in-gigno

gigno, gĕnŭi, gĕnĭtum, 3 (archaic primary form of the pres. gĕno, ĕre:

genit,

Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 19: genunt, Varr. ap. Prisc. p. 898 P.:

genat,

Varr. R. R. 1, 31, 4: genitur, Auct. ap. Cic. Inv. 2, 42, 122; Cic. de Or. 2, 32, 141:

genuntur,

Varr. R. R. 2, 6, 3:

genamur,

Censor. 3, 1; inf. pass. geni, Lucr. 3, 797; gen. gerund. genendi, Varr. R. R. 1, 40, 1:

genendo,

Censor. 3, 1; Arn. 4, 21; inf. pres. pass. gignier, Lucr. 3, 623; 6, 246; 807), v. a. [root gen-; Sanscr. ǵan-, ǵanami, beget; gātis, birth; Gr. gen- in gignomai, genos, gunê; Lat. genus, genius, gener, gens; also nascor (gn-; cf. gnatus), natura; cf. gamos, gambros (v. Curt. Gr. Etym. 536); gigno for gigeno, redupl. like gignomai], to beget, bear, bring forth, produce; in pass., to be born, to spring, arise, proceed; of animate and inanimate subjects and objects (syn.: creo, genero, pario).

Lit.: Saturno, quem Coelus genuit, Enn. ap. Non. 197, 9 (Ann. v. 27 Vahl.):

sextus (Hercules) hic ex Alcumena, quem Juppiter genuit,

Cic. N. D. 3, 16, 42:

nec Hecubam causam interitus fuisse Trojanis, quod Alexandrum genuerit, nec Tyndareum Agamemnoni, quod Clytaemnestram,

id. Fat. 15, 34:

quaecumque animal pariunt, in capita gignunt,

bring forth their young with the head foremost, Plin. 10, 64, 84, § 183. So of the human mother (mostly post-Aug.):

idcirco, inquit Lacaena, genueram (filium),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 102:

e septem liberis, quos ipsa genuisset, unum superesse,

Curt. 10, 5, 23:

rectius Lolliam induci, quando nullos liberos genuisset,

Tac. A. 12, 2 init.; Val. Max. 7, 7, 4; so,

ex aliquo,

Curt. 8, 3, 3; Tac. A. 12, 3:

pisces ova cum genuerunt, relinquunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 51, 129:

ova,

Plin. 11, 37, 80, § 204:

omnia quae terra gignat (shortly before, pariat),

Cic. N. D. 1, 2, 4; cf. id. Fin. 5, 11, 33: o Romule, Romule die, Qualem te patriae custodem di genuerunt! Enn. ap. Cic. Rep. 1, 41, 64 (Ann. v. 116 Vahl.); cf.:

ut idem deus urbem hanc gentibus, vos huic urbi genuisse videatur,

Cic. Phil. 14, 12, 32:

ita ut plurimum (aurum) Asturia gignat,

Plin. 33. [p. 815] 4, 21, §

78: India eos (beryllos) gignit,

id. 37, 5, 20, § 76:

ad majora quaedam natura nos genuit et conformavit,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 23:

deus animum ex sua mente et divinitate genuit,

id. Univ. 8.— Pass., usu. with abl., of either or both parents:

Meri bellatores gignuntur,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 85:

nuper erat genitus,

Ov. M. 10, 522:

qui antecedente anno genitum eum scribant,

Suet. Tib. 5:

septimo mense geniti,

Plin. 11, 37, 59, § 158:

pellice genitus,

Liv. 40, 9, 2; Suet. Aug. 17:

Jove genitus,

Curt. 8, 10, 1; 9, 8, 22:

juvenes eadem matre geniti,

id. 6, 14, 4; Liv. 1, 3, 3; Suet. Aug. 17; id. Tib. 7; id. Ner. 5 fin.:

genitum fratre adoptaverat,

Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 2.—Also with de, ab, ex:

De quo Remulusque feroxque Acrota sunt geniti,

Ov. M. 14, 617:

genitus de sanguine,

id. ib. 1, 748; id. H. 16, 117:

de Jove,

Gell. 13, 1, 3 (cf. Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34):

filium ab eo genitum nominare,

Just. 12, 7, 10;

but: a se (= ex se) genitum esse Vitellium,

Tac. H. 3, 64:

puer ex ea genitus,

Curt. 8, 10, 36:

