in+his+fortune

• Every man is the artisan of his own fortune. (Appius Claudius Caecus)

• Each man (is) the maker of his own fortune

aspĕrĭtas, ātis, f. [asper], the quality of asper, unevenness, roughness (opp. 2. levitas).

Lit.:

saxorum asperitates,

Cic. N. D. 2, 39, 98:

asperitas viarum,

id. Phil. 9, 1, 2:

locorum,

Sall. J. 75, 2:

angustiae locorumque asperitas,

Liv. 32, 12 fin.; 43, 21; 44, 5 al.:

linguae,

Plin. 11, 37, 65, § 172:

ventris,

id. 11, 37, 79, § 201:

squamarum,

Gell. 2, 6:

faucium,

Plin. 30, 4, 11, § 32:

animi asperitas seu potius animae,

hoarseness, id. 22, 24, 51, § 111:

ob asperitatem hiemis,

roughness, severity, Tac. A. 4, 56:

asperitas frigorum abest,

id. Agr. 12:

densaque cedit Frigoris asperitas,

Ov. F. 4, 88 al.:

asperitas luti,

dryness, barrenness of the clay, Vitr. 2, 3.—Of raised work (cf. 1. asper, I., and exaspero):

vasa anaglypta in asperitatemque excisa,

with figures in basrelief, Plin. 33, 11, 49, § 139.—

Transf.

Of taste, harshness, sharpness, acidity, tartness:

vini,

Plin. 14, 19, 24, § 120:

pomi,

id. 12, 10, 21, § 38:

aceti,

id. 9, 35, 58, § 120:

aquarum,

the brackish taste of water, id. 12, 9, 20, § 37 al. —

Of hearing, roughness, harshness of tone:

vocis,

Lucr. 4, 542:

soni,

Tac. G. 3.—

Of sight, inequality, contrast:

cum aspectus ejus scaenae propter asperitatem eblandiretur omnium visus,

on account of the contrast of light and shade, Vitr. 7, 5:

intercolumniorum,

id. 3, 3.—

Trop.

Of moral qualities, roughness, harshness, severity, fierceness, asperity:

si quis eā asperitate est et immanitate naturae, congressus ut hominum fugiat atque oderit, etc.,

Cic. Lael. 23, 87:

avunculi,

Nep. Att. 5, 1:

patris,

Ov. M. 9, 752:

artibus ingenuis Pectora mollescunt, asperitasque fugit,

id. P. 1, 6, 8:

asperitatis et invidiae corrector,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 129.—Of a rigid, austere manner of life: quam illorum (Stoicorum) tristitiam atque asperitatem fugiens Panaetius nec acerbitatem sententiarum nec disserendi spinas probavit, Cic. Fin. 4, 28, 79; cf. 1. asper, II. A.—And of rudeness in external appearance, opp. to a polished, cultivated bearing:

asperitas agrestis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 6.—

Of things, adversity, reverse of fortune, trouble, severity, difficulty (cf. 1. asper, II. B., and acerbitas):

in his vel asperitatibus rerum vel angustiis temporis obsequar studiis nostris,

Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 3:

asperitas belli,

Sall. J. 29, 1:

remedii,

Tac. A. 1, 44.—Of style, roughness, harshness, trachutês (cf. 1. asper, II. B.):

oratio in quā asperitas contentionis oratoris ipsius humanitate conditur,

Cic. de Or. 2, 53, 212. judicialis asperitas, id. ib. 2, 15, 64; so Quint. 1, 8, 11; 10, 5, 14 (cf. id. 11, 3, 23):

verborum,

Ov. M. 14, 526.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

caelum ( cēlum, Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 640), i, n. [caedo], the chisel or burin of the sculptor or engraver, a graver:

caelata vasa... a caelo vocata, quod est genus ferramenti, quem vulgo cilionem vocant,

Isid. Orig. 20, 4, 7; Quint. 2, 21, 24; Varr. ap. Non. p. 99, 18; Stat. S. 4, 6, 26; Mart. 6, 13, 1.— Plur., Aus. Epigr. 57, 6.

caelum ( coelum; cf. Aelius ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 18 Müll.; Plin. 2, 4, 3, § 9; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 129), i, n. (old form cae-lus, i, m., Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; and ap. Charis. p. 55 P.; Petr. 39, 5 sq.; 45, 3; Arn. 1, 59; cf. the foll. I. 2.; plur. caeli, only poet., Lucr. 2, 1097, caelos, cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 331; and in eccl. writers freq. for the Heb., v. infra, cf. Caes. ap Gell. 19, 8, 3 sq., and Charis. p. 21 P., who consider the plur. in gen. as not in use, v. Rudd. I. p. 109. From Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 3: unum caelum esset an innumerabilia, nothing can be positively inferred.—Form cael: divum domus altisonum cael, Enn. ap. Aus. Technop. 13, 17, or Ann. v. 561 Vahl.) [for cavilum, root in cavus; cf. Sanscr. çva-, to swell, be hollow; Gr. kuô, koilos], the sky, heaven, the heavens, the vault of heaven (in Lucr alone more than 150 times): hoc inde circum supraque, quod complexu continet terram, id quod nostri caelum memorant, Pac. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, § 17 Müll.:

ante mare et terras et quod tegit omnia caelum,

Ov. M. 1, 5; cf.:

quis pariter (potis est) caelos omnīs convortere,

Lucr. 2, 1097:

boat caelum fremitu virum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 78; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 73; Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 1; cf. Cat. 62, 26:

quicquid deorum in caelo regit,

Hor. Epod. 5, 1 et saep.:

lapides pluere, fulmina jaci de caelo,

Liv. 28, 27, 16.—Hence the phrase de caelo tangi, to be struck with lightning, Cato, R. R. 14, 3; Liv. 26, 23, 5 Drak.; 29, 14, 3; Verg. E. 1, 17; Suet. Aug. 94; id. Galb. 1; Tac. A. 13, 24; 14, 12;

so also, e caelo ictus,

Cic. Div. 1, 10, 16.—

Personified: Caelus (Caelum, Hyg. Fab. praef.), son of Aether and Dies, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; father of Saturn, Enn. ap. Non. p. 197, 9; Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 63; of Vulcan, id. ib. 3, 21, 55; of Mercury and the first Venus, id. ib. 3, 23, 59, Serv ad Verg. A. 1, 297 al.—

In the lang. of augury:

de caelo servare,

to observe the signs of heaven, Cic. Att. 4, 3, 3; so,

de caelo fieri, of celestial signs,

to appear, occur, id. Div. 1, 42, 93.—

Prov.:

quid si nunc caelum ruat? of a vain fear,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 41 Don.; cf. Varr ap. Non. p. 499, 24: delabi caelo, to drop down from the sky, of sudden or unexpected good fortune, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 14, 41; cf.. caelo missus, Tib 1, 3, 90; Liv. 10, 8, 10; Plin. 26, 3, 7, § 13:

decidere de caelo,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 6 al.: caelum ac terras miscere, to confound every thing, overturn all, raise chaos, Liv 4, 3, 6; cf. Verg. A. 1, 133; 5, 790; Juv. 2, 25: findere caelum aratro, of an impossibility, Ov Tr 1, 8, 3: toto caelo errare, to err very much, be much or entirely mistaken, Macr. S. 3, 12, 10.—

Gen. caeli in a pun with Caeli, gen. of Caelius, Serv. et Philarg. ad Verg. E. 3, 105.—

In eccl. Lat. the plur caeli, ōrum, m., is very freq., the heavens, Tert. de Fuga, 12; id. adv. Marc. 4, 22; 5, 15; Lact. Epit. 1, 3; Cypr. Ep. 3, 3; 4, 5; Vulg. Psa. 32, 6; 21, 32; id. Isa. 1, 2.—

Meton.

