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41 MORÐ
n. murder (kallið þér þat eigi m., at drepa menn um nætr?).* * *n. [Ulf. maurþr = φόνος; A. S. morð and morðar; Engl. murther, murder; Germ. and Dan. mord; cp. Lat. mort-is]:—a murder, Fær. 187; in ancient times murder (morð) and manslaughter (víg) are distinguished; if the killer, after the deed, had immediately, at the next or at least at the third house, confessed what he had done (lýsa vígi, víg-lýsing, N. G. L. i. 6l), the deed was manslaughter (víg), and the doer was liable to indictment according to the law, but the deed might, with the consent of the prosecutors and relations of the slain, be atoned by weregild. On the other hand, if the víg-lýsing either did not take place or was stealthily performed (Glúm. ch. 27), the deed was murder; and the killer was called morð-vargr, and was out of the pale of the law; en þat er morð ef maðr leynir eða hylr hræ ok gengr eigi í gegn, Grág. (Kb.) i. 154; drepa mann á morð, N. G. L. i. 158; hence the phrase to kill a man and then murder him, i. e. conceal the deed. In one instance the distinction is made threefold, viz. víg, laun-víg, and morð, i. e. laun-víg or secret manslaughter, if no víg-lýsing took place, but the perpetrator left the weapon in the wound or some other evidence that he was the culprit, en þat vóru kölluð launvíg en ekki morð, er menn létu vápn eptir í beninni standa, Gísl. 22. To slay a man asleep or feloniously was also called morð; so also to put a man to death during the night, nátt-víg eru morð-víg, Eg. 417; kallit ér þat eigi morð-verk at drepa menn um nætr? Ó. H. 117; heiti þat níðings verk eða morð ef menn drepask um nætr, Fms. vii. 296: burying alive also was morð, K. Þ. K. 26, passim. For the formula of the víg-lýsing see Grág. Vsl. ch. 20. In poets morð is used = slaughter, thus, morð-álfr, -bráðr, -heggr, etc. = warriors; morð-bál, -linnr, -röðull, -ský, etc. = weapons, Lex. Poët.COMPDS: morðseiðr, morðför, morðgjarn, morðgyðja, morðjárn, morðráð, morðvargr, morðverk, morðvíg. -
42 UND
I)* * *1.f. [Goth. wunds = wounded and wundufni = μάστιξ; A. S. wund; Engl. wound; O. H. G. wunta; Germ. wunde]:—a wound; undir svella, Skv. 3. 68; undir dreyrgar, 32; blóð hljóp ór undinni. Eg. 216, Sæm. 179; taka vápnit ór undinni, Gísl. 22; hann beit yðr stóra und, Fas. ii. 378; tók at láta í undum þeim er vóru fyrir brjóstinu, Róm. 232; hol-und, merg-und. This word is little used in prose, having been superseded by the word sár, a sore: in poët. circumlocutions, unda-log, und-bál, und-leygr, wound-fire, i. e. weapons; und-bára, -gjálfr, -lögr, a wound-wave, i. e. blood; und-reyr, -fleinn, -linnr, = a wound-reed, wound-snake, a sword; und-gagl, a carrion bird, Lex. Poët. unda-fífill, m., botan. hawkweed, hieracium.2.prep., see undir. -
43 UNDIR
* * *prep. with dat. and acc.I. with dat.1) under;þá brast í sundr jörð undir hesti hans, the earth burst asunder under his horse;þungr undir árum, heavy to row;þeir leita þeirra ok finna þá undir eyju einni, they seek for them and find them under an island;undir þeim hesti var alinn Eiðfaxi, that horse was the sire of E.;2) fig. (undir þeim biskupi eru ellifu hundruð kirkna);eiga undir sér, to have under one, in one’s power;eiga fé undir e-m, to have money in his hands, deposited with him;3) under, depending on;orlög vár eru eigi undir orðum þínum, our fate does not depend on thy words;hann á vin undir hverjum manni, he has a friend in every man;4) ellipt. or adverbial usages;vóru þau (Njáll ok Bergþóra) úbrunnin undir, they were unburned underneath;meðan töður manna eru undir, whilst the hay is lying (mown, but not got in);ef þér þœtti nökkut undir um mik, if thou hast cared at all for me;sól (dagr) er undir, the sun (day) is down, under the horizon;væri oss mikit undir, at vér fengim liðsinni hans, it were worth much to us to get his help;II. with acc.1) under, underneath, denoting motion (var settr undir hann stóll);2) of time;hrökk undir miðdegi, it drew close to midday;3) fig. leggja undir sik, to lay under oneself, to subjugate;þjóna undir e-n, to serve under one;þessa laxveiði gaf hann undir kirkjuna, he made it over to the church;bera fé undir e-n, to bribe one;leggja virðing konungs undir vápn mín, to let it depend on my weapons;ef undir oss skal koma kjörit, if the choice is to be left with us;Hjört þótti mér þeir hafa undir, H. me thought they got under;ef kona tekr mann undir bónda sinn, if she be untrue to her husband;bjóða fé í leigu undir sik, to offer to pay money for one’s passage.