(vacca) e terra genita,

Ov. M. 1, 615:

dis genite et geniture deos,

Verg. A. 9, 642:

dis genitus,

Quint. 1, 10, 9:

adolescentis in omnium virtutum exempla geniti,

Vell. 2, 116, 2:

quae in terris gignantur, ad usum hominum omnia creari,

Cic. Off. 1, 7, 22:

nec enim id esset principium, quod gigneretur aliunde,

id. Rep. 6, 25:

ubi tus gignitur,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 89:

Corycium nemus, ubi crocum gignitur,

Curt. 3, 4 fin. — Poet. with inf.:

omne potens animal leti genitumque nocere,

Luc. 6, 485.— Absol.:

ut in gignendo, in educando perfacile appareat,

Cic. Fin. 2, 33, 109:

hae (mulieres), quae gignunt, imbecillos edunt,

Cels. 2, 1 med.

Trop., to produce, occasion, cause:

multa nobis blandimenta natura ipsa genuit,

Cic. Cael. 17, 41:

haec ipsa virtus amicitiam et gignit et continet,

id. Lael. 6, 20:

ludus genuit trepidum certamen et iram, Ira truces inimicitias et funebre bellum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 48:

qui genuit in hac urbe dicendi copiam,

Cic. Brut. 73, 255:

praeceptiones,

Auct. Her. 4, 3, 5:

probationes,

Quint. 5, 1, 1:

mel gignit insaniam,

Plin. 21, 13, 45, § 177; cf.:

baccharis odor somnum gignit,

id. 21, 19, 77, § 132:

alium sitim gignit,

id. 20, 6, 23, § 57.—In pass., to be born, to spring, arise, proceed:

cum ipse (Cato) sui generis initium ac nominis ab se gigni et propagari vellet,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 70, § 180:

ex hac maxima libertate tyrannis gignitur et illa injustissima et durissima servitus,

id. Rep. 1, 44:

et aegritudines et metus et reliquae perturbationes omnes gignuntur ex ea (intemperantia),

id. Tusc. 4, 9, 22: Plato eas (ideas) gigni negat et ait semper esse, id. Or. 3, 10:

ipsi autem intelligamus natura gigni sensum diligendi et benevolentiae caritatem,

id. Lael. 9, 32:

odia etiam gigni sempiterna (opp. exstingui familiaritates),

id. ib. 10, 35:

in animorum permotione gignenda,

id. de Or. 3, 30, 118:

de gignenda et comparanda sapientia,

Gell. 13, 8, 1.—Hence, gignentĭa, ĭum, n. (fruit-bearing), organic bodies, things that grow, as plants, trees, etc.:

loca nuda gignentium,

Sall. J. 79, 6:

ilex aucta in altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert,

id. ib. 93, 4:

animam animantium omnium non corpoream esse... omniumque gignentium esse seniorem,

App. Dogm. Plat. p. 193; opp. animalia, Lact. de Ira Dei, 1, 13.

* * *

(genuit)

to bring forth, bear, beget, father.

gĕnĭtus, a, um, Part., from gigno.

gĕnĭtus, ūs, m. [gigno], a begetting, bearing, generation (post-class. and very rare):

libri de animalium genitu,

App. Mag. p. 297 sq.

părĭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [par].

In gen., to make equal; hence, pass., with force of mid., to be equal (postclass.):

pariari deo,

Tert. Res. Carn. 6.—

In partic., to settle, pay in full a debt:

nummos alicui,

Dig. 40, 1, 4: QVISQVIS MENSIB. CONTINENTER NON PARIAVERIT, has not paid his share, Inscr. Lanuv. (a. p. Chr. 136) in Momms. Collegg. et Sodalicc. Romann.— In part. perf. mid.: PARIATVS, that has paid his share, Inscr. Lanuv. in Momms. Collegg. et Sodalicc. Romann.—

Neutr., to be equal, Tert. Anim. 30 fin.; 32 fin.

părĭo, pĕpĕri, părĭtum, and partum, 3 ( fut. part. parturam, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 86; fut. paribis for paries, Pompon. ap. Non. 508, 3; inf. parire, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 59 Müll., and in Diom. p. 378 P.; Plaut. Fragm. ap. Philarg. Verg. E. 2, 63), v. a. [cf. Gr. root por- in eporon, gave, peprôtai, is fated; Lat. portio, partus, puerpera, perh. parare], to bring forth, to bear; of animals, to drop, lay, spawn, etc. (syn. gigno).