Heaven, in a more restricted sense; the region of heaven, a climate, zone, region:

cuicumque particulae caeli officeretur, quamvis esset procul, mutari lumina putabat,

to whatever part of the horizon, however distant, the view was obstructed, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 179; cf. Quint. 1, 10, 45:

hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem,

Liv. 5, 54, 3; so Plin. 8, 54, 80, § 216; 17, 2, 2, §§ 16 and 19 sq.; Flor. 4, 12, 62:

caelum non animum mutant, qui trans mare currunt,

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 27.—

The air, sky, atmosphere, temperature, climate, weather (very freq.):

in hoc caelo, qui dicitur aër,

Lucr. 4, 132; Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 102:

caelum hoc, in quo nubes, imbres ventique coguntur,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 43:

pingue et concretum caelum,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130: commoda, quae percipiuntur caeli temperatione, id. N. D. 2, 5, 13; cf.:

caell intemperies,

Liv. 8, 18, 1; Quint. 7, 2, 3;

Col. prooem. 1' intemperantia,

id. ib. 3:

spiritus,

Cic. Cat. 1, 6, 15:

gravitas,

id. Att. 11, 22, 2; Tac. A. 2, 85:

varium caeli morem praediscere,

Verg. G. 1, 51:

varietas et mutatio,

Col. 11, 2, 1:

qualitas,

Quint. 5, 9, 15:

caeli solique clementia,

Flor. 3, 3, 13:

subita mutatio,

id. 4, 10, 9 al. —With adj.:

bonum,

Cato, R. R. 1, 2:

tenue,

Cic. Fat. 4, 7:

salubre,

id. Div. 1, 57, 130:

serenum,

Verg. G. 1, 260:

palustre,

Liv. 22, 2, 11:

austerum,

Plin. 18, 12, 31, § 123:

foedum imbribus ac nebulis,

Tac. Agr. 12:

atrox,

Flor. 3, 2, 2 et saep.:

hibernum,

Plin. 2, 47, 47, § 122:

austrinum,

id. 16, 26, 46, § 109:

Italum,

Hor. C. 2, 7, 4:

Sabinum,

id. Ep. 1, 7, 77; cf.:

quae sit hiems Veliae, quod caelum Salerni,

id. ib. 1, 15, 1. —

Daytime, day (very rare): albente caelo, at break of day, Sisenn. ap. Quint. 8, 3, 35; Caes. B. C. 1, 68; Auct. B. Afr. 11; 80; cf.:

eodem die albescente caelo,

Dig. 28, 2, 25, § 1:

vesperascente caelo,

in the evening twilight, Nep. Pelop. 2, 5.—

Height:

mons in caelum attollitur,

toward heaven, heavenwards, Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 6; cf.

Verg.: aequata machina caelo,

Verg. A. 4, 89.—So of the earth or upper world in opposition to the lower world:

falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 896.—

Heaven, the abode of the happy dead, etc. (eccl. Lat.), Vulg. Apoc. 4, 2; 11, 15 et saep.; cf.:

cum (animus) exierit et in liberum caelum quasi domum suam venerit,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 51:

ut non ad mortem trudi, verum in caelum videretur escendere,

id. ib. 1, 29, 71.—

Trop, the summit of prosperity, happiness, honor, etc.:

Caesar in caelum fertur,

Cic. Phil. 4, 3, 6; cf. id. Att. 14, 18, 1; 6, 2, 9:

Pisonem ferebat in caelum,

praised, id. ib. 16, 7, 5:

te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 12, 25, 7; Hor. Ep 1, 10, 9; Tac. Or. 19.—Of things:

omnia, quae etiam tu in caelum ferebas,

extolled, Cic. Att. 7, 1, 5:

caelo tenus extollere aliquid,

Just. 12, 6, 2:

in caelo ponere aliquem,

id.,4,14; and: exaequare aliquem caelo, Lucr 1, 79; Flor. 2, 19, 3:

Catonem caelo aequavit,

Tac. A. 4, 34:

caelo Musa beat,

Hor. C. 4, 8, 29; cf.:

recludere caelum,

id. ib. 3, 2, 22;

the opp.: collegam de caelo detraxisti,

deprived of his exalted honor, Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 107: in caelo sum, I am in heaven, i. e. am very happy, id. Att. 2, 9, 1:

digito caelum attingere,

to be extremely fortunate, id. ib. 2, 1, 7:

caelum accepisse fatebor,

Ov. M. 14, 844:

tunc tangam vertice caelum,

Aus. Idyll. 8 fin.; cf.:

caelum merere,

Sen. Suas. 1 init. —

In gen., a vault, arch, covering:

caelum camerarum,

the interior surface of a vault, Vitr. 7, 3, 3; Flor. 3, 5, 30 dub.:

capitis,

Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 134.

ēbrĭus, a, um, adj. [etym. dub.; perh. root phrên; cf. sobrius], who has drunk enough, had his fill, corresp. with satur.

Prop. (very rare):

cum tu satura atque ebria eris, puer ut satur sit facito,

Ter. Hec. 5, 2, 3 Ruhnk.; cf.

saturitate,

Plaut. Capt. 1, 1, 35.—Far more freq. and class.,

full of drink, drunk, intoxicated (cf. also:

potus, ebriosus, temulentus, vinolentus): homo hic ebrius est... Tu istic, ubi bibisti?

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 25; 1, 1, 116; id. Aul. 4, 10, 19, sq. al.; Cic. Mil. 24, 65; id. Phil. 2, 41, 105; id. Div. 2, 58, 120; Sen. Ep. 83, 18 (thrice); Quint. 11, 3, 57; Prop. 4 (5), 5, 46; Hor. S. 1, 4, 51; Ov. M. 4, 26; id. F. 2, 582.— As subst.: ebrĭus, ii, m., a drunkard, Vulg. Psa. 106, 27; id. Job, 12, 25 al. et saep.—

Poet., of inanimate things:

vestigia,

Prop. 1, 3, 9; cf.

signa,

id. 3, 3, 48 (4, 2, 48 M.):

verba,

Tib. 3, 6, 36:

nox,

Mart. 10, 47; cf.

bruma,

id. 13, 1 et saep.—

Trop., intoxicated, drunk, sated, filled:

ebrius jam sanguine civium et tanto magis eum sitiens,

Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 148:

regina fortuna dulci ebria,

intoxicated with good fortune, Hor. C. 1, 37, 12:

dulcis pueri ebrios ocellos,

i. e. intoxicated with love, Cat. 45, 11:

ebria de sanguine sanctorum,

Vulg. Apoc. 17, 6.—

In gen., abundantly filled, full ( poet.):

cena,

Plaut. Cas. 3, 6, 18:

lana de sanguine conchae,

Mart. 14, 154; cf. id. 13, 82:

lucerna,

id. 10, 38.

fĭdes, ĕi ( gen. sing. scanned fĭdēï, Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 1, 1; Lucr. 5, 102.— Ante-class. and poet. form of the gen. fide, like die, facie, etc., Plaut. Aul. 4, 6, 1; id. Poen. 4, 2, 68; Ov. M. 3, 341; 6, 506; 7, 728; 737; Hor. C. 3, 7, 4; cf. Prisc. p. 781 P.; Charis. p. 53 ib.; Ritschl, Proleg. p. 90.— Dat. fide, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 80; 91; 105; Enn. ap. Non. 112, 1, or Ann. v. 111 ed. Vahl.; Hor. S. 1, 3, 95), f. [fido], trust in a person or thing, faith, confidence, reliance, credence, belief (syn.: fidelitas, fiducia, confidentia).

Lit.

