hardness

andrŏdămās, antis, m., = androdamas (man-subduing).

A species of bloodstone (so called from its great hardness), Plin. 36, 20, 38, § 146.—

A silver-colored, quadrangular, and cubical precious stone (acc. to Bruckmann, a cubical, silver-colored marcasite), Plin. 37, 10, 54, § 144.

chălybs, ybis, m., = chalups, steel (cf. Plin. 34, 14, 41, § 142 sq.):

vulnificus (because weapons were made of it),

Verg. A. 8, 446;

on account of its hardness: ferro durior et chalybe,

Prop. 1, 16, 30; cf. Sen. Herc. Oet. 152; Sil. 1, 171; 2, 403.—

Meton., the things made of it.

A sword:

strictus,

Sen. Thyest. 364.—

A horse ' s bit, Luc. 6, 398.—

The point of an arrow, Luc. 7, 518; Val. Fl. 6, 342; Sil. 2, 107 al.—

An iron rail, Luc. 6, 547.

Chălybs, ybis, m., a river in Lusitania, Just. 44, 3, 9.

chălybs, ybis, m., = chalups, steel (cf. Plin. 34, 14, 41, § 142 sq.):

vulnificus (because weapons were made of it),

Verg. A. 8, 446;

on account of its hardness: ferro durior et chalybe,

Prop. 1, 16, 30; cf. Sen. Herc. Oet. 152; Sil. 1, 171; 2, 403.—

Meton., the things made of it.

A sword:

strictus,

Sen. Thyest. 364.—

A horse ' s bit, Luc. 6, 398.—

The point of an arrow, Luc. 7, 518; Val. Fl. 6, 342; Sil. 2, 107 al.—

An iron rail, Luc. 6, 547.

Chălybs, ybis, m., a river in Lusitania, Just. 44, 3, 9.

glăcĭes, ēi, f. [root in Gr. gala, galakt-; cf. glagaô, to be milky, etc.; Germ. Gletscher; v. gelu], ice (cf.; gelu, pruina).

Lit.:

sol glaciem dissolvit,

Lucr. 6, 963; so ib. 878:

ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas,

Verg. E. 10, 49; Hor. C. 2, 9, 5; Ov. M. 2, 808; 13, 795; Plin. 8, 28, 42, § 103:

lubrica,

slippery ice, Liv. 21, 36, 7:

Maeotica,

Juv. 4, 42 et saep.—In plur.:

glacies,

Verg. G. 4, 517:

glacierum,

Sid. Ep. 4, 6 fin.; Vulg. Dan. 3, 70.—

Transf., hardness:

tum glacies aeris flamma devicta liquescit,

Lucr. 1, 493.

ĭnīquĭtas, ātis ( gen. plur. iniquitatium, Tert. Spect. 2), f. [iniquus], unequalness.

Lit.

Unevenness, of the ground:

loci,

Caes. B. G. 7, 45:

in talibus iniquitatibus locorum,

Liv. 38, 22, 3.—

Inequality, of weight:

ponderis,

App. M. 7, p. 195, 38.—

Excessiveness, that exceeds one ' s strength:

operis,

Col. 2, 4, 6.—

Trop.

Unfavorableness, adverseness, difficulty, hardness:

loci,

Liv. 2, 65, 5:

in tanta rerum iniquitate,

Caes. B. G. 2, 22 fin.:

temporum iniquitate pressi,

Liv. 35, 16, 11:

temporis,

Curt. 7, 7, 3:

propter iniquitatem temporum,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 1, 1;

with acerbitas,

id. ib. 29, 81.—

Unfairness, injustice, unreasonableness:

aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia,

Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 25:

praetoris,

id. Quint. 2, 9:

in tanta hominum perfidia et iniquitate,

id. Fam. 1, 2, 4; id. Verr. 2, 3, 89, § 207:

iniquitates potestatum,

Plin. 28, 8, 27, § 106:

Vespasiano ad obtinendas iniquitates haud perinde obstinante,

unreasonable demands in the shape of taxes, Tac. H. 2, 84:

exitii,

id. A. 16, 17:

summae iniquitatis se condemnari debere,

would render himself guilty of the highest injustice, Caes. B. G. 7, 19:

quae si vobis non probabuntur, vestram iniquitatem accusatote,

your unreasonable demands, Cic. de Or. 1, 48, 208; so of unreasonable harshness, id. Caecin. 23, 65:

iniquitatem deum atque execrabilem fortunam suam incusabant,

Liv. 26, 34, 13:

ab iniquitate judicis victoriam sperare,

partiality, Gai. Inst. 4, 178.— Plur.:

juris emendatae edicto Praetoris,

Gai. Inst. 3, 25; 41: calumniantium, acts of injustice, Just. Inst. prooem. init.

rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

quercus, ilex),

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,

Lit.

In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

morsus roboris,

i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

so of the same,

id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

solido de robore myrtus,

id. ib. 2, 64:

annoso validam robore quercum,

i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

annoso robore quercus,

Ov. M. 8, 743:

antiquo robore quercus,

with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

Massyla, i. e. citri,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

Maurorum,

id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—

Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

id. ib. 1, 303.—

Oak-wood, oak:

naves totae factae ex robore,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Transf.

Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.

In gen.:

Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

sacrum,

Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

ferro praefixum,

id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

aratri,

i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—

In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

robur et saxum minitari,

Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

verbera, carnifices, robur,

Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—

Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).

Lit.:

duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

ferri,

Verg. A. 7, 609:

saxi,

Lucr. 1, 882:

navium,

Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

id. Cael. 30, 73:

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

si quod est robur,

Flor. 2, 1, 1.—

Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

animi (with magnitudo),

id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

robur incredibile animi,

id. Mil. 37, 101:

quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

id. Planc. 8, 21:

pectus robore fultum,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

te mea robora fallunt,

id. H. 16, 367:

velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

Liv. 24, 26, 11:

verba quanti roboris plena,

Sen. Ep 10, 3:

qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—

Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

senatūs robur,

Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

haec sunt nostra robora,

id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

robora pubis,

Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

ingentia robora virorum,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

conferta robora virorum,

Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

Col. 2, 6, 1.

rōbur ( rōbor, v. Lucr. p. 140 Lachm.; also an older form rōbus, Cato, R. R. 17, 1; Col. 2, 6, 1; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 264 Müll.), ŏris, n. [cf. Sanscr. radh-as, abundance; Gr. rhônnumi for rhôthnumi, to strengthen, rhômê], a very hard kind of oak (cf.:

quercus, ilex),

Plin. 16, 6, 8, § 19; 16, 7, 10, § 28; 16, 38, 73, § 186; 16, 40, 76, § 204; 16, 40, 77, § 218.— Hence,

Lit.

In gen., a very hard kind of tree or wood:

morsus roboris,

i. e. of the wild olive, Verg. A. 12, 783 (a little before: foliis oleaster amaris Hic steterat);

so of the same,

id. G. 2, 305; cf.:

solido de robore myrtus,

id. ib. 2, 64:

annoso validam robore quercum,

i. e. of an old and sturdy trunk, id. A. 4, 441; so,

annoso robore quercus,

Ov. M. 8, 743:

antiquo robore quercus,

with ancient trunk, Verg. G. 3, 332:

Massyla, i. e. citri,

Stat. S. 3, 3, 94; also,

Maurorum,

id. ib. 4, 2, 39.—

Absol., usu., an oak-tree, an oak in gen.:

fixa est pariter cum robore cervix,

i. e. was pinned fast to the oak, Ov. M. 3, 92:

agitata robora pulsant (delphines),

id. ib. 1, 303.—

Oak-wood, oak:

naves totae factae ex robore,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13; cf.:

(sapiens) non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101; and with this cf. id. Div. 2, 41, 85. — Poet.:

illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

o saxis nimirum et robore nati!

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Transf.

Of things made of oak or of any other hard wood.

In gen.:

Lacedaemonii cottidianis epulis in robore accumbunt,

i. e. on oaken, hard benches, Cic. Mur. 35, 74.— So of the wooden horse before Troy:

sacrum,

Verg. A. 2, 230; of a lance:

ferro praefixum,

id. ib. 10, 479; Sil. 2, 244; 267; of a club, Ov. M. 12, 349; Mart. 9, 44, 4 et saep.:

aratri,

i. e. the oaken plough, Verg. G. 1, 162; Val. Fl. 7, 555.—

In partic., the lower and stronger part of the prison at Rome, built by Servius Tullius, was called Robur (also Tullianum):

Robus in carcere dicitur is locus, quo praecipitatur maleficorum genus, quod ante arcis robusteis includebatur, Paul. ex Fest. s. v. robum, p. 264 Müll.: in robore et tenebris exspiret,

Liv. 38, 59 fin.:

robur et saxum minitari,

Tac. A. 4, 29; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1:

verbera, carnifices, robur,

Lucr. 3, 1017; Hor. C. 2, 13, 19 (v. carcer and Tullianum).—

Hardness, strength, firmness, vigor, power (cf. vires; v. Fabri ad Liv. 21, 1, 2).

Lit.:

duri robora ferri,

Lucr. 2, 449; so,

ferri,

Verg. A. 7, 609:

saxi,

Lucr. 1, 882:

navium,

Liv. 37, 30: omnia pariter crescunt et robora sumunt, gain strength, [p. 1598] Lucr. 5, 820; 895; cf.:

qui si jam satis aetatis atque roboris haberet, ipse pro Sex. Roscio diceret,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 51, 149:

paululum jam roboris accessit aetati,

id. Cael. 30, 73:

solidaeque suo stant robore vires,

Verg. A. 2, 639; Vulg. Judic. 8, 21:

si quod est robur,

Flor. 2, 1, 1.—

Trop., power, strength, force, vigor (very freq.):

alter virtutis robore firmior quam aetatis,

Cic. Phil. 10, 8, 16:

in animi excelsi atque invicti magnitudine ac robore,

id. Off. 1, 5, 14; so,

animi (with magnitudo),

id. de Or. 2, 84, 343; id. Tusc. 1, 40, 95:

robur incredibile animi,

id. Mil. 37, 101:

quantum in cujusque animo roboris est ac nervorum,

id. Fam. 6, 1, 3:

multo plus firmamenti ac roboris,

id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 10; so (with firmamentum) id. Mur. 28, 58; (with firmitas) id. Fin. 5, 5, 12:

hi tot equites Romani quid roboris hujus petitioni attulerunt?

