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in+the+event+of+war

  • 1 война войн·а

    ввергнуть страну в войну — to plunge / to precipitate a country into war

    вести войну — to wage / to fight / to make war (against)

    вовлечь страну в войну — to involve a country / a nation in war

    возвести войну в ранг официальной политики, узаконить войну — to institutionalize war

    вступить в войну — to enter / to come into a war

    втянуть страну в войну — to drag a country into war, to entangle a country in war

    залечить (тяжёлые) раны, нанесённые войной — to heal the (deep) wounds of war

    исключить войну из жизни общества / человечества — to ban / to exclude war from the life of human society / of mankind

    наживаться на войне — to make profits from war, to make money out of war

    начать войну — to launch / to start a war, to open hostilities

    объявить войну какой-л. стране — to declare war on / upon a country

    потерпеть поражение в войне, проиграть войну — to lose the war

    предотвратить войну — to avert / to prevent / to preclude / to head off / to stave off war

    прекратить войну — to cease / to end / to stop a war; to bring the war to an end

    развязать войну — to unleash / to trigger off a war

    разжигать войну — to fan / to foment / to stir up / to incite war

    угрожать войной — to menace / to threaten war; to carry the threat of war

    вспыхнула / разразилась война — a war broke out

    агрессивная война — aggressive / invasive war, war of aggression

    бактериологическая война — bacteriological / germ warfare

    Великая Отечественная война — (1941-1945 гг., СССР) ист. the Great Patriotic War

    воздушная война, война в воздухе — air war

    всеобщая война — general / universal / all-out war

    грабительская война — predatory / plunderous war

    длительная война — long / protracted war

    дорогостоящая война — costly / expensive war

    жестокая война — brutal / cruel / fierce / ferocious / ruthless war

    затяжная война — prolonged / protracted sustained war

    захватническая война — aggressive / annexation / annexionist / invasive war; war of conquest

    "звёздные войны" ист. — "star wars"

    истребительная война — war of extermination / annihilation

    кровопролитная война — bloody / murderous war

    маневренная война — war of movement, manoeuvre warfare

    междоусобная война — internal / internecine war

    первая мировая война — World War I, the First World War

    вторая мировая война — World War II, the Second World War

    морская война, война на море — maritime / sea war; war at sea; naval warfare

    наступательная война — offensive war, war of offensive

    национально-освободительная война — national-liberation war, war of national liberation

    неизбежная война — inevitable / imminent war

    необъявленная война — undeclared war / warfare

    неограниченная война — uncontained / uncontrolled / unrestricted war

    неядерная / обычная война — conventional war / warfare, nonnuclear war

    оборонительная война — defensive war, war of defence

    ограниченная война — limited / restricted war

    опустошительная война — desolating / devastating war

    освободительная война — war of liberation, liberation war

    партизанская война — guerrilla war / warfare

    подводная война — submarine / U-boat warfare

    позиционная война — trench war / warfare, positional war, war of position

    радио / радиотехническая война — radio warfare

    разрушительная война — destructive war, holocaust

    стратегическая война — strategic war / warfare

    тайная война — secret / covert war

    таможенная / тарифная война — tariff war

    тотальная война — total / all-out war

    химическая война — chemical / gas warfare

    экологическая война — ecological / environmental warfare

    ядерная война, война с применением ядерного оружия — nuclear war / warfare

    уменьшать опасность возникновения ядерной войны — to decrease / to reduce the danger / the risk of the outbreak of nuclear war

    Война за независимость — (1775-1783, США) ист. War of Independence / Revolutionary War

    "война цен" — price war / warfare

    варварские методы / средства ведения войны — barbarious warfare

    на грани войны — on the brink / verge of war

    обычаи войны — war usages; customs of war

    оппозиция войне, отрицательное отношение к войне — opposition / resistence to war

    очаг войны — hotbed / seat of war

    ликвидировать очаги войны — to eliminate / to extinguish the hotbeds / seats of war

    правила ведения войны — rules / law of warfare

    состояние войны — state of war; belligerence, belligerency

    государства / державы, находящиеся в состоянии войны — belligerent states / powers

    объявить состояние войны — to declare / to proclaim a state of war

    средства ведения войны — agents of warfare, weapons / means of war / warfare

    угроза войны — menace / threat of war

    урон / ущерб, нанесённый войной — war damage

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > война войн·а

  • 2 случай

    case
    (повод) occasion
    (възможност) opportunity, chance
    (пример) instance
    удобен/благоприятен случай opporturity
    непредвиден случай emergency, contingency
    нещастен случай accident; casually
    тежък случай a serious/grave case
    в случай на in case of
    в случай на нужда in case of need/necessity; should the need arise
    в случай на смърт in the event of s.o.'s death
    в случай на война in the event of war, if there is a war
    в случай че in case of (c ger.),in the event of (c ger.)
    в случай че дойде in case he comes/he should come
    в случай че той откаже in the event of his refusal; if he refuses/should refuse
    в случая с in the case of
    в повечето случаи in the majority of/in most cases, most of the time
    във всеки случай in any case, at any rate, in any event, at all events
    в никой случай on no account, by no means, under no circumstances
    в такъв случай in that case, such being the case, then
    такъв е случаят that/such is the case
    в единия или другия случай either way, in either event, one way or another
    в противен случай otherwise, or else; if not; failing this
    в краен случай in the last resort, at (the) worst, if the worst comes to the worst
    по случай on the occasion of
    по тоя случай to mark the occasion
    при случай on occasion(s). occasionally; when opportunity offers
    should an opportunity arise
    при пръв удобен случай at o.'s earliest convenience
    при един/друг случай on one/another occasion
    за случая for the occasion
    за всеки случай just in case; to be on the safe side
    приготвям се за всеки/всякакъв случай prepare fcr all contingencies
    според случая according to circumstances, as the case may be, as occasion may require, as the occasion requires
    удава ми се случай have/get the opportunity (да of с ger., to с inf.)
    пропускам удобния случай miss the opportunity, lose the chance
    изказвам съболезнованията си по случайсмъртта на express o.'s condolences over the death of
    случаят, с който трябва да се занимаваме the case before us
    зависи от случая it depends on the circumstances/on the particular case
    * * *
    слу̀чай,
    м., -и, (два) слу̀чая case; ( повод) occasion; ( възможност) opportunity, chance; ( пример) instance; в дадения \случайй in this instance; в единия или в другия \случайй either way, in either event, one way or another; в краен \случайй in the last resort, at (the) worst, if the worst comes to the worst; в най-добрия \случайй at (the) best; в най-лошия \случайй at (the) worst; в никой \случайй on no account, by no means, under no circumstances; в повечето \случайи in the majority of/in most cases, most of the time; в противен \случайй otherwise, or else; if not; failing this; в \случайй на in case of; в \случайй на нужда in case of need/necessity; should the need arise; в \случайй че in case of (c ger.), in the event of (c ger.); в такъв \случайй in that case, such being the case, then, if that is the case; в тържествени \случайи on state occasions; във всеки \случайй in any case, at any rate, in any event; at all events; действам според \случайя act as chance directs; за всеки \случайй just in case; to be on the safe side; за \случайя for the occasion, ad hoc; зависи от \случайя it depends on the circumstances/on the particular case; непредвиден \случайй emergency, contingency; нещастен \случайй accident; casualty; оставям се на \случайя trust to chance; по \случайй on the occasion of; по тоя \случайй to mark the occasion; при всички \случайи any way, in any case; при един/друг \случайй on one/another occasion; при непредвиден \случайй in an emergency; при първия удобен \случайй at o.’s earliest convenience; при \случайй on occasion(s), occasionally; when opportunity offers; should an opportunity arise; пропускам удобния \случайй miss the opportunity, lose the chance; проучване за \случайя ad hoc survey; \случайи ( разпространеност) incidence (на of); \случайят ни събра chance brought us together; смъртен \случайй death, ( поради злополука) fatality; смъртни \случайи deaths; според \случайя according to circumstances, as the case may be, as occasion may require, as the occasion requires; такъв е \случайят that/such is the case; тежък \случайй a serious/grave case; удава ми се \случайй have/get the opportunity (да of c ger., to c inf.); удобен/благоприятен \случайй opportunity.
    * * *
    case: in случай I do not come - в случай, че не дойда, in most случайs - в повечето случаи, just in случай - за всеки случай, in no случай - в никакъв случай, discuss a случай - разглеждам случай; occasion (повод); opportunity (изгоден); accident (нещастен); chance ; contingency: in the случай of fire - в случай на пожар; hazard ; incident
    * * *
    1. (възможност) opportunity, chance 2. (повод) occasion 3. (пример) instance 4. case 5. shоuld an opportunity arise 6. в СЛУЧАЙ на in case of 7. в СЛУЧАЙ на война in the event of war, if there is a war 8. в СЛУЧАЙ на нужда in case of need/necessity;should the need arise 9. в СЛУЧАЙ на смърт in the event of s.o.'s death 10. в СЛУЧАЙ че in case of (c ger.),in the event of (c ger.) 11. в СЛУЧАЙ че дойде in case he comes/he should come 12. в СЛУЧАЙ че той откаже in the event of his refusal;if he refuses/should refuse 13. в дадения СЛУЧАЙ in this instance 14. в единия или другия СЛУЧАЙ either way, in either event, one way or another 15. в краен СЛУЧАЙ in the last resort, at (the) worst, if the worst comes to the worst 16. в най-дoбрия СЛУЧАЙ at (the) test 17. в най-лошия СЛУЧАЙ at (the) worst 18. в никой СЛУЧАЙ on no account, by no means, under no circumstances 19. в повечето случаи in the majority of/in most cases, most of the time 20. в противен СЛУЧАЙ otherwise, or else;if not;failing this 21. в случая с in the case of 22. в такъв СЛУЧАЙ in that case, such being the case, then 23. в тържествени случаи on state occasions 24. във всеки СЛУЧАЙ in any case, at any rate, in any event, at all events 25. действувам според случая act as chance directs 26. за всеки СЛУЧАЙ just in case;to be on the safe side 27. за случая fоr the occasion 28. зависи от случая it depends on the circumstances/on the particular case 29. изказвам съболезнованията си по СЛУЧАЙсмъртта на express o.'s condolences over the death of 30. когато се представи СЛУЧАЙ when opportunity offers 31. непредвиден СЛУЧАЙ emergency, contingency 32. нещастен СЛУЧАЙ accident;casually 33. оставям се на случая trust to chance 34. пo СЛУЧАЙ on the occasion of 35. пo тоя СЛУЧАЙ to mark the occasion 36. при СЛУЧАЙ on occasion(s). occasionally;when opportunity offers 37. при един/друг СЛУЧАЙ on one/ another оccasicn 38. при непредвиден СЛУЧАЙ in an emergency 39. при пръв удобен СЛУЧАЙ at o.'s earliest convenience 40. приготвям се за всеки/всякакъв СЛУЧАЙ prepare fcr all contingencies 41. пропускам удобния СЛУЧАЙ miss the opportunity, lose the chance 42. случаи (разпространеност) incidence (на of) 43. случаят, с който трябва да се занимаваме the case before us 44. смъртен СЛУЧАЙ death, (поради злополука) fatality 45. смъртни случаи deaths 46. според случая according to circumstances, as the case may be, as occasion may require, as the occasion requires 47. такъв е случаят that/such is the case 48. тежък СЛУЧАЙ a serious/grave case 49. удава ми се СЛУЧАЙ have/get the opportunity (да of c ger., to c inf.) 50. удобен/благоприятен СЛУЧАЙ opporturity

    Български-английски речник > случай

  • 3 Kriegsfall

    m: im Kriegsfall in the event of (a) war
    * * *
    Kriegs|fall
    m
    (eventuality of a) war

    dann träte der Kríégsfall ein — then war would break out

    * * *
    Kriegs·fall
    m event of war
    * * *

    im Kriegsfall[e] — in the event of war

    * * *
    im Kriegsfall in the event of (a) war
    * * *

    im Kriegsfall[e] — in the event of war

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kriegsfall

  • 4 в случае

    I
    • В СЛУЧАЕ быть; В СЛУЧАЕ попасть (у кого) both obs
    [PrepP; these forms only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human)]
    =====
    ⇒ (to be, end up) under the patronage of an influential person:
    - X попал в случай≈ X was (found himself, ended up) in Y's good graces;
    - [in limited contexts] X became (was) a court favorite (a favorite of the tsar's etc).
         ♦ "Подойди, подойди, любезный! Я и отцу-то твоему правду одна говорила, когда он в случае был, а тебе-то и бог велит" (Толстой 4). "Come on, come closer, my dear! I used to be the only one to tell that father of yours the truth in the days when he was a court favorite, and now it's my sacred duty to do the same for you" (4a).
    II
    [PrepP; Invar; Prep (used with abstr, often deverbal, nouns); the resulting PrepP is adv]
    =====
    ⇒ if sth. should happen, come about etc:
    - in case...;
    - in the event of (that...);
    - [in limited contexts] if there is (are) any...;
         ♦ "...В случае нападения запирайте ворота да выводите солдат" (Пушкин 2). "...In case of an attack lock the gates and assemble the men" (2a).
         ♦ "Я думал, что в случае войны мы забудем все раздоры..." (Эренбург 4). "I thought that in the event of war we'd forget all our dissensions" (4a).
         ♦ "В случае невозможности Вашего личного присутствия, просим дать доверенность члену семьи..." (Войнович 3). "In the event that your personal attendance is impossible, we ask you to give power of attorney to a member of your family..." (3a).
         ♦ "Ведь в случае новых потрясений казаки Первого и Четвёртого полков перестреляют своих офицеров..." (Шолохов 3). "If there's any fresh upheavals, the Cossacks of the 1st and 4th regiments will shoot their officers to a man" (За).
         ♦ Он пишет обширнейшие циркуляры, в которых призывает, поощряет, убеждает, надеется, а в случае нужды даже требует и угрожает (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). He writes circulars of enormous length in which he makes appeals, holds out an encouraging hand, uses persuasion, expresses hope and, if need be, threatens (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в случае

  • 5 С-364

    В СЛУЧАЕ2 чего PrepP Invar Prep (used with abstr, often deverbal, nouns) the resulting PrepP is adv
    if sth. should happen, come about etc
    in case of
    in case... in the event of (that...) (in limited contexts) if there is (are) any... if it becomes a question of
    II в случае необходимости (нужды etc) — if need be. "...B случае нападения запирайте ворота да выводите солдат» (Пушкин 2). "...In case of an attack lock the gates and assemble the men" (2a).
    «Я думал, что в случае войны мы забудем все раздоры...» (Эренбург 4). "I thought that in the event of war we'd forget all our dissensions" (4a).
    В случае невозможности Вашего личного присутствия, просим дать доверенность члену семьи...» (Войнович 3). "In the event that your personal attendance is impossible, we ask you to give power of attorney to a member of your family..." (3a).
    «Ведь в случае новых потрясений казаки Первого и Четвёртого полков перестреляют своих офицеров...» (Шолохов 3). "If there's any fresh upheavals, the Cossacks of the 1st and 4th regiments will shoot their officers to a man" (3a).
    Он пишет обширнейшие циркуляры, в которых призывает, поощряет, убеждает, надеется, а в случае нужды даже требует и угрожает (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). Не writes circulars of enormous length in which he makes appeals, holds out an encouraging hand, uses persuasion, expresses hope and, if need be, threatens (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-364

  • 6 случай случа·й

    1) (происшествие) occurrence, event, incident
    2) (явление, факт, обстоятельство) case

    единичный случай — single / solitary instance

    непредвиденный / экстренный случай — emergency

    в экстренных случаях — in an emergency, in case of emergency

    частный случай — particular / special case

    в случае необходимости — in case of need / necessity

    постановления / правила, принятые на данный случай — ad hoc(c)ery, ad hockery

    3) (возможность) opportunity, chance, occasion

    воспользоваться случаем — to take / to embrace an opportunity

    удобный случай — favourable / good opportunity

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > случай случа·й

  • 7 Clinton, De Witt

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. 2 March 1769 Little Britain, Orange County, New York, USA
    d. 11 February 1828 Albany, New York, USA
    [br]
    American statesman and entrepreneur.
    [br]
    After gaining his degree at Columbia College, Clinton studied law and then entered politics. After a defeat in 1795 he studied natural science, until in 1798 he was elected to the State Senate. In 1802 he was elected to the US Senate, but he resigned in 1803 to become Mayor of New York City; he occupied this post, apart from two short breaks, until 1815, when he was removed from office. He was very concerned for the welfare of ordinary people and introduced many improvements. From 1815 Clinton devoted himself to what was to become the Erie Canal. He had already been appointed one of the canal commissioners in 1810 and had himself surveyed a possible route to Lake Erie that would be a safer passage from New York to the Great Lakes in the event of war with Great Britain. The war of 1812, in fact, interfered with the project, but in 1816 Clinton realized that the time was propitious. He arranged meetings, and on 17 April 1816 the legislature adopted his idea and a new survey for a link between the Hudson and Lake Erie was undertaken. In March 1817 he became Governor of New York State and vigorously pursued the canal scheme both in writing and by personal supervision of the works. Party politics removed him from his post as Canal Commissioner on 12 April 1824, but in November he was re-elected as Governor. He held this position when the Erie Canal (362 miles or 583 km long) and the Champlain Canal (71 miles or 114 km) were opened in 1825. In his character he was overbearing, but he was administratively competent.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Renwick, 1840, Life of De Witt Clinton, New York.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Clinton, De Witt

