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1 σκληρός
σκληρός, ά, όν (σκέλλομαι ‘be parched, be dry’; Hes., Hdt.+; ‘hard [to the touch], harsh’)① pert. to being externally hard or rough, hard (to the touch), rough, of things λίθοι hard (OGI 194, 28; Wsd 11:4) Hs 9, 6, 8; 9, 8, 6ab. ῥάβδος rough, of a knotty stick (s. Pind., O. 7, 29; Diogenes the Cynic [IV B.C.] in Diog. L. 6, 21 σκληρὸν ξύλον=a hard staff; Aelian, VH 10, 16) 6, 2, 5.② pert. to causing an adverse reaction because of being hard or harsh, hard, harsh, unpleasant, fig. ext. of 1, of words (Demetrius in Stob., Flor. 3, 8, 20 vol. III p. 345 H.; Diogenes, Ep. 21; Gen 21:11; 42:7; Dt 1:17; En) J 6:60; Jd 15 (after En 1:9); s. Hv 1, 4, 2 (w. χαλεπός). ἐντολαί hard, difficult (Diod S 14, 105, 2 σκ. πρόσταγμα; Porphyr., Vi. Pyth. 8 προστάγματα) Hm 12, 3, 4f; 12, 4, 4 (w. δύσβατος). ἄνεμοι rough, strong (Aelian, VH 9, 14; Pollux 1, 110; Procop., Bell. 3, 13, 5; Pr 27:16) Js 3:4.③ pert. to being difficult to the point of being impossible, hard, implying an adverse force that is unyielding, the neut.: σκληρόν σοι (sc. ἐστίν) it is hard for you w. inf. foll. Ac 9:4 v.l., 6 v.l.; 26:14.④ pert. to being unyielding in behavior or attitudeⓐ of pers., in dealing with others hard, strict, harsh, cruel, merciless (Soph., Pla. et al.; OGI 194, 14; 1 Km 25:3; Is 19:4; 48:4; PsSol 4:2; EpArist 289; Mel., P. 20, 138) Mt 25:24. Of the devil Hm 12, 5, 1.ⓑ in response to a call for change of mind, subst. τὸ σκληρόν stubbornness w. gen. (Polyb. 4, 21, 1; Jos., Ant. 16, 151 τὸ σκ. τοῦ τρόπου) τὸ σκ. τῆς καρδίας the hardness of heart B 9:5 v.l. (for σκληροκαρδία, q.v.).—On the history of the word s. KDieterich, RhM, n.s. 60, 1905, 236ff; FDanker, Hardness of Heart, CTM 44, ’73, 89–100, Deafness and Hearing in the Bible, in The Word in Signs and Wonders, ed. DPokorny/RHohenstein ’77, 25–37.—B. 1064.—DELG s.v. σκέλλομαι. M-M. TW. Spicq. -
2 πονούνθ'
πονοῦνται, πονέομαιwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέομαιwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc acc sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut dat sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres ind act 3rd pl (doric)πονοῦντε, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic doric)πονοῦνται, πονέωwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέωwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric) -
3 πονοῦνθ'
πονοῦνται, πονέομαιwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέομαιwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc acc sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut dat sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres ind act 3rd pl (doric)πονοῦντε, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic doric)πονοῦνται, πονέωwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέωwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric) -
4 πονούντ'
πονοῦνται, πονέομαιwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέομαιwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc acc sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut dat sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres ind act 3rd pl (doric)πονοῦντε, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic doric)πονοῦνται, πονέωwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέωwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric) -
5 πονοῦντ'
πονοῦνται, πονέομαιwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέομαιwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντα, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc acc sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut dat sg (attic epic doric)πονοῦντι, πονέωwork hard: pres ind act 3rd pl (doric)πονοῦντε, πονέωwork hard: pres part act masc /neut nom /voc /acc dual (attic epic doric)πονοῦνται, πονέωwork hard: pres ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric)πονοῦντο, πονέωwork hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (attic epic doric) -
6 ασθμαίνοντ'