* * *prep. with dat. and acc.; an older monosyllabic und is often used in poets, Ls. 44, Hdl. 11, Þkv. 16, Hm. 58; und valkesti, und árum, Lex. Poët.; und hánum, Haustl.: unt = und, Akv. 26 (Bugge): [Ulf. undar; A. S., Engl., and Dan. under; O. H. G. untar; Germ. unter]:—under, underneath, below.A. With dat., undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; tréit u. honum, underneath him, 202; mána vegr und hánum, Haustl.; skipit undir þeim, Háv. 42, Ld. 78; troða undir fótum, Fms. ii. 172; bera undir hendi sér, Eg. 237, Nj. 200; sverðit brotnaði undir hjaltinu, 43; sitja undir borðum, 68; róa undir seglum, Fms. viii. 131; skip þungt undir árum, heavy to row. Eg. 354; undir túngarði, Ld. 138; u. veggnum, Háv. 49; u. haugnum, Eb. 94; u. heiðinni, Eg. 277; fjöll undir jöklum, Fb. i. 540; liggja undir nesi einu, Nj. 43; undir garðinum, Njarð. 374; und kvernum, Ls. 44: und Miðgarði, Hdl. 11; undir Þríhyrningi, Nj. 89, 114; undir Hrauni, Eb. 52; undir Felli, Nj. 16, of places seated under a fell, Landn. passim.2. hvárt þat fé hefði undir því kvikendi alizt, of a dam, Grág. ii. 312; undir þeim var alinn Freyfaxi, she ( the mare) was the dam of F., Landn. 195.II. metaph. usages; alla sem undir honum eru, Sks. 677 B; u. þeim biskupi eru ellifu hundrað kirkna, Rb. 332; búa u. e-m, Fms. i. 107; undir hendi, höndum e-m, hönd (B.I. fine); eiga undir sér, to have under one, in one’s power, Fms. iv. 271, Ld. 250, Vígl. 33, Sturl. i. 20; see eiga (A. IV. 2): eiga fé undir e-m, to have money in his hands, deposited with him, Nj. 101; taka tíu hundruð u. Eiríki bónda, ten hundred in E.’s keeping, Dipl. ii. 6; tvau hundruð u. sonum herra Stepháns, i. 11; þeim manni er féit er undir, Grág. i. 184; er und einum mér öll hodd Hniflunga, Akv. 26.2. under, depending on; svá var ávísat sem u. væri bani ykkar beggja, Am. 12; örlög vár eru eigi u. orðum þínum, Karl. 339; hans líf stendr þar u., Stj. 219; undir því væri, at ek hefða góð málalok, Nj. 47; hvárt þykkir þer u. því sem mest, 263; mikit þótti spökum mönnum undir, at …, Ld. 38; undir þínum þokka þykkir mér mest af þínum frændum, I am most concerned for what thou thinkest, Lv. 72.3. undir vitni e-s, 623. 15; u. handlagi e-s, Dipl. i. 11; hann á vin undir hverjum manni, he has a friend in every man, Fas. i. 290; jafnan er munr undir manns liði (= í manns liði), a man’s help is something, Bs. i; þó at smátt sé und einum, though one man (more or less) makes little difference, Hallfred; um þá gripi er görsemar eru undir, things of value, Gísl. 80; lítil eru tiðendi u. förum mínum, Fms. xi. 118; fela ván sína alla u. Guði, 686 B. 2; eiga traust u. e-m, Fms. i. 261; undir trausti, skjóli, hlífð … e-s, 623. 15; u. griðum, Grág. ii. 194; segja hvat honum er undir fréttinni, Grág. (Kb.) i. 51; mjök var undir heimboði við þik, at vér vildim, Ld. 236; hvat undir mun búa bæn þessi, Eg. 764; þat bjó mest undir ferð Áka, at …, Fms. xi. 45; jarl spyrr hvat undir kveðju sé, Fas. iii. 567.III. ellipt. or adverbial usages; vóru þau úbrunnin undir, underneath, Nj. 208; mér þótti hann vera í rauðum hosum undir, 214; var þar undir niðri skógr, Eg. 580; meðan töður manna eru undir, whilst the hay is down, of hay mown, but not got in, Nj. 192; hart mun þykkja u. at búa, 90.2. at þat sé eigi verr undir, enn vara, of not less value, substance, K. Þ. K. 172; ef mér þætti nökkut u. um mik, if I thought it mattered aught, Nj. 19; þykki mér mikit u., at …, does it matter much to thee? 65; hverjum manni muni þykkja nokkut undir, at …, Sturl. i. 176.B. With acc., under, underneath, Lat. sub, denoting motion; var settr undir hann stóll, Nj. 269; koma fótum undir sik, 202; fara undir skipit, Njarð. 376; kominn undir jarðar-menit, Ld. 60; renna u. hendr e-m, Háv. 41; þeim tók undir hendr, Ld. 38; kom u. kverk öxinni, Nj. 84; láta u. belti sér, 168; setjask u. borð, 176; heimtask út u. akkerin, Fms. ix. 44; stýra u. veðr, … beita undir veðr, Fb. i. 540; leggja út u. Eyjar, Nj. 125; riða austr u. Eyjafjöll, 216; sigla suðr u. England, Hkr. i. 129; leggjask niðr u. hauginn, Eb. 94; ganga u. hamar-skúta nökkurn, Nj. 264; hleypa heim undir Þríhyrning, 105.2. of time; hrökk undir miðdegi, it drew close to midday, Fas. i. 506; cp. the mod. phrase, það er komið undir dagmál, hádegi, … náttmál, of time, close to, hard upon.II. metaph. usages; gefa hann undir vápn yður, Njarð. 