In gen.:

si sciat noster senex, fidem non esse huic habitam,

that he has not been trusted, Plaut. As. 2, 4, 52; cf.:

fides ut habeatur, duabus rebus effici potest... iis fidem habemus, quos plus intelligere quam nos arbitramur... bonis viris ita fides habetur, ut nulla sit in iis fraudis injuriaeque suspicio... prudentia sine justitia nihil valeat ad faciendam fidem, etc.,

to give confidence, produce confidence, Cic. Off. 2, 9, 33; see in the foll.: neque pauci, neque leves sunt, qui se duo soles vidisse dicant;

ut non tam fides non habenda, quam ratio quaerenda sit,

to give credence, id. Rep. 1, 10; cf.:

quod si insanorum visis fides non est habenda, quia falsa sunt, cur credatur somniantium visis, etc.,

id. Div. 2, 59, 122:

si ita posset defendere, tamen fides huic defensioni non haberetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 57, § 148:

me miseram! forsitan hic mihi parvam habeat fidem,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 117; cf.:

cum jam minor fabulis haberetur fides,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

(fidem) majorem tibi habui quam paene ipsi mihi,

id. Fam. 5, 20, 2; cf. id. ib. 7, 18, 1:

ex aliis ei maximam fidem habebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41, 4:

cui maximam fidem suarum rerum habeat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 131; cf.:

cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 19, 3:

fidem commenticiis rebus adjungere,

Cic. Div. 2, 55, 113:

testimonio fidem tribuere,

id. Sull. 3, 10; cf.:

Cratippus iisdem rebus fidem tribuit,

id. Div. 1, 3, 5:

et auctoritatem orationi affert et fidem,

id. Or. 34, 120:

si tota oratio nostra omnem sibi fidem sensibus confirmat,

id. Fin. 1, 21, 71:

constituere fidem,

id. Part. Or. 9, 31: fidem facit oratio, awakens or produces belief, id. Brut. 50, 187; cf.:

quoniam auribus vestris... minorem fidem faceret oratio mea,

id. Cat. 3, 2, 4:

aliquamdiu fides fieri non poterat,

Caes. B. C. 2, 37, 1;

so with dare (rare): res ipsa fidem sermoni meo dabit,

App. M. 4, p. 146, 25:

Hercules cui ea res immortalitatis fidem dedit,

assured of, Just. 24, 4, 4; Plin. Pan. 74, 3.—With object-clauses:

fac fidem, te nihil nisi populi utilitatem et fructum quaerere,

evince, show, Cic. Agr. 2, 8, 22: tibi fidem faciemus, nos ea suadere, quae, etc., will convince, Balb. et Opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 8, A. fin.:

mihi fides apud hunc est, nihil me istius facturum,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 10; cf.:

cum vix fides esset, rem ullo modo successuram,

Suet. Vesp. 7:

male fidem servando illis quoque abrogant fidem,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 41:

quorum rebus gestis, fidem et auctoritatem in testimonio inimicitiarum suspicio derogavit,

Cic. Font. 7, 13; cf.:

alicui abrogare fidem juris jurandi,

id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44; and:

omnibus abrogatur fides,

id. Ac. 2, 11, 36:

quae res fidem abrogat orationi,

Auct. Her. 1, 10, 17:

imminuit et oratoris auctoritatem et orationis fidem,

Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 156:

multa fidem promissa levant,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 10: fidem addere, to give credence (opp. fidem demere):

ex ingenio suo quisque demat vel addat fidem,

Tac. G. 3 fin. —

In partic., in mercant. lang., credit:

cum fides totā Italiā esset angustior, neque creditae pecuniae solverentur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 1, 2; cf.:

scimus, Romae solutione impedita fidem concidisse,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

fides de foro sublata erat,

id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

labefacta jam fide,

credit being impaired, Suet. Vesp. 4:

pecunia suā aut amicorum fide sumpta mutua,

Sall. C. 24, 2:

non contentus agrariis legibus fidem moliri coepit,

Liv. 6, 11, 8; cf.:

fidem abrogare,

id. 6, 41, 11:

fidemque remque, perdere,

credit and means, Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 36; cf.:

res eos jampridem, fides deficere nuper coepit,

Cic. Cat. 2, 5, 10:

nisi fide staret res publica, opibus non staturam,

Liv. 23, 48, 9 Drak.; freq.: res fidesque, for fame and fortune, property and credit, i. e. entire resources, Plaut. Curc. 4, 2, 18; id. Truc. 1, 1, 24; 38; id. Most. 1, 2, 64; Sall. J. 73, 6 Cort.—

Beyond the mercant. sphere ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

segetis certa fides meae,

i. e. return, yield, Hor. C. 3, 16, 30:

at tibi... Persolvat nullā semina certa fide,

Tib. 2, 3, 62:

fallax fides unius anni,

Plin. Pan. 32, 4:

quia hanc ejus terrae fidem Menander eludit,

Quint. 12, 10, 25.

Transf., that which produces confidence or belief.

The quality that produces confidence in a person, trustworthiness, faithfulness, conscientiousness, credibility, honesty; in things, credibility, truth, etc.

In gen. (erroneously regarded by Cicero as the primary signif. of the word; wherefore he derived it from fio; v. the foll. passages):

fundamentum justitiae est fides, id est dictorum conventorumque constantia et veritas. Ex quo, audeamus imitari Stoicos, credamusque, quia fiat, quod dictum est, appellatam fidem,

Cic. Off. 1, 7, 23 Beier; cf. id. Fragm. ap. Non. 24, 17 (Rep. 4, 7, p. 428 ed. Mos.); id. Fam. 16, 10 fin.:

justitia creditis in rebus fides nominatur,

id. Part. Or. 22, 78:

meo periculo hujus ego experiar fidem,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 99; cf.:

fides fidelitasque amicum erga,

id. Trin. 5, 2, 2:

homo antiqua virtute ac fide,

Ter. Ad. 3, 3, 88; cf.:

exemplum antiquae probitatis et fidei,

Cic. Rep. 3, 5:

esse summa probitate ac fide,

id. ib. 3, 17:

vir aequissimus, singulari fide,

id. ib. 3, 17:

quorum fides est laudata,

id. ib. 2, 36:

quibus facillime justitia et fides convalescit,

id. ib. 2, 14:

unde justitia, fides, aequitas?

id. ib. 1, 2:

cujus virtuti, fidei, felicitati (Gallia) commendata est,

id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:

aequitas et fides,

id. Rep. 1, 35; cf.:

si pudor quaeritur, si probitas, si fides,

id. ib. 3, 18 fin.:

quanta fide, quanta religione,

id. Font. 6, 13:

hinc fides, illinc fraudatio,

id. Cat. 2, 11, 25: ille vir haud magna cum re sed plenu' fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 342 ed. Vahl.): ubi societas? ubi fides majorum? Cato ap. Gell. 10, 3, 17: nulla sancta societas, nec fides regni est, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 8, 26 (Trag. v. 412 ed. Vahl.):

mea eraga te fides et benevolentia,

Cic. Fam. 1, 5, 1:

pro vetere ac perpetua erga populum Romanum fide,

Caes. B. G. 5, 54, 4:

in fide atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae,

id. ib. 2, 14, 2:

in fide manere,

id. ib. 7, 4, 5; cf.:

sincera fide in pace Ligures esse,

Liv. 40, 34, 11:

si tibi optima fide sua omnia concessit,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 49, 144:

praestare fidem,

id. Div. 2, 37, 79; id. Top. 10, 42; id. Att. 16, 7, 2; id. Fam. 1, 7, 6:

te oro per tuam fidem, ne, etc.,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: Eu. Dic bona fide: tu id aurum non surripuisti? Ly. Bona. Eu. Neque scis, quis abstulerit? Ly. Istuc quoque bona, Plaut. Mil. 4, 10, 42:

de pace cum fide agere,

Liv. 32, 33, 10:

jussas cum fide poenas luam,

Hor. Epod. 17, 37:

haecne marita fides?