id. Planc. 8, 21:

pectus robore fultum,

Ov. Tr. 5, 12, 11:

te mea robora fallunt,

id. H. 16, 367:

velocitate pari, robore animi virumque praestanti,

Liv. 24, 26, 11:

verba quanti roboris plena,

Sen. Ep 10, 3:

qui robur aliquod in stilo fecerint,

Quint. 10, 3, 10; cf.:

robur oratorium adicere sententiis,

id. 10, 5, 4; 8, prooem. §

3: illi robur et aes triplex Circa pectus erat,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 9; cf.:

O saxis nimirum et robore nati,

Stat. Th. 4, 340. —

Authority: nostrarum constitutionum, Just. Inst. prooem. 6.—

Concr., the strongest, most effective, or best part, the pith, kernel, strength of any thing; of soldiers, the flower of the troops, choice troops, etc. (freq. and class.):

versaris in optimorum civium vel flore vel robore,

Cic. Or. 10, 34: et robur et suboles militum interiit, Asin. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 33; cf.:

quod fuit roboris, duobus proeliis interiit,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87:

quod roboris ea provincia habuerat,

Liv. 30, 2; Ov. M. 14, 454 al.:

senatūs robur,

Liv. 5, 39. — Plur.:

tunc C. Flavius Pusio, Cn. Titinnius, C. Maecenas, illa robora populi Romani,

Cic. Clu. 56, 163:

haec sunt nostra robora,

id. Att. 6, 5, 3; Liv. 7, 7; 12; 21, 54; 22, 6; 23, 16; 25, 6 init.:

robora pubis,

Verg. A. 8, 518; Ov. M. 7, 510:

ingentia robora virorum,

Plin. Pan. 34, 3:

conferta robora virorum,

Curt. 3, 5, 13: betae, i. e. stalks, Col. poët. 10, 326. — Of a place, a stronghold:

quod coloniam virium et opum validam robur ac sedem bello legisset,

Tac. H. 2, 19.— Absol.: robus, the name of an excellent kind of wheat:

quoniam et pondere et nitore praestat,

Col. 2, 6, 1.

tristĭtĭa, ae, f. [id.], sadness, mournfulness, sorrow, grief, melancholy, gloominess, dejection (class.; syn. maestitia).

In gen.

Of living beings:

tum ad tristitiam, tum ad laetitiam est contorquendus,

Cic. de Or. 2, 17, 72:

ex summā laetitiā atque lasciviā repente omnes tristitia invasit,

Sall. C. 31, 1:

in eādem tristitiā permanere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 32: magno metu ac tristitiā sollicitari, Auct. B. Afr. 10: lacrimis ac tristitiā te tradidisti, Luccei. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 14, 2:

tu sapiens finire memento Tristitiam,

Hor. C. 1, 7, 18:

tristitiam compescere,

Ov. M. 9, 397:

esse aliquam cognatam tristitiae voluptatem,

Sen. Ep. 99, 25:

(vino) tristitia et cura hebetatur,

Plin. 23, 1, 22, § 38:

tristitiam animi resolvi,

id. 24, 6, 15, § 24:

subitā tristitiā implicatis militum animis,

Val. Max. 1, 6, 12:

cum tristitiā et maerore in vitā remanere,

id. 2, 6, 14:

tristitiam ad ultimam perductus,

Petr. 24.— Trop.:

sol recedens quasi tristitiā quādam contrahit terram,

Cic. N. D. 2, 40, 102.—

Of things:

haec tristitia temporum,

this sad state of the times, Cic. Att. 12, 40, 3:

caeli,

Plin. 2, 6, 4, § 13:

indurata soli,

id. 18, 21, 50, § 184:

aspectus,

id. 9, 9, 11, § 34:

lenitate verbi rei tristitiam mitigare,

hardness, harshness, Cic. Off. 1, 12, 37.—

In partic., of demeanor, moroseness, sourness, gloominess, harshness, sternness, severity, etc. (syn. severitas):

an nova tristitiae causa puella tuae?

Prop. 1, 18, 10:

simque ego tristitiae causa modusque tuae,

Ov. H. 3, 90:

(risus) tristitiam ac severitatem mitigat, relaxat,

Cic. de Or. 2, 58, 236; cf. id. Lael. 18, 66:

illorum (philosophorum) tristitiam atque asperitatem fugiens,

id. Fin. 4, 28, 79:

quod ille vos tristitiā vultuque deceperit,

id. Prov. Cons. 5, 12;

so Quint. Inst. prooem. § 15: non conveniant barbae illi atque tristitiae,

id. ib. 11, 1, 34; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 7; 8, 21, 1; Suet. Ner. 23; Sil. 8, 612.