Lit.:

si quintum pareret mater ejus, asinum fuisse pariturum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 267: ut ea liberos ex sese pareret, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3:

gallinas teneras, quae primum parient, concludat,

Cato, R. R. 89; so,

quae gallina id ovum peperisset,

Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 57; cf.:

ova parire solet, etc., Enn. l. l. (Ann. v. 10 Vahl.): nam audivi feminam ego leonem semel parire, Plaut. l. l.—Of plants,

to flower, Plin. 16, 25, 39, § 94.—

Transf

Of males, to beget ( poet.):

apud tragicos: et jam leo pariet, at pater est,

Quint. 8, 6, 34; Caecil. ap. Non. 464, 22 (in a corrupt passage).—

In gen., to bring forth, produce:

ligna putrefacta per imbres Vermiculos pariunt,

Lucr. 2, 899:

ut sarmentum in pariendis colibus vires habeat majores,

Varr. R. R. 1, 32, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 41, 5:

fruges et reliqua, quae terra pariat,

Cic. N. D. 1, 2; Plin. 16, 37, 68, § 174; 31, 10, 46, § 112:

spiritum,

Vulg. Isa. 26, 18. —

Trop., to produce, create, bring about, accomplish, occasion, devise, invent, procure, acquire, etc. (syn.:

genero, creo, gigno): ars dicendi habet hanc vim, non ut aliquid pariat et procreet, verum ut educet atque confirmet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 87, 356: qui famam multo peperere labore, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 4, 188 (Ann. v. 427 Vahl.):

dolorem, voluptatem,

Cic. Fin. 1, 15, 49:

discidium,

Lucr. 1, 220:

taedium,

Quint. 9, 4, 43:

spinosiora multa pepererunt,

Cic. Or. 32, 114; so,

quibus etiam verba parienda sunt,

id. Fin. 3, 1, 3; and:

hinc fabulae Scyllam et Charybdim peperere,

Just. 4, 1, 13:

ne quicquam nobis pariant ex se incommodi,

Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 17:

alicui aegritudinem,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 35:

fiduciam,

Sall. H. 1, 41, 22 Dietsch:

alicni curas,

Prop. 1, 18, 23:

obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 41:

sibi maximam laudem,

Cic. Off. 2, 13, 47:

meis laboribus dignitas salusque pariatur,

id. Cat. 4, 1, 1; id. Sull. 17, 49:

praedā improbe partā,

id. Fin. 1, 16, 51:

aliquem honeste partis bonis privare,

id. Quint. 23, 74; id. Sull. 28, 77:

sibi salutem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 69:

ante partam rei militaris gloriam amittere,

id. B. G. 6, 39:

gratiam ingentem apud aliquem,

Liv. 34, 44:

sibi decus et victoriam,

id. 30, 14:

amicos officio et fide,

Sall. J. 10, 4:

alicui somnum mero,

Tib. 1, 7, 27 (6, 23):

qui sibi letum Insontes peperere manu,

Verg. A. 6, 434; Tib. 4, 13, 20.—Hence, partus, a, um, P. a., that has borne:

parta nutrici consociata, etc.,

the ewe that has dropped the lamb, Col. 7, 4, 3.—

Gained, acquired. — Hence, as subst.: parta, ōrum, n., acquisitions, possessions:

quod majus dedecus est parta amittere, quam omnino non paravisse,

Sall. J. 31, 17; cf. id. C. 51, 42;

d. H. 1, 41, 17 Dietsch: tantis parta malis curā majore metuque Servantur,

Juv. 14, 303.

părĭo, īre, the ground form of aperio and operio.

părĭo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. and n. [par].