Prop. 4 (5), 3, 11:

Aeacidae dederat pacis pignusque fidemque,

faithful bail, Ov. M. 12, 365:

perjura patris fides,

perjured faith, dishonesty, Hor. C. 3, 24, 59 et saep.—Prov.:

fides ut anima, unde abiit, eo numquam redit,

Pub. Syr. 181 (Rib.):

fidem qui perdit, quo se servet relicuo,

id. 166.—

Of inanim. and abstr. things:

nam cum Gabinii levitas... omnem tabularum fidem resignasset, etc.,

trustworthiness, credibility, Cic. Arch. 5, 9; cf.:

nunc vero quam habere auctoritatem et quam fidem possunt (litterae)?

id. Fl. 9, 21; and:

visa, quae fidem nullam habebunt,

id. Ac. 2, 18, 58 fin.; and:

qui non speciem expositionis sed fidem quaerit,

truth, Quint. 10, 1, 32:

aliter oraculorum, aliter haruspicum fides confirmari aut refelli potest,

id. 5, 7, 36:

probationum,

id. 4 praef. §

6: liber spectatae fidei,

Gell. 1, 7, 1:

paulum distare ab eo (lapide) in unguentorum fide multi existimant Lygdinos, etc.,

in faithful preservation, keeping in good condition, Plin. 36, 8, 13, § 62.—

In poets several times, faithful, true fulfilment of a promise:

dicta fides sequitur,

Ov. M. 3, 527 (cf.:

res dicta secuta est,

id. ib. 4, 550):

vota fides sequitur,

id. ib. 8, 713:

promissa exhibuere fidem,

were fulfilled, id. ib. 7, 323; cf.:

en haec promissa fides est?

is this the fulfilment of the oracle? Verg. A. 6, 346.—

In partic., in jurid. lang., bona fides, good faith, sincerity; hence, EX FIDE BONA or BONA FIDE, in good faith, sincerely, honestly, conscientiously:

arbitrum illum adegit, QVICQVID SIBI DARE FACERE OPORTERET EX FIDE BONA,

Cic. Off. 3, 16, 66; cf.: quanti verba illa: VTI NE PROPTER TE FIDEMVE TVAM CAPTVS FRAVDATVSVE SIEM, etc.... Q. quidem Scaevola, pontifex maximus, summam vim esse dicebat in omnibus iis arbitriis, in quibus adderetur EX FIDE BONA;

fideique bonae, nomen existimabat manare latissime, idque versari in tutelis societatibus, fiduciis mandatis, rebus emptis venditis, conductis locatis, etc.,

id. ib. 3, 17, 70; id. Att. 6, 1, 15: praetor ait: QVI [p. 747] BONA FIDE EMIT, etc., Dig. 6, 2, 7, § 11 sq.; cf.:

bonae fidei emptori subrepta re quam emerit,

Just. Inst. 4, 1, 15:

ubi lex inhibet usucapionem, bona fides possidenti nihil prodest,

Dig. 41, 3, 24:

tot judicia de fide mala, quae ex empto aut vendito aut conducto aut locato contra fidem fiunt, etc.,

i. e. deception, dishonesty, Cic. N. D. 3, 30, 74:

bonā fide = certissime,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 30; id. Aul. 4, 10, 42; id. Capt. 4, 2, 110; cf.:

mala fide,

Dig. 41, 2, 1, § 6.—

An assurance that produces confidence, a promise, engagement, word, assurance, confirmation.

In gen.:

fide data, credamus,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 61: accipe daque fidem, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 33 ed. Vahl.):

atque etiam, si quid singuli temporibus adducti hosti promiserunt, est in eo ipso fides conservanda: ut primo Punico bello Regulus... ad supplicium redire maluit, quam fidem hosti datam fallere,

Cic. Off. 1, 13, 39; cf. id. Fin. 2, 20, 65:

fidem dare, violare, in fide non stare,

id. Rab. Perd. 10, 28:

Pompei fides, quam de me Caesari dederat,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 12:

inter se fidem et jusjurandum dare,

Caes. B. G. 1, 3 fin.:

obligare fidem alicui,

to plight one's faith, Cic. Phil. 5, 18, 51; cf.:

fidem reliquis interponere,

Caes. B. G. 5, 6 fin.:

fide mea spondeo, futurum ut, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 1, 14, 10:

diffidens, de numero dierum Caesarem fidem servaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 36, 1:

si fidem mecum servas,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 2, 48:

tecum servavi fidem,

id. Capt. 5, 1, 10; id. Merc. 3, 1, 33:

fides juris jurandi cum hoste servanda,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 107:

fidem erga imperatorem conservare,

Caes. B. C. 1, 84, 3:

fidem erga populum Romanum servare,

Liv. 24, 4, 5:

servata erga Galbam,

Tac. H. 1, 71:

in regem suum servata,

Curt. 6, 5, 2:

ut fidem vobis praestaremus,

Liv. 28, 39, 2; so,

fidem alicui praestare,

Curt. 6, 4, 9; Liv. 30, 15, 5; Sen. Ben. 5, 21, 1:

non servata fides deditis est,

Liv. 24, 1, 10; cf. Cic. de Sen. 20, 75; Sen. Ep. 71, 17:

fidem suam liberare,

to perform his promise, Cic. Fl. 20, 47; cf.:

fidem alicujus liberare,

id. Fam. 12, 7, 2: so,

fidem exsolvere,

Liv. 3, 19, 1; 22, 23, 8; 24, 16, 12; Plin. Ep. 2, 12, 6; Luc. 9, 98 al.:

fidem frangere,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 16;

for which violare, v. above,

id. Rab. Perd. 10, 28:

fidem amittere,

Nep. Eum. 10:

istius fide ac potius perfidiā decepti,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110: quantum mea fides studii mihi afferat, my plighted word (to defend the king), id. Deiot. 1, 1:

contioni deinde edicto addidit fidem,

confirmed, Liv. 2, 24, 6.—

Pregn., a given promise of protection or security, a guaranty; hence, in gen., protection, guardian care:

introduxi Vulturcium sine Gallis: fidem ei publicam jussu senatus dedi,

promised him protection, security, in the name of the public, Cic. Cat. 3, 4, 8; cf.: Vulturcius interrogatus... primo fingere alia;

post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia uti gesta erant aperit,

Sall. C. 47, 1:

cum se diceret indicaturum de conjuratione, si fides publica data esset,

id. ib. 48, 4:

uti L. Cassius ad Jugurtham mitteretur, eumque interposita fide publica Romam duceret,

id. J. 32, 1; cf.:

privatim praeterea fidem suam interponit, quam ille non minoris quam publicam ducebat,

id. ib. fin.:

qui Romam fide publica venerat,

id. ib. 35, 7; so,

too, simply fides: Lusitani contra interpositam fidem interfecti,

Cic. Brut. 23, 89:

fide accepta ab legatis, vim abfuturam,

Liv. 38, 33, 3:

Thais patri se commendavit in clientelam et fidem,

Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 9; cf.:

se in Chrysogoni fidem et clientelam contulerunt,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 37, 106:

quaere in cujus fide sint et clientela,

id. ib. 33, 93:

aliquid in fidem alicujus tradere,

Liv. 38, 31, 2:

frugi hominem, plenum religionis videtis positum in vestra fide ac potestate: atque ita, ut commissus sit fidei, permissus potestati,

Cic. Font. 14, 30; cf.:

se suaque omnia in fidem atque potestatem populi Romani permittere,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 2:

in alicujus fidem ac potestatem venire,

id. ib. 2, 13, 2:

in fide alicujus esse,

Cic. Planc. 41, 97; cf. id. Fam. 13, 65, 2:

ea (jura) fidei suae commissa,

id. Off. 1, 34, 124:

civitas in Catonis fide locata,

id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

recipere aliquid in fidem,

id. ib. 15, 14, 3; cf.:

aliquem in fidem necessitudinemque suam recipere,

id. Fam. 13, 19, 2:

recipere aliquem in fidem,

Caes. B. G. 2, 15, 1; 4, 22, 3:

hortatur, ut populi Romani fidem sequantur,

id. ib. 4, 21, 8: jura fidemque supplicis erubuit (Achilles), the protection due to a suppliant, Verg. A. 2, 541:

di, obsecro vostram fidem!

your protection, assistance, help, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 11; id. Am. 5, 1, 78; id. Most. 1, 1, 74; 2, 2, 97; cf.:

fidem vestram oro atque obsecro, judices,

Cic. Mur. 40, 86:

deum atque hominum fidem implorabis,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 9, § 25;

so in colloq. lang. frequently elliptic. as an exclamation: Di vostram fidem!

by the protection of the gods! for heaven's sake! Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 58, id. Men. 5, 2, 119; id. Poen. 4, 78 al.; Ter. And. 4, 3, 1; 4, 4, 5; id. Eun. 3, 1, 28 al.; cf.:

tuam fidem, Venus!

Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 40:

pro deum atque hominum fidem!

id. ib. 5, 3, 16; id. Ep. 4, 2, 10; Ter. And. 1. 5, 2; 1, 5, 11; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 9 al.; Sall. C. 20, 10 al.;

for which: pro deorum atque hominum fidem!

Cic. Tusc. 5, 16, 48;

and in a different order: pro deorum fidem atque hominum,

id. Lael. 15, 52;

also simply pro deum fidem,

Liv. 3, 67, 7 Drak. N. cr.; and:

per fidem!

Petr. 100, 5; Tac. Or. 35; App. M. 6, p. 175.—

The faith, the Christian religion as a system of belief (eccl. Lat.):

domicilium fidei,

Lact. 4, 30 fin.; Vulg. Apoc. 14, 12 al.

Fides, personified as a goddess:

praeclare Ennius: O Fides alma, apta pinnis, et jus jurandum Jovis! Qui jus igitur jurandum violat, is Fidem violat,

Cic. Off. 3, 29, 104 (Enn. Trag. v. 410 ed. Vahl.); cf. Varr. L. L. 5, § 74 Müll.; Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 47; 2, 23, 61; 31, 79; id. Leg. 2, 8, 19; 11, 28; Plaut. Cas. prol. 2; id. Aul. 3, 6, 46; 50; 4, 2, 14; Verg. A. 1, 292; Hor. C. 1, 35, 21; 4, 5, 20; id. C. S. 57.

fĭdes, ium, plur., or fides, is, sing., f. [= sphidê], a stringed instrument, lyre, lute, cithern.

Lit.

In gen.

In plur. (only so in classic prose): Fides genus citharae, Paul. ex Fest. p. 89, 16 Müll.:

(hominis) omnis vultus omnesque voces, ut nervi in fidibus, ita sonant, ut a motu animi quoque sunt pulsae,

Cic. de Or. 3, 57, 216;

so different from nervi,

id. Div. 2, 14, 33; id. Leg. 2, 15, 39; id. Brut. 54, 199; id. Fin. 4, 27, 75 (v. Madv. ad h. l., p. 601 sq.):

ut in fidibus aut tibiis, atque in cantu ipso ac vocibus concentus est quidam tenendus ex distinctis sonis, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 42; id. Fin. 4, 27, 75; cf. id. de Or. 3, 51, 197: Fi. Fides non reddis? Pe. Neque fides neque tibias, Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 77;

with tibiae,

Quint. 1, 10, 14; 20; 11, 3, 59:

Orpheus, Threïciā fretus citharā fidibusque canoris,

Verg. A. 6, 120:

fidibus cantare alicui,

Plaut. Ep. 3, 4, 64:

fidibus canere praeclare,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; id. Div. 2, 59, 122:

uti,

id. Tusc. 5, 39, 113:

dicere longum melos,

Hor. C. 3, 4, 4:

placare deos,

id. ib. 1, 36, 1:

discere,

Cic. de Sen. 8, 26:

docere aliquem,

id. Fam. 9, 22, 3:

scire,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 53:

vivunt commissi calores Aeoliae fidibus puellae,

Hor. C. 4, 9, 12:

fidibusne Latinis Thebanos aptare modos studet,

i. e. to imitate Pindaric odes in Latin poetry, id. Ep. 1, 3, 12.—

Sing. ( poet.):

sume fidem et pharetram: fies manifestus Apollo,

Ov. H. 15, 23; so,

Teïa,

Hor. C. 1, 17, 18:

Cyllenea,

id. Epod. 13, 9:

quodsi blandius Orpheo moderere fidem,

id. C. 1, 24, 14.—

Prov.: vetus adagium est: Nihil cum fidibus graculo, i. e. ignoramuses have nothing to do with poetry, Gell. N. A. praef. § 19.—

Esp., Fides, is, f., a constellation, i. q. Lyra, the Lyre:

cedit clara Fides Cyllenia,

Cic. Arat. 381; Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 12;

in the form Fidis,

Col. 11, 2, 14; 40; Sid. Carm. 16, 5.—

Transf., in sing., i. q. nervus, chorda, a string of a musical instrument:

quae tuba quaeve lyra Flatibus incluta vel fidibus,

Prud. Cath. 3, 81.

Mĕtellus, a [etym. dub.; metellus = misthios, hired, i. e. a hired servant, Gloss. Philox.: metelli dicuntur in re militari quasi mercenarii, Attius in Annalibus: calones famulique metellique caculaeque; a quo genere hominum Caeciliae familiae cognomen putatur ductum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 146 and 147 Müll.], the name of a Roman family in the gens Caecilia; its most famous members were:

Q. Metellus Macedonicus, who made Macedonia a Roman province, and was renowned for his good-fortune, Vell. 1, 11, 1; Cic. Tusc. 1, 35, 85; id. ib. 1, 36, 86, etc.—

Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, who defeated Jugurtha in Numidia, Sall. J. 43 sqq.; Cic. Brut. 35, 135.—

L. Caecilius Metellus, who saved the palladium from the burning temple of Vesta, B. C. 241, Liv. Epit. 19; Flor. 2, 2, 27; Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; Juv. 6, 265; cf. id. 3, 137 sq.—

C. Caecilius Metellus Celer, Cicero's contemporary, and husband of Coelia, Cic. Att. 2, 1, 5, etc. —

Qu. Caecilius Metellus Pius (Scipio), son of Scipio Nasica, and Pompey's fatherin-law, Vell. 2, 15, 5.—

Caecilia Metella, wife of P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, divorced A. U. C. 709, Hor. S. 2, 3, 239; Cic. Att. 11, 23, 3; 13, 7, 1.—

Caecilia Metella, wife of M. Aemilius Scaurus, Cic. Sest. 47, 101.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

nŏvus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. navas; Gr. neos, i. e. neWos; cf.: noverca, nuntius, denuo, nuper; Germ. neu; Engl. new], new, not old, young, fresh, recent, etc. (v. antiquus init.; cf.: recens, novellus).

Lit.

In gen.:

civitates condere novas,

Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:

nova et a nobis inventa ratio,

id. ib. 1, 8, 13; cf.:

nihil novi vobis afferam neque quod a me sit cogitatum aut inventum,

id. ib. 1, 14, 21:

novus veteri exercitus jungitur,

Liv. 7, 7; cf.

miles,

Sall. J. 87, 2:

imperator,

id. ib. 44, 2:

novum de integro proelium,

Liv. 24, 16:

Camillus,

id. 22, 14:

consules,

Suet. Caes. 15:

serpens,

which has cast its old skin, Ov. M. 9, 266:

caro,

fresh meat, Juv. 11, 85.—Special phrases.

Novae tabernae, or simply Novae (sub Novis), the new shops; many of the shops of the money-changers in the Forum were burned down A. U. C. 543, and those built on their sites were called Novae, those which remained standing Veteres (v. vetus), Liv. 26, 27; 3, 48:

sub Novis,

Cic. de Or. 2, 66, 266; cf.: sub Novis dicta pars in foro aedificiorum, quod vocabulum ei pervetustum, Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Novae tabulae, new account-books, by making which old debts were cancelled, Cic. Off. 2, 23, 84; id. Phil. 6, 4, 11; id. Att. 5, 21, 13; 14, 21, 4; Caes. B. C. 3, 1; 3, 21:

tum Catilina polliceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium,

Sall. C. 21, 2.—Hence, trop.:

beneficiorum novae tabulae,

i. e. forgetfulness of benefits, Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 6.—

Novus homo, or homo novus, the first of his family who obtained a curule office, a man newly ennobled, an upstart, Cic. Off. 1, 39, 138:

adeptus es, quod non multi homines novi,

Cic. Fam. 5, 18, 1; cf.:

in Q. Pompeio, novo homine et fortissimo viro,

id. Mur. 7, 16 sq.:

M. Catoni, homini ignoto et novo,

id. Rep. 1, 1, 1; cf.:

hic novus Arpinas, ignobilis, et modo Romae Municipalis eques,

Juv. 8, 237:

nova nupta,

a bride, Juv. 2, 120.— Plur. subst.: nŏvi, ōrum, m., recent writers: est et quod appellatur a novis noêma, Quint. 8, 5, 12:

novorum lectio,

id. 2, 5, 26; 5, 4, 1.—

Novae res, new things, novelties:

nihil te ad me postea scripsisse demiror, praesertim tam novis rebus,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 4.—Also subst.: nŏvum, i, n., a new thing, a novelty; news:

novum attulerint, quod fit nusquam gentium,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 70:

num quidnam inquit novi?