ἀσθμαίνοντα, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc plἀσθμαίνοντα, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act masc acc sgἀσθμαίνοντι, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act masc /neut dat sgἀσθμαίνοντι, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres ind act 3rd pl (doric aeolic)ἀ̱σθμαίνοντο, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (doric aeolic)ἀσθμαίνοντε, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act masc /neut nom /voc /acc dualἀσθμαίνονται, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres ind mp 3rd plἀσθμαίνοντο, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (homeric ionic) -
7 ἀσθμαίνοντ'
ἀσθμαίνοντα, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc plἀσθμαίνοντα, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act masc acc sgἀσθμαίνοντι, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act masc /neut dat sgἀσθμαίνοντι, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres ind act 3rd pl (doric aeolic)ἀ̱σθμαίνοντο, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (doric aeolic)ἀσθμαίνοντε, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres part act masc /neut nom /voc /acc dualἀσθμαίνονται, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: pres ind mp 3rd plἀσθμαίνοντο, ἀσθμαίνωbreathe hard: imperf ind mp 3rd pl (homeric ionic) -
8 περιπονείσθε
περί-πονέομαιwork hard: pres imperat mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέομαιwork hard: pres opt mp 2nd pl (epic ionic)περί-πονέομαιwork hard: pres ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέομαιwork hard: imperf ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέωwork hard: pres imperat mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέωwork hard: pres opt mp 2nd pl (epic ionic)περί-πονέωwork hard: pres ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέωwork hard: imperf ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic) -
9 περιπονεῖσθε
περί-πονέομαιwork hard: pres imperat mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέομαιwork hard: pres opt mp 2nd pl (epic ionic)περί-πονέομαιwork hard: pres ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέομαιwork hard: imperf ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέωwork hard: pres imperat mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέωwork hard: pres opt mp 2nd pl (epic ionic)περί-πονέωwork hard: pres ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic)περί-πονέωwork hard: imperf ind mp 2nd pl (attic epic) -
10 στυφελίζω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to strike hard, to dash, to beat, to drive away, to maltreat' (ep. lyr. Il.).Other forms: Aor. - λίξαι.Derivatives: στυφελιγμοί (v. l. - σμοί) m. pl. `maltreatment' (A. Eq. 537 [anap.]). -- Besides στυφελός `hard, raw, stony, severe' (A. in lyr., A. R., Opp., AP; also Arcad. Cyren. after sch. A. R. 2, 1005; cf. Leumann Hom. Wörter 269 f.), second. `astringent, bitter' (AP; after στύφω); κατα- στυφελίζω `raw, stony' (h. Merc., Hes.), ἀ- στυφελίζω `not hard, friendly, smooth' (Thgn., AP); enlarged στυφελώδης `hard' (Q.S.); also στύφλος (on the accent below) `raw, stony' (trag., Lyc.; κατά- στυφελίζω H.), - άριος (Hyettos IIIp; PN?). At first sight ep. στυφελίζω seems a derivation of the later attested στυφελός. Apart from the chronology of the attestations, in that way the meaning of the verb (prop. *`to be, make hard or severe'?) becomes hard to understand. For στυφελίζω one could consider ἐλελίζω as example (Schmoll Die Verba auf - ίζω [Diss. Tübingen 1955] 182), after it στυφελός for στύφλος (Leumann l. c.)? The barytonesis of στύφλος is remarkable (cf. however φαῦλος, μάχλος, κτίλος a.o.), but must be considered more probale as lectio difficilior then the less well attested oxytonesis.Origin: GR [a formation built with Greek elements]X [probably]Etymology: Not well explained. The in spite of the deviating vowel quantity (cf. τύ̄φω: τῠφλός) obvious connection with στύφω is for στύφλος, στυφελός not hard to motivate ('drawing together, -drawn, contract' \> `solid, hard etc.'; e.g. Persson Stud. 193), but is for στυφελίζω not immediately convincing. So the last rather to τύπτω (Curtius 227 etc.)? -- Extensive on στυφελίζω Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 84 ff.Page in Frisk: 2,815Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στυφελίζω