  • 8 geval

    1 [voorval] case ⇒ affair
    2 [omstandigheden waarin iemand verkeert] circumstances ⇒ position
    3 [omstandigheid] case ⇒ circumstances
    4 [vreemd voorwerp] affair ⇒ thing, 〈 techniek, technologie ook〉 contraption, 〈 techniek, technologie ook〉 device
    5 [toeval] chance ⇒ luck
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   een lastig geval • an awkward case
         neem het geval Jansen • take the Jansen affair
         van geval tot geval • case by case
    2   dat is met hem ook het geval, hij zit met hetzelfde geval • he's in the same position, it's the same with him
         in uw geval zou ik het nooit doen • in your position I'd never do that
    3   een geval van cholera • a case of cholera
         ernstige/lichte gevallen • 〈 zieken, misdadigers〉 serious/minor cases
         in het gunstigste geval • at best
         〈 schertsend〉 hij is een hopeloos geval • he's a hopeless case
         typisch geval • typical instance
         in het uiterste geval • at worst, if (the) worst comes to (the) worst
         als dit het geval is • if such is the case
         ik doe het in geen geval • I won't do it on any account/under any circumstances
         in dat geval • in that case
         zelfs in dat geval • even then/so
         in beide/de meeste gevallen • in either case; in most cases
         in elk/ieder geval • anyway, anyhow
         in geval van oorlog/brand/ziekte • in the event of war/fire/illness
         in negen van de tien gevallen • nine times out of ten
         in voorkomende gevallen • as the occasion arises
         in welk geval • in which case
         in enkele gevallen • in some cases
         voor het geval dat • (just) in case
    4   het hele geval lag uit elkaar • the whole contraption was in pieces
    5   wat wil nou het geval? • guess what, what do you think about this?
         het geval wilde • as luck would have it

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > geval

  • 9 в случае войны

    Diplomatic term: in the event of war

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > в случае войны

  • 10 Milizsystem

    Mi·liz·sys·tem
    <-s>
    nt kein pl MIL SCHWEIZ military organization whose members have limited training and are called up only in the event of war

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Milizsystem

  • 11 in geval van oorlog/brand/ziekte

    in geval van oorlog/brand/ziekte
    in the event of war/fire/illness

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > in geval van oorlog/brand/ziekte

  • 12 en

    prep.
    viven en la capital they live in the capital
    tiene el dinero en el banco he keeps his money in the bank
    en la mesa/el plato on the table/plate
    en casa/el trabajo at home/work
    2 into.
    el avión cayó en el mar the plane fell into the sea
    entraron en la habitación they came/went into the room
    3 in (time) (month, year).
    nació en 1953/marzo she was born in 1953/March
    en Nochebuena on Christmas Eve
    en Navidades at Christmas
    en aquella época at that time, in those days
    en un par de días in a couple of days
    ir en tren/coche/avión/barco to go by train/car/plane/boat
    5 in (modo).
    en voz baja in a low voice
    lo dijo en inglés she said it in English
    pagar en libras to pay in pounds
    la inflación aumentó en un 10 por ciento inflation increased by 10 percent
    todo se lo gasta en ropa he spends everything on clothes
    6 in (price).
    las ganancias se calculan en millones profits are calculated in millions
    te lo dejo en 5.000 I'll let you have it for 5,000
    7 from (causa).
    lo detecté en su forma de hablar I could tell from the way he was speaking
    8 in, made of (materia).
    en seda in silk
    9 in terms of.
    lo supera en inteligencia she is more intelligent than he is
    10 on, over, upon.
    11 at, over at, in, over in.
    En ese momento ...at that moment.
    12 to.
    * * *
    en
    1 (lugar - gen) in, at
    2 (- en el interior) in, inside
    4 (año, mes, estación) in; (día) on; (época, momento) at
    7 (tema, materia) at, in
    8 (modo, manera) in
    ■ los valores aumentaron en un 6% securities increased by 6%
    10 en + gerund upon
    ■ en llegando el maestro, los niños se levantan upon the teacher's arrival, the children stand up
    \
    de casa en casa from house to house
    en cuanto as soon as
    en camino on the way
    * * *
    prep.
    1) in
    2) on
    3) at
    4) by
    6) into
    * * *
    PREP
    1) [indicando lugar]
    a) (=dentro de) in

    está en el cajón/en el armario — it's in the drawer/in the wardrobe

    b) (=encima de) on
    c) [con países, ciudades, calles]
    d) [con edificios]
    2) [indicando movimiento] into
    3) [indicando modo] in
    4) [indicando proporción] by
    5) [indicando tiempo]

    ayer en la mañana — LAm yesterday morning

    en la mañana del accidente — LAm on the morning of the accident

    6) [indicando tema, ocupación]

    Hugo en Segismundo — (Cine, Teat) Hugo as Segismundo, Hugo in the role of Segismundo

    7) [con medios de transporte] by
    8) [con cantidades] at, for
    9) [con infinitivo]
    10) † [con gerundio]
    EN Como preposición de lugar, en se traduce normalmente por on, in o at. La elección de una de estas tres preposiciones depende a menudo de cómo percibe el hablante la relación espacial. He aquí unas líneas generales: ► Se traduce por on cuando en equivale a encima de o nos referimos a algo que se percibe como una superficie o una línea, por ejemplo una mesa, una carretera {etc}: "¿Has visto mi vestido?" - "Está en la tabla de planchar" "Have you seen my dress?" - "It's on the ironing-board" Estaban tumbados en la playa They were lying on the beach Está construyendo una casa en la colina He's building a house on the hill ... un pueblo en la costa oeste...... a village on the west coast... La gasolinera está en la carretera que va a Motril The petrol station is on the road to Motril Dibujó un león en la hoja de papel He drew a lion on the piece of paper Tiene un grano en la nariz He has a spot on his nose Lo vi en la tele I saw him on TV ► Se usa in cuando equivale a dentro de o cuando nos referimos a un espacio que se percibe como limitado (calle, montañas, etc): Tus gafas están en mi bolso Your glasses are in my bag Tienes una pestaña en el ojo You've got an eyelash in your eye Lo leí en un libro I read it in a book Se han comprado un chalet en la sierra They've bought a chalet in the mountains Viven en la calle de Serrano They live in the Calle de Serrano ► Lo traducimos por at para referirnos a un edificio cuando hablamos de la actividad que normalmente se realiza en él o cuando en indica un lugar concreto. También se traduce por at cuando en la dirección incluimos el número o el nombre de la casa: ¿Por qué no comemos en el restaurante de tu hermano? Why don't we have lunch at your brother's restaurant? Voy a pasar el día en el museo I'm going to spend the day at the museum Te espero en la parada del autobús I'll meet you at the bus-stop Vivimos en la calle Dale nº 12 We live at 12 Dale Street Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio)

    viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel — they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel

    viven en la calle Goya — they live on o (BrE) in Goya Street

    nos quedamos en casa — we stayed home (AmE), we stayed at home (BrE)

    b) ( dentro de) in
    c) ( sobre) on
    2) (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in
    3)
    a) (indicando tema, especialidad, cualidad)
    b) (indicando proporción, precio)

    lo vendió en $30 — he sold it for $30

    las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 — the losses were calculated at $50,000

    4)
    a) (indicando estado, manera) in

    en buenas/malas condiciones — in good/bad condition

    en llamas — in flames, on fire

    ir en taxi/barco — to go by taxi/by boat

    fueron en bicicleta — they cycled, they went on their bikes

    5)

    ¿lo tienen en azul? — do you have it in blue?

    en la mañana/tarde/noche — (esp AmL) in the morning/afternoon/at night

    7)
    * * *
    = in, onto, into, at, throughout.
    Ex. The first institute, 'The Catalog: Its Nature and Prospects,' was held in New York City on October 9 and 10, 1975.
    Ex. When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.
    Ex. The application of a classification scheme to a set of documents should result in the ordering or arranging of that set of documents into groups or classes according to their subject content.
    Ex. He also resolved to talk with Cleo Passantino, a young librarian who had been at the library for three years and with whom he had had little contact.
    Ex. Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    ----
    * en absoluto = at all, in the slightest, whatsoever, not at all, in any shape or form.
    * en abstracto = abstractly.
    * en abundancia = in plenty, liberally, in abundance, exuberantly, in profusion, aplenty [a-plenty], prodigiously, plentifully.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en adelante = forward [forwards].
    * en agradecimiento por = appreciative of.
    * en alerta roja = on red alert.
    * en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.
    * en alguna parte = someplace.
    * en alguna parte de + Nombre = some way down + Nombre.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * en algún momento = somewhere along the line, sometime, at sometime, at some point, at some point in time, at one time or another.
    * en algunos casos = in some cases.
    * en algunos grupos = in some quarters.
    * en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sentidos = in some respects.
    * en algunos sitios = in places.
    * en alquiler = rented.
    * en alta mar = on the open sea, offshore, on the high seas.
    * en alza = on the upswing.
    * en ambas direcciones = two-way.
    * en ambos casos = in either case, in either instance.
    * en ángulo = angled.
    * en ángulo recto = at right angles.
    * en antaño = in olden times, in olden days.
    * en antelación = anticipatory.
    * en anticipación = anticipatory.
    * en años anteriores = in prior years, in years past, in past years.
    * en apariencia = apparently, looking, seemingly, on the face of it, on the surface, ostensibly.
    * en apenas nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en apoyo a = in support of.
    * en apuros = hard-pressed, beleaguered, in deep trouble, in difficulties, if it comes to the crunch, when push comes to shove, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, in deep water, in hot water, in dire straits.
    * en aquel entonces = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time, in the course of events, during the course of events, back then, in those days.
    * en aquella época = at the time, at that time, in those days.
    * en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.
    * en aquellos casos = in those cases.
    * en aquellos casos en los que = in those cases where.
    * en aquellos tiempos = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, in those days.
    * en aquel momento = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time.
    * en aras a = in the name of.
    * en aras de = in the interest(s) of.
    * en armonía = harmoniously, in harmony.
    * en armonía con = in harmony with, in harness with, in keeping with, in tune with, in sync with.
    * en ascuas = on tenterhooks.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en Babia = absent-minded.
    * en balde = in vain, vainly, to no avail, of no avail.
    * en bandada = in full force.
    * en bandadas = in droves.
    * en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.
    * en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.
    * en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * en bisel = angled.
    * en blanco = blankly, blank.
    * en blanco y negro = b&w (black and white).
    * en bloque = en bloc.
    * en boga = in vogue, in fashion, voguish.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * en breve = shortly, the long and (the) short of, soon [sooner -comp., soonest -sup.].
    * en broma = teasingly.
    * en buena compañía = in good company.
    * en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buena forma = in good nick.
    * en buena parte = for the most part.
    * en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.
    * en buenas manos = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.
    * en busca de quimeras = in pursuit of + windmills.
    * en búsqueda de = a quest for.
    * en cada fase = at each stage.
    * en caída = flowing.
    * en caja = boxed.
    * en caliente = in the heat of the moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * en cama = abed.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en camino = on the way.
    * en cantidad = bulk.
    * en + Cantidad + años = in + Cantidad + years' time.
    * en capilla = on tenterhooks, in suspense.
    * en carnavales = carnivalistically.
    * en carne y hueso = in the flesh.
    * en casa = in the home.
    * en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.
    * en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en caso de emergencia = in an emergency, in an emergency situation.
    * en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en CD-ROM = CD-ROM-based.
    * en chirona = behind bars.
    * en ciernes = developing, budding, in the making.
    * en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.
    * en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.
    * en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.
    * en cierto grado = something of.
    * en cierto modo = to some extent, after a fashion, to a certain extent, in a manner of speaking, so to speak, to some degree.
    * en cierto modo + Verbo = sort of + Verbo.
    * en ciertos casos = in certain cases.
    * en cierto sentido = in several respects, to some extent, in a sense, in some respects, to some degree.
    * en circuito cerrado = looped.
    * en círcuitos de segunda categoría = in the provinces.
    * en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.
    * en circumstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances.
    * en circusntancias normales = in the normal run of things.
    * en coche = drive.
    * en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.
    * en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.
    * en colaboración con, junto con, de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * en color = coloured [colored, -USA], full-colour.
    * en columnas = columnar.
    * en colusión con = in collusion with, in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en coma = comatose.
    * en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.
    * en comisión de servicios = seconded.
    * en comparación = by comparison.
    * en comparación con = against, as compared to, set against, in comparison with, in comparison to.
    * en compensación = compensatory.
    * en complicidad con = in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in complicity with, in collusion with, in connivance with.
    * en común con = in common with.
    * en conciencia = in good conscience.
    * en conclusión = in conclusion.
    * en concordancia con = in accordance with, in accord with.
    * en concreto = in particular, to be specific.
    * en condiciones = decent.
    * en condiciones de = in the position to.
    * en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * en conexión con = in respect of.
    * en confidencia = in confidence.
    * en conflicto (con) = in conflict (with).
    * en conformidad con = in conformity with, in keeping with.
    * en conjunción con = in conjunction with, in tandem with.
    * en conjunto = altogether, on balance, bulk, all in all, overall, overall.
    * en conmemoración de = in celebration of, commemorative.
    * en connivencia = colluding.
    * en connivencia con = in collusion with, in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * en consecuencia lógica = by implication.
    * en consideración = under consideration.
    * en consideración a = for the sake of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * en consonacia con = in line with.
    * en consonancia con = in concert with, in keeping with, in step with, in tune with, in consonance with.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.
    * en construcción = under development, under construction.
    * en contacto = in communication.
    * en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.
    * en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.
    * en contenedor = containerised [containerized, -USA].
    * en continua expansión = expanding.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en contra = counterpoint, against.
    * en contra de la guerra = antiwar [anti-war].
    * en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.
    * en contra de la raza blanca = anti-white [antiwhite].
    * en contra de la raza negra = antiblack [anti-black].
    * en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.
    * en contra de las instituciones = anti-establishment.
    * en contra del gobierno = anti-government.
    * en contraposición a = as opposed to, in contrast (to/with), in contradistinction to.
    * en contraste con = in contrast (to/with).
    * en contravención de = in contravention of.
    * en contubernio (con) = in cahoots (with).
    * en cooperación = cooperative [co-operative].
    * en cooperación con = in cooperation with.
    * en cooperativa = cooperatively [co-operatively].
    * en costras = caked.
    * en crisis = depressed, crisis-ridden, on the rocks.
    * en cuadernillo = in booklet form.
    * en cualquier caso = for that matter, in any event, in any case, in either case.
    * en cualquier domingo = on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier momento = anytime, at any one time, at any point, at any point in time, at any time, at any moment, at any given point, at any moment in time, at any given moment, momentarily, on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier momento en el futuro = at some stage.
    * en cualquier orden = either way round.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en cualquier parte = anywhere, everywhere.
    * en cualquier sitio = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier situación = in any given situation.
    * en + Cuantificador + aspectos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en + Cuantificador + sentidos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en cuanto a = as to, in extent of, in regard to, in terms of, in the way of, with regard(s) to, as for, as regards, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to, moving on to.
    * en cuanto a él = as for him.
    * en cuanto a ella = as for her.
    * en cuanto a ellos = as for them.
    * en cuanto a los hechos = factually.
    * en cuanto a mí = as for me.
    * en cuanto a nosotros = as for us.
    * en cuanto a ti = as for you.
    * en cuanto a usted = as for you.
    * en cuanto a vosotros = as for you.
    * en cuanto + nacer = at birth.
    * en cuanto que = in that.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en cuclicllas = in a squatting position.
    * en cuclillas = squat, in a squat position, in a crouching position.
    * en cueros = in the buff, in the nod, stark naked.
    * en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, individual, at issue, of concern.
    * en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.
    * en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.
    * en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.
    * en cuestiones de = in matters of.
    * en cumplimiento con = in line with, in compliance with.
    * en cursiva = in italic type.
    * en curso = in process, underway [under way], in progress, ongoing [on-going], afoot, current, under preparation.
    * en curso de = in course of.
    * en cuyo caso = in which case.
    * en danza = on the run.
    * en decadencia = bankrupt.
    * en defensa propia = in self-defence.
    * en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.
    * en definitiva, bien mirado, bien considerado = all things considered.
    * en demanda = in-demand.
    * en demasía = excess, to excess, excessively.
    * en desacuerdo = disapproving, at odds.
    * en desacuerdo con = at odds with.
    * en desarmonía con = out of tune with, out of keeping with.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en descomposición = decaying, putrefying.
    * en desesperación = despairing, in despair.
    * en desuso = obsolete, disused.
    * en detalle = at length.
    * en deterioro = deteriorating, crumbling, decaying, dilapidated, disintegrating.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en detrimento de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment, to the neglect of.
    * en diagonal = herringbone.
    * en días alternos = every other day.
    * en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * en dificultades = stranded.
    * en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * en dirección de la proa = abaft.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).
    * en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.
    * en + Distancia + a la redonda = within + Distancia.
    * en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.
    * en distintos formatos = multiform.
    * en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.
    * en diversas lenguas = multilingually.
    * en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en diverso grado = to varying extents, to varying degrees.
    * en diversos formatos = multiform.
    * en donde = where, wherein.
    * en dos años = over a two-year period.
    * en dos lenguas = bilingually.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en dos palabras = in a nutshell, in a nutshell.
    * en dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * en efecto = to all intents and purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en el abandono = in the wilderness.
    * en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.
    * en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.
    * en el ámbito de = in the realm of.
    * en el año catapún = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el año del Señor = in the year of our Lord.
    * en el año entrante = in the coming year.
    * en el año próximo = in the coming year.
    * en el año venidero = in the coming year.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en el asiento de atrás = in the back seat.
    * en el asiento trasero = in the back seat.
    * en el aula de clase = classroom-based.
    * en el banquillo = on the bench.
    * en el blanco de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.
    * en el campo de = in the realm of, in the field of.
    * en el campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el candelero = in the spotlight.
    * en el cargo = in the saddle, in office.
    * en el caso de = for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context of.
    * en (el) caso de que = in the event that, should, in case.
    * en el caso poco probable de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el centro de = at the heart of.
    * en el cine = at the movies.
    * en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.
    * en el contexto de = in the realm of.
    * en el culo = in the bottom.
    * en el culo del mundo = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos, = in the normal run of things.
    * en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * en el desierto = in the wilderness.
    * en el detalle = in detail.
    * en el día a día = in the day to day, in the trenches.
    * en el dique seco = in dry dock, in the wilderness.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en el entorno de = in the realm of.
    * en el escenario = on stage.
    * en el escenario mundial = on the world stage.
    * en el espacio = spatially.
    * en el estricto sentido de la palabra = strictly speaking.
    * en el estudio = at study, at study.
    * en el extranjero = abroad, overseas, offshore.
    * en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.
    * en el fin de semana = over the weekend, over the weekend, at the weekend.
    * en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.
    * en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.
    * en el fondo de = at the root of.
    * en el futuro = Número + Tiempo + ahead, down the road, in future, in time(s) to come, at + future date, in (the) years to come, at some future time, in the years to come, in the years ahead, in years to come, at some future point, in the future, for future reference, for the years to come.
    * en el futuro a largo plazo = in the long-term future.
    * en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro inmediato = in the offing, in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro lejano = further in the future.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el horizonte = on the horizon.
    * en el hospital = at the bedside.
    * en el improbable caso de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el instante en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el ínterin = in the interim, in the intervening years, in the intervening period, ad interim.
    * en el juego = at play.
    * en el lado negativo = on the debit side, on the negative side, on the downside.
    * en el lado positivo = on the credit side, on the positive side, on the plus side, on the bright side.
    * en ello = therein, thereupon [thereon].
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene, at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en el mandato = in office.
    * en el mando = at the wheel.
    * en el mar = at sea.
    * en el marco de = within the ambit of, within the bounds of.
    * en el más allá = dead and gone.
    * en el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.
    * en el mejor de los casos = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best.
    * en el mejor momento de Uno = at + Posesivo + (very) best.
    * en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * en el mismo número de años = in as many years.
    * en el mismo orden que = in sync with.
    * en el momento = on the spot.
    * en el momento actual = in this day and age, at the present time.
    * en el momento adecuado = at the right time.
    * en el momento de = at the time (that/of).
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * en el momento de la impresión = at the time of going to print.
    * en el momento en que se necesita = at the point-of-need, at the point of use, point of use.
    * en el momento en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el momento justo = on cue.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.
    * en el momento peor de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el mundo = on the face of the earth, on the world stage.
    * en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.
    * en el mundo entero = all over the world, worldwide [world-wide], all around the world, throughout the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * en el mundo que nos rodea = out there.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * en el núcleo = at the core (of).
    * en el ocaso = over the hill.
    * en el ojo del huracán = in the eye of the storm, in the eye of the hurricane.
    * en el orden del día = on the agenda.
    * en el origen (de) = in the early days (of).
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum, at the other extreme.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en el pasado = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times.
    * en el pasado remoto = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el peor de los casos = at worst, in the worst of circumstances, at + Posesivo + very worst, the worst case scenario, at + Posesivo + worst, in the worst case.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en el piso de abajo = downstairs.
    * en el piso de arriba = upstairs.
    * en el poder = in office.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en el proceso = in the process.
    * en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el propio cortijo = on-farm.
    * en el próximo año = in the year ahead, in the coming year.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en el punto álgido de = at the height of.
    * en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el que = wherein.
    * en el que se puede buscar = searchable.
    * en el quinto coño = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quinto pino = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quirófano = under the knife.
    * en el resto = everywhere else.
    * en el resto de = elsewhere.
    * en el seguimiento de = in the pursuit of.
    * en el segundo caso = in the latter case.
    * en el seno de = within, among.
    * en el sentido de las agujas del reloj = clockwise.
    * en el sentido de que = in the sense that, along the lines that, in that.
    * en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.
    * en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.
    * en el sentido que = in which.
    * en el timón = in the saddle.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * en el transcurso de = throughout the course of, throughout the course of, in the course of, during the course of, over the course of, throughout.
    * en el transcurso de algunos años = over a period of years.
    * en el transcurso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * en el trasfondo de = at the root of.
    * en el último caso = in the latter case.
    * en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.
    * en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.
    * en el umbral de = on the threshold of.
    * en el vuelo = in-flight.
    * en entrante = recessed.
    * en entredicho = under challenge.
    * en episodios = episodic.
    * en época de carnaval = carnivalistically.
    * en época de feria = carnivalistically.
    * en época de paz = in peacetime, during peacetime.
    * en épocas anteriores = in former times, in past eras.
    * en épocas de = in times of.
    * en épocas de guerra = in time(s) of war.
    * en épocas de paz = in time(s) of peace.
    * en épocas de prosperidad económica = in affluent times.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * en épocas pasadas = in past ages.
    * en escamas = flaky.
    * en ese caso = in that case.
    * en ese mismo instante = at that very moment.
    * en ese mismo momento = at that very moment.
    * en ese momento = at that point, at this point, at that time, just then, at that point in time.
    * en esencia = in essence, essentially.
    * en ese sentido = on that score, to that effect.
    * en esos casos = in those cases.
    * en espacios cerrados = indoors.
    * en especial = especially (specially), notably, specially (especially).
    * en especie = in kind.
    * en espera = on hold.
    * en espiga = herringbone.
    * en esta coyuntura = at this juncture.
    * en estado = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated, dilapidated.
    * en estado de alerta = on alert.
    * en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * en estado de descomposición = decaying.
    * en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de reserva = on standby.
    * en estado de reserva, en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.
    * en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.
    * en esta época del año = around this time of year.
    * en esta ocasión = on this occasion.
    * en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.
    * en esta situación = at this juncture.
    * en este caso = in this case.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en este documento = herein, herewith, hereto.
    * en este extremo = to this extent.
    * en este grado = to this extent.
    * en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.
    * en este momento = at this point, at this stage, at this juncture, at this time, at this moment in time, right now.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, in this vein, in this spirit, in this regard, in this effort, in that spirit, on this score, to that effect.
    * en estos casos = in these cases.
    * en estos días = today, these days.
    * en estos tiempos = in these times, in this day and age.
    * en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.
    * en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.
    * en estuche = boxed.
    * en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en exceso = overflow, overflowing, excessively, excess, to excess.
    * en exclusiva = exclusively.
    * en existencia = in existence.
    * en expansión = expanded.
    * en exposición = on exhibit, on show, on display.
    * en + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal, come + Expresión Temporal.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * en extenso = at length, in full.
    * en extremo = no end, to no end.
    * en fase terminal = terminally ill.
    * en favor de = in favour of.
    * en flor = in full blossom, in blossom.
    * en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.
    * en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.
    * en forma de A = A-shaped.
    * en forma de arco = arched, bowed.
    * en forma de capa = cape-like.
    * en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.
    * en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.
    * en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.
    * en forma de D = d-shaped.
    * en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * en forma de L = L-shaped.
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.
    * en forma de parásito = parasitically.
    * en forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.
    * en forma de U = U-shaped.
    * en forma de V = V-shaped.
    * en forma física = physically fit.
    * en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.
    * en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.
    * en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * en formato digital = digitally.
    * en formato electrónico = in electronic form.
    * en formato MARC = in MARC form.
    * en formato papel = paper-based, in hard copy.
    * en frente = ahead, in front.
    * en frente de = in front of.
    * en funcionamiento = in operation.
    * en función de = according to, as a function of, depending on/upon.
    * en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, all in all, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.
    * en germinación = budding.
    * en gestación = in the making.
    * en grado mínimo = minimally.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in record numbers, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte
    * * *
    a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio)

    viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel — they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel

    viven en la calle Goya — they live on o (BrE) in Goya Street

    nos quedamos en casa — we stayed home (AmE), we stayed at home (BrE)

    b) ( dentro de) in
    c) ( sobre) on
    2) (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in
    3)
    a) (indicando tema, especialidad, cualidad)
    b) (indicando proporción, precio)

    lo vendió en $30 — he sold it for $30

    las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 — the losses were calculated at $50,000

    4)
    a) (indicando estado, manera) in

    en buenas/malas condiciones — in good/bad condition

    en llamas — in flames, on fire

    ir en taxi/barco — to go by taxi/by boat

    fueron en bicicleta — they cycled, they went on their bikes

    5)

    ¿lo tienen en azul? — do you have it in blue?

    en la mañana/tarde/noche — (esp AmL) in the morning/afternoon/at night

    7)
    * * *
    = in, onto, into, at, throughout.

    Ex: The first institute, 'The Catalog: Its Nature and Prospects,' was held in New York City on October 9 and 10, 1975.

    Ex: When one is in place, the depression of a lever causes it to be photographed onto the next blank space.
    Ex: The application of a classification scheme to a set of documents should result in the ordering or arranging of that set of documents into groups or classes according to their subject content.
    Ex: He also resolved to talk with Cleo Passantino, a young librarian who had been at the library for three years and with whom he had had little contact.
    Ex: Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    * en absoluto = at all, in the slightest, whatsoever, not at all, in any shape or form.
    * en abstracto = abstractly.
    * en abundancia = in plenty, liberally, in abundance, exuberantly, in profusion, aplenty [a-plenty], prodigiously, plentifully.
    * en activo = practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en adelante = forward [forwards].
    * en agradecimiento por = appreciative of.
    * en alerta roja = on red alert.
    * en alguna ocasión = on any one occasion.
    * en alguna parte = someplace.
    * en alguna parte de + Nombre = some way down + Nombre.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * en algún momento = somewhere along the line, sometime, at sometime, at some point, at some point in time, at one time or another.
    * en algunos casos = in some cases.
    * en algunos grupos = in some quarters.
    * en algunos grupos de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sectores de la población = in some quarters.
    * en algunos sentidos = in some respects.
    * en algunos sitios = in places.
    * en alquiler = rented.
    * en alta mar = on the open sea, offshore, on the high seas.
    * en alza = on the upswing.
    * en ambas direcciones = two-way.
    * en ambos casos = in either case, in either instance.
    * en ángulo = angled.
    * en ángulo recto = at right angles.
    * en antaño = in olden times, in olden days.
    * en antelación = anticipatory.
    * en anticipación = anticipatory.
    * en años anteriores = in prior years, in years past, in past years.
    * en apariencia = apparently, looking, seemingly, on the face of it, on the surface, ostensibly.
    * en apenas nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en apoyo a = in support of.
    * en apuros = hard-pressed, beleaguered, in deep trouble, in difficulties, if it comes to the crunch, when push comes to shove, when it comes to the crunch, when the worst comes to the worst, if the worst comes to the worst, in deep water, in hot water, in dire straits.
    * en aquel entonces = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time, in the course of events, during the course of events, back then, in those days.
    * en aquella época = at the time, at that time, in those days.
    * en aquellas ocasiones cuando = on occasions when.
    * en aquellos casos = in those cases.
    * en aquellos casos en los que = in those cases where.
    * en aquellos tiempos = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, in those days.
    * en aquel momento = at the time, the then + Nombre, by this time, at that time.
    * en aras a = in the name of.
    * en aras de = in the interest(s) of.
    * en armonía = harmoniously, in harmony.
    * en armonía con = in harmony with, in harness with, in keeping with, in tune with, in sync with.
    * en ascuas = on tenterhooks.
    * en auge = in ascendancy, buoyant, booming, on the rise, at high tide.
    * en aumento = burgeoning, growing, increasing, mounting, rising, on the rise, heightening.
    * en aumento gradual = gradually quickening.
    * en Babia = absent-minded.
    * en balde = in vain, vainly, to no avail, of no avail.
    * en bandada = in full force.
    * en bandadas = in droves.
    * en base a = in terms of, on the grounds that/of, on the basis of.
    * en beneficio de = for the benefit of, to the benefit of.
    * en beneficio propio = to + Posesivo + advantage.
    * en bisel = angled.
    * en blanco = blankly, blank.
    * en blanco y negro = b&w (black and white).
    * en bloque = en bloc.
    * en boga = in vogue, in fashion, voguish.
    * en bolas = stark naked, in the nod, in the buff.
    * en breve = shortly, the long and (the) short of, soon [sooner -comp., soonest -sup.].
    * en broma = teasingly.
    * en buena compañía = in good company.
    * en buena condición = in good condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buena forma = in good nick.
    * en buena parte = for the most part.
    * en buenas condiciones para navegar = seaworthy.
    * en buenas manos = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * en buen estado = in good condition, in good working condition, in good shape, in good nick.
    * en buen estado de funcionamiento = in good working condition.
    * en busca de quimeras = in pursuit of + windmills.
    * en búsqueda de = a quest for.
    * en cada fase = at each stage.
    * en caída = flowing.
    * en caja = boxed.
    * en caliente = in the heat of the moment, on the spur of the moment.
    * en cama = abed.
    * en cambio = by contrast, in contrast, instead, shifting, by comparison.
    * en camino = on the way.
    * en cantidad = bulk.
    * en + Cantidad + años = in + Cantidad + years' time.
    * en capilla = on tenterhooks, in suspense.
    * en carnavales = carnivalistically.
    * en carne y hueso = in the flesh.
    * en casa = in the home.
    * en casa de herrero cuchillo de palo = the cobbler's children run barefoot.
    * en casi nada = in no time at all, in next to no time, in no time.
    * en casi todos los + Nombre = in just about every + Nombre.
    * en caso de darse circunstancias ajenas a + Posesivo + control = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en caso de emergencia = in an emergency, in an emergency situation.
    * en caso de fuerza mayor = in the event of circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.
    * en CD-ROM = CD-ROM-based.
    * en chirona = behind bars.
    * en ciernes = developing, budding, in the making.
    * en cierta medida = to some extent, to a certain extent, to some degree.
    * en ciertas circunstancias = in certain circumstances.
    * en ciertas ocasiones = at certain times.
    * en cierto grado = something of.
    * en cierto modo = to some extent, after a fashion, to a certain extent, in a manner of speaking, so to speak, to some degree.
    * en cierto modo + Verbo = sort of + Verbo.
    * en ciertos casos = in certain cases.
    * en cierto sentido = in several respects, to some extent, in a sense, in some respects, to some degree.
    * en circuito cerrado = looped.
    * en círcuitos de segunda categoría = in the provinces.
    * en circuitos de segundo orden = in the provinces.
    * en circumstancias difíciles = under difficult circumstances.
    * en circunstancias misteriosas = in mysterious circumstances.
    * en circunstancias normales = in the course of events, during the course of events, under normal circumstances.
    * en circusntancias normales = in the normal run of things.
    * en coche = drive.
    * en colaboración = collaborative, cooperative [co-operative], jointly, participatory, in concert, in consort, collaboratively, synergistic, synergistically, in tandem, in a tandem fashion, in partnership.
    * en colaboración con = in concert with, in consultation with, in collaboration with, in alliance with, in conjunction with, in partnership with.
    * en colaboración con, junto con, de manera conjunta con = in partnership with.
    * en color = coloured [colored, -USA], full-colour.
    * en columnas = columnar.
    * en colusión con = in collusion with, in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en coma = comatose.
    * en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.
    * en comisión de servicios = seconded.
    * en comparación = by comparison.
    * en comparación con = against, as compared to, set against, in comparison with, in comparison to.
    * en compensación = compensatory.
    * en complicidad con = in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in complicity with, in collusion with, in connivance with.
    * en común con = in common with.
    * en conciencia = in good conscience.
    * en conclusión = in conclusion.
    * en concordancia con = in accordance with, in accord with.
    * en concreto = in particular, to be specific.
    * en condiciones = decent.
    * en condiciones de = in the position to.
    * en condiciones de igualdad = on an equal footing, on equal terms, on an equal basis.
    * en condiciones difíciles = under difficult conditions.
    * en conexión con = in respect of.
    * en confidencia = in confidence.
    * en conflicto (con) = in conflict (with).
    * en conformidad con = in conformity with, in keeping with.
    * en conjunción con = in conjunction with, in tandem with.
    * en conjunto = altogether, on balance, bulk, all in all, overall, overall.
    * en conmemoración de = in celebration of, commemorative.
    * en connivencia = colluding.
    * en connivencia con = in collusion with, in cahoots (with), in complicity with, in connivance with.
    * en consecuencia = accordingly, consequently, hence, in consequence, as a consequence (of), it follows that, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * en consecuencia lógica = by implication.
    * en consideración = under consideration.
    * en consideración a = for the sake of, out of consideration for, out of respect for.
    * en consonacia con = in line with.
    * en consonancia con = in concert with, in keeping with, in step with, in tune with, in consonance with.
    * en constante cambio = ever-changing [ever changing], ever-fluid, on the move, fast changing [fast-changing], ever-shifting.
    * en constante expansión = ever-expanding, ever-growing.
    * en constante movimiento = on the move, on the go.
    * en construcción = under development, under construction.
    * en contacto = in communication.
    * en contacto con la realidad = in touch with + reality.
    * en contadas ocasiones = rarely, seldom, on rare occasions.
    * en contenedor = containerised [containerized, -USA].
    * en continua expansión = expanding.
    * en continuo aumento = ever-increasing.
    * en continuo cambio = constantly shifting, ever-changing [ever changing], ever-shifting.
    * en contra = counterpoint, against.
    * en contra de la guerra = antiwar [anti-war].
    * en contra de la opinión general = contrary to popular belief.
    * en contra de la raza blanca = anti-white [antiwhite].
    * en contra de la raza negra = antiblack [anti-black].
    * en contra de las circunstancias = against circumstances.
    * en contra de las instituciones = anti-establishment.
    * en contra del gobierno = anti-government.
    * en contraposición a = as opposed to, in contrast (to/with), in contradistinction to.
    * en contraste con = in contrast (to/with).
    * en contravención de = in contravention of.
    * en contubernio (con) = in cahoots (with).
    * en cooperación = cooperative [co-operative].
    * en cooperación con = in cooperation with.
    * en cooperativa = cooperatively [co-operatively].
    * en costras = caked.
    * en crisis = depressed, crisis-ridden, on the rocks.
    * en cuadernillo = in booklet form.
    * en cualquier caso = for that matter, in any event, in any case, in either case.
    * en cualquier domingo = on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier momento = anytime, at any one time, at any point, at any point in time, at any time, at any moment, at any given point, at any moment in time, at any given moment, momentarily, on any given Sunday.
    * en cualquier momento en el futuro = at some stage.
    * en cualquier orden = either way round.
    * en cualquier otra circunstancia = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otra parte = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otra situación = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else, everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro momento = some other time.
    * en cualquier otro sitio = anywhere else.
    * en cualquier parte = anywhere, everywhere.
    * en cualquier sitio = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier situación = in any given situation.
    * en + Cuantificador + aspectos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en + Cuantificador + sentidos = in + Cuantificador + respects.
    * en cuanto a = as to, in extent of, in regard to, in terms of, in the way of, with regard(s) to, as for, as regards, as to the matter of, in reference to, now as to, moving on to.
    * en cuanto a él = as for him.
    * en cuanto a ella = as for her.
    * en cuanto a ellos = as for them.
    * en cuanto a los hechos = factually.
    * en cuanto a mí = as for me.
    * en cuanto a nosotros = as for us.
    * en cuanto a ti = as for you.
    * en cuanto a usted = as for you.
    * en cuanto a vosotros = as for you.
    * en cuanto + nacer = at birth.
    * en cuanto que = in that.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en cuclicllas = in a squatting position.
    * en cuclillas = squat, in a squat position, in a crouching position.
    * en cueros = in the buff, in the nod, stark naked.
    * en cuestión = at hand, concerned, in hand, individual, at issue, of concern.
    * en cuestión de minutos = within minutes, in a matter of minutes.
    * en cuestión de segundos = within seconds, in a matter of seconds.
    * en cuestión de + Tiempo = in a matter of + Tiempo, within a matter of + Tiempo.
    * en cuestiones de = in matters of.
    * en cumplimiento con = in line with, in compliance with.
    * en cursiva = in italic type.
    * en curso = in process, underway [under way], in progress, ongoing [on-going], afoot, current, under preparation.
    * en curso de = in course of.
    * en cuyo caso = in which case.
    * en danza = on the run.
    * en decadencia = bankrupt.
    * en defensa propia = in self-defence.
    * en definitiva = in all, all in all, in the last analysis, in the final analysis, all things considered.
    * en definitiva, bien mirado, bien considerado = all things considered.
    * en demanda = in-demand.
    * en demasía = excess, to excess, excessively.
    * en desacuerdo = disapproving, at odds.
    * en desacuerdo con = at odds with.
    * en desarmonía con = out of tune with, out of keeping with.
    * en desarrollo = evolving, under development.
    * en descomposición = decaying, putrefying.
    * en desesperación = despairing, in despair.
    * en desuso = obsolete, disused.
    * en detalle = at length.
    * en deterioro = deteriorating, crumbling, decaying, dilapidated, disintegrating.
    * en determinadas ocasiones = sometimes, on particular occasions.
    * en detrimento de = to the detriment of, to + Posesivo + detriment, to the neglect of.
    * en diagonal = herringbone.
    * en días alternos = every other day.
    * en diferente grado = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferente medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en diferentes momentos = at various times, at different times.
    * en diferentes ocasiones = at different times, at various times.
    * en dificultades = stranded.
    * en dinero = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * en dirección de la proa = abaft.