354; leggja virðing konungs undir vápn mín, to let it depend on, Fms. x. 199; jarl hverr skyldi hafa und sik þrjá hersa (= undir sér), 182; Hjört þótti mér þeir hafa undir, they had him under, had him on the ground, Nj. 95; leggja undir sik, to lay under oneself, subjugate, Fms. i. 3; skattgilda undir sik. Eg. 402; ganga undir e-n, to submit to, Fms. i. 37, 156, Ld. 166; játtask undir e-t, Fms. ix. 227; taka vel … u. e-t, Ld. 150; þjóna u. e-n, to serve under, Fms. x. 23; draga u. sik, Eg. 61; arf berr undir e-n, devolves upon, Grág. i. 179; þessa laxveiði gaf hann undir kirkjuna, he made it over to the church, Fms. i. 272; Sámsey er undir biskup, is under a bishop, xi. 230; þær eignir liggja undir þá ætt, vi. 432; leita ráðs u. e-n, xi. 80, MS. 686 B. 13; vikja máli u. e-n, Nj. 77; skírskota u. e-n, Ó. H. 86, Eg. 352, N. G. L. i. 348; bera fé u. e-n, to bribe, Ld. 114. Fms. v. 187; játa sik undir at gjalda, to engage oneself, Dipl. ii. 2; leggja e-t undir þegnskap sinn, upon one’s honour, Grág. (Kb.) i. 48; þá mælti Einarr svá undir málit, interrupt it, Sturl. i. 66 C.2. special phrases; ef kona tekr mann undir bónda sinn, if she be untrue to her husband, N. G. L. i. 351, H. E. i. 236; því fylgðu engir mann-lestir, þvíat ek tók engan mann undir Gísla, I was true to G., Gísl. 15; land styrkvara undir bú, at heyföngum, stronger in the way of household, yielding more crops, Sturl. iii. 271; bjóða fé í leigu u. sik, to offer money for a passage, Nj. 128; taka penning veginn u. blóðlát, for letting blood, Rétt. 2. 10; taka eyri u. hvert lispund, id.; líða undir lok, to come to-an end, Nj. 156.III. ellipt., sól er undir, the sun is under, Grág. i. 104; dagr er undir, Fb. iii. 384; slá u. sem mest má þessa viku, to mow as much as possible this week, so as to prepare for drying it the next, Eb. 150; standa undir með e-m, to back, Sturl. i. 20. -
44 Valskr
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45 VÁPN
n. weapon (vóru sumir vápnum vegnir, sumir grýttir til bana).* * *(vópn, vopn), n., old plur. v́pn or vópn; [Ulf. wêpna = ὄπλα; A. S. wæpen; Scot. wappen (in wappenshaw); Engl. weapon; O. H. G. wafan; Germ. waffen; Dan. vaaben; Swed. vapen]:—a weapon; þau eru vópn til þess talið, öx ok sverð, spjót, ok sviður ok bryntroll, K. Þ. K. 170; skotvagn er ok gott vápn, … tálgrafir eru góð vápn, Sks. 421, 425; vápnum ok herklæðum, Eg. 48; bera vápn, to bear weapons, Js. 6; leggja niðr vápn útanþings, N. G. L. i. 63; mun ek þér eigi vápnum verjask, Fms. ii. 257; ef hirð-drengr slær mann á vápn, missi hönd sina, N. G. L. ii. (Hirðskrá); um vápna ábyrgð, Grág. ii. 95; þau vápn vóru þá tíð, Eg. 189; it bezta vápn, 286; sverð allra vápna bezt, 746; sverð, it bitrasta vápn, Fms. ii. 255; vápn … hornbogi eðr lásbogi, Sks. 408; taka vápn sín af veggjum, Eg. 560; þeir fundu hesta sína ok vápn, Nj. 21, Sturl. ii. 69; sverð ok spjót ok braut þau af skapti … en vápnin (i. e. the steel part of the weapon) vafði hann í yfirhöfn sinni, Eg. 218.COMPDS: vápnaafli, vápnabit, vápnabrak, vápnaburðr, vápnabúnaðr, vápnadómr, vápnafall, vápnaganga, vápnagangr, vápnaglamr, vápnakista, vápnalaust, vápnasamkváma, vápnaskipti, vápnastaðr, vápnastefna, vápnatak, vápnatollr, vápnaviðskipti, vápnaviti, vápnaþing.B. PROPER COMPDS: vápnbautinn, vápnberr, vápnbitinn, vápnbærr, vápndauðr, vápndjarfr, vápndögg, vápnfimi, vápnfimr, vápnfærr, vápnföt, vápngrjót, vápngöfigr, vápnhanzki, vápnhestr, vápnhríð, vápnhæfr, vápnlauðr, vápnlauss, vápnrakkr, vápnrokkr, vápnslægr, vápnsteinn, vápnsækja, vápnsöngr, vápntreyja, vápnundaðr, vápnvana, vápnþrima. -
46 война войн·а
war; (приёмы ведения войны) warfareввергнуть страну в войну — to plunge / to precipitate a country into war
вести войну — to wage / to fight / to make war (against)
вовлечь страну в войну — to involve a country / a nation in war
возвести войну в ранг официальной политики, узаконить войну — to institutionalize war
вступить в войну — to enter / to come into a war
втянуть страну в войну — to drag a country into war, to entangle a country in war
залечить (тяжёлые) раны, нанесённые войной — to heal the (deep) wounds of war
исключить войну из жизни общества / человечества — to ban / to exclude war from the life of human society / of mankind
наживаться на войне — to make profits from war, to make money out of war
начать войну — to launch / to start a war, to open hostilities
объявить войну какой-л. стране — to declare war on / upon a country