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11 πονήσαντ'
πονήσαντο, πονέομαιwork hard: aor ind mp 3rd pl (homeric ionic)πονήσαντα, πονέωwork hard: aor part act neut nom /voc /acc plπονήσαντα, πονέωwork hard: aor part act masc acc sgπονήσαντι, πονέωwork hard: aor part act masc /neut dat sgπονήσαντε, πονέωwork hard: aor part act masc /neut nom /voc /acc dualπονήσαντο, πονέωwork hard: aor ind mid 3rd pl (homeric ionic)πονήσαντο, πονέωwork hard: aor ind mp 3rd pl (homeric ionic) -
12 πονήση
πόνησιςtoil: fem nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)——————πονήσηι, πόνησιςtoil: fem dat sg (epic)πονέομαιwork hard: aor subj mp 2nd sgπονέομαιwork hard: fut ind mp 2nd sgπονέωwork hard: aor subj mid 2nd sgπονέωwork hard: aor subj act 3rd sgπονέωwork hard: fut ind mid 2nd sgπονέωwork hard: aor subj mp 2nd sgπονέωwork hard: fut ind mp 2nd sg -
13 στερεός
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `stiff, hard, firm, tenacious, steady, solid, normal, by the rules' (of money and measure) Il., `cubic' (s. Mugler Dict. géom. 378f.), rarely `infertile' (E., Arist.).Other forms: Att. also στερρός.Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in στερεο-μετρ-ία f. `the measuring of cubic bodies, stereometry' (Pl. Epin., Arist. a.o.).Derivatives: στερε-ότης (- ρρ-) f. `hardness, firmness', also `infertility' (Pl., Arist. etc.); στερε-όομαι (- ρρ-), - όω, also w. ἀπο-, κατα-, `to become, make firm, hard etc., to harden' (Hp., X., Arist. a.o.) with στερέ-ωμα n. `firmness, solid component, firmament' (Hp., Arist. etc.), - ωσις f. `to harden' (LXX, Str. a.o.), - ωματίζω, - ωτικός, - ωτής. Enlarged στερέ-ϊνος `hard' (pap. Ip, after πέτρ-, ξύλ-ινος a.o.). -- Besides στέριφος `hard, firm, infertile' (Att., Arist. etc.) with στεριφ-ότης (sch.), - όομαι `to solidify' (Ph.) with - ώματα n. pl. `solid foundation', - ευομένη παρθενευομένη H. -- Also στερέμνιος `hard, firm, solid' (Pl. Epin., Epicur., Phld. a.o.) with - ιώδης (Porph.), - ιόομαι (Zeno).Etymology: If from *στερεϜός, στερεός, from where στερρός (details in Scheller Oxytonierung 114 w. n.4; diff. Forbes Glotta 36, 269 f.), would agree with ἐτε(Ϝ)ός, κενε(Ϝ)ός a.o. In στεριφος `unfertile' Leummann Glotta 42, 118 wants to see a derivation from the phonetic antecedent of στεῖρα after the animal names in - φος ( ἔριφος, ἔλαφος a.o.) with change from `unfertile' to `hard'. For στερέμνιος a μ(ε)ν-derivation must be supposed (*στέρεμνον, *στέρεμα); cf. βέλε-μν-α, ἔρυ-μα (Schwyzer 489), also the synonymous ἀ-τέρα-μνος (s. v.). -- The above formations are based on an unattested word IE * ster-, to which with o-derivation the Germ. word for `starr', a.o. in OHG stara-blint `blind' with OHG starēn `stare', with expressive gemination NHG starr with MHG starren, NHG ( er)starren. Toch. B ścire `hard, stiff' is unclear (* stero- or *stĩro-), s. Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41, 167f., Pedersen Zur toch. Sprachgesch. 19 w. lit. -- Here also 2. στεῖρα `stem' and, with very ancient special meaning, 1. στεῖρα `unfertile' (s. vv.). -- To the same family belong numerous further words with varying formation and different enlargements, s. στέρφος, στρηνής, στόρθυγξ, στηρίζω, στριφνός and WP. 2, 627ff., Pok. 1022ff. -- The group of words is unclear and needs further research.Page in Frisk: 2,790-791Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στερεός
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14 απογυμνών
ἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc voc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act neut nom /voc /acc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic ionic)ἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc voc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act neut nom /voc /acc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic ionic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc voc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc nom sgἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres inf act (doric)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc voc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc nom sgἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres inf act (doric) -