    * en dirección este = eastward(s), eastbound.
    * en dirección norte = northbound.
    * en dirección oeste = westbound, westward(s).
    * en dirección sur = southward(s), southbound.
    * en disco = ondisc.
    * en disminución = dwindling, on the wane.
    * en + Distancia + a la redonda = within + Distancia.
    * en distinta medida = differing, in varying measures.
    * en distintas ocasiones = at different times, at various times, on several occasions.
    * en distinto grado = in varying measures, differing, to varying degrees.
    * en distintos formatos = multiform.
    * en distintos momentos = at different times, at various times.
    * en diversas lenguas = multilingually.
    * en diversas ocasiones = on several occasions.
    * en diverso grado = to varying extents, to varying degrees.
    * en diversos formatos = multiform.
    * en donde = where, wherein.
    * en dos años = over a two-year period.
    * en dos lenguas = bilingually.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en dos palabras = in a nutshell, in a nutshell.
    * en dos volúmenes = two-volume.
    * en duda = in doubt.
    * en edad de trabajar = working-age.
    * en efecto = to all intents and purposes, for all intents and purposes.
    * en ejercicio = incumbent, practising [practicing, -USA].
    * en el abandono = in the wilderness.
    * en el acto = ipso facto, outright, on the spot, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], at the drop of a hat.
    * en el aire = in mid-air, airborne.
    * en el ámbito de = in the realm of.
    * en el año catapún = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el año del Señor = in the year of our Lord.
    * en el año entrante = in the coming year.
    * en el año próximo = in the coming year.
    * en el año venidero = in the coming year.
    * en el área de + Lugar = Lugar + area.
    * en el asiento de atrás = in the back seat.
    * en el asiento trasero = in the back seat.
    * en el aula de clase = classroom-based.
    * en el banquillo = on the bench.
    * en el blanco de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el camino = along the way, en route, in the process.
    * en el campo de = in the realm of, in the field of.
    * en el campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el candelero = in the spotlight.
    * en el cargo = in the saddle, in office.
    * en el caso de = for, in association with, in the case of, in the event of, in case of, in the context of.
    * en (el) caso de que = in the event that, should, in case.
    * en el caso poco probable de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el centro de = at the heart of.
    * en el cine = at the movies.
    * en el clima actual de = in the present climate of.
    * en el contexto de = in the realm of.
    * en el culo = in the bottom.
    * en el culo del mundo = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el curso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el curso normal de = in the mainstream of.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas = in the normal run of things, in the normal run of events.
    * en el curso normal de las cosas, en el curso normal de los acontecimientos, = in the normal run of things.
    * en el curso normal de los acontecimientos = in the normal run of events, in the normal run of things.
    * en el desierto = in the wilderness.
    * en el detalle = in detail.
    * en el día a día = in the day to day, in the trenches.
    * en el dique seco = in dry dock, in the wilderness.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en el entorno de = in the realm of.
    * en el escenario = on stage.
    * en el escenario mundial = on the world stage.
    * en el espacio = spatially.
    * en el estricto sentido de la palabra = strictly speaking.
    * en el estudio = at study, at study.
    * en el extranjero = abroad, overseas, offshore.
    * en el extremo opuesto = at the far end.
    * en el fin de semana = over the weekend, over the weekend, at the weekend.
    * en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.
    * en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.
    * en el fondo de = at the root of.
    * en el futuro = Número + Tiempo + ahead, down the road, in future, in time(s) to come, at + future date, in (the) years to come, at some future time, in the years to come, in the years ahead, in years to come, at some future point, in the future, for future reference, for the years to come.
    * en el futuro a largo plazo = in the long-term future.
    * en el futuro cercano = in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro inmediato = in the offing, in the foreseeable future.
    * en el futuro lejano = further in the future.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en el horario de trabajo = on company time.
    * en el horizonte = on the horizon.
    * en el hospital = at the bedside.
    * en el improbable caso de que = in the unlikely case (that).
    * en el instante en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el ínterin = in the interim, in the intervening years, in the intervening period, ad interim.
    * en el juego = at play.
    * en el lado negativo = on the debit side, on the negative side, on the downside.
    * en el lado positivo = on the credit side, on the positive side, on the plus side, on the bright side.
    * en ello = therein, thereupon [thereon].
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene, at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en el mandato = in office.
    * en el mando = at the wheel.
    * en el mar = at sea.
    * en el marco de = within the ambit of, within the bounds of.
    * en el más allá = dead and gone.
    * en el mayor secreto = a veil of secrecy.
    * en el mejor de los casos = at best, at most, ideally, in the best of circumstances, the best case scenario, at the most, at the best of times, at the very best.
    * en el mejor momento de Uno = at + Posesivo + (very) best.
    * en el mismo centro (de) = plumb in the middle (of).
    * en el mismo número de años = in as many years.
    * en el mismo orden que = in sync with.
    * en el momento = on the spot.
    * en el momento actual = in this day and age, at the present time.
    * en el momento adecuado = at the right time.
    * en el momento de = at the time (that/of).
    * en el momento de escribir estas líneas = at the time of writing.
    * en el momento de la impresión = at the time of going to print.
    * en el momento en que se necesita = at the point-of-need, at the point of use, point of use.
    * en el momento en que + Subjuntivo = the moment + Verbo.
    * en el momento justo = on cue.
    * en el momento más débil de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el momento oportuno = at the right time, not a moment too soon, not a minute too soon.
    * en el momento peor de Alguien = at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * en el mundo = on the face of the earth, on the world stage.
    * en el mundo antiguo = in antiquity.
    * en el mundo entero = all over the world, worldwide [world-wide], all around the world, throughout the world, around the planet, the world over.
    * en el mundo que nos rodea = out there.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el norte del estado = upstate.
    * en el núcleo = at the core (of).
    * en el ocaso = over the hill.
    * en el ojo del huracán = in the eye of the storm, in the eye of the hurricane.
    * en el orden del día = on the agenda.
    * en el origen (de) = in the early days (of).
    * en el otro extremo = at the other extreme.
    * en el otro extremo de la escala = at the other end of the scale, at the other end of the spectrum, at the other extreme.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.
    * en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.
    * en el pasado = in the past, in past eras, at some point in the past, in years gone by, in days gone by, in former times.
    * en el pasado remoto = in the dim and distant past.
    * en el peor de los casos = at worst, in the worst of circumstances, at + Posesivo + very worst, the worst case scenario, at + Posesivo + worst, in the worst case.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en el piso de abajo = downstairs.
    * en el piso de arriba = upstairs.
    * en el poder = in office.
    * en el primer caso = in the former case.
    * en el proceso = in the process.
    * en el propio campus universitario = campus-based.
    * en el propio cortijo = on-farm.
    * en el próximo año = in the year ahead, in the coming year.
    * en el puesto de dirección = in the hot seat.
    * en el punto álgido de = at the height of.
    * en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en el que = wherein.
    * en el que se puede buscar = searchable.
    * en el quinto coño = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quinto pino = in the arse of nowhere.
    * en el quirófano = under the knife.
    * en el resto = everywhere else.
    * en el resto de = elsewhere.
    * en el seguimiento de = in the pursuit of.
    * en el segundo caso = in the latter case.
    * en el seno de = within, among.
    * en el sentido de las agujas del reloj = clockwise.
    * en el sentido de que = in the sense that, along the lines that, in that.
    * en el sentido más amplio = in the broadest sense, in the widest sense.
    * en el sentido más general = in the broadest sense.
    * en el sentido que = in which.
    * en el timón = in the saddle.
    * en el trabajo = on-the-job, at work.
    * en el transcurso de = throughout the course of, throughout the course of, in the course of, during the course of, over the course of, throughout.
    * en el transcurso de algunos años = over a period of years.
    * en el transcurso de la historia = in the course of history.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * en el transcurso normal de + Posesivo + vida(s) = in the normal course of + Posesivo + life/lives.
    * en el trasfondo de = at the root of.
    * en el último caso = in the latter case.
    * en el último minuto = last minute [last-minute], at the last minute.
    * en el último momento = at the eleventh hour, at the very last minute, at the very last moment, at the very last, at the last minute.
    * en el umbral de = on the threshold of.
    * en el vuelo = in-flight.
    * en entrante = recessed.
    * en entredicho = under challenge.
    * en episodios = episodic.
    * en época de carnaval = carnivalistically.
    * en época de feria = carnivalistically.
    * en época de paz = in peacetime, during peacetime.
    * en épocas anteriores = in former times, in past eras.
    * en épocas de = in times of.
    * en épocas de guerra = in time(s) of war.
    * en épocas de paz = in time(s) of peace.
    * en épocas de prosperidad económica = in affluent times.
    * en épocas difíciles = in times of need.
    * en épocas pasadas = in past ages.
    * en escamas = flaky.
    * en ese caso = in that case.
    * en ese mismo instante = at that very moment.
    * en ese mismo momento = at that very moment.
    * en ese momento = at that point, at this point, at that time, just then, at that point in time.
    * en esencia = in essence, essentially.
    * en ese sentido = on that score, to that effect.
    * en esos casos = in those cases.
    * en espacios cerrados = indoors.
    * en especial = especially (specially), notably, specially (especially).
    * en especie = in kind.
    * en espera = on hold.
    * en espiga = herringbone.
    * en esta coyuntura = at this juncture.
    * en estado = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated, dilapidated.
    * en estado de alerta = on alert.
    * en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de buena esperanza = pregnant, in the family way.
    * en estado de cambio = in a state of flux.
    * en estado de descomposición = decaying.
    * en estado de deterioro = decaying, dilapidated.
    * en estado de reserva = on standby.
    * en estado de reserva, en estado de alerta, de guardia = on standby.
    * en estado de sitio = in a state of siege, under siege.
    * en estado embrionario = embryo, embryonic, in embryonic stage, in embryo, in the embryo stage.
    * en esta época del año = around this time of year.
    * en esta ocasión = on this occasion.
    * en estas circunstancias = under these circumstances.
    * en esta situación = at this juncture.
    * en este caso = in this case.
    * en este contexto = against this background.
    * en este documento = herein, herewith, hereto.
    * en este extremo = to this extent.
    * en este grado = to this extent.
    * en este mismo sentido = along the same lines.
    * en este momento = at this point, at this stage, at this juncture, at this time, at this moment in time, right now.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en este sentido = along these lines, in this connection, in this direction, in this sense, in this vein, in this spirit, in this regard, in this effort, in that spirit, on this score, to that effect.
    * en estos casos = in these cases.
    * en estos días = today, these days.
    * en estos tiempos = in these times, in this day and age.
    * en estrecha colaboración = in close collaboration.
    * en estrecha colaboración con = hand-in-glove with.
    * en estuche = boxed.
    * en excelente estado = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en excelentes condiciones = in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * en exceso = overflow, overflowing, excessively, excess, to excess.
    * en exclusiva = exclusively.
    * en existencia = in existence.
    * en expansión = expanded.
    * en exposición = on exhibit, on show, on display.
    * en + Expresión Temporal = as of + Expresión Temporal, come + Expresión Temporal.
    * en extensión = in length.
    * en extenso = at length, in full.
    * en extremo = no end, to no end.
    * en fase terminal = terminally ill.
    * en favor de = in favour of.
    * en flor = in full blossom, in blossom.
    * en forma = fit [fitter -comp., fittest -sup.], toned.
    * en forma de = in the form of, in the shape of.
    * en forma de A = A-shaped.
    * en forma de arco = arched, bowed.
    * en forma de capa = cape-like.
    * en forma de cruz = cross-shaped.
    * en forma de cuadrado = square-shaped.
    * en forma de cuña = wedge-shaped.
    * en forma de cúpula = dome-shaped, domed.
    * en forma de D = d-shaped.
    * en forma de estrella = star-shaped [star shaped].
    * en forma de L = L-shaped.
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en forma de medialuna = crescent-shaped.
    * en forma de parásito = parasitically.
    * en forma de pera = pear-shaped.
    * en forma de pirámide = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en forma de trompeta = trumpet-shaped.
    * en forma de U = U-shaped.
    * en forma de V = V-shaped.
    * en forma física = physically fit.
    * en forma física y mental = physically and mentally fit.
    * en forma ovalada = oval-shaped.
    * en forma piramidal = pyramidal-shaped.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * en formato digital = digitally.
    * en formato electrónico = in electronic form.
    * en formato MARC = in MARC form.
    * en formato papel = paper-based, in hard copy.
    * en frente = ahead, in front.
    * en frente de = in front of.
    * en funcionamiento = in operation.
    * en función de = according to, as a function of, depending on/upon.
    * en general = at large, by and large, for the most part, generally, in general, in the main, on balance, on the whole, overall, all in all, broadly, as a whole, generally speaking.
    * en germinación = budding.
    * en gestación = in the making.
    * en grado mínimo = minimally.
    * en gran cantidad = prodigiously.
    * en grandes cantidades = en masse, in good number, in record numbers, in bulk.
    * en grandes números = in record numbers.
    * en gran formato = oversize, oversized.
    * en gran medida = broadly, by and large, extensively, greatly, heavily, largely, to a considerable extent, to a high degree, to a large extent, tremendously, vastly, very much, keenly, in no small way, to any great degree, in many ways, in large part, in large measure, in no small measure, to a great extent, to a large degree, to a great degree.
    * en gran número = numerously.
    * en gran parte