Cic. de Or. 2, 3, 13:

si quid novi vel sero invenissem,

Quint. 2, 5, 3.— Plur.:

novorum interpositione priora confundere,

Quint. 10, 3, 32; 8, 3, 60.—But, in gen., novae res signifies political innovations, a revolution:

Q. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium novis rebus studentem manu suā occidit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 3:

rerum novarum causam quaerere,

id. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

plebes novarum rerum cupida,

Sall. C. 28, 4:

cuncta plebes novarum rerum studio Catilinae incepta probabat,

id. ib. 37, 1:

novarum rerum avidi,

id. J. 19, 1.—In a double sense: Segulium neglegamus, qui res novas quaerit: non quo veterem comederit—nullam enim habuit—sed hanc ipsam recentem novam devorārit, innovations and new wealth, Cic. Fam. 11, 21, 2.—

In partic.

New, novel, strange, singular, unusual, unheard of:

flagitia ingentia, nova, capitalia,

Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 3:

nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis aut cuiquam novum,

Cic. de Or. 1, 31, 137; cf.:

novum crimen et ante hunc diem inauditum,

id. Lig. 1, 1:

nova tibi haec sunt et inopinata?

id. Verr. 2, 2, 8, § 24; id. Att. 6, 1, 5:

novam in feminā virtutem novo genere honoris donavere,

Liv. 2, 13; Verg. A. 3, 591:

nova monstra,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 6:

si res agi videtur nova, magna, atrox,

Quint. 4, 1, 33.—

New in any thing, unused, unaccustomed, inexperienced ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

et rudis ad partus et nova miles oram,

Ov. H. 11, 48.—

With dat.:

novus dolori,

Sil. 6, 254; Tac. Agr. 16.—

With inf.:

nova ferre jugum cervix,

Sil. 16, 332.—

Nova Via structa esse dicitur regnante Ser. Tullio, Paul. ex Fest. p. 174 Mull.; v. Müll. ib. p. 389, a; cf.:

vocabulum pervetustum ut Novae viae, quae via jam diu vetus,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.—

Recent:

tu cognovisti omnia, novissima et antiqua,

Vulg. Psa. 138, 5.—

In eccl. Lat., renewed by grace:

nova creatura,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 5, 17:

induite novum hominem,

ib. Eph. 4, 24.—

Transf., in the sup.: nŏvissĭmus, a, um, the latest, last, hindermost, extreme (syn.:

extremus, proximus, recentissimus): a quo (sc. novo) etiam extremum novissimum quoque dici coeptum vulgo, quod meā memoriā ut Aelius sic senes aliquot, nimium novum verbum quod esset, vitabant,

Varr. L. L. 6, § 59 Müll.:

histriones,

Cic. Rosc. Com. 11, 30; Brut. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 1, 3; Cass. ib. 12, 13, 1:

qui ex iis novissimus venit, necatur,

Caes. B. G. 5, 56:

novissimum agmen,

the rear, id. ib. 1, 15; 7, 68. —So as subst.: nŏvissĭmi, ōrum, the rear of an army, the soldiers in the last line:

novissimis praesidio esse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20:

novissimos adorti magnam multitudinem conciderunt,

id. ib. 2, 11:

dixitque novissima verba,

Verg. A. 4, 650:

novissima cauda,

i. e. the end of, Ov. M. 3, 681; 13, 963:

luna,

Plin. 2, 13, 10, § 56.—

Like Engl. last, extreme, highest:

exempla,

the extreme penalty, the penalty of death, Tac. A. 12, 20; 15, 44; and absol.:

a summā spe, novissima exspectabat,

id. ib. 6, 50:

novissimum casum experitur,

id. ib. 12, 33.—

Esp. in eccl. Lat.

Youngest:

liberorum,

Vulg. Jos. 6, 26.—

Lowest in rank or fortune:

de novissimis populi,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 13, 33.—

As subst.

Sing.: nŏvissĭmum, i, n., the end.

Of place:

terrae,

Vulg. 1 Macc. 3, 9:

a summo ad novissimum,

the bottom, id. Isa. 56, 11.—

Of time:

habent spem in novissimo,

Vulg. Prov. 23, 18.—

Plur.: nŏvissĭma, ōrum, n.

Of place, the bottom, depths:

abyssi,

Vulg. Job. 38, 16.—

Of time:

habebis in novissimis spem,

Vulg. Prov. 24, 14; cf.:

novissima hominis illius,

the end, id. Luc. 11, 26.—Hence, adv. (not in Cic.) in two forms.

Form nŏvē, newly, in a new or unusual manner:

ornata ut lepide! ut concinne! ut nove!

Plaut. Ep. 2, 2, 38: ne quid ambigue, ne quid nove dicamus, * Auct. Her. 1, 9, 15:

verba nove aut insigniter dicta,

Gell. 19, 7, 2; cf. id. 17, 2, 13; Sen. Contr. 1, 4 fin. —

Form nŏvĭter, newly:

BASILICA IVLIA A SE NOVITER REPARATA,

Inscr. Orell. 24 (A. D. 377):

amor noviter venit,

Fulg. Myth. 3, 1 med. — Sup.: nŏvissĭmē.

Of time, recently, lately, a short time ago: mater cum novissime aegrotāsset, Val. Antias. ap. Charis. p. 186 P.:

quod novissime nobiscum foedus fecissent,

id. ib.:

novissime, memoriā nostrā, argentum aere solutum est,

Sall. C. 33, 2:

liber quem novissime tibi misi,

Plin. Ep. 8, 3, 1:

eloquendi rationem novissime repertam,

Quint. 12 praef. § 3.—

Of succession, lastly, last of all, finally:

dicam primum... deinde... novissime,

Sen. Ira, 3, 5, 2:

primum... post haec... novissime,

Quint. 3, 6, 24; cf.:

primum... post haec... novissime,

id. 11, 2, 41:

vel... vel... vel novissime,

id. 7, 1, 37:

et... et... et novissime,

id. 2, 4, 10:

cum plura interrogāsset... novissime id inferebat,

id. 5, 11, 3:

novissime cum, etc. (= postremo),

in the last fight, Hirt. B. G. 8, 48, 3.

pīla, ae, f. [perh. for pisula, from root pis-; v. pinso, piso], a mortar (syn. mortarium):

pila, ubi triticum pinsant,

Cato, R. R. 14; Ov. Ib. 573:

zeae granum tunditur in pilā ligneā,

Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 112:

si contuderis stultum in pilā,

Vulg. Prov. 27, 22: sal sordidum in pilā pisatum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 158 Müll.

pīlă, ae, f. [for pigla, from root pag-, pig-, of pango, pe-pig-i, q. v.], a pillar (syn. columna): pila, quae parietem sustentat, ab opponendo dicta est, Paul. ex Fest. p. 204 Müll.:

locavit pilas pontis in Tiberim,

Liv. 40, 51:

salax taberna a pileatis nona fratribus pila, of the temple of Castor and Pollux,

Cat. 37, 1: nulla taberna meos habeat neque pila libellos, i. e. they are not to be publicly sold (as the booksellers had their stalls around the pillars of public buildings), Hor. S. 1, 4, 71; Vitr. 6, 11:

pilas operibus subdere,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 302; Plin. 11, 10, 10, § 23; Mart. 7, 61, 5.—

Transf., a pier or mole of stone:

saxea,

Verg. A. 9, 711; Vitr. 5, 12; Suet. Claud. 20; Sil. 4, 297.

pĭla, ae ( gen. sing. pilaï, Lucr. 5, 713; 720; 726), f. [etym. dub.; perh. akin to Gr. pallô, brandish; Lat. pellere, drive; v. Corss. 1, 525 sqq.], a ball, playing-ball (syn. follis).