15 ἀπογυμνῶν
ἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc voc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act neut nom /voc /acc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic ionic)ἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc voc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act neut nom /voc /acc sgἀπογυμνάζωbring into hard exercise: fut part act masc nom sg (attic epic ionic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc voc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc nom sgἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres inf act (doric)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc voc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc sg (doric aeolic)ἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres part act masc nom sgἀπογυμνόωstrip bare: pres inf act (doric) -
16 κατοπάζη
κατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres ind mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj act 3rd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres ind mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj act 3rd sg -
17 κατοπάζῃ
κατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres ind mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj act 3rd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres ind mp 2nd sgκατοπάζωfollow hard upon: pres subj act 3rd sg -
18 πεπονημένα
πονέομαιwork hard: perf part mp neut nom /voc /acc plπεπονημένᾱ, πονέομαιwork hard: perf part mp fem nom /voc /acc dualπεπονημένᾱ, πονέομαιwork hard: perf part mp fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic)πονέωwork hard: perf part mp neut nom /voc /acc plπεπονημένᾱ, πονέωwork hard: perf part mp fem nom /voc /acc dualπεπονημένᾱ, πονέωwork hard: perf part mp fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic) -
19 πεπόνησθε
πονέομαιwork hard: perf imperat mp 2nd plπονέομαιwork hard: perf ind mp 2nd plπονέομαιwork hard: plup ind mp 2nd pl (homeric ionic)πονέωwork hard: perf imperat mp 2nd plπονέωwork hard: perf ind mp 2nd plπονέωwork hard: plup ind mp 2nd pl (homeric ionic) -
20 πνευστιάν
πνευστιάωbreathe hard: pres part act masc voc sg (doric aeolic)πνευστιάωbreathe hard: pres part act neut nom /voc /acc sg (doric aeolic)πνευστιάωbreathe hard: pres part act masc nom sg (doric aeolic)πνευστιᾶ̱ν, πνευστιάωbreathe hard: pres inf act (epic doric)πνευστιάωbreathe hard: pres inf act (attic doric)——————πνευστιάωbreathe hard: pres inf act
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Hard — (h[aum]rd), a. [Compar. {Harder} ( [ e]r); superl. {Hardest}.] [OE. hard, heard, AS. heard; akin to OS. & D. hard, G. hart, OHG. herti, harti, Icel. har[eth]r, Dan. haard, Sw. h[*a]rd, Goth. hardus, Gr. kraty s strong, ka rtos, kra tos, strength … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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Hard — Hard, adv. [OE. harde, AS. hearde.] 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligently; earnestly. [1913 Webster] And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince. Dryden. [1913 Webster] My father Is hard at study; pray now, rest yourself. Shak. [1913 … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard by — Hard Hard, adv. [OE. harde, AS. hearde.] 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligently; earnestly. [1913 Webster] And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince. Dryden. [1913 Webster] My father Is hard at study; pray now, rest yourself. Shak.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Hard up — Hard Hard, adv. [OE. harde, AS. hearde.] 1. With pressure; with urgency; hence, diligently; earnestly. [1913 Webster] And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince. Dryden. [1913 Webster] My father Is hard at study; pray now, rest yourself. Shak.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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