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1 κρύος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `icy cold, frost' (Hes. Op. 494, A. in lyr., Arist., Jul.).Derivatives: κρυόεις `horrible, lugubrious' (Il., Hes., Pi.), `icy-cold' (A. R., AP, Orph.) with analogical - ο- (cf. also Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28); s. also ὀκρυόεις; κρυώδης `id.' (Plu., Poll.); further perh. κρυερός `horrible, lugubrious' (Hom., Hes., Ar. in lyr.), `icy-cold' (Simon., Ar. in lyr.); cf. below. - Beside κρύος there are as independent formations: 1. κρῡμός m. `icy cold, frost, horror' (Ion., trag., hell.) with κρυμώδης `icy-cold' (Hp., Ph., AP), κρυμαλέος `id.' (S. E.; Debrunner IF 23, 22, Chantraine Formation 254), κρυμ-αίνω `make cold' (Hdn.), - ώσσω `be rigid from cold' (Theognost.). -- 2. κρύσταλλος s.v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The wordgroup has cognates in diff. languages. On κρύσταλλος, which is Pre-Greek, s.v. The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) Further one connects Toch. B krost, A kuraś etc. `cold' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 155 f.), but the -o- is difficult. One assumed for crusta the zero grade of an s-stem (so this is now wrong or irrelevant); beside it one proposed a full grade of the suffix in IE. *kruu̯-es- (?), Gr. κρύ-ος and in Latv. kruv-es-is `frozen mud'. Now *kruu̯-es- is not an admitted IE formation. It may have been * kruh₁-es-. [Not, with Frisk, to the word for `blood' Lat. cruōr \< * kreuh₂-ōs, Gr. κρέ(Ϝ)ας \< *kreu̯h₂-s-, s. v.] - With κρῡμός agrees Av. xrū-ma- `horrible'; but this word is analysed as * kruh₂-mo- and connected with the group of `blood' (above). One compared κρύος: κρῦμός with θύος: θῡμός, but the implication is not clear. The often assumed basic forms *κρύσ-ος, *κρυσ-μός are improbable (Frisk; does Chantraine accept this?) - κρυερός reminds of Skt. krūrá-, Av. xrūra- `wounded, raw, bloody, horrible', which points to * kruH-ro- (and Lat. crūdus `raw', if from * crūrus). κρυερός may have been rebuilt after the adj. in - ερός, but it can as well be an independent derivation from κρύος; cf. Bloch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 23 n. 22. It might continue * kruh₁-er- (reconstructed above). Chantraine rejects the connection with `blood', as it would not fit semantically (but I think it fits very well) or formally. - A verbal * kreus- appears in Germanic, e.g. OWNo. *hrjósa, pret. hraus `shiver' with the zero grade verbal noun OHG hroso, -a `ice, crust'. On OIc. hrjósa see De Vries Wb., who denies that it has to do with cold or ice. - [Kluge22 s.v. Kruste derives it from `verkrustetes Blut', which must be wrong, s. above.].Page in Frisk: 2,28-29Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύος
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2 κρυμωδέστερον
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: adverbial compκρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc acc comp sgκρυμώδηςicy-cold: neut nom /voc /acc comp sg -
3 κρυμώδει
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic)κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem /neut dat sgκρυμώδεϊ, κρυμώδηςicy-cold: dat sg (epic) -
4 κρυμώδη
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem acc sg (attic epic doric) -
5 κρυμώδης
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem acc pl (attic epic doric)κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem nom /voc pl (doric aeolic)κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem nom sg -
6 κρύει
κρύοςicy cold: neut nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic)κρύεϊ, κρύοςicy cold: neut dat sg (epic ionic)κρύοςicy cold: neut dat sg -
7 στυγέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to hate, to detest, to hold back' (ep. poet., Il., Hdt. a. late prose).Other forms: Aor. στυγεῖν (Hom., Call., Nic. a.o.), στύξαι (λ 502 [caus.], A. R., Opp., AP), στυγ-ῆσαι, pass. - ηθῆναι, fut. - ήσομαι (trag.), perf. ἐστύγ-ηκα (Hdt. a.o.), - ημαι (Lyc.), - μαι (H.).Derivatives: στυγ-ητός `hated, detestable' (A. Pr., late prose), - ημα n. `object of hate, detestation' (E. a.o.), ἀπο- στυγέω ησις f. `detestation' (sch.). -- Besides the adj. 1. στυγ-ερός `hated, full of hate, detestable' (ep. poet. Il.). 