    * * *
    en
    1
    (refiriéndose a una ciudad, un edificio): viven en París/en una granja/en el número diez/en un hotel they live in Paris/on a farm/at number ten/in a hotel
    en el quinto piso on the sixth ( AmE) o ( BrE) fifth floor
    viven en la calle Goya they live on o ( BrE) in Goya Street
    nos quedamos en casa we stayed home ( AmE), we stayed at home ( BrE)
    métete en la cama get into bed
    lo puso en una caja he put it in a box
    metió la mano en el conducto she stuck her hand into ( o down etc) the pipe
    3 (sobre) on
    lo puso en la mesa/pared he put it on the table/wall
    se sentó en una silla/en un sillón she sat down on a chair/in an armchair
    tendrás que dormir en el suelo you'll have to sleep on the floor
    se le nota en la cara you can see it in his face
    B
    1 (expresando circunstancias, ambiente, medio) in
    vivir en armonía con la naturaleza to live in harmony with nature
    2
    de … en …: van de casa en casa/de puerta en puerta pidiendo dinero they go from house to house/from door to door asking for money
    nos tienes de sorpresa en sorpresa you're full of surprises
    C
    1 ‹un tema/una especialidad/una cualidad›
    es licenciado en filosofía he has a degree in philosophy
    es un experto en la materia he's an expert on the subject
    es muy bueno en historia he's very good at history
    supera a su hermana en inteligencia she surpasses her sister in intelligence
    2 ‹una proporción/un precio›
    ha aumentado en un diez por ciento it has gone up by ten per cent
    me lo vendió en $30 he sold it to me for $30
    las pérdidas se calcularon en $50.000 the losses were calculated at $50,000
    D
    1 ‹un estado/una manera› in
    en buenas/malas condiciones in good/bad condition
    un edificio en llamas a building in flames o on fire
    nos recibió en camisón he received us in his nightshirt
    con los músculos en tensión with (his) muscles tensed
    en posición vertical in an upright position
    2
    (con forma de): termina en punta it's pointed, it ends in o comes to a point
    colóquense en círculo get into o in a circle
    Luis Girón en el Alcalde Luis Girón as the Mayor
    pensamos ir en taxi/en coche/en barco we plan to go by taxi/by car/by boat
    ¿fueron en tren? — no, en avión did you go by train? — no, by plane o no, we flew
    fueron en bicicleta they cycled, they went on their bikes
    fuimos a dar una vuelta en coche we went for a drive o we went for a ride in the car
    E
    1
    (expresando el material): un modelo realizado en seda natural an outfit in natural silk
    ¿lo tienen en azul/(un) 38? do you have it in blue/a 38?
    una obra en tres actos a play in three acts
    ¿cuánto pesas en kilos? how much do you weigh in kilos?
    en ruso/en el código Morse in Russian/in Morse Code
    F
    (en expresiones de tiempo): en verano in (the) summer
    en mayo/1947 in May/1947
    en varias ocasiones on several occasions
    llegó justo en ese momento she arrived just at that moment, just then she arrived
    en la mañana/tarde ( esp AmL); in the morning/afternoon
    en la noche ( esp AmL); at night
    no vi a nadie en todo el día I didn't see anybody all day
    G
    no hay nada de malo en lo que hacen there's nothing wrong in what they're doing
    en + INF:
    tardó media hora en resolverlo it took her half an hour to work it out
    siempre es el último en salir he's always the last to leave
    2
    (con complementos de persona): en él ha encontrado un amigo she's found a friend in him
    problemas que se dan en las personas de edad problems which affect old people
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    en    
    en.
    en preposición
    1 ( en expresiones de lugar)
    a) (refiriéndose a ciudad, edificio):

    ◊ viven en París/en el número diez/en un hotel they live in Paris/at number ten/in a hotel;

    en el último piso on the top floor;
    está en la calle Goya it's on o (BrE) in Goya Street;
    en casa at home
    b) ( dentro de) in;


    c) ( sobre) on;


    se le nota en la cara you can see it in his face
    2 (expresando circunstancias, ambiente) in;

    3
    a) (indicando tema, especialidad):


    doctor en derecho Doctor of Law
    b) (indicando proporción, precio):


    en dólares in dollars
    4
    a) (indicando estado, manera) in;


    en llamas in flames, on fire


    colóquense en círculo get into o in a circle


    fueron en bicicleta they cycled, they went on their bikes;
    dimos una vuelta en coche we went for a ride in the car
    5


    una escultura en bronce a bronze (sculpture)

    ◊ en azul/ruso in blue/Russian

    6 ( con expresiones de tiempo):

    en varias ocasiones on several occasions;
    en la mañana/noche (esp AmL) in the morning/at night
    7


    fuí el último en salir I was the last to leave


    en preposición
    1 (lugar) in, on, at: nos encontramos en el autobús, we met on the bus
    en Barcelona/Río, in Barcelona/Rio
    en el cajón, in the drawer
    en casa/el trabajo, at home/work
    (sobre) en la mesa, on the table
    2 (tiempo) in, on, at: cae en lunes, it falls on a Monday
    en 1975, in 1975
    en ese preciso instante, at that very moment
    en un minuto, in a minute
    en primavera, in spring
    LAm en la mañana, in the morning
    3 (modo) en bata, in a dressing gown
    en francés, in French
    en serio, seriously
    4 (medio) by, in: puede venir en avión/ coche/metro/tren, she can come by air/car/tube/train
    ¿por qué no vienes en avión?, why don't you fly?
    5 (movimiento) into: entró en la habitación, he went into the room
    entró en escena, he went on stage
    6 (tema, materia) at, in
    es muy bueno en matemáticas, he's very good at maths
    experto en finanzas, expert in finances
    7 (partición, fases) in: hicimos el viaje en dos etapas, we did the journey in two stages
    8 (de... en...) entraremos de tres en tres, we shall go in three by three
    9 (con infinitivo) fue rápido en desenfundar, he was quick to pull out
    se le nota la timidez en el hablar, you can notice his shyness by the way he speaks
    'en' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abajo
    - abarrotada
    - abarrotado
    - abasto
    - abatimiento
    - abdicar
    - abierta
    - abierto
    - abogar
    - abogada
    - abogado
    - abominar
    - abonada
    - abonado
    - abordar
    - abrir
    - abreviar
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - absorta
    - absorto
    - abstracta
    - abstracto
    - abstraída
    - abstraído
    - abuela
    - abundar
    - abundancia
    - abundante
    - abusar
    - acabar
    - academia
    - acariciar
    - acceder
    - acentuar
    - achantarse
    - achatamiento
    - achuchar
    - acoger
    - acomodar
    - acompañar
    - aconsejar
    - acontecer
    - acordar
    - acordarse
    - acostada
    - acostado
    - acostumbrada
    - acostumbrado
    English:
    A
    - aback
    - abdicate
    - abide
    - ablaze
    - able
    - above
    - above-board
    - abreast
    - abroad
    - abscess
    - absence
    - absent
    - absolutely
    - absorbed
    - abstract
    - abundant
    - academic
    - academy
    - accent
    - access
    - account
    - accustom
    - acknowledgement
    - acquiesce
    - acquire
    - act
    - acting
    - action
    - active
    - actually
    - add
    - add in
    - addition
    - adept
    - adequate
    - administration
    - admission
    - admit
    - advance
    - advantage
    - adventure
    - advertise
    - advertising
    - affair
    - affect
    - afford
    - afloat
    - afraid
    - after
    * * *
    EN nm (abrev de Encuentro Nacional)
    = Paraguayan political party
    * * *
    en
    prp
    1 ( dentro de) in;
    en un mes in a month;
    en junio in June;
    en casa at home;
    en el cielo in heaven
    2 ( sobre) on;
    en la mesa on the table;
    en la calle on the street, Br tb in the street
    :
    en coche/tren by car/train
    4
    :
    en inglés in English;
    póngamelo en la cuenta put it on my account;
    aumentar en un 10 % grow (by) 10%, increase (by) 10%
    * * *
    en prep
    1) : in
    en el bolsillo: in one's pocket
    en una semana: in a week
    2) : on
    en la mesa: on the table
    3) : at
    en casa: at home
    en el trabajo: at work
    en ese momento: at that moment
    * * *
    en prep
    ¿en qué calle vives? which street do you live in?
    2. (edificios, fiestas específicas) at
    3. (superficies, días concretos) on

    Spanish-English dictionary > en

  • 13 bei

    Präp.
    1. räumlich, auch fig.:
    a) (in der Nähe von) near; bei Berlin near Berlin; die Schlacht bei Waterloo the Battle of Waterloo; beim Rathaus (just) near ( oder by) the town hall; (am Rathaus) at the town hall; dicht bei der Schule just next to the school; gleich beim Hotel liegt die Post the post office is just ( oder right) next to the hotel; etw. bei der Hand haben have s.th. to hand; sein Einkommen / der Wert liegt etwa bei 5000 Euro his salary / its value is around 5000 euros;
    b) an einem bestimmten Ort: at; beim Metzger / Bäcker etc. at the butcher’s / baker’s etc.; hast du das bei Woolworth gekauft? did you buy that at Woolworth’s; Herr Müller ist gerade bei Tisch Mr Müller is just at the table; wir waren alle bei mir / meinen Eltern we were all at my house ( oder place) / at my parents’ (place); bei ihr zu Hause in her house, at her place; bei uns in Hessen / auf dem Land where I come from in Hessen / in the country; wir sind morgen bei Kollegen eingeladen we have been invited to visit colleagues tomorrow; er wohnt bei mir nebenan / gegenüber / um die Ecke he lives next door / opposite / on the corner where I live ( oder of my place); sie wohnt bei einem alten Ehepaar she lives with an old couple; bei (per Adresse) Schmidt c / o (= care of) Schmidt; am Telefon: hier bei Müller this is the Müllers’, Müller speaking; bei den Schotten heißt das anders the Scots call it something else; Amerika wacht gerade erst auf, bei uns ist es aber schon 13 Uhr in America they’re just waking up, but here it’s already 1 o’clock
    2.
    a) bezeichnet Arbeitsverhältnis etc.: for; sie ist bei Langenscheidt she is with ( oder works for) Langenscheidt; er arbeitet oder ist bei der Post / Bahn he works for the post office / railway (Am. railroad); sie ist beim Fernsehen she works for (the) TV; beim Militär in the armed forces;
    b) bei jemandem Stunden nehmen have lessons with s.o.; bei welchem Arzt bist du? which doctor do you go to?; Brit. auch who’s your GP?
    3. an einer bestimmten Stelle: jemanden beim Kragen packen grab s.o. by the collar; jemanden bei der Hand etc. fassen take s.o. by the hand etc.; die Gelegenheit beim Schopf fassen seize ( oder grab umg.) the opportunity; bei Fuß! (to) heel
    4. dabei, mit: with; ich habe kein Geld bei mir I have no money on me; er hatte seinen Hund bei sich he had his dog with him; das ist oft so bei Kindern that’s fairly common with children; pej. children are like that; bei mir machst du das lieber nicht you’d be advised not to try that with me, you’d better not try that with me; die Entscheidung liegt bei dir it’s your decision
    6. von Werken, Künstlern etc.: in the work of; bei Schiller steht in one of Schiller’s works it says, Schiller says; bei Tizian / den Romantikern findet man dieses Motiv you find this motif in the works of Titian / the Romantics
    7. zeitlich, Umstände, Zustände:
    a) zu einem gewissen Zeitpunkt: on, at; bei meiner Ankunft when I arrived, on my arrival; bei Tagesanbruch at dawn; bei Sonnenaufgang / Sonnenuntergang at sunrise / sunset; bei schönem Wetter when the weather is fine; der Park schließt bei anbrechender Dunkelheit the park closes at dusk; bei dieser Gelegenheit möchte ich.... I should like to take this opportunity to...; bei einem Unfall in an accident; Vorsicht bei Abfahrt des Zuges! take care when the train leaves;
    b) (während) during, at, by; bei Nacht at night; bei Tag during the daytime, by day; beim Unterricht during a ( oder the) lesson; bei einem Glas Wein over a glass of wine; beim Lesen der Zeitung fiel mir auf... while ( oder when) I was reading the paper it struck me...; bei der Arbeit einschlafen fall asleep while working; beim Essen / Schlafen / Schreiben etc. while eating / sleeping / writing etc.;
    c) (dabei, mit) with; hilfst du mir beim Umzug / bei der Arbeit? will you help me with my move / work; jemanden beim Namen nennen call s.o. by (his oder her) name;
    d) (im Falle von) if there is, in case of; bei Gefahr Knopf drücken press the button in case of danger; bei Regen wird das Fest verschoben if it rains the party will be postponed; bei Nebel if it is foggy; bei Glatteis Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung auf 30 km speed limit 30 km if there is ice; Vorsicht bei Nässe! take care in wet conditions; beim nächsten Mal (the) next time; bei nächster Gelegenheit (the) next chance, at the first ( oder earliest) opportunity; bei Fieber Bettruhe halten stay in bed if you have a temperature; bei so etwas wird mir schlecht that sort of thing makes me feel ill; bei so etwas kann er nicht mitreden he has nothing to say about that sort of thing
    8. (unter) among; bei den alten Fotos among the old photos; heute war nichts für dich bei der Post there was nothing for you in the post (Am. mail) today; bei Strafe von under penalty of
    9. (betreffend): bei Alkohol muss ich aufpassen I have to be careful with alcohol; bei Geldfragen muss ich passen when it comes to (questions of) money, I have to pass; bei Männern hat sie Pech she’s unlucky with men
    10. (angesichts): bei deinem Gehalt! (you) with your salary!; bei meinem Gehalt kann ich mir das nicht leisten I can’t afford that on ( oder with) my salary; bei deiner Erkältung solltest du nicht rausgehen you should stay in with your cold ( oder with that cold of yours); bei 25 Euro pro Stunde at 25 euros an hour; bei so vielen Schwierigkeiten considering all the difficulties; bei so viel Hilfe sind wir schnell fertig with all this help we should be ready soon; bei der Lage der Dinge (with) matters ( oder things) the way they are; bei so vielen Teilnehmern können wir... with so many participants we can...; bei diesem Lärm / diesen Temperaturen kann man nicht schlafen with all this noise / with temperatures like this one can’t sleep
    11. (trotz): bei aller Liebe, das ist zu viel verlangt much as I sympathize - that’s asking too much; und das bei all seiner Mühe! and that in spite of all his efforts
    12. in bestimmtem Zustand: bei Kräften sein be in good health; bei guter Gesundheit sein be in good health; bei Besinnung sein be conscious; du bist wohl nicht ( recht) bei Trost! you’re not in your right mind; er ist heute nicht bei Laune he’s not in a very good mood today; gut bei Kasse sein have plenty of money
    13. bei bestimmten Bedingungen: beim besten Willen with the best will in the world; bei Wasser und Brot with just bread and water; bei offenem Fenster with the window open; bei Kerzenlicht / Mondschein by candlelight / moonlight; bei Licht besehen ist es nur halb so schlimm seen in the light of day it’s not so bad; bei Tageslicht by daylight
    14. Maß: bei weitem by far
    15. Anrufung: schwören bei swear by; bei Gott! by God!; bei meiner Ehre! altm. on my hono(u)r!; bei allem, was recht ist, das geht nun wirklich zu weit in all conscience, that’s going too far
    * * *
    on; at; about; next to; upon; beside; in the event of
    * * *
    1) at
    2) (next to; near; at the side of: by the door; He sat by his sister.) by
    3) on
    4) upon
    5) (in the care of: Leave your case with the porter.) with
    * * *
    [bai]
    1. (räumlich: in jds Wohn-/Lebensbereich) with
    \bei wem hast du die letzte Nacht verbracht? who did you spend last night with?
    sie wohnt \bei ihren Großeltern she lives with her grandparents
    ich war die ganze Zeit \bei meinen Eltern I was at my parents' [house] the whole time
    am Wochenende sind sie entweder \bei ihm oder \bei ihr at the weekend they're either at his place or at hers
    \bei jdm zu Besuch sein to be staying with [or visiting] sb
    \bei jdm zu Hause at sb's house
    bei uns zu Hause war das immer so üblich we always did it that way at home, that was the way we did things at home
    \bei Hofe at court
    \bei den Maori/Masai leben to live among the Maori/Masai
    \bei Familie Schmidt (Briefanschrift) c/o Schmidt
    2. (räumlich: im Tätigkeits-/Unternehmensbereich) for
    \bei jdm arbeiten [o sein] to work for sb
    er ist \bei Klett angestellt he works at Klett
    sie arbeitet \beim Fernsehen she works in television
    er arbeitet \bei der Bahn/beim Bund/einer Firma/ der Post he works for the railways/the government/a company/the post office
    er arbeitet \beim Supermarkt an der Ecke he works at the supermarket on the corner
    er ist neuerdings Redakteur \bei uns he joined us as an editor recently
    er ist ein hohes Tier \bei der Post he's a big shot [or fish] at the post office
    \bei wem lassen Sie Ihre Anzüge schneidern? who makes your suits?, who is your tailor?
    \bei wem haben Sie Deutsch gelernt? who taught you German?
    sie hat ihr Handwerk \bei einem sehr erfahrenen Meister gelernt she learnt her trade from a very experienced master craftsman
    beim Bäcker/Friseur at the baker's/hairdresser's
    \bei der Citybank sein (ein Konto haben) to bank [or have an account] with the Citybank
    \bei Klett erschienen published by Klett
    \bei der Marine/beim Militär in the navy/military
    \bei jdm Unterricht haben [o nehmen] to have lessons with [or take lessons from] sb
    3. (räumlich: in jds Werk)
    ▪ \bei jdm in
    das Zitat steht [irgendwo] \bei Goethe the quotation comes from [somewhere in] Goethe
    \bei wem hast du denn das gelesen? where did you read that?
    das kannst du alles \bei Schopenhauer nachlesen you can look it all up in Schopenhauer
    4. (räumlich: mit sich haben) with
    etw \bei sich dat haben [o tragen] to have sth with [or on] one
    ich habe die Unterlagen leider nicht \bei mir I'm afraid I haven't got the papers with me
    ich habe gerade kein Geld \bei mir I don't have [or I'm not carrying] any money on [or with] me at the moment
    jdn \bei sich dat haben to have sb with one
    zum Glück hatte ich meinen Bruder \bei mir fortunately, my brother was with me
    5. (räumlich: im eigenen Bereich) to
    ich dachte \bei mir... I thought [or was thinking] to myself...
    etw \bei sich behalten to keep sth to oneself
    behalte die Nachricht bitte noch \bei dir please don't tell anyone else the news for now, please keep the news to yourself for now
    6. (räumlich: in der Nähe) near
    Böblingen ist eine Stadt \bei Stuttgart Böblingen is a town near Stuttgart
    er wohnt \beim Bahnhof he lives near [to] [or close to] the station
    wir treffen uns \bei der Kirche/der Post we'll meet by the church/post office
    er saß \bei ihr (direkt neben) he sat beside [or next to] her; (in der näheren Umgebung) he sat close to [or near] her
    geh du, ich bleibe \bei den Kindern you go, I'll stay with the children
    \bei der ersten/zweiten Kreuzung at the first/second crossing
    \beim Fluss by the river
    die Schlacht \bei Hastings the battle of Hastings
    7. (räumlich: an) by
    jdn \bei der Hand nehmen to take sb by the hand; ÖSTERR (fig)
    etw \bei der Hand haben to have sth at hand
    8. (räumlich: zwischen, unter) among
    er war auch \bei den Demonstranten he was also among the demonstrators
    die Unterlagen sind \bei den Akten the papers are amongst the files
    9. (Angabe von Zeitspanne) during; (Angabe von Zeitpunkt) at
    unterbrechen Sie mich bitte nicht dauernd \bei meiner Rede! please stop interrupting my speech!
    \bei dem Zugunglück starben viele Menschen many people died in the train crash
    \bei der Aufführung darf nicht geraucht werden smoking is not permitted during the performance
    Vorsicht \bei der Abfahrt [des Zuges] please stand clear of the doors, the train is about to leave
    \bei jds Abreise/Ankunft on sb's departure/arrival
    ich hoffe, du bist \bei meiner Abreise auch da I hope you will be there when I leave [or on my departure]
    \bei Anbruch der Dunkelheit/des Tages at nightfall/daybreak
    \bei der Geburt/dem Tod at his/her etc. birth/death
    \bei Nacht/Tag by night/day
    \bei Tag und Nacht day and night
    \bei Tisch at table
    10. (gibt Teilnahme an)
    \bei einer Aufführung mitwirken to be involved in a performance/play
    \bei einem Gottesdienst/einer Hochzeit sein to be at a church service/wedding
    11. (während einer Tätigkeit) while
    das ist mir beim Bügeln eingefallen it occurred to me when [or as] [or while] I was ironing; NORDD
    \bei sein, etw zu tun to be on the verge of doing sth [or about to do sth
    wir können das ja \bei einer Flasche Wein besprechen let's talk about it over a bottle of wine
    \bei Schnee ist Weihnachten immer am schönsten Christmas is always nicest when it snows
    \bei diesem Wetter setze ich keinen Fuß vor die Tür! I'm not setting foot outside the door in this weather!
    \bei der Arbeit sein to be working [or at work]
    \bei/nicht \bei Bewusstsein sein to be conscious/unconscious
    \bei Kerzenlicht by candlelight
    \bei Kräften/guter Laune sein to be well [or fit]/in good spirits
    \bei dieser Hitze/Kälte in such heat/cold
    \bei Tageslicht arbeiten to work in daylight
    nicht mehr \bei Verstand sein to have taken leave of one's senses, to not be in one's right mind
    \bei Wind und Wetter come rain or shine
    13. (ungefähr) around
    der Preis liegt \bei etwa Euro 1.000 the price is around [or about] 1,000 euros
    14. (zur Angabe eines erreichten Wertes)
    der DAX lag \bei 3.554 the DAX closed at 3,554 points
    die Temperatur lag \bei 38,3° im Schatten the temperature was 38.3° in the shade
    15. (im Falle von etw) in case of
    „bei Feuer Scheibe einschlagen“ “in case of fire break glass”
    \bei Nebel/Regen werde ich nicht fahren I won't go if it's foggy/it rains
    16. (wegen, mit) with
    \bei seiner Sturheit könnte man manchmal wirklich verzweifeln one could sometimes really despair at his stubbornness
    \bei so viel Dummheit ist wirklich alle Liebesmüh vergebens all effort is futile in the face of such stupidity
    \bei diesem Sturm bleiben wir lieber zu Hause in view of [or due to] this storm we'd better stay at home
    \bei deinen Fähigkeiten with your talents [or skills
    17. (trotz) in spite of, despite
    \bei aller Freundschaft, das geht einfach zu weit we may be friends but that's just going too far
    es geht \beim besten Willen nicht even with the best will in the world it's just not possible
    ich schwöre es, \bei meiner toten Mutter! I swear on my mother's grave!
    \bei meiner Ehre [up]on my honour
    \bei Gott! (veraltend) by God!
    „ich schwöre \bei Gott, die Wahrheit zu sagen und nichts als die Wahrheit“ “I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help me God”
    19.
    ▶ nicht [ganz] \bei sich dat sein (fam) to be not [quite] oneself
    * * *
    1) (nahe) near; (dicht an, neben) by