Lit.: pilā expulsim ludere, Varr. ap. Non. 104, 29:

di nos quasi pilas homines habent,

Plaut. Capt. prol. 22; id. Most. 1, 2, 73:

pilae studio teneri,

Cic. de Or. 3, 23, 88; Hor. S. 1, 5, 49:

cum lapsa e manibus fugit pila,

Verg. Cir. 149, Prop. 3, 12 (4, 13), 5:

pila cadit aut mittentis vitio, aut accipientis... (pila) jactata et excepta,

Sen. Ben. 2, 17, 3:

pilam scite et diligenter excipere... apte et expedite remittere,

id. ib. 2, 32, 1:

pilam repetere, quae terram contigit,

Petr. 27:

reddere pilam,

Mart. 14, 46, 2. There were four sorts of pilæ:

trigonalis, paganica, follis, harpastum.—Prov.: mea pila est,

I have the ball, I have caught it, I've won, Plaut. Truc. 4, 1, 7:

claudus pilam,

Cic. Pis. 28, 69;

v. claudus: Fortunae pila,

the foot-ball of fortune, Aur. Vict. Epit. 18.—

Transf.

The game of ball:

quantum alii tribuunt alveolo, quantum pilae,

Cic. Arch. 6, 13.—

Of any thing round, a ball or globe of any material:

pilae lanuginis,

Plin. 12, 10, 21, § 38:

scarabaei e fimo ingentes pilas aversi pedibus volutant,

id. 11, 28, 34, § 98.—Of the globe of the earth (ante-class.): in terrae pila, Varr. ap. Non. 333, 25.—The ancients made use of a glass or crystal ball filled with water as a burning-glass:

cum addită aquā vitreae pilae sole adverso in tantum excandescunt, ut vestes exurant,

Plin. 36, 26, 67, § 199; 37, 2, 10, § 28.—The Roman ladies carried a crystal or amber ball to keep their hands cool, Prop. 2, 18, 60 (3, 18, 12); Mart. 11, 8.—Of the ball or lump of earth which adheres to the roots of a bush when torn up, Col. 5, 9. —Of the ballots or bails used by judges in voting, Prop. 4 (5), 11, 19; Ascon. Argum. Milon. fin. —Of stuffed balls or human figures: pilae et effigies viriles et muliebres ex lanā Compitalibus suspendebantur in compitis. quod hunc diem festum esse deorum inferorum quos vocant Lares, putarent: quibus tot pilae, quot capita servorum; tot effigies, quot essent liberi. ponebantur, ut vivis parcerent et essent his pilis et simulacris contenti, Paul. ex Fest. p. 239 Müll. Bulls were baited by throwing similar stuffed figures at their heads, Mart. Spect. 19, 2:

quantus erat cornu, cui pila taurus erat!

id. ib. 9;

hence, sed cui primus erat lusor dum floruit aetas, Nunc postquam desiit ludere prima pila est,

id. ib. 10, 86. As these effigies were usually torn by the throwing, the term is also applied to a torn toga, Mart. 2, 43, 6.—

In partic.:

pilae Nursicae, i. e. rapae rotundae,

Mart. 13, 20, 2.

scaevus, a, um, adj. [kindred with Sanscr. savya, laevus, sinister, as the Gr. skaios and the Germ. schief, oblique], left, that is on the left, towards the left side (rare; most freq. in Appul.; syn. laevus, sinister).

Lit.:

itinera portarum,

i. e. running from right to left, Vitr. 1, 5, 2:

iter,

Serv. Verg. A. 3, 351.—

Trop.

Awkward, perverse, stupid, silly:

scaevus profecto et caecus animi forem, si, etc.,

Gell. 12, 13, 4:

mulier,

App. M. 9, p. 223, 22:

scaevus iste Romulus,

Sall. H. Fragm. 1, 41, 5 Dietsch:

fabula,

Paul. Nol. Carm. 11, 44.—

Of fortune, unfavorable, untoward, unlucky: fortunam scaevam an saevam verius dixerim, App. M. 2, p. 120, 21:

praesagium,

id. ib. 10, p. 247; 7, p. 194, 39.— Sup.:

scaevissimum somnium,

App. M. 4, p. 154, 23.—Hence, subst.: scaeva, ae, f., a sign or token in the sky (observed by a Roman on his left; v. laevus), an omen: bonae scaevae causă...Ea dicta ab scaevā id est sinistră, quod quae sinistra sunt, bona auspicia existimantur...a Graeco est, quod hi sinistram vocant skaian, Varr. L. L. 7, § 97 Müll.; cf. Fest. p. 325 ib.:

bona scaeva est mihi,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 39; so,

bona,

id. Stich. 5, 2, 24:

canina scaeva,

taken from the barking of a dog, id. Cas. 5, 4, 4.

sĕcundus, a, um, adj. [sequor], following.

(Acc. to sequor, I. B. 2.)

Prop., the following in time or order, the next to the first, the second (cf.: alter, proximus); absol.: si te secundo lumine hic offendero, the next morning, Enn. ap. Cic. Att. 7, 26, 1: de tribus unum esset optandum...optimum est facere; secundum, nec facere nec pati;

miserrimum digladiari semper, etc.,

the next best, Cic. Rep. 3, 14, 23; cf.:

id secundum erat de tribus,

id. Or. 15, 50:

aliquem obligare secundo sacramento, priore amisso, etc.,

id. Off. 1, 11, 36; cf.:

prioribus equitum partibus secundis additis,

id. Rep. 2, 20, 36:

Roma condita est secundo anno Olympiadis septimae,

id. ib. 2, 10, 18:

Olympias secunda et sexagesima,

id. ib. 2, 15, 28:

oriens incendium belli Punici secundi,

id. ib. 1, 1, 1: aliquem secundum heredem instituere, the second or substituted heir, if the first-named die or refuse the inheritance, id. Fam. 13, 61; so,

heres,

Hor. S. 2, 5, 48; Inscr. Orell. 3416:

mensa,

the second course, dessert, Cic. Att. 14, 6, 2; 14, 21, 4; Cels. 1, 2 fin.; Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 120; 19, 8, 53, § 167; Verg. G. 2, 101; Hor. S. 2, 2, 121:

Germania,

Lower Germany, Amm. 15, 8, 19.— Subst.: sĕcundae, ārum, f. (sc. membranae), the after-birth, secundines:

partus,

Cels. 7, 29 fin.:

non magis pertinere quam secundas ad editum infantem,

Sen. Ep. 92, 34; Col. 7, 7, 4; Plin. 27, 4, 13, § 30; 30, 14, 43, § 123:

secundae partūs,

id. 9, 13, 15, § 41; 20, 6, 23, § 51; 20, 11, 44, § 115.—

Trop.