In gen., to make equal; hence, pass., with force of mid., to be equal (postclass.):

pariari deo,

Tert. Res. Carn. 6.—

In partic., to settle, pay in full a debt:

nummos alicui,

Dig. 40, 1, 4: QVISQVIS MENSIB. CONTINENTER NON PARIAVERIT, has not paid his share, Inscr. Lanuv. (a. p. Chr. 136) in Momms. Collegg. et Sodalicc. Romann.— In part. perf. mid.: PARIATVS, that has paid his share, Inscr. Lanuv. in Momms. Collegg. et Sodalicc. Romann.—

Neutr., to be equal, Tert. Anim. 30 fin.; 32 fin.

părĭo, pĕpĕri, părĭtum, and partum, 3 ( fut. part. parturam, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 86; fut. paribis for paries, Pompon. ap. Non. 508, 3; inf. parire, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 59 Müll., and in Diom. p. 378 P.; Plaut. Fragm. ap. Philarg. Verg. E. 2, 63), v. a. [cf. Gr. root por- in eporon, gave, peprôtai, is fated; Lat. portio, partus, puerpera, perh. parare], to bring forth, to bear; of animals, to drop, lay, spawn, etc. (syn. gigno).

Lit.:

si quintum pareret mater ejus, asinum fuisse pariturum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 267: ut ea liberos ex sese pareret, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 3:

gallinas teneras, quae primum parient, concludat,

Cato, R. R. 89; so,

quae gallina id ovum peperisset,

Cic. Ac. 2, 18, 57; cf.:

ova parire solet, etc., Enn. l. l. (Ann. v. 10 Vahl.): nam audivi feminam ego leonem semel parire, Plaut. l. l.—Of plants,

to flower, Plin. 16, 25, 39, § 94.—

Transf

Of males, to beget ( poet.):

apud tragicos: et jam leo pariet, at pater est,

Quint. 8, 6, 34; Caecil. ap. Non. 464, 22 (in a corrupt passage).—

In gen., to bring forth, produce:

ligna putrefacta per imbres Vermiculos pariunt,

Lucr. 2, 899:

ut sarmentum in pariendis colibus vires habeat majores,

Varr. R. R. 1, 32, 2; cf. id. ib. 1, 41, 5:

fruges et reliqua, quae terra pariat,

Cic. N. D. 1, 2; Plin. 16, 37, 68, § 174; 31, 10, 46, § 112:

spiritum,

Vulg. Isa. 26, 18. —

Trop., to produce, create, bring about, accomplish, occasion, devise, invent, procure, acquire, etc. (syn.:

genero, creo, gigno): ars dicendi habet hanc vim, non ut aliquid pariat et procreet, verum ut educet atque confirmet,

Cic. de Or. 2, 87, 356: qui famam multo peperere labore, Enn. ap. Philarg. ad Verg. G. 4, 188 (Ann. v. 427 Vahl.):

dolorem, voluptatem,

Cic. Fin. 1, 15, 49:

discidium,

Lucr. 1, 220:

taedium,

Quint. 9, 4, 43:

spinosiora multa pepererunt,

Cic. Or. 32, 114; so,

quibus etiam verba parienda sunt,

id. Fin. 3, 1, 3; and:

hinc fabulae Scyllam et Charybdim peperere,

Just. 4, 1, 13:

ne quicquam nobis pariant ex se incommodi,

Plaut. Most. 2, 1, 17:

alicui aegritudinem,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 35:

fiduciam,

Sall. H. 1, 41, 22 Dietsch:

alicni curas,

Prop. 1, 18, 23:

obsequium amicos, veritas odium parit,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 41:

sibi maximam laudem,

Cic. Off. 2, 13, 47:

meis laboribus dignitas salusque pariatur,

id. Cat. 4, 1, 1; id. Sull. 17, 49:

praedā improbe partā,

id. Fin. 1, 16, 51:

aliquem honeste partis bonis privare,

id. Quint. 23, 74; id. Sull. 28, 77:

sibi salutem,

Caes. B. C. 3, 69:

ante partam rei militaris gloriam amittere,

id. B. G. 6, 39:

gratiam ingentem apud aliquem,

Liv. 34, 44:

sibi decus et victoriam,

id. 30, 14:

amicos officio et fide,

Sall. J. 10, 4:

alicui somnum mero,

Tib. 1, 7, 27 (6, 23):

qui sibi letum Insontes peperere manu,

Verg. A. 6, 434; Tib. 4, 13, 20.—Hence, partus, a, um, P. a., that has borne:

parta nutrici consociata, etc.,

the ewe that has dropped the lamb, Col. 7, 4, 3.—

Gained, acquired. — Hence, as subst.: parta, ōrum, n., acquisitions, possessions:

quod majus dedecus est parta amittere, quam omnino non paravisse,

Sall. J. 31, 17; cf. id. C. 51, 42;

d. H. 1, 41, 17 Dietsch: tantis parta malis curā majore metuque Servantur,

Juv. 14, 303.