2. - νός `id.', also `gruesome, sad etc.' (Archil., Hp., trag. etc.) with - νότης f. (hell. a. late), - νία f. (sch.), - νόομαι (also w. κατα-) `to be somber' (AP, H.), - νωσον χώρισον H., - νάζω (also w. δια-, κατα-, συν-) `to be, become overcast' (NT a.o.) with - νασις f. (late). 3. - ιος `hated, detestable' (E., Plu.; cf. on Στύξ below). Subst. 1. στύγος n. `hate, object of hate' (A. a.o.). 2. Στύξ, - γός f. river in the Underworld (Hom. etc.) with adj. Στύγιος (trag. a.o.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook wit icecold water (Hdt., Str., Paus.), also appellat. `hate, detestation' (Alciphr.), pl. `icy cold' (Thphr.); also = σκώψ (Ant. Lib. a.o.). Compp. στυγ-άνωρ `hating men' (A. Pr.), ψευσί-στυξ `hating lies' (AP).Etymology: The rise of the above forms cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Old is in any case the primary suffixless Στύξ; whether the pres. στυγέω or the aor. ἔστυγον was prior cannot be decided, as the latter just like στύξαι can be metrically conditioned; cf. ἔκτυπον s. κτύπος (also Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). From στυγέω first στυγη-τός, - μα, prob. also as backformation στύγος (cf. μισέω: μῖσος). The adj. can be explained in diff. ways. -- No certain etymology. As behind the notion `hate' a concrete conception will be hidden and for στύξ the meaning `icy cold, icecold water' is in fact attested (from where στυγέω prop. `shiver'?) it is obvious to connect a synonymous Slav. word: Russ. stýgnutь, stúgnutь `cool down, get cold, freeze', Stugna tributary of the Dniepr. Much less usual are forms with -d-, e.g. Russ. stúda `cold', studítь `cool (down)', OCS studъ also = αἰσχύνη; a Slavic change - dn- to - gn- is perhaps not to be excluded (s. lit. in Vasmer s. stýgnutь). Connection with a verb for `push etc.', e.g. Skt. tujáti, Germ., e.g. NLG stūken, is semantically more difficult to motivate. Further hypotheses (to στύω a.o.) in Bq, WP. 2, 616f. a. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., also Fraenkel s. 1. stúgti; everywhere w. lit. -- New proposal by v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: to Toch. B ścono, śconiye `hate' from steu-n-.Page in Frisk: 2,812-813Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στυγέω
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8 κρύσταλλος
Grammatical information: m.Derivatives: κρυστάλλιον `id.' ( PHolm.), also plant-name = ψύλλιον (Dsc.; because of the cooling effect, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 83); κρυστάλλ-ινος `icy-cold' (Hp.), `of rock-crystall' (D. C.), - ώδης `icy, crystalclear' (Ptol., PHolm.); κρυσταλλ-όομαι `freeze' (Ph.), - ίζω `glow like crystal' (Apoc.); further κρυσταίνομαι `freeze' (Nic. Al. 314), prob. free analogical formation to κρύσταλλος after other cases of the interchange ν: λ (diff. Schwyzer 706; ?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: The word is sonnected (Chantraine Formation 247, Schwyzer 484) with Lat. crusta `bark, crust'. However, this is wrong as the Latin word has a quite different meaning: `the hard surface of a body, the rind, shell, crust, bark' which protects it' (Lewis and Short); so it has nothing to do with cold; it is used of flumen, indicating a covering or crust of ice, but this is an incidental use, a metaphor, not the central aspect of the meaning. The word, then, has nothing to do with words for `cold, ice'. (Its etymology with κρύος must therefore be given up; there is no other proposal.) - As Kuiper FS Kretschmer 1, 215 n. 16 remarked the word is Pre-Greek because of the suffix - αλλο- (all Greek words in - αλλο- are of Pre-Greek origin; there are no Greek words of IE origin with this suffix; it is not - αλ- with expressively geminated λ (as Chantraine often says) and not from κρύ-ος as then the formation cannot be explained. This is confirmed by the variant κρόστ-. The word means `ice' and was also used for rock-crystal, probably because this looks like (a piece of) ice, as it is transparant (in antiquity this was very remarkable). Pliny (37, 23) still thinks it is ice. We now know that rock-crystal is a mineral; it is quartz, a silicate (SiO₂). The semi-precious amethyst and agate are varieties. S. Beekes, FS Kortlandt.See also: s. κρύοςGreek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κρύσταλλος
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9 κρυμωδεστέρων
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: fem gen comp plκρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /neut gen comp pl -