    bei den Fahrrädern/Kindern bleiben — stay with the bicycles/children

    nicht [ganz] bei sich sein — (fig.) be not quite with it

    sich bei jemandem entschuldigen/erkundigen — apologize to somebody/ask somebody

    2) (unter) among
    3) (an) by
    4) (im Wohn-/Lebens-/Arbeitsbereich von)

    bei mir [zu Hause] — at my house

    bei uns um die Ecke/gegenüber — round the corner from us/opposite us

    wir treffen uns bei uns/Peter — we'll meet at our/Peter's place

    bei uns in Österreich — in Austria [where I/we come from/live]

    bei Schmidt — (auf Briefen) c/o Schmidt

    bei jemandem/einem Verlag arbeiten — work for somebody/a publishing house

    bei einer Hochzeit/einem Empfang — usw. at a wedding/reception etc.

    6) (im Werk von)

    bei Schiller heißt es... — Schiller says or writes that...

    7) (im Falle von) in the case of

    wie bei den Römern — as with the Romans

    hoffentlich geht es nicht wie bei mir — I hope the same thing doesn't happen as happened in my case

    bei Sonnenaufgang/-untergang — at sunrise/sunset

    9) (modal)

    bei Tag/Nacht — by day/night

    bei Tag und [bei] Nacht — day and night

    10) (im Falle des Auftretens von)

    ‘bei Feuer Scheibe einschlagen’ — ‘in case of fire, break glass’

    ‘bei Regen Schleudergefahr’ — ‘slippery when wet’

    11) (angesichts) with

    bei diesem Sturm/Lärm — with this storm blowing/noise going on

    12) (trotz)

    bei all seinem Engagement/seinen Bemühungen — in spite of or despite or for all his commitment/efforts

    bei allem Verständnis, aber ich kann das nicht — much as I sympathize, I cannot do that

    bei meiner Ehre! — (veralt.) upon my honour!

    * * *
    bei präp
    1. räumlich, auch fig: (in der Nähe von) near;
    bei Berlin near Berlin;
    die Schlacht bei Waterloo the Battle of Waterloo;
    beim Rathaus (just) near ( oder by) the town hall; (am Rathaus) at the town hall;
    dicht bei der Schule just next to the school;
    gleich beim Hotel liegt die Post the post office is just ( oder right) next to the hotel;
    etwas bei der Hand haben have sth to hand;
    sein Einkommen/der Wert liegt etwa bei 5000 Euro his salary/its value is around 5000 euros; an einem bestimmten Ort: at;
    beim Metzger/Bäcker etc at the butcher’s/baker’s etc;
    hast du das bei Woolworth gekauft? did you buy that at Woolworth’s;
    Herr Müller ist gerade bei Tisch Mr Müller is just at the table;
    wir waren alle bei mir/meinen Eltern we were all at my house ( oder place)/at my parents’ (place);
    bei ihr zu Hause in her house, at her place;
    bei uns in Hessen/auf dem Land where I come from in Hessen/in the country;
    wir sind morgen bei Kollegen eingeladen we have been invited to visit colleagues tomorrow;
    er wohnt bei mir nebenan/gegenüber/um die Ecke he lives next door/opposite/on the corner where I live ( oder of my place);
    sie wohnt bei einem alten Ehepaar she lives with an old couple;
    bei (per Adresse)
    Schmidt c/o (= care of) Schmidt; am Telefon:
    hier bei Müller this is the Müllers’, Müller speaking;
    bei den Schotten heißt das anders the Scots call it something else;
    Amerika wacht gerade erst auf, bei uns ist es aber schon 13 Uhr in America they’re just waking up, but here it’s already 1 o’clock
    2. bezeichnet Arbeitsverhältnis etc: for;
    sie ist bei Langenscheidt she is with ( oder works for) Langenscheidt;
    ist bei der Post/Bahn he works for the post office/railway (US railroad);
    sie ist beim Fernsehen she works for (the) TV;
    beim Militär in the armed forces;
    bei jemandem Stunden nehmen have lessons with sb;
    bei welchem Arzt bist du? which doctor do you go to?; Br auch who’s your GP?
    jemanden beim Kragen packen grab sb by the collar;
    fassen take sb by the hand etc;
    die Gelegenheit beim Schopf fassen seize ( oder grab umg) the opportunity;
    bei Fuß! (to) heel
    4. dabei, mit: with;
    ich habe kein Geld bei mir I have no money on me;
    er hatte seinen Hund bei sich he had his dog with him;
    das ist oft so bei Kindern that’s fairly common with children; pej children are like that;
    bei mir machst du das lieber nicht you’d be advised not to try that with me, you’d better not try that with me;
    die Entscheidung liegt bei dir it’s your decision
    bei einer Aufführung mitwirken take part in a performance; bei Spielen:
    bei dieser Runde setze ich aus I’ll sit this round out
    6. von Werken, Künstlern etc: in the work of;
    bei Schiller steht in one of Schiller’s works it says, Schiller says;
    bei Tizian/den Romantikern findet man dieses Motiv you find this motif in the works of Titian/the Romantics
    7. zeitlich, Umstände, Zustände: zu einem gewissen Zeitpunkt: on, at;
    bei meiner Ankunft when I arrived, on my arrival;
    bei Sonnenaufgang/Sonnenuntergang at sunrise/sunset;
    bei schönem Wetter when the weather is fine;
    bei dieser Gelegenheit möchte ich …. I should like to take this opportunity to …;
    bei einem Unfall in an accident;
    Vorsicht bei Abfahrt des Zuges! take care when the train leaves; (während) during, at, by;
    bei Nacht at night;
    bei Tag during the daytime, by day;
    beim Unterricht during a ( oder the) lesson;
    bei einem Glas Wein over a glass of wine;
    beim Lesen der Zeitung fiel mir auf … while ( oder when) I was reading the paper it struck me …;
    bei der Arbeit einschlafen fall asleep while working;
    beim Essen/Schlafen/Schreiben etc while eating/sleeping/writing etc; (dabei, mit) with;
    hilfst du mir beim Umzug/bei der Arbeit? will you help me with my move/work;
    jemanden beim Namen nennen call sb by (his oder her) name; (im Falle von) if there is, in case of;
    bei Gefahr Knopf drücken press the button in case of danger;
    bei Regen wird das Fest verschoben if it rains the party will be postponed;
    bei Nebel if it is foggy;
    bei Glatteis Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung auf 30 km speed limit 30 km if there is ice;
    Vorsicht bei Nässe! take care in wet conditions;
    beim nächsten Mal (the) next time;
    bei nächster Gelegenheit (the) next chance, at the first ( oder earliest) opportunity;
    bei Fieber Bettruhe halten stay in bed if you have a temperature;
    bei so etwas wird mir schlecht that sort of thing makes me feel ill;
    bei so etwas kann er nicht mitreden he has nothing to say about that sort of thing
    8. (unter) among;
    bei den alten Fotos among the old photos;
    heute war nichts für dich bei der Post there was nothing for you in the post (US mail) today;
    bei Strafe von under penalty of
    9. (betreffend):
    bei Alkohol muss ich aufpassen I have to be careful with alcohol;
    bei Geldfragen muss ich passen when it comes to (questions of) money, I have to pass;
    bei Männern hat sie Pech she’s unlucky with men
    bei deinem Gehalt! (you) with your salary!;
    bei meinem Gehalt kann ich mir das nicht leisten I can’t afford that on ( oder with) my salary;
    bei deiner Erkältung solltest du nicht rausgehen you should stay in with your cold ( oder with that cold of yours);
    bei 25 Euro pro Stunde at 25 euros an hour;
    bei so vielen Schwierigkeiten considering all the difficulties;
    bei so viel Hilfe sind wir schnell fertig with all this help we should be ready soon;
    bei der Lage der Dinge (with) matters ( oder things) the way they are;
    bei so vielen Teilnehmern können wir … with so many participants we can …;
    bei diesem Lärm/diesen Temperaturen kann man nicht schlafen with all this noise/with temperatures like this one can’t sleep
    11. (trotz):
    bei aller Liebe, das ist zu viel verlangt much as I sympathize - that’s asking too much;
    und das bei all seiner Mühe! and that in spite of all his efforts
    bei Kräften sein be in good health;
    bei guter Gesundheit sein be in good health;
    bei Besinnung sein be conscious;
    du bist wohl nicht (recht) bei Trost! you’re not in your right mind;
    er ist heute nicht bei Laune he’s not in a very good mood today;
    gut bei Kasse sein have plenty of money
    beim besten Willen with the best will in the world;
    bei Wasser und Brot with just bread and water;
    bei offenem Fenster with the window open;
    bei Kerzenlicht/Mondschein by candlelight/moonlight;
    bei Licht besehen ist es nur halb so schlimm seen in the light of day it’s not so bad;
    bei Tageslicht by daylight
    14. Maß:
    bei weitem by far
    15. Anrufung:
    schwören bei swear by;
    bei Gott! by God!;
    bei meiner Ehre! obs on my hono(u)r!;
    bei allem, was recht ist, das geht nun wirklich zu weit in all conscience, that’s going too far
    * * *
    1) (nahe) near; (dicht an, neben) by

    bei den Fahrrädern/Kindern bleiben — stay with the bicycles/children

    nicht [ganz] bei sich sein — (fig.) be not quite with it

    sich bei jemandem entschuldigen/erkundigen — apologize to somebody/ask somebody

    2) (unter) among
    3) (an) by
    4) (im Wohn-/Lebens-/Arbeitsbereich von)

    bei mir [zu Hause] — at my house

    bei uns um die Ecke/gegenüber — round the corner from us/opposite us

    wir treffen uns bei uns/Peter — we'll meet at our/Peter's place

    bei uns in Österreich — in Austria [where I/we come from/live]

    bei Schmidt — (auf Briefen) c/o Schmidt

    bei jemandem/einem Verlag arbeiten — work for somebody/a publishing house

    bei einer Hochzeit/einem Empfang — usw. at a wedding/reception etc.

    6) (im Werk von)

    bei Schiller heißt es... — Schiller says or writes that...

    7) (im Falle von) in the case of

    bei Sonnenaufgang/-untergang — at sunrise/sunset

    bei Tag/Nacht — by day/night

    bei Tag und [bei] Nacht — day and night

    ‘bei Feuer Scheibe einschlagen’ — ‘in case of fire, break glass’

    ‘bei Regen Schleudergefahr’ — ‘slippery when wet’

    11) (angesichts) with

    bei diesem Sturm/Lärm — with this storm blowing/noise going on

    bei all seinem Engagement/seinen Bemühungen — in spite of or despite or for all his commitment/efforts

    bei allem Verständnis, aber ich kann das nicht — much as I sympathize, I cannot do that

    bei meiner Ehre! — (veralt.) upon my honour!

