2]1 [-] enfermé, renfermé, enchassé, inserré; captif, prisonnier. [st2]2 [-] Vell. entouré, investi, cerné. [st2]3 [-] arrêté, intercepté. [st2]4 [-] renfermé, caché, secret.
    * * *
    inclusus, a, um part. passé de includo. [st2]1 [-] enfermé, renfermé, enchassé, inserré; captif, prisonnier. [st2]2 [-] Vell. entouré, investi, cerné. [st2]3 [-] arrêté, intercepté. [st2]4 [-] renfermé, caché, secret.
    * * *
        Inclusus, pen. prod. Participium. Enclos, Enfermé: vt Inclusus angustiis temporis et iuris. Liu. Qui ha trop peu d'espace de temps à faire quelque chose.

    Dictionarium latinogallicum > inclusus

  • 12 inclusio

    inclūsio, ōnis f. [ includo ]
    1) заключение (в темницу) C
    2) ритор. замыкание (т. е. повторение начального слова фразы в её конце)

    Латинско-русский словарь > inclusio

  • 13 inclusor

    inclūsor, ōris m. [ includo 4. \]
    оправляющий драгоценные камни, т. е. ювелир Vlg , Hier

    Латинско-русский словарь > inclusor

  • 14 inclusus

    inclūsus, a, um part. pf. к includo

    Латинско-русский словарь > inclusus

  • 15 inclusio

    inclūsio, ōnis, f. (includo), I) die Einschließung, Einsperrung, Bibuli, Cic. Vatin. 24. – II) die Versperrung, Verengerung, faucium, Th. Prisc. 2, 16. – III) als rhet. Fig. = επαναδίπλωσις, der Gebrauch desselben Wortes zu Anfang und am Schlusse eines Satzes, Rufin. de schem. lex. 9.

    lateinisch-deutsches > inclusio

  • 16 inclusor

    inclūsor, ōris, m. (includo), einer, der Gold und Edelsteine einfaßt, auri et gemmarum, Hieron. in Ierem. 5, 24. – absol. = der Juwelier, Vulg. Ierem. 24, 1 u. 29, 2. Hieron. in Ezech. 4.

    lateinisch-deutsches > inclusor

  • 17 inclusio

    inclūsio, ōnis, f. (includo), I) die Einschließung, Einsperrung, Bibuli, Cic. Vatin. 24. – II) die Versperrung, Verengerung, faucium, Th. Prisc. 2, 16. – III) als rhet. Fig. = επαναδίπλωσις, der Gebrauch desselben Wortes zu Anfang und am Schlusse eines Satzes, Rufin. de schem. lex. 9.

    Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > inclusio

  • 18 inclusor

    inclūsor, ōris, m. (includo), einer, der Gold und Edelsteine einfaßt, auri et gemmarum, Hieron. in Ierem. 5, 24. – absol. = der Juwelier, Vulg. Ierem. 24, 1 u. 29, 2. Hieron. in Ezech. 4.

    Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > inclusor

  • 19 inclūsus

        inclūsus    P. of includo.

    Latin-English dictionary > inclūsus

  • 20 A

    1.
    A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

    A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

    Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

    ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

    Quint. 1, 5, 61.
    II.
    The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.
    III.
    In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.
    A.
    Short a is changed,
    1.
    , into long a —
    a.
    In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,
    b.
    In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).
    c.
    In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)
    2.
    Short a is changed into é or ē—
    a.
    Into é.
    (α).
    Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).
    (β).
    Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.
    (γ).
    In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).
    b.
    Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).
    3.
    Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)
    (α).
    before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —
    (β).
    Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).
    b.
    ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.
    c.
    Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.
    d.
    In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.
    4.
    Short a is changed into short or long o.
    a.
    Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).
    b.
    Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).
    5.
    Short a is changed into ŭ —
    a.
    In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).
    b.
    In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.
    c.
    ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).
    B.
    Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.
    1.
    Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.
    2.
    Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)
    IV.
    Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.
    V.
    The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).
    VI.
    Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.
    B.
    ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.
    1.
    The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.
    2.
    In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.
    3.
    ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.
    4.
    The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.
    5.
    Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.
    VII.
    In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.
    A.
    Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).
    B.
    Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—
    1.
    Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.
    2.
    Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.
    3.
    Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.
    4.
    Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.
    5.
    Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.
    6.
    Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.
    C.
    Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.
    2.
    As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

    so also A. A. A.,

    ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.
    3.
    a, prep.=ab, v. ab.
    4.
    ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > A

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