потерпеть поражение в войне, проиграть войну — to lose the war
предотвратить войну — to avert / to prevent / to preclude / to head off / to stave off war
прекратить войну — to cease / to end / to stop a war; to bring the war to an end
развязать войну — to unleash / to trigger off a war
разжигать войну — to fan / to foment / to stir up / to incite war
угрожать войной — to menace / to threaten war; to carry the threat of war
вспыхнула / разразилась война — a war broke out
агрессивная война — aggressive / invasive war, war of aggression
бактериологическая война — bacteriological / germ warfare
Великая Отечественная война — (1941-1945 гг., СССР) ист. the Great Patriotic War
воздушная война, война в воздухе — air war
всеобщая война — general / universal / all-out war
горячая война (в отличие от холодной) — hot / shooting war
грабительская война — predatory / plunderous war
длительная война — long / protracted war
дорогостоящая война — costly / expensive war
жестокая война — brutal / cruel / fierce / ferocious / ruthless war
затяжная война — prolonged / protracted sustained war
захватническая война — aggressive / annexation / annexionist / invasive war; war of conquest
"звёздные войны" ист. — "star wars"
истребительная война — war of extermination / annihilation
кровопролитная война — bloody / murderous war
маневренная война — war of movement, manoeuvre warfare
междоусобная война — internal / internecine war
первая мировая война — World War I, the First World War
вторая мировая война — World War II, the Second World War
морская война, война на море — maritime / sea war; war at sea; naval warfare
наступательная война — offensive war, war of offensive
национально-освободительная война — national-liberation war, war of national liberation
неизбежная война — inevitable / imminent war
необъявленная война — undeclared war / warfare
неограниченная война — uncontained / uncontrolled / unrestricted war
неядерная / обычная война — conventional war / warfare, nonnuclear war
оборонительная война — defensive war, war of defence
ограниченная война — limited / restricted war
опустошительная война — desolating / devastating war
освободительная война — war of liberation, liberation war
партизанская война — guerrilla war / warfare
подводная война — submarine / U-boat warfare
позиционная война — trench war / warfare, positional war, war of position
/ радиотехническая война — radio warfareразрушительная война — destructive war, holocaust
стратегическая война — strategic war / warfare
тайная война — secret / covert war
таможенная / тарифная война — tariff war
тотальная война — total / all-out war
химическая война — chemical / gas warfare
средства ведения химической войны — chemical warfare agents, CWAs
экологическая война — ecological / environmental warfare
ядерная война, война с применением ядерного оружия — nuclear war / warfare
отказаться от ядерной войны в любой её разновидности — to renounce nuclear war in any of its variations
уменьшать опасность возникновения ядерной войны — to decrease / to reduce the danger / the risk of the outbreak of nuclear war
Война за независимость — (1775-1783, США) ист. War of Independence / Revolutionary War
война с применением оружия массового уничтожения АВС — warfare, atomic, bacteriological and chemical warfare
"война цен" — price war / warfare
варварские методы / средства ведения войны — barbarious warfare
на грани войны — on the brink / verge of war
обычаи войны — war usages; customs of war
опасность (возникновения) войны — war danger, danger / risk of war
оппозиция войне, отрицательное отношение к войне — opposition / resistence to war
очаг войны — hotbed / seat of war
ликвидировать очаги войны — to eliminate / to extinguish the hotbeds / seats of war
правила ведения войны — rules / law of warfare
состояние войны — state of war; belligerence, belligerency
находиться в состоянии войны — to be in a state of war (with), to be at war (with)
государства / державы, находящиеся в состоянии войны — belligerent states / powers
объявить состояние войны — to declare / to proclaim a state of war
средства ведения войны — agents of warfare, weapons / means of war / warfare
угроза войны — menace / threat of war
урон / ущерб, нанесённый войной — war damage
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47 запрещение запрещени·е
1) prohibition, ban, banning; (на торговлю) embargo; (на въезд в страну) exclusionраспространить запрещение на что-л. — to extend prohibition to smth.