    * * *
    (vollem) Verstand sein ausdr.
    to be in one's right mind expr.
    to be of sound mind expr. präp.
    at prep.
    by prep.
    next to prep.
    on prep.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bei

  • 14 vicenda

    f ( episodio) event
    ( storia) story
    alterne vicende changing fortunes
    a vicenda ( a turno) in turn
    ( scambievolmente) each other, one another
    * * *
    vicenda s.f.
    1 event; adventure, vicissitude: vicende felici e infelici, lucky and unlucky events; le vicende della mia vita, the vicissitudes (o the ups and downs) of my life; dopo molte vicende si sistemò in un piccolo villaggio di campagna, after many adventures he settled down in a small country village
    2 ( successione) succession; ( alternanza) alternation // a vicenda, each other; one another, ( alternatamente) in turn (o by turns): le due sorelle si sono sempre aiutate a vicenda, the two sisters have always helped one another (o each other); si insultavano a vicenda, they were insulting one another
    3 (agr.) ( delle colture) rotation.
    * * *
    [vi'tʃɛnda]
    1. sf
    1) (episodio) event
    2)

    vicende sfpl — (sorte) fortunes

    2.
    1) (reciprocamente) each other, one another
    2) (alternativamente) in turn(s)
    * * *
    [vi'tʃɛnda]
    sostantivo femminile
    1) (evento, fatto) affair, event
    2) a vicenda (reciprocamente) each other, one another; (a turno) in turn(s)
    * * *
    vicenda
    /vi't∫εnda/
    sostantivo f.
     1 (evento, fatto) affair, event; i retroscena di una vicenda the ins and outs of an affair; una vicenda curiosa a strange occurrence; le -e della guerra the fortunes of war
     2 a vicenda (reciprocamente) each other, one another; (a turno) in turn(s).

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > vicenda

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 événement

    événement, évènement [evεnmɑ̃]
    masculine noun
    • faire or créer l'événement [personne, film] to be big news
    * * *
    evenmɑ̃
    nom masculin event
    * * *
    evɛnmɑ̃ nm
    * * *
    1 ( incident) event; ( occasion) event, occasion; pour donner de l'éclat à l'événement to give prestige to the event; je veux assister à l'événement I'd like to be at the event; être dépassé par les événements to be overwhelmed; riche en événements eventful;
    2 ( fait marquant) event; c'est tout un événement quand… it's quite an event when…; couvrir l'événement to give coverage to the event; l'événement de l'année the big event of the year; faire or créer l'événement to make the news;
    3 Math, Stat outcome.
    nom masculin,
    évènement nom masculin [evɛnmɑ̃]
    1. [fait] event, occurrence, happening (substantif comptable)
    nous sommes débordés ou dépassés par les événements we have been overtaken by events
    3. [fait important] event
    faire ou créer l'événement to be news ou a major event

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > événement

  • 17 incitar

    v.
    1 to incite (a la violencia).
    el hambre le incitó a robar hunger made him steal
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?
    María incitó a la multitud Mary incited the multitude
    2 to abet, to instigate.
    María incitó al policía Mary abetted the cop.
    * * *
    1 to incite (a, to)
    * * *
    verb
    2) urge, encourage
    * * *
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.
    Ex. The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.
    Ex. This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex. An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex. Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex. The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex. This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex. As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex. The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex. I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex. In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex. For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex. Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex. The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex. He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex. The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex. Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex. It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    ----
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    * * *
    = arouse, fuel, prompt, spur, spur on, abet, exhort, instigate, tease, egg on, emplace, twit, taunt, tantalise [tantalize, -USA], set off, goad, incite.

    Ex: The appearance of this volume aroused such a furor within and without the British Museum that further publication of the catalog was suspended.

    Ex: This is in line with recent trends in the historical sciences generally fuelled by the feeling that in the past historians did not pay enough attention to what is, after all, the majority of humanity.
    Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.
    Ex: Spurred by press comments on dumping of withdrawn library books in rubbish skips, Birkerd Library requested the Ministry of Culture's permission to sell withdrawn materials.
    Ex: The paper-makers, spurred on by the urgent need to increase their supply of raw material, eventually mastered the new technique.
    Ex: This article questions the pricing policies of some publishers for journals suggesting that librarians have inadvertently aided and abetted them in some cases.
    Ex: As he began to speak, she exhorted herself to pay close attention, not to let herself be so distracted by the earlier event that her mind would be off in some obscure cavern of her soul.
    Ex: The first mass removal of material was instigated by the trade unions and although admitted in 1932 to have been a mistake, the purges proved difficult to stop.
    Ex: I like to be considered one of the team, to joke with and tease the employee but that sure creates a problem when I have to discipline, correct, or fire an employee.
    Ex: In the novel, residents of the drought-plagued hamlet of Champaner, egged on by a salt-of-the-earth hothead leader, recklessly accept a sporting challenge thrown down by the commander of the local British troops.
    Ex: For them musical performance emplaces and embodies community identities in very specific ways.
    Ex: Don't be tempted into twitting me with the past knowledge that you have of me, because it is identical with the past knowledge that I have of you, and in twitting me, you twit yourself.
    Ex: The writer describes how he spent his school days avoiding bullies who taunted him because he was a dancer.
    Ex: He may have wished to tease and tantalize his readers by insoluble problems.
    Ex: The dollar has been losing value, weakening its status as the world's major currency and setting off jitters in the international financial system.
    Ex: Al Qaeda will goad us into war with Iran because it serves their own interests.
    Ex: It is illegal to operate websites inciting terrorism under the Terrorism Act.
    * incitar a = sting into.
    * incitar a Alguien a la acción = stir + Nombre + into action.
    * incitar camorra = rustle up + trouble.
    * incitar controversia = arouse + controversy.
    * incitar el odio = incite + hatred.
    * incitar escándalo = arouse + furor.
    * incitar hostilidad = arouse + hostility.
    * incitar la curiosidad = provoke + curiosity, excite + curiosity.
    * incitar la violencia = incite + violence.
    * incitar polémica = rattle + Posesivo + cage.
    * incitar una respuesta = provoke + response.
    * preguntas para incitar el debate = discussion question.
    * que incita a la reflexión = provocative of.

    * * *
    incitar [A1 ]
    vt
    incitar a algn A algo to incite sb TO sth
    incitaron al ejército a la rebelión they incited the army to rebellion o to rebel
    películas que incitan a la violencia films which encourage violence o which incite people to violence
    lo hizo incitado por sus compañeros his friends encouraged him to do it, his friends put him up to it ( colloq)
    incitar a algn CONTRA algn to incite sb AGAINST sb
    los incitaba contra sus superiores he was inciting them against their superiors
    * * *

    incitar ( conjugate incitar) verbo transitivo incitar a algn a algo to incite sb to sth;
    incitar a algn contra algn to incite sb against sb
    incitar verbo transitivo to incite, urge: sus discursos incitaron a la rebelión, his speeches incited them to rebellion
    ' incitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    azuzar
    - desafiar
    - invitar
    - picar
    - tentar
    - empujar
    - empujón
    English:
    egg on
    - incite
    - put up to
    - spur
    - sting
    - tempt
    - egg
    - stir
    - whip
    * * *
    to incite;
    un discurso que incita a la violencia a speech inciting people to violence;
    el hambre lo incitó a robar hunger made him steal;
    ¿qué le incitó a hacerlo? what made him do it?;
    incitar a alguien a la fuga/venganza to urge sb to flee/avenge himself
    * * *
    v/t incite
    * * *
    : to incite, to rouse

    Spanish-English dictionary > incitar

  • 18 estragos

    m.pl.
    havoc, ravages.
    * * *
    SMPL havoc sing
    * * *
    masculino plural

    causar/hacer estragoss — terremoto/inundación to wreak havoc

    * * *
    (n.) = destruction
    Ex. In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.
    * * *
    masculino plural

    causar/hacer estragoss — terremoto/inundación to wreak havoc

    * * *

    Ex: In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.

    * * *
    los estragos de la guerra the ravages of war
    causar/hacer estragoss «terremoto/inundación» to wreak havoc
    una enfermedad que sigue causando estragos entre la población infantil an illness which is still devastating the infant population
    un grupo que causa estragos entre las quinceañeras a group that drives fifteen-year-old girls wild
    * * *

    estragos sustantivo masculino plural:

    causar/hacer estragoss [terremoto/inundación] to wreak havoc;
    la epidemia causó estragos entre la población the epidemic devastated the population
    estragos m (destrozo) damage, destruction
    los estragos del tiempo, the ravages of time
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer estragos, (causar perjuicios, daños) to wreak havoc
    (volver loco) hace estragos entre los adolescentes, it drives teenagers wild

    ' estragos' also found in these entries:
    English:
    ravage
    - wreak
    - destruction
    - ravages
    - wrought
    * * *
    estragos nmpl
    los estragos de las heladas arruinaron la cosecha frost damage ruined the harvest;
    causar o [m5] hacer estragos (en algo) [destruir] to wreak havoc (on sth), to devastate (sth);
    la epidemia de cólera sigue causando o [m5] haciendo estragos the cholera epidemic continues to cause devastation;
    el huracán causó o [m5] hizo estragos en la costa the hurricane wreaked havoc on the coast;
    hacer estragos [triunfar] to have devastating results;
    el cantante hace estragos entre las niñas the singer drives young girls wild
    * * *
    mpl devastation sg ;
    causar estragos entre wreak havoc among
    * * *
    estragos nmpl
    1) : ravages, destruction, devastation
    los estragos de la guerra: the ravages of war
    2)
    causar estragos entre : to play havoc with

    Spanish-English dictionary > estragos

  • 19 all

    unbest. Pron.
    1. adjektivisch all (of); all the (+ Pl.) (jeder) every; each; (jeder beliebige) any; alle anderen all the others, all the rest; alles andere all else; das alles all that; alles andere als ( nützlich etc.) anything but (useful etc.); all das andere all the rest; alle Menschen everyone, everybody; alle Welt the whole world, all the world; alles Amerikanische all things American; alles Gute all the best; alles Übrige all the rest; Sachen aller Art all kinds of things; allen Ernstes in all seriousness; auf alle Fälle in any case ( oder event); in aller Deutlichkeit quite distinctly; in aller Form in good and due form; mit aller Kraft with all one’s strength; ohne allen Zweifel without a doubt; trotz aller Anstrengungen despite all efforts; vor allen Leuten in front of everybody, in public; sie hat alles Geld oder all ihr Geld / all das viele Geld verloren she lost all her / that money
    2. in Zeit- und Mengenangaben: alle ( paar) Augenblicke every few seconds, ever so often; alle ( zwei) Tage every (other) day; alle acht Tage once a week; alle Jahre wieder year after year; alle drei Schritte / Meter every couple of ( oder few) feet / yards umg.
    a) alle all; alle beide both of them; alle drei all three (of them); sie / wir alle all of them / us; alle außer mir etc. everyone except me etc.; fast alle almost everyone; sind alle da? is everyone ( oder everybody) here?; alle und jeder all and sundry, everyone (and his dog umg.); alle für einen und einer für alle all for one and one for all; alle, die... all who ( oder that), whoever; Amtsspr. any persons who ( oder being oder having)...; alle, die ein Visum benötigen anyone ( oder those) requiring a visa; das wollen nicht alle not everyone wants that; alle wollen das nicht everyone doesn’t want that;
    b) alles everything; alles lachte everybody laughed; alles außer... all but...; alles auf einmal all at once; das ist oder wäre alles that is ( oder will be) all; er kann alles he can do anything; alles oder nichts! it’s all or nothing; alles und jedes everything; alles in allem all in all, overall, on balance, (letztendlich) auch when all is said and done; bei oder trotz allem despite everything; vor allem above all; sie ist gut in allem she is good at everything; was soll das alles? what’s the meaning of all that?; damit ist alles gesagt I need say no more; alles zu seiner Zeit all in good time; alles hat seine Zeit all in good time, there is a time for everything; auf alles gefasst sein be prepared for the worst; alles hat zwei Seiten there are two sides to everything ( oder every story); es geht ihr über alles she values that more than anything; es geht um alles oder nichts it’s all or nothing;
    c) verstärkend: Geschwindigkeit ist alles speed is everything; sie ist alles für mich she is everything to me; da hört (umg. sich) doch alles auf umg. that is the limit, that puts the lid on it; wer war denn alles da? who all was there?; ... und wer ( oder Gott) weiß was alles umg.... and goodness ( oder heaven oder Lord) knows what else, ... and what have you,... and I don’t know what all; was sind das alles nur für Leute? what sort of people are they?, whoever are these people?; wir wissen nicht, was sie alles getan haben we don’t know what all they’ve done; um alles in der Welt for anything in the world; da war ( aber) alles dran umg. it was just perfect; pej. it was the limit, it couldn’t have been worse;
    d) mein / dein etc. alles my / your etc. my / your etc. all, everything; ihr Ein und ( ihr) Alles her all in all, her little all; ein 1 II, Mädchen
    * * *
    das All
    (Weltall) space; universe; outer space
    * * *
    Ạll [al]
    nt -s, no pl (SCI, SPACE)
    space no art; (außerhalb unseres Sternsystems) outer space; (liter, geh) universe

    Spaziergang im All — space walk, walk in space

    * * *
    (the most absolute or complete possible: We have every reason to believe that she will get better.) every
    * * *
    <-s>
    [al]
    nt kein pl space
    * * *
    das; Alls space no art.; (Universum) universe
    * * *
    all indef pr
    1. adjektivisch all (of); all the (+ pl) (jeder) every; each; (jeder beliebige) any;
    alle anderen all the others, all the rest;
    alles andere all else;
    das alles all that;
    nützlich etc) anything but (useful etc);
    all das andere all the rest;
    alle Menschen everyone, everybody;
    alle Welt the whole world, all the world;
    alles Amerikanische all things American;
    alles Gute all the best;
    alles Übrige all the rest;
    Sachen aller Art all kinds of things;
    allen Ernstes in all seriousness;
    auf alle Fälle in any case ( oder event);
    in aller Deutlichkeit quite distinctly;
    in aller Form in good and due form;
    mit aller Kraft with all one’s strength;
    ohne allen Zweifel without a doubt;
    trotz aller Anstrengungen despite all efforts;
    vor allen Leuten in front of everybody, in public;
    all ihr Geld/all das viele Geld verloren she lost all her/that money
    alle (paar) Augenblicke every few seconds, ever so often;
    alle (zwei) Tage every (other) day;
    alle acht Tage once a week;
    alle Jahre wieder year after year;
    alle drei Schritte/Meter every couple of ( oder few) feet/yards umg
    alle all;
    alle beide both of them;
    alle drei all three (of them);
    sie/wir alle all of them/us;
    alle außer mir etc everyone except me etc;
    fast alle almost everyone;
    sind alle da? is everyone ( oder everybody) here?;
    alle und jeder all and sundry, everyone (and his dog umg);
    alle für einen und einer für alle all for one and one for all;
    alle, die … all who ( oder that), whoever; ADMIN any persons who ( oder being oder having) …;
    alle, die ein Visum benötigen anyone ( oder those) requiring a visa;
    das wollen nicht alle not everyone wants that;
    alle wollen das nicht everyone doesn’t want that;
    alles everything;
    alles lachte everybody laughed;
    alles außer … all but …;
    alles auf einmal all at once;
    wäre alles that is ( oder will be) all;
    er kann alles he can do anything;
    alles oder nichts! it’s all or nothing;
    alles und jedes everything;
    alles in allem all in all, overall, on balance, (letztendlich) auch when all is said and done;
    trotz allem despite everything;
    vor allem above all;
    sie ist gut in allem she is good at everything;
    was soll das alles? what’s the meaning of all that?;
    damit ist alles gesagt I need say no more;
    alles zu seiner Zeit all in good time;
    alles hat seine Zeit all in good time, there is a time for everything;
    auf alles gefasst sein be prepared for the worst;
    alles hat zwei Seiten there are two sides to everything ( oder every story);
    es geht ihr über alles she values that more than anything;
    es geht um alles oder nichts it’s all or nothing; verstärkend:
    Geschwindigkeit ist alles speed is everything;
    sie ist alles für mich she is everything to me;
    da hört (umg
    sich)
    doch alles auf umg that is the limit, that puts the lid on it;
    wer war denn alles da? who all was there?;
    … und wer ( oder
    Gott)
    weiß was alles umg … and goodness ( oder heaven oder Lord) knows what else, … and what have you, … and I don’t know what all;
    was sind das alles nur für Leute? what sort of people are they?, whoever are these people?;
    wir wissen nicht, was sie alles getan haben we don’t know what all they’ve done;
    um alles in der Welt for anything in the world;
    da war (aber) alles dran umg it was just perfect; pej it was the limit, it couldn’t have been worse;
    mein/dein etc
    Alles my/your etc my/your etc all, everything;
    ihr Ein und (ihr) Alles her all in all, her little all; → ein1 B, Mädchen
    * * *
    das; Alls space no art.; (Universum) universe
    * * *
    adj.
    all adj.
    every adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > all

  • 20 Geben

    n; -s, kein Pl.
    1. giving; es ist alles ein Geben und Nehmen it’s all a matter of give and take; Geben ist seliger denn Nehmen BIBL. it is more blessed to give than to receive
    2. Kartenspiel: am Geben sein be dealing, be the dealer; er ist am Geben it’s his deal
    * * *
    to hand; to deal; to give
    * * *
    ge|ben ['geːbn] pret gab [gaːp] ptp gegeben [gə'geːbn]
    1. TRANSITIVES VERB
    1) to give; (= reichen) to give, to pass; Schatten, Kühle to provide

    gibs mir! — give it to me!, give me it!

    könnten Sie mir die Butter/den Korkenzieher geben? — could you pass me the butter/the corkscrew?