10 κρυμωδέστατον
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc acc superl sgκρυμώδηςicy-cold: neut nom /voc /acc superl sg -
11 κρυμώδες
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12 κρυμῶδες
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13 κρυμώδεα
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: neut nom /voc /acc pl (epic ionic)κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem acc sg (epic ionic) -
14 κρυμώδεις
κρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem acc plκρυμώδηςicy-cold: masc /fem nom /voc pl (attic epic) -
15 κρυού
κρυόομαιto be icy-cold: pres imperat mp 2nd sgκρυόομαιto be icy-cold: imperf ind mp 2nd sg (homeric ionic) -
16 κρυοῦ
κρυόομαιto be icy-cold: pres imperat mp 2nd sgκρυόομαιto be icy-cold: imperf ind mp 2nd sg (homeric ionic) -
17 κρυώση
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18 κρυώσῃ
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19 κρύη
κρύοςicy cold: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)κρύοςicy cold: neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic) -
20 κρυερός
Aἀρῆς κρυεροῖο Hes.Th. 657
: ([etym.] κρύος):—icy, cold, chilling, in Hom. only metaph.,κρυεροῖο γόοιο Od.4.103
, al.;κμυεροῖο φόβοιο Il.13.48
;κρυεροῦ Ἀΐδαο Hes.Op. 153
;θανάτου τελευτή E.Fr. 916.6
(anap.); (lyr.); θάλαμος, of the grave, Epigr.Gr.241.4 ([place name] Smyrna): in the lit. sense, icy-cold,κ. νέκυς Simon. 114.5
, cf. Ar.Av. 951, 955, Hdn.1.6.1, etc.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > κρυερός
См. также в других словарях:
icy — [[t]a͟ɪsi[/t]] icier, iciest 1) ADJ GRADED If you describe something as icy or icy cold, you mean that it is extremely cold. An icy wind blew hard across the open spaces... His shoes and clothing were wet through and icy cold. 2) ADJ GRADED An… … English dictionary
icy */ — UK [ˈaɪsɪ] / US adjective Word forms icy : adjective icy comparative icier superlative iciest 1) very cold, in an unpleasant way An icy wind cut across the moors. He fell into the icy cold water. 2) covered with ice Icy roads caused several minor … English dictionary
icy — ic|y [ aısi ] adjective * 1. ) very cold, in an unpleasant way: An icy wind cut across the plains. He fell into the icy cold water. 2. ) covered with ice: Icy roads caused several minor accidents yesterday. 3. ) showing that you do not like… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
icy — ic|y [ˈaısi] adj 1.) extremely cold = ↑frosty ▪ an icy wind ▪ The bath water was icy cold. 2.) covered in ice ▪ an icy mountain road 3.) an icy remark, look etc shows that you feel annoyed with or unfriendly towards someone ▪ an icy stare →↑ … Dictionary of contemporary English
icy — adjective 1 extremely cold: An icy wind blew from the north. | The bath water was icy cold. 2 covered in ice: The roads will be icy tonight. 3 an icy comment, look etc shows that you feel annoyed with or unfriendly towards someone: Jo fixed the… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
icy — Synonyms and related words: Olympian, Siberian, affectless, algid, aloof, anesthetized, arctic, autistic, backward, bashful, below zero, biting, bitter, bitterly cold, blank, blast frozen, bleak, blunt, boreal, brisk, brumal, catatonic, chill,… … Moby Thesaurus
cold — cold, cool, chilly, frigid, freezing, frosty, gelid, icy, glacial, arctic mean having a temperature below that which is normal or comfortable. Cold is the general term, often implying nothing more than a lack of warmth {a cold day} {a cold hand}… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
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cold — [adj1] chilly, freezing algid, arctic, below freezing, below zero, benumbed, biting, bitter, blasting, bleak, boreal, brisk, brumal, chill, chilled, cool, crisp, cutting, frigid, frore, frosty, frozen, gelid, glacial, have goose bumps*, hawkish,… … New thesaurus
icy — [adj1] frozen; slippery when frozen antarctic, arctic, biting, bitter, chill, chilled to the bone*, chilling, chilly, cold, freezing, frigid, frostbound, frosty, frozen over, gelid, glacial, glaring, iced, polar, raw, refrigerated, rimy,… … New thesaurus
Cold shock response — is the physiological response of organisms to sudden cold, especially cold water. Contents 1 Myth of sudden hypothermia 2 Winter swimmers 3 Sources 4 References … Wikipedia