снять запрещение — to lift / to remove a ban
всеобъемлющее, полное запрещение испытаний ядерного оружия — comprehensive and total ban on nuclear tests
запрещение принудительного перемещения гражданских лиц — prohibition of forced movement of civilians
запрещение разработки, производства и накопления запасов бактериологического и токсинного оружия — prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological / germ and toxin weapons
2) юр. (судебное) injunction; (на имущество) distraintналожить запрещение на имущество — to distrain / to put an arrest on a property
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > запрещение запрещени·е
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48 aes
aes, aeris (often used in plur. nom. and acc.; abl. aeribus, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll., and Lucr. 2, 636; gen. AERVM, Inscr. Orell. 3551), n. [cf. Germ. Eisen = iron, Erz = copper; Goth. aiz = copper, gold; Angl.Sax. ar, ær = ore, copper, brass; Eng. iron, ore; Lat. aurum; with the com. notion of brightness; cf. aurora, etc.].I.Any crude metal dug out of the earth, except gold and silver; esp.,a.Aes Cyprium, whence cuprum, copper: scoria aeris, copper dross or scoria, Plin. 34, 11, 24, § 107:b.aeris flos,
flowers of copper, id. 34, 11, 24, § 107:squama aeris,
scales of copper, Cels. 2, 12 init.:aes fundere,
Plin. 33, 5, 30, § 94:conflare et temperare,
id. 7, 56, 57, § 197:India neque aes neque plumbum habet,
id. 34, 17, 48, § 163:aurum et argentum et aes,
Vulg. Ex. 25, 3.—An alloy, for the most part of copper and tin, bronze (brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was hardly known to the ancients. For their bronze coins the Greeks adhered to copper and tin till B.C. 400, after which they added lead. Silver is rare in Greek bronze coins. The Romans admitted lead into their bronze coins, but gradually reduced the quantity, and, under Calig., Nero, Vesp., and Domit., issued pure copper coins, and then reverted to the mixture of lead. In the bronze mirrors now existing, which are nearly all Etruscan, silver predominated to give a highly reflecting surface. The antique bronze had about 87 parts of copper to 13 of tin. An analysis of several objects has given the following centesimal parts: statua ex aere, Cic. Phil. 9, 6:II.simulacrum ex aere factum,
Plin. 34, 4, 9, § 15:valvas ex aere factitavere,
id. 34, 3, 7, § 13.—Hence:ducere aliquem ex aere,
to cast one's image in bronze, id. 7, 37, 38, § 125; and in the same sense poet.:ducere aera,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240:aes Corinthium,
Plin. 34, 2, 3, §§ 5-8; v. Corinthius.—Meton.A.(Esp. in the poets.) For everything made or prepared from copper, bronze, etc. ( statues, tables of laws, money), and (as the ancients had the art of hardening and tempering copper and bronze) weapons, armor, utensils of husbandry: aes sonit, franguntur hastae, the trumpet sounds, Enn. ap. Non. 504, 32 (Trag. v. 213 Vahl.):B.Et prior aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus: Aere solum terrae tractabant, aereque belli Miscebant fluctus et vulnera vasta serebant, etc.,
Lucr. 5, 1287:quae ille in aes incidit, in quo populi jussa perpetuasque leges esse voluit,
Cic. Phil. 1, 17; cf. id. Fam. 12, 1; Tac. A. 11, 14; 12, 53; id. H. 4, 40: aere ( with the trumpet, horn) ciere viros, Verg. A. 6, 165:non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,
Ov. M. 1, 98 (hence also rectum aes, the tuba, in contr. with the crooked buccina, Juv. 2, 118); a brazen prow, Verg. A. 1, 35; the brazen age, Hor. Epod. 16, 64.—In plur.: aera, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll.; Verg. A. 2, 734; Hor. C. 4, 8, 2 al.—Money: the first Roman money consisted of small rude masses of copper, called aes rude, Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; afterwards as coined:1.aes signatum,