Following, next, second in rank, value, etc.; with ad:

quorum ordo proxime accedit, ut secundus sit ad regium principatum,

Cic. Fin. 3, 16, 52.—With ab:

potentiā secundus a rege,

Hirt. B. Alex. 66;

with which cf.: secundus a Romulo conditor urbis Romanae,

Liv. 7, 1 fin.; and:

Ajax, heros ab Achille secundus,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 193:

qui honos secundus a rege erat,

Just. 18, 4, 5.— Absol.: nil majus generatur ipso (Jove), Nec viget quicquam simile aut secundum, Hor. C. 1, 12, 18:

tu (Juppiter) secundo Caesare regnes,

id. ib. 1, 12, 51; corresp. to maxime:

maxime vellem...secundo autem loco, etc.,

Cic. Phil. 8, 10, 31; cf.:

me maxime consolatur spes, etc....facile secundo loco me consolatur recordatio, etc.,

id. Fam. 1, 6, 1 sq.:

cotes Creticae diu maximam laudem habuere, secundam Laconicae,

Plin. 36, 22, 47, § 164.—With dat.:

nulli Campanorum secundus vinctus ad mortem rapior,

Liv. 23, 10, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:

regio spatio locorum nulli earum gentium secunda,

Curt. 5, 10, 3; Vell. 2, 76, 1:

secundus sibi, non par,

Just. 11, 12, 14:

secunda nobilitas Falerno agro,

id. 14, 6, 8, § 62:

bonitas amomo pallido,

id. 12, 13, 28, § 48.—With abl., Hirt. B. Alex. 66; cf. supra.—

With the prevailing idea of subjection or inferiority, secondary, subordinate, inferior; absol.:

secundae sortis ingenium,

only of the second grade, Sen. Ep. 52, 3:

moneri velle ac posse secunda virtus est,

id. Ben. 5, 25, 4; cf.:

(servi) quasi secundum hominum genus sunt,

Flor. 3, 20, 1:

vivit siliquis et pane secundo (i. e. secundario),

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 123 (cf.:

secundarius panis,

Plin. 18, 10, 20, § 89; Suet. Aug. 76):

tenue argentum venaeque secundae,

Juv. 9, 31:

haec fuit altera persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda ita, ut proxima esset Epaminondae,

Nep. Pel. 4, 3. —With abl.:

haud ulli veterum virtute secundus,

inferior, Verg. A. 11, 441.—With inf.:

nec vertere cuiquam Frena secundus Halys,

Stat. Th. 2, 574.—Esp., in phrase partes secundae, second parts, inferior parts:

in actoribus Graecis, ille qui est secundarum aut tertiarum partium,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 15, 48:

ut credas partis mimum tractare secundas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 14.—With ab:

hic erit a mensis fine secunda dies,

the last day but one of the month, Ov. F. 1, 710. —As subst.: sĕcundae, ārum, f. (sc. partes), the second or inferior parts:

Spinther secundarum tertiarum Pamphilus,

Plin. 7, 12, 10, § 54; Inscr. Orell. 2644:

Q. Arrius, qui fuit M. Crassi quasi secundarum,

Cic. Brut. 69, 242; so,

secundas sortiri,

Sen. Ben. 2, 29, 3:

ferre,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 46:

deferre alicui,

Quint. 10, 1, 53:

agere,

Sen. Ira, 3, 8, 6.—

(Acc. to sequor, II.)

Prop., naut. t. t., of currents of water, etc., favorable, fair (as following the course of the vessel):

secundo flumine ad Lutetiam iter facere coepit,

i. e. down the stream, Caes. B. G. 7, 58; so,

Tiberi,

Liv. 5, 46:

amni,

Verg. G. 3, 447:

fluvio,

id. A. 7, 494:

aqua,

Liv. 21, 28; cf.:

totā rate in secundam aquam labente,

with the current, id. 21, 47:

et ventum et aestum uno tempore nactus secundum,

Caes. B. G. 4, 23 fin.; so,

aestu,

Liv. 23, 41:

mari,

id. 29, 7; and, poet.:

(Neptunus) curru secundo,

speeding along, Verg. A. 1, 156:

secundo amne,

Curt. 4, 7, 9:

navigatio,

Tac. A. 2, 8.—Esp., of winds:

in portum vento secundo, velo passo pervenit,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 2, 45; cf.:

cum videam navem secundis ventis cursum tenentem suum,

Cic. Planc. 39, 94; so,

ventus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 23 fin.; Hor. C. 2, 10, 23; id. Ep. 2, 1, 102; cf.

aquilo,

id. ib. 2, 2, 201.— Sup.:

cum secundissimo vento cursum teneret,

Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83.—Of sails (trop.):

des ingenio vela secunda meo,

Ov. F. 3, 790.—

Transf., with, according to any thing: austri anniversarii secundo sole flant, i. e. according to the course of the sun, Nigid. ap. Gell. 2, 22, 31: squama secunda (opp. adversa), as we say, with the grain, i. e. so as to offer no resistance to the hand when it is passed from the head to the tail, id. ap. Macr. S. 2, 12.—

Trop., favorable, propitious, fortunate (opp. adversus); absol.:

secundo populo aliquid facere,

with the consent of the people, Cic. Tusc. 2, 1, 4; so,

concio,

id. Agr. 2, 37, 101; cf.:

voluntas concionis,

id. Att. 1, 19, 4:

admurmurationes cuncti senatūs,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 3: rumor, Enn. ap. Non. 385, 17 (Ann. v. 260 Vahl.); Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 9:

clamor,

Verg. A. 5, 491:

aures,

Liv. 6, 40; 33, 46; 42, 28:

praesentibus ac secundis diis,

id. 7, 26; so,

dis auspicibus et Junone secundā,

Verg. A. 4, 45; and:

secundo Marte ruat,

id. ib. 10, 21:

adi pede sacra secundo,

id. ib. 8, 302;

10, 255: auspicia,

Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27; cf. avis, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 48, 107 (Ann. v. 82 Vahl.); and in poet. hypallage:

haruspex,

Verg. A. 11, 739: scitus, secunda loquens in tempore, Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4, 3 (Ann. v. 251 Vahl.): res (opp. adversae), Cic. Off. 1, 26, 90;

so,

id. Lael. 5, 17; 6, 22; id. Att. 4, 2, 1; Hor. S. 2, 8, 74; cf.

fortunae (opp. adversae),

Cic. Sull. 23, 66;

and tempora (opp. adversi casus),

Auct. Her. 4, 17, 24; so, res, Enn. ap. Fest. p. 257 Müll. (Ann. v. 357 Vahl.); Ter. Heaut. 2, 2, 1; Cic. N. D. 3, 36, 88 (with prosperitates); Verg. A. 10, 502; Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 30: fortunae, Cato ap. Fest. s. v. parsi, p. 242 Müll.; Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 28:

proelia,

Caes. B. G. 3, 1:

motus Galliae,

successful, id. ib. 7, 59; and:

belli exitus,

Hor. C. 4, 14, 38:

consilium,

Caes. B. C. 3, 42:

labores,

Hor. C. 4, 4, 45.— Comp.:

reliqua militia secundiore famā fuit,

Suet. Caes. 2.— Sup.:

secundissima proelia,

Caes. B. G. 7, 62.— With dat.:

secunda (sc. verba) irae,

i. e. increasing, promoting it, Liv. 2, 38.— Comp.:

secundiore equitum proelio nostris,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9.— Sup.:

tres leges secundissimas plebei, adversas nobilitati tulit,

Liv. 8, 12: omnia secundissima nobis, adversissima illis accidisse videntur, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8, B.—As subst.: sĕcunda, ōrum, n., favorable circumstances, good fortune:

sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem,

Hor. C. 2, 10, 13:

age, me in tuis secundis respice,

Ter. And. 5, 6, 11:

omnium secundorum adversorumque causes in deos vertere,

Liv. 28, 11, 1:

in secundis sapere et consulere,

id. 30, 42, 16:

nimius homo inter secunda,

Tac. H. 2, 59; 1, 10; Curt. 4, 6, 31:

nemo confidat nimium secundis,

Sen. Thyest. 615:

poscunt fidem secunda,

id. Agam. 934:

secunda non habent unquam modum,

id. Oedip. 694.

Sĕcundus, i, m.; Sĕcunda, ae, f. [1. secundus], a Roman proper name.

C. Plinius Secundus, the writer on natural history. —

C. Plinius Caecilius Secundus, his nephew:

OCTAVIA Q. F. SECVNDA,

Inscr. Grut. 445, 2; cf. Varr. L. L. 9, § 60 Müll.