părĭo, īre, the ground form of aperio and operio.

* * *

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

A, a, indecl. n. (sometimes joined with littera), the first letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding to the a, a of the other Indo-. European languages:

A primum est: hinc incipiam, et quae nomina ab hoc sunt, Lucil. ap. Terent. Scaur. p. 2255 P.: sus rostro si humi A litteram impresserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 13, 23:

ne in A quidem atque S litteras exire temere masculina Graeca nomina recto casu patiebantur,

Quint. 1, 5, 61.

The sound of the A is short or long in every part of the word; as, ăb, păter, ită; ā, māter, frustrā. During a short period (between about 620 and 670 A. U. C. = from 134 to 84 B.C.) long a was written aa, probably first by the poet L. Attius, in the manner of the Oscan language; so we find in Latin inscriptions: AA. CETEREIS (i.e.a ceteris), CALAASI, FAATO, HAACE, MAARCIVM, PAAPVS, PAASTORES, VAARVS; and in Greek writing, MAAPKOPs PsIOS MAAPKEAAOS, KOINTON MAAPKION (like Osc. aasas = Lat. āra, Osc. Paapi = Lat. Pāpius, Osc. Paakul = Lat. Pāculus, Pācullus, Pācuvius, etc.), v. Ritschl, Monum. Epigr. p. 28 sq., and cf. Mommsen, Unterital. Dialekte, p. 210 sq. (The Umbrian language has gone a step farther, and written long a by aha, as Aharna, Naharcom, trahaf, etc.; cf. Aufrecht and Kirchhoff, Umbrische Sprachdenkm. p. 76 sq.) Vid. also the letters E and U.

In etymological and grammatical formation of words, short a very often (sometimes also long a) is changed into other vowels.

Short a is changed,

, into long a —

In consequence of the suppression of the following consonants at the end or in the middle of the word: ŭb, ā; vădis, vūs; ăg-, ăg-men, exāmen; tăg-, contūmino; căd-, cāsus. Hence also in the abl. sing. of the first decl., and in the particles derived from it. in consequence of the suppression of the original ablat. end. - d: PRAEDAD (Col. Rostr.), praedā; SENTENTIAD (S. C. de Bacch.), sententiā; EXTBAD (ib.), extrā; SVPRAD (ib.), suprā. —Hence,

In perfect forms: scăb-o, scābi; căveo, cūvi; făv-eo, fāvi; păv-eo, pāvi (for scăbui, căvui, făvui, păvui).

In other forms: ăgo, ambūges; păc-, păc-iscor, pâcis (pâx); săg-ax, sūgus, sāga; măc-er, mâcero; făg- (phagein), fūgus. (Contrary to analogy, ă remains short in dănunt, from dă-in-unt, V. Ritschl, l.l.p. 17.)

Short a is changed into é or ē—

Into é.

Most frequently in the second part of compounds, particularly before two consonants: facio, confectus; jacio, conjectus; rapio, dereptus; dăm-, damno, condemno; fāl-, fallo, fefelli; măn-, mando, commendo; scando, ascendo; ăp-, aptus, ineptus; ăr-, ars, iners, sollers; ăn-, annus, perennis; căpio, auceps; căput, triceps; ăgo, remex; jăcio, objex. And thus in Plautus, according to the best MSS., dispenno, dispessus from pando, compectus from compăciscor, anteceptus from capio (on the other hand, in Vergil, according to the best MS., aspurgo, attractare, deiractare, kept their a unchanged).