Cic. Leg. 3, 3; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43;so aes alone: si aes habent, dant mercem,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 49:ancilla aere suo empta,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 26: aes circumforaneum. borrowed from the brokers in the forum, Cic. Att. 2, 1: Hic meret aera liber Sosiis, earns them money, Hor. A. P. [p. 61] 345:gravis aere dextra,
Verg. E. 1, 36:effusum est aes tuum,
Vulg. Ez. 16, 36:neque in zona aes (tollerent),
ib. Maarc. 6, 8:etiam aureos nummos aes dicimus,
Dig. 50, 16, 159.—Hence,Aes alienum, lit. the money of another; hence, in reference to him who has it, the sum owed, a debt, Plaut. Curc. 3, 1, 2:2.habere aes alienum,
Cic. Fam. 5, 6:aes alienum amicorum suscipere,
to take upon one's self, id. Off. 2, 16:contrahere,
to run up, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:facere,
id. Att. 13, 46:conflare,
Sall. C. 14, 2; 24, 3:in aes alienum incidere,
to fall into debt, Cic. Cat. 2, 9:in aere alieno esse,
to be in debt, id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 6; so,aere alieno oppressum esse,
id. Font. 1; so Vulg. 1 Reg. 22, 2:laborare ex aere alieno,
Caes. B. C. 3, 22:liberare se aere alieno,
to get quit of, Cic. Att. 6, 2; so,aes alienum dissolvere,
id. Sull. 56:aere alieno exire,
to get out of, id. Phil. 11, 6.—In aere meo est, trop., he is, as it were, among my effects, he is my friend (only in the language of common conversation):* 3.in animo habui te in aere meo esse propter Lamiae nostri conjunctionem,
Cic. Fam. 13, 62; 15, 14.—Alicujus aeris esse, to be of some value, Gell. 18, 5.—* 4.In aere suo censeri, to be esteemed according to its own worth, Sen. Ep. 87.—C.Sometimes = as, the unit of the standard of money (cf. as); hence, aes grave, the old heary money (as weighed, not counted out):D.denis milibus aeris gravis reos condemnavit,
Liv. 5, 12:indicibus dena milia aeris gravis, quae tum divitiae habebantur, data,
id. 4, 60; so, aes alone and in the gen. sing., instead of assium:aeris miliens, triciens,
a hundred millions, three millions, Cic. Rep. 3, 10:qui milibus aeris quinquaginta census fuisset,
Liv. 24, 11.—Also for coins that are smaller than an as (quadrans, triens, etc.):nec pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum aere, i. e. quadrante, lavantur (those who bathed paid each a quadrans),
Juv. 2, 152 (cf.:dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 137).—Wages, pay.1.A soldier's pay = stipendium:2.negabant danda esse aera militibus,
Liv. 5, 4. And soon after: annua aera habes: annuam operam ede.— Hence in plur., = stipendia, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33.—Reward, payment, in gen., Juv. 6, 125: nullum in bonis numero, quod ad aes exit, that has in view or aims at pay, reward, Sen. Ep. 88.—E.In plur.: aera, counters; hence also the items of a computed sum (for which, later, a sing. form aera, ae (q. v.), came into use): si aera singula probāsti, summam, quae ex his confecta sit, non probare? Cic. ap. Non. 3, 18. -
49 arma
arma, ōrum, n. ( gen. plur. armūm, Pac. ap. Cic. Or. 46, 155; Att. ap. Non. p. 495, 23, considered by Cic. in the connection armūm judicium as less correct than armorum) [cf. ARÔ, arariskô = to fit; arthron = joint; harmos = armus = joint, shoulder; artaô = artio, arto = to fit, to fit in closely; artios = fit, exact; artus = close, narrow; ars (artis) = the craft of fitting things; artifex, artificium; Goth. arms = O. H. Germ. aram = Engl. arm; Sanscr. ar = to hit upon, attain; aram = fit, fast; īrmas = arm. Curt.].I.Lit.A.1.. What is fitted to the body for its protection, defensive armor, as the shield, coat of mail, helmet, etc.:2.tot milia armorum, detracta corporibus hostium,
Liv. 45, 39:induere arma,
id. 30, 31:arma his imperata, galea, clipeum, ocreae, lorica, omnia ex aere,
id. 1, 43:pictis et auro caelatis refulgens armis,
id. 7, 10. —Specifically, a shield:B.at Lausum socii exanimem super arma ferebant,
on a shield, Verg. A. 10, 841:caelestia arma, quae ancilia appellantur,