    (von jdm) etw geben lassen — to ask (sb) for sth

    ich gäbe viel darum, zu... — I'd give a lot to...

    jdm einen Tritt geben — to give sb a kick; (figinf) to give sb the boot (inf)

    ein gutes Beispiel geben — to set a good example

    jdn/etw verloren geben — to give sb/sth up for lost

    2) = Cards to deal

    er hat mir drei Asse und zwei Buben gegeben — he dealt me three aces and two jacks

    3) = gewähren, verleihen to give; Thema, Aufgabe, Problem to set

    einen Elfmeter/einen Freistoß geben — to give a penalty kick/a free kick

    gebe Gott, dass... — God grant that...

    Taktgefühl ist ihm nicht gegeben — he's not over-endowed with tact

    es war ihm nicht gegeben, seine Eltern lebend wiederzusehen — he was not to see his parents alive again

    4) = schicken, übergeben to send; (dial = tun) to put

    in die Post geben — to post (Brit), to mail (esp US)

    ein Kind in Pflege geben — to put a child in care

    Milch an den Teig geben (dial) — to add milk to the dough

    5) = ergeben, erzeugen to produce

    2 + 2 gibt 4 — 2 + 2 makes 4

    ein Pfund gibt fünf Klöße — a pound will make five dumplings

    das gibt Ärger/Probleme — that will cause trouble/problems

    6) = veranstalten Konzert, Fest to give; Theaterstück etc to do

    am Schillertheater geben sie wieder "Maria Stuart" — they are doing "Maria Stuart" at the Schillertheater again

    was wird heute im Theater gegeben? — what's on at the theatre (Brit) or theater (US) today?

    7) = unterrichten to teach

    Englisch/Deutsch geben — to teach English/German

    er gibt Nachhilfeunterricht/Tanzstunden — he gives private tuition/dancing lessons (Brit), he does tutoring/gives dancing lessons

    8) andere Wendungendiams; viel/nicht viel auf etw (acc) geben to set great/little store by sth

    ich gebe nicht viel auf seinen Rat — I don't think much of his advicediams; etw von sich geben Laut, Worte, Flüche to utter; Meinung to express

    was er gestern von sich gegeben hat, war wieder einmal völlig unverständlich — what he was going on about yesterday was, as ever, completely incomprehensible

    2. INTRANSITIVES VERB

    der links von mir Sitzende gibt — the person sitting on my left deals

    wer gibt? — whose deal is it?, whose turn is it to deal?

    2) SPORT = Aufschlag haben to serve
    3. UNPERSÖNLICHES VERB
    diams; es gibt (+sing) there is; (+pl) there are

    darauf gibt es 10% Rabatt — you get 10% discount on it

    wann gibts was zu essen? – es gibt gleich was — when are we going to get something to eat? – it's on its way

    was gibts? — what's the matter?, what is it?

    das gibts nicht, dass ein Vegetarier Metzger wird — it's impossible, a vegetarian wouldn't become a butcher, it's inconceivable that a vegetarian would become a butcher

    so was gibts bei uns nicht! (inf) — that's just not on! (inf)

    4. REFLEXIVES VERB
    1) diams; sich geben = nachlassen Regen to ease off; (Schmerzen) to ease, to lessen; (Leidenschaft, Begeisterung) to lessen, to cool; (freches Benehmen) to lessen
    2)

    = aufgeben, ergeben sich gefangen geben — to give oneself up

    See:
    3) = sich erledigen to sort itself out; (= aufhören) to stop

    machen Sie erst mal die dringensten Sachen, der Rest wird sich (von alleine) geben — do the most urgent things first, the rest will sort itself out

    gibt sich das bald! (inf) — cut it out! (inf)

    4) = sich benehmen to behave

    sich freundlich geben — to behave in a friendly way, to be friendly

    sich als große Dame geben — to play the great lady

    sich von oben herab geben — to behave condescendingly, to be condescending

    nach außen gab er sich heiter — outwardly he seemed quite cheerful

    sie gibt sich, wie sie ist — she's completely genuine, there's no pretence (Brit) or pretense (US) with her

    * * *
    1) (to give, especially for a particular purpose or regularly: His father allows him too much money.) allow
    2) (to give (something) to someone by hand: I handed him the book; He handed it back to me; I'll go up the ladder, and you can hand the tools up to me.) hand
    3) (the act of dividing cards among players in a card game.) deal
    4) (to distribute (cards).) deal
    5) (to cause to have: My aunt gave me a book for Christmas; Can you give me an opinion on this?) give
    6) (to produce (something): Cows give milk but horses do not; He gave a talk on his travels.) give
    7) (to organize (some event etc): We're giving a party next week.) give
    * * *
    ge·ben
    [ˈge:bn̩]
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jdm etw \geben to give sb sth, to give sth to sb
    gibst du mir bitte mal das Brot? could you give [or hand] me the bread, please? [or pass]
    ich würde alles darum \geben, ihn noch einmal zu sehen I would give anything to see him again; (beim Kartenspiel) to deal
    du hast mir 3 Joker gegeben you've dealt me 3 jokers
    wer gibt jetzt? whose turn is it to deal?
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (schenken) to give [as a present]
    3.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    jdm die [o seine] Telefonnummer \geben to give sb one's telephone number
    ▪ sich dat etw [von jdm] \geben lassen to ask [sb] for sth
    er ließ sich die Speisekarte \geben he asked for the menu
    4.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jdm etw \geben to get sb sth; (bezahlen)
    ▪ [jdm] etw für etw akk \geben to give [sb] sth for sth
    was darf ich Ihnen \geben? what can I get you?
    darf ich Ihnen sonst noch was \geben? can I get you anything else?
    \geben Sie mir bitte fünf Brötchen I'd like five bread rolls please
    ich gebe Ihnen 500 Euro für das Bild I'll give you [or let you have] 500 euros for the picture
    Preisnachlass/Skonto \geben to give a reduction/cash discount
    5.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw gibt jdm etw sth gives [sb] sth
    Schutz/Schatten \geben to give [or provide] protection/shade
    6.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    einen Preis \geben to award a prize
    Titel/Namen \geben to give a title/name
    diese erfreuliche Nachricht gab ihr neue Zuversicht this welcome piece of news gave her new confidence
    der Gedanke an eine Rettung gab uns immer wieder Kraft the thought of being rescued always gave us strength
    7.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    TELEK (telefonisch verbinden)
    ▪ jdm jdn \geben to put sb through to sb
    \geben Sie mir bitte Frau Schmidt can I speak to Mrs Smith, please
    8.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jdm etw \geben to give [or set] sb sth
    eine Aufgabe/ein Problem/ein Thema \geben to set a task/problem/topic
    9.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw \geben to give sth
    der Minister wird eine Pressekonferenz \geben the minister will give [or hold] a press conference
    10.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ jd gibt [jdm] etw sb gives [or allows] [sb] sth
    jdm einen Namen \geben to name a person
    jdm ein Interview \geben to grant sb an interview
    jdm eine Verwarnung \geben to give sb a warning; SPORT to book sb
    einen Freistoß \geben FBALL to award a free-kick
    11.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ein Theaterstück \geben to put on a play
    12.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ein Fest \geben to give a party
    13.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw/jdn irgendwohin \geben akk to send sth/sb somewhere
    sein Auto in [die] Reparatur \geben to have one's car repaired
    sein Kind in ein Internat \geben to send one's child to boarding school
    dürfen wir während unseres Urlaubs unsere Katze zu euch \geben? can you take our cat while we're away?
    14.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    KOCHK (fam: tun)
    ▪ etw in etw akk/an etw akk \geben, etw zu etw dat \geben to add sth to sth
    Wein in die Soße \geben to add wine to the sauce
    15.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw \geben to produce sth
    sieben mal sieben gibt neunundvierzig seven times seven equals forty-nine, seven sevens are forty-nine
    Rotwein gibt Flecken red wine stains [or leaves stains]
    keinen Sinn \geben that makes no sense
    ein Wort gab das andere one word led to another
    16.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw \geben to teach sth
    Nachhilfestunden \geben to give private tuition
    Unterricht \geben to teach
    jdm etw zu tun \geben to give sb sth to do
    17.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw von sich dat \geben to utter sth
    er gab wenig Worte von sich he said very little
    18.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (euph fam: sich erbrechen)
    ▪ etw [wieder] von sich dat \geben to throw up [sth], to bring up sth sep [again] euph
    19.
    ▶ es jdm \geben (fam) to let sb have it fam
    ▶ gib's ihm! let him have it!
    ▶ jdm ist etw nicht gegeben sth is not given to sb
    nicht allen ist es gegeben, einem solchen Ereignis beizuwohnen not everybody gets the opportunity to be present at such an event
    es war ihm nicht gegeben, seine Heimatstadt wiederzusehen he was not destined to see his home town again
    ▶ nichts auf etw akk \geben to think nothing of sth
    ▶ jdm etw zu tun \geben to give sb sth to do
    das wird ihm für die nächsten Monate zu tun geben! that'll keep him busy for the next few months!
    das sollte der Firmenleitung zu denken \geben that should give the company management something to think about!
    ▶ viel/nicht viel auf etw akk \geben to set great/not much store by sth
    ich gebe nicht viel auf die Gerüchte I don't pay much attention to rumours
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    KARTEN (austeilen) to deal
    jetzt hast du genug gemischt, gib endlich! you've shuffled enough now, just deal them!
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    SPORT (Aufschlag haben) to serve
    du gibst! it's your serve
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (gereicht werden)
    ▪ es gibt etw there is sth
    hoffentlich gibt es bald was zu essen! I hope there's something to eat soon!
    was gibt es zum Frühstück? what's for breakfast?
    freitags gibt es bei uns immer Fisch we always have fish on Fridays
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ es gibt etw there is sth
    heute gibt es noch Regen it'll rain today
    hat es sonst noch etwas gegeben, als ich weg war? has anything else happened while I was away
    was wird das noch geben? where will it all lead to?
    gleich gibt es was (fam) there's going to be trouble
    3.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw/jdn gibt es there's sth/sb
    das gibt's nicht! (fam) no way!, nothing doing!, forget it!
    das gibt es nicht, dass du einfach meinen Wagen nimmst there's no way that you're taking [or using] my car
    ein Bär mit zwei Köpfen? das gibt es nicht! a bear with two heads? there's no such thing!
    das gibt's doch nicht! (fam) that's unbelievable
    so was gibt es bei uns nicht! that's not on [as far as we're concerned]!
    was gibt's? (fam) what's the matter, what's up fam
    was es nicht alles gibt! (fam) well, I'll be damned! fam, stone me! sl, stone the crows BRIT sl
    4.
    ▶ da gibt es nichts! (fam) there are no two ways about it
    seine Lieder sind einmalig, da gibt es nichts! there's no doubt about it, his songs are unique
    1.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ etw gibt sich sth eases [off] [or lets up]
    das gibt sich it will sort itself out
    die Kopfschmerzen werden sich \geben your headache will go off
    diese Aufsässigkeit wird sich bald von ganz alleine \geben this rebelliousness will soon die down of its own accord; (sich erledigen) to sort itself out
    manches gibt sich von selbst wieder some things sort themselves out
    das wird sich schon \geben it will all work out [for the best]
    2.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    ▪ sich akk als etw \geben to behave in a certain way
    sie gab sich sehr überrascht she acted very surprised
    nach außen gab er sich heiter outwardly he behaved cheerfully
    sie gibt sich, wie sie ist she doesn't try to be anything she isn't
    sich akk von der besten Seite \geben to show one's best side
    3.
    <gibt, gab, gegeben>
    (sich finden, ergeben)
    ▪ etw gibt sich sth arises
    es wird sich schon noch eine Gelegenheit \geben there's sure to be another opportunity
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) give; (reichen) give; hand; pass

    geben Sie mir bitte Herrn N. — please put me through to Mr N.

    ich gäbe viel darum, wenn ich das machen könnte — I'd give a lot to be able to do that

    etwas [nicht] aus der Hand geben — [not] let go of something

    geben Sie mir bitte ein Bier — I'll have a beer, please

    Geben ist seliger denn Nehmen — (Spr.) it is more blessed to give than to receive (prov.)

    etwas in Druck (Akk.) od. zum Druck geben — send something to press or to be printed; s. auch Pflege

    3) (gewähren) give

    einen Elfmeter geben — (Sport) award a penalty

    4) (bieten) give
    5) (versetzen) give <slap, kick, etc.>

    es jemandem geben — (ugs.): (jemandem die Meinung sagen) give somebody what for (sl.); (jemanden verprügeln) let somebody have it

    gib [es] ihm! — (ugs.) let him have it!

    6) (erteilen) give
    7) (hervorbringen) give <milk, shade, light>
    8) (veranstalten) give, throw < party>; give, lay on < banquet>; give < dinner party, ball>
    9) (aufführen) give <concert, performance>

    das Theater gibt den ‘Faust’ — the theatre is putting on ‘Faust’

    drei mal drei gibt neun — three threes are nine; three times three is or makes nine

    das gibt [k]einen Sinn — that makes [no] sense

    11) in

    Unsinn/dummes Zeug von sich geben — (abwertend) talk nonsense/rubbish

    keinen Laut/Ton von sich geben — not make a sound

    13) in

    viel/wenig auf etwas (Akk.) geben — set great/little store by something

    14) (hinzugeben) add; put in

    etwas an das Essen geben — add something to or put something into the food

    15) (ugs.): (erbrechen)

    alles wieder von sich geben — bring or (coll.) sick everything up again

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb; unpers
    1) (vorhanden sein)

    es gibt — there is/are

    das gibt es ja gar nicht — I don't believe it; you're joking (coll.)

    Kommen Sie herein. Was gibt es? — Come in. What's the matter or (coll.) what's up?

    was es nicht alles gibt! — (ugs.) what will they think of next?

    da gibt's nichts — (ugs.) there's no denying it or no doubt about it

    da gibt's nichts, da würde ich sofort protestieren — there's nothing else for it, I'd protest immediately in that case

    was gibt es zu essen/trinken? — what is there to eat/drink?

    morgen gibt es Schnee/Sturm — it'll snow tomorrow/there'll be a storm tomorrow

    gleich/sonst gibt's was — (ugs.) there'll be trouble in a minute/otherwise

    3.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    1) (Karten austeilen) deal
    2) (Sport): (aufschlagen) serve
    4.
    1)

    sich [natürlich] geben — act or behave [naturally]

    sich nach außen hin gelassen geben — give the appearance of being relaxed

    deine Art, dich zu geben — the way you behave

    das Fieber wird sich geben — his/her etc. temperature will drop

    das gibt sich/wird sich noch geben — it will get better

    * * *
    Geben n; -s, kein pl
    1. giving;
    es ist alles ein Geben und Nehmen it’s all a matter of give and take;
    Geben ist seliger denn Nehmen BIBEL it is more blessed to give than to receive
    am Geben sein be dealing, be the dealer;
    er ist am Geben it’s his deal
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) give; (reichen) give; hand; pass

    geben Sie mir bitte Herrn N. — please put me through to Mr N.

    ich gäbe viel darum, wenn ich das machen könnte — I'd give a lot to be able to do that

    etwas [nicht] aus der Hand geben — [not] let go of something

    geben Sie mir bitte ein Bier — I'll have a beer, please

    Geben ist seliger denn Nehmen — (Spr.) it is more blessed to give than to receive (prov.)

    etwas in Druck (Akk.) od. zum Druck geben — send something to press or to be printed; s. auch Pflege

    3) (gewähren) give

    einen Elfmeter geben — (Sport) award a penalty

    4) (bieten) give
    5) (versetzen) give <slap, kick, etc.>

    es jemandem geben — (ugs.): (jemandem die Meinung sagen) give somebody what for (sl.); (jemanden verprügeln) let somebody have it

    gib [es] ihm! — (ugs.) let him have it!

    6) (erteilen) give
    7) (hervorbringen) give <milk, shade, light>
    8) (veranstalten) give, throw < party>; give, lay on < banquet>; give <dinner party, ball>
    9) (aufführen) give <concert, performance>

    das Theater gibt den ‘Faust’ — the theatre is putting on ‘Faust’

    drei mal drei gibt neun — three threes are nine; three times three is or makes nine

    das gibt [k]einen Sinn — that makes [no] sense

    11) in

    Unsinn/dummes Zeug von sich geben — (abwertend) talk nonsense/rubbish

    keinen Laut/Ton von sich geben — not make a sound

    13) in

    viel/wenig auf etwas (Akk.) geben — set great/little store by something

    14) (hinzugeben) add; put in

    etwas an das Essen geben — add something to or put something into the food

    15) (ugs.): (erbrechen)

    alles wieder von sich geben — bring or (coll.) sick everything up again

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb; unpers

    es gibt — there is/are

    das gibt es ja gar nicht — I don't believe it; you're joking (coll.)

    Kommen Sie herein. Was gibt es? — Come in. What's the matter or (coll.) what's up?

    was es nicht alles gibt! — (ugs.) what will they think of next?

    da gibt's nichts — (ugs.) there's no denying it or no doubt about it

    da gibt's nichts, da würde ich sofort protestieren — there's nothing else for it, I'd protest immediately in that case

    was gibt es zu essen/trinken? — what is there to eat/drink?

    morgen gibt es Schnee/Sturm — it'll snow tomorrow/there'll be a storm tomorrow

    gleich/sonst gibt's was — (ugs.) there'll be trouble in a minute/otherwise

    3.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb
    4.
    1)

    sich [natürlich] geben — act or behave [naturally]

    deine Art, dich zu geben — the way you behave

    das Fieber wird sich geben — his/her etc. temperature will drop

    das gibt sich/wird sich noch geben — it will get better

    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,pp.: gab, gegeben)
    = to deal v.
    to give v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: gave, given)
    to perform v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Geben

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