Sometimes ă is changed into ĕ also before one consonant (but in this case it is usually changed into ĭ; v. infra, 3. a. a.): grădior, ingrĕdior; pătior, perpĕtior; părio, repĕrio; păro, vitupĕro; ăp-, coepi (i. e. co-ŭpi); căno, tubicĕn, tibicĕn; in the reduplicated carcĕr (from carcar) farfŏrus (written also farfārus); and so, according to the better MSS., aequipĕro from păro, and defĕtigo from fătigo.

In words taken from the Greek: talanton, talŏntum; phalara, phalŏrae; sisaron, sisŏr (but, according to the best MSS., cumŭra from kamara, not camŏra).

Short a is changed to ē in some perfect forms: ăgo, ēgi; fūcio, féci; jăci, jĕci; frag-, frango, frēgi; căpio, cēpi, and păg-, pango, pēgi (together with pepĭgi and panxi, v. pango).

Short a is changed to ĭ, a (most frequently in the second part of compounds)

before one consonant: ăgo, abĭgo; făcio, confĭcio; cădo, concĭdo; sălio, assĭlio; răpio, abrĭpio; păter, Juppĭter (in Umbrian lang. unchanged, Jupater), Marspĭter; Diespĭter, Opĭter; rătus, irrĭtus; ămicus, inìmicus (but ŭ remains unchanged in adŭmo, impătiens, and in some compounds of a later period of Roman literature, as praejacio, calefacio, etc.). —

Sometimes also before two consonants (where it is usually changed into ĕ; v. supra, 2. a. b.): tăg-, tango, contingo; păg-, pango, compingo (unchanged in some compounds, as peragro, desacro, depango, obcanto, etc.).

ă is changed into ĭ in the reduplicated perfect forms: cădo, cecĭdi; căno, cecĭni; tăg-, tango, tetĭgi; păg-, pango, pepĭgi.

Likewise in some roots which have ă: păg-, pignus; străg- (strangulo, strangô), stringo.

In words taken from the Greek: mêchanê, machĭna; patanê, patĭna; bukanê, bucĭna; trutanê, trutĭna; balaneion, balĭneum; Katana, Catĭna (written also Catana); Akragas, Agrĭgentum.

Short a is changed into short or long o.

Into ŏ: scăbo, scobs; păr, pars, portio; dăm-, dŏmo; Fabii, Fŏvii (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 87); marmaron, marmŏr; Mars, redupl. Marmar, Marmor (Carm. Fratr. Arv.).

Into ō: dă-, dōnum, dōs; ăc-, ăcuo, ōcior (v. this art.).

Short a is changed into ŭ —

In the second part of compounds, particularly before l, p, and b: calco, inculco; salsus, insulsus; salto, exsulto; capio, occŭpo; răpio, surrupio and surruptus (also written surripio and surreptus); tăberna, contŭbernium; —before other consonants: quătio, conoŭtio; as, decussis; Mars, Mamŭrius, Mamŭralia; and once also condumnari (Tab. Bant. lin. 8, immediately followed by condemnatus, v. Klenze, Philol. Abhandl. tab. I., and Mommsen, Unterital. Dial. p. 149).

In words of Greek origin: Hekabê, Hecŭba; skutalê, scutŭla; kraipalê, crapŭla; passalos, pessŭlus; aphlaston, aplustre; thriambos, triumphus.

ă is perhaps changed into ŭ in ulciscor, compared with alc-, ulexô (arc-, arceo).

Long a is sometimes changed into ē or ō.

Into é: hālo, anhélo; fās-, féstus, profēstus; nām, némpe.

Into ō: gnā-, gnārus, ignārus, ignōro. (But in general long a remains unchanged in composition: lābor, delūbor; gnàvus, ignūnus; fàma, infūmis.)

Contrary to the mode of changing Greek a into Latin e, i, o, u (v. supra), Latin a has sometimes taken the place of other Greek vowels in words borrowed from the Greek, as: lonchê, lancea; kulix, călix; Ganumêoês, Caiāmitus.

The repugnance of the Latin Language to the Greek combined vowels ao has caused the translocation of them in Alumento for Daomeoôn (Paul. ex Fest. p. 18 Müll.).— Greek a is suppressed in Hercules from Hêraklês (probably in consequence of the inserted u; in late Latin we find Heracla and Heracula, cf. Ritschl, in Rhein. Mus. Neue Folge, vol. 12, p. 108).