Liv. 1, 20 (v. ancile); id. 8, 30; 1, 37; cf. Verg. A. 1, 119 Heyne; Tac. G. 11 Rup.; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 43:Aeneas se collegit in arma,
gathered himself under his shield, Verg. A. 12, 491.—Hence, in a more extended sense,Implements of war, arms, both of defence and offence (but of the latter only those which are used in close contest, such as the sword, axe, club; in distinction from tela, which are used in contest at a distance; hence, arma and tela are often contrasted; v. the foll., and cf. Bremi and Dähne ad Nep. Dat. 11, 3): arma rigent, horrescunt tela, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 4; id. ap. Non. p. 469, 26:II.arma alia ad tegendum, alia ad nocendum,
Cic. Caec. 21:armis condicione positis aut defetigatione abjectis aut victoriā detractis,
id. Fam. 6, 2:illum dicis cum armis aureis, Quoius etc.,
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 16:ibi Simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60:arma antiqua manus, ungues dentesque fuerunt Et lapides, et item, silvarum fragmina, ramei,
Lucr. 5, 1283; so,Mutum et turpe pecus (i. e. primeval man), glandem et cubilia propter Unguibus et pugnis, dein fustibus, atque ita porro Pugnabant armis, quae post fabricaverat usus,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 100 sqq.:capere,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Phil. 4, 3, 7; id. Rab. Perd. 6 and 7:sumere,
id. Planc. 36, 88 Wund.; id. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; Vulg. Gen. 27, 3; ib. 3 Reg. 22, 30:accipere, ib. Judith, 14, 2: adprehendere,
ib. Psa. 34, 2:resumere,
Suet. Calig. 48:aptare,
Liv. 5, 49:induere,
id. 30, 31; Ov. M. 14, 798; id. F. 1, 521; Verg. A. 11, 83; Luc. 1, 126:accingi armis,
Verg. A. 6, 184, and Vulg. Jud. 18, 11:armis instructus,
ib. Deut. 1, 41; ib. 1 Par. 12, 13:concitare ad arma,
Caes. B. G. 7, 42:descendere ad arma,
id. ib. 7, 33:vocare ad arma,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 7, 21:vocare in arma,
Verg. A. 9, 22:ferre contra aliquem,
Vell. 2, 56:decernere armis,
Cic. Att. 7, 3:armis cum hoste certare,
id. Off. 3, 22, 87; so,saevis armis,
Verg. A. 12, 890:dimicare armis cum aliquo,
Nep. Milt. 1, 2:esse in armis,
Caes. B. G. 1, 49; Suet. Caes. 69:ponere, abicere,
Cic. Fam. 6, 2:relinquere,
Liv. 2, 10:tradere,
Nep. Ham. 1, 5; Suet. Vit. 10:amittere,
Verg. A. 1, 474:proicere,
Vulg. 1 Macc. 5, 43;7, 44: deripere militibus,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 19:dirimere,
Luc. 1, 104 et saep.—Hence, arma virosque, per arma, per viros, etc., Liv. 8, 25; 8, 30 al.; v. Burm. ad Verg. A. 1, 1, and cf. Liv. 9, 24:tela et arma: armorum atque telorum portationes,
Sall. C. 42, 2; Liv. 1, 25; Col. 12, 3; Tac. G. 29 and 33:armis et castris, prov. (like remis velisque, viris equisque),
with vigor, with might and main, Cic. Off. 2, 24, 84.—Trop., means of protection, defence, weapons:a.tenere semper arma (sc. eloquentiae), quibus vel tectus ipse esse possis, vel, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 1, 8, 32:prudentiae,
id. ib. 1, 38, 172:senectutis,
id. Lael. 4. 9:tectus Vulcaniis armis, id est fortitudine,
id. Tusc. 2, 14, 33:eloquentiae,
Quint. 5, 12, 21:facundiae,
id. 2, 16, 10:justitiae,
Vulg. Rom. 6, 13; ib. 2 Cor. 6, 7:arma lucis,
ib. Rom. 13, 12:horriferum contra Borean ovis arma ministret, i. e. lanas,
Ov. M. 15, 471:haec mihi Stertinius arma (i. e. praecepta) dedit,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 297; cf. id. Ep. 1, 16, 67:arma militiae nostrae non carnalia sunt,
Vulg. 2 Cor. 10, 4.War (once in opp. to pax, v. infra):b.silent leges inter arma,
Cic. Mil. 4, 10; id. Att. 7, 3, 5:arma civilia,
civil war, id. Fam. 2, 16, and Tac. A. 1, 9:civilia arma,
id. Agr. 16; id. G. 37 (otherwise, bella civilia, Cic. Off. 1, 25, 86, and Tac. Agr. 13):ab externis armis otium erat,
Liv. 3, 14; 9, 1; 3, 69 Drak.; 9, 32; 42, 2; Tac. H. 2, 1 al.:a Rubro Mari arma conatus sit inferre Italiae,