Latin ă was early combined with the vowels i and u, forming the diphthongs ai and au; by changing the i into e, the diphthong ai soon became ae. So we find in the oldest inscriptions: AIDE, AIDLLIS, AIQVOM, GNAIVOD, HAICE, DVELONAI, TABELAI, DATAI, etc., which soon gave place to aedem, aedilis, aequom, Gnaeo, haec, Bellonae, tabellae, datae, etc. (the Col. Rostr. has PRAESENTE, PRAEDAD, and the S. C. de Bacch. AEDEM. The triphthong aei, found in CONQVAEISIVEI (?), is very rare; Miliar. Popil. lin. 11, v. Ritschl, l. l. p. 21). In some poets the old gen. sing. of the first decl. (- ai) is preserved, but is dissyllabic, āī. So in Ennius: Albūī Longūī, terrūī frugiferāī, frondosāī, lunāī, viāī; in Vergil: aulāī, aurāī, aquāī, pictāī; in Ausonius: herāī.

ue as well as au are changed into other vowels.

The sound of ae, e, and oe being very similar, these vowels are often interchanged in the best MSS., So we find caerimonia and cerimonia, caepa and cēpa, saeoulum and séculum; scaena and scēna; caelum and coelum, haedus and hoedus, macstus and moestus; cena, coena, and caena, etc.

In composition and reduplications ae becomes í: aequus, iníquus; quaero, inquíro; laedo, illído; taedet, pertisum (noticed by Cic.); aestumo, exístumo; cuedo, cecídi, concído, homicida.

ae is also changed into í in a Latinized word of Greek origin: Achaios (AchaiWos), Achíous.

The diphthong au is often changed to ó and ú (the latter particularly in compounds): caudex, códex; Claudius, Clodius; lautus, lotus; plaustrum, plōstrum; plaudo, plōdo, explōdo; paululum, pōlulum; faux, suffōco; si audes (acc. to Cic. or acc. to others, si audies), sódes, etc.; claudo, inclūdo; causa, accūso. Hence in some words a regular gradation of au, o, u is found: claudo, clōdicare, clúdo; raudus, ródus, rúdus; caupo, cópa, cūpa; naugae, nōgae (both forms in the MSS. of Plautus), nūgae; fraustra, frode, frude (in MSS. of Vergil); cf. Ritschl, in Wintercatalog 1854-55, and O. Ribbeck, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. vol. 77, p. 181 sq.—The change of au into oē and ō appears only in audio, (oboedio) obēdio.

Au sometimes takes the place of av-: faveo, fautum, favitor, fautor; navis, navita, nauta; avis, auceps, auspex. So Latin aut corresponds to Sanscr. avo. (whence - vā, Lat. - ve), Osc. avti, Umbr. ute, ote; and so the Lat. preposition ab, through av, becomes au in the words aufero and aufugio (prop. av-fero, av-fugio, for ab-fero, ab-fugio). Vid. the art. ab init.

In primitive roots, which have their kindred forms in the sister-languages of the Latin, the original a, still found in the Sanscrit, is in Latin either preserved or more frequently changed into other vowels.

Original a preserved: Sanscr. mātri, Lat. màter; S. bhrātri, L. fràter; S. nāsā, L. nàsus and nàris; S. ap, L. aqua; S. apa, L. ab; S. nāma, L. năm; S. ćatur, [p. 2] L. quattuor (in Greek changed: thettares); S. capūla, L. căput (in Greek changed: kephalê, etc.).

Original a is changed into other Latin vowels—

Into e: S. ad, L. ed (ĕdo); S. as, L. es (esse); S. pat, L. pet (peto); S. pād, L. pĕd (pès); S. dant, L. dent (dens); S. ǵan, L. gen (gigno); S. mā, L. mè-tior; S. saptan, L. septem; S. daśan, L. decem; S. śata, L. centum; S. aham, L. ŏgo; S. pāra, L. per; S. paśu, L. pŏcus; S. asva, L. ŏquus, etc.

Into i: S. an-, a- (neg. part.), L. in-: S. ana (prep.), L. in; S. antar, L. inter; S. sama, L. similis; S. agni, L. ignis; S. abhra, L. imber; S. panéa, L. quinque, etc.

Into o: S. avi, L. ŏvi (ovis); S. vać, L. vōc (voco); S. pra, L. pro; S. pā, L. po (pŏtum); S. nāma, L. nōmen; S. api, L. ŏb; S. navan, L. nŏvem; S. nava, L. nŏvus, etc.

Into u: S. marmara, L. murmur.

Into ai, ae: S. prati, L. (prai) prae; S. śaśpa, L. caespes.

Into different vowels in the different derivatives: S. mā, L. mê-tior, mŏdus; S. praó, L. prŏcor, prŏcus; S. vah, L. vĕho, via.

Sometimes the Latin has preserved the original a, while even the Sanscrit has changed it: Lat. pa-, pater, Sanscr. pd, pitri.

As an abbreviation A. usually denotes the praenomen Aulus; A. A. = Auli duo, Inscr. Orell. 1530 (but A. A. = Aquae Aponi, the modern Abano, ib. 1643 sq.; 2620; 3011). The three directors of the mint were designated by III. VIRI A. A. A. F. F. (i. e. auro, argento, aeri flando, feriundo), ib. 569; 2242; 2379; 3134 al.;

so also A. A. A.,

ib. 3441 (cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 13 fin., and v. the art. Triumviri); A. D. A. agris dandis adsignandis, and A. I. A. agris judicandis adsignandis; A. O. amico optimo; A. P. a populo or aediliciae potestatis; A. P. R. aerario populi Romani. —Upon the voting tablets in judicial trials A. denoted absoluo; hence A. is called littera salutaris, Cic. Mil. 6, 15; v. littera. In the Roman Comitia A. (= antiquo) denoted the rejection of the point in question; v. antiquo. In Cicero's Tusculan Disputations the A. designated one of the disputants = adulescens or auditor, opp. to M. for magister or Marcus (Cicero); but it is to be remarked that the letters A and M do not occur in the best MSS. of this treatise; cf. edd. ad Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9.—In dates A. D. = ante diem; v. ante; A. U. C. = anno urbis conditae; A. P. R. C. anno post Romam conditam.

a, prep.=ab, v. ab.

ā, interj.=ah, v. ah.

ălĭēnĭgĕna, ae, m. (also, ălĭēnĭgĕ-nus, a, um, adj.; cf. Prisc. p. 677 P., and advena) [alienus-gigno], born in a foreign land; hence,

In gen., foreign, alien; and subst., a stranger, a foreigner, an alien.

Of persons (very freq. in Cic., esp. in his orations):

homo longinquus et alienigena,

Cic. Deiot. 3:

alienigenae hostes,

id. Cat. 4, 10; cf. Liv. 26, 13:

testes,

Cic. Font. 10:

dii,

id. Leg. 2, 10:

mulieres,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 11, 1.— Subst.:

quid alienigenae de vobis loqui soleant,

Cic. Fl. 27:

si ipse alienigena summi imperii potiretur,

Nep. Eum. 7, 1; Curt. 5, 11; 6, 3; Vulg. Lev. 22, 10; ib. Luc. 17, 18.—

Of things:

vino alienigenā utere,

Gell. 2, 24; and with the adj. form: ălĭēnĭgĕnus, a, um:

pisces alienigeni,

Col. 8, 16, 9:

fetus,

id. 8, 5, 10:

semina,

id. 3, 4, 1:

ALIENIGENVM CORPVS,

Inscr. Orell. 5048:

ne alienigenae justitiae obliti videamur,

Val. Max. 6, 5, 1 ext.:

exempla,

id. 1, 5, 1 ext.:

studia,

id. 2, 1 fin.:

sanguis,

id. 6, 2, 1 ext.:

conversationis,

Vulg. 2 Macc. 4, 13.—

In Lucr., produced from different materials, heterogeneous:

scire licet nobis venas et sanguen et ossa [et nervos alienigenis ex partibus esse],

Lucr. 1, 860; 1, 865; 1, 869; 1, 874; 5, 880.

amnĭgĕna, ae [amnis-gigno].

Born in a river:

pisces,

Aus. Mos. 116.—

Born of a river-god:

Choaspes,

Val. Fl. 5, 602.