Nep. Hann. 2, 1 (for which more freq. bellum inferre alicui, v. infero):ad horrida promptior arma,
Ov. M. 1, 126:qui fera nuntiet arma,
id. ib. 5, 4;14, 479: compositis venerantur armis,
Hor. C. 4, 14, 52. So the beginning of the Æneid: Arma virumque cano; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 7:melius visum Gallos novam gentem pace potius cognosci quam armis,
Liv. 5, 35 fin.; cf.:cedant arma togae,
Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76.—Also for battle, contest:in arma feror,
Verg. A. 2, 337; so id. ib. 2, 655.—(Abstr. for concr.) The warriors themselves, soldiers, troops:III.nulla usquam apparuerunt arma,
Liv. 41, 12:nostro supplicio liberemus Romana arma, i. e. Romanum exercitum,
id. 9, 9; 21, 26:Hispanias armis non ita redundare,
Tac. H. 2, 32:expertem frustra belli et neutra arma secutum,
neither party, Ov. M. 5, 91: auxiliaria arma, auxiliaries, auxiliary troops = auxiliares (v. auxiliaris, I.), id. ib. 6, 424; cf. id. ib. 14, 528.—Transf., poet. (like hoplon and entea in Gr.), implements, instruments, tools, utensils, in gen. Of implements for grinding and baking:Cerealia arma,
the arms of Ceres, Verg. A. 1, 177 (cf. Hom. Od. 7, 232: entea daitos). —Of implements of agriculture, Ov. M. 11, 35:dicendum est, quae sint duris agrestibus arma, Quīs sine nec potuere seri nec surgere messes,
Verg. G. 1, 160.—Of the equipments, tackle of a ship ( mast, sails, rudder, etc.):colligere arma jubet validisque incumbere remis,
Verg. A. 5, 15; 6, 353.—Hence used by Ovid for wings:haec umeris arma parata suis, A. A. 2, 50 (cf. in the foll. verse: his patria est adeunda carinis).—And so of other instruments,
Mart. 14, 36. -
50 battuo
battuo ( bāt-), ui, ĕre, v. a. and n. [cf. Engl. beat, bat; Fr. battre; Ital. battere], to strike, beat, hit (very rare): battuit katakoptei, Gloss.; Naev. ap. Fulg. 562, 33; * Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 60.—Of bruising in a mortar, Marc. Emp. Medic. c. 36.—Of pounding flesh before cooking it, Apic. 4, 2, 108; cf. Plin. 31, 9, 45, § 104.—II.Neutr., of fencing (like the Germ. schlagen): battuebat pugnatoriis armis, he fenced with sharp weapons (not with the foil), Suet. Calig. 54; 32.—In mal. part., Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 4. -
51 στέλλω
στέλλω, - ομαιGrammatical information: v.Meaning: `to put in order, to make ready, to equip, dress with weapons, clothes etc.; to prepare (for a journey), to dispatch'; also `to furl, take in the sails, to tie up, to constrain'; midd. esp. `to summon, to fetch, to prepare (for a journey), to set off' (also act. intr.). `to dress'.Other forms: Aor. στεῖλαι, - ασθαι (Il.), Aeol. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι, fut. στελ-έω (β 287 a.o.), -ῶ, - οῦμαι (Att.). Aor. pass. σταλ-ῆναι (Pi., IA.), - θῆναι (hell.), perf. pass. ἔσταλμαι (IA.), act. ἔσταλκα (Att.), ἔστολα (gramm.).Compounds: Very often w. prefix with variaous shades of neaning, e.g. ἀπο-, δια-, ἐπι-, κατα-, περι-, συν-, ὑπο-. As 2. member e.g. ἰδιό-στολος `having one's own equipment, equipped at one's own expense, making one's own journey' (Plu. a.o.), πυγο-στόλος adjunct of γυνή (Hes. Op. 373; on the debated meaning Martinazzoli Par. del Pass. 15, 203ff.); ναυ-στολ-έω `to send on a ship, to navigate, to steer (a ship)' (Pi., S., E., late prose; ναύ-στολος only A. Th. 858 [lyr.; doubted]; cf. ναυ-μαχέω, οἰνο-χοέω a.o. in Schwyzer 726); ἀκρο-στόλ-ιον n. `decorated end of the rostrum' (Callix., Str., D.S. etc.); ἀπόστολ-ος (: ἀπο-στέλλω) m. `envoys, fleet-expedition' (IA.), `apostle' (LXX, NT). As 2. member e.g. μελανό-στολος `with a black garment' (Plu.).Derivatives: A. 1. στόλος m. `equipment (of a campaign), campaign by water and by land, fleet, army, troop, legion, march' (Pi., IA.); also `rostrum' (Pi., trag.)`outgrowth, stump, appendage' (Arist.); cf. below. 2. στολή (Aeol. σπόλα; cf. below) f. `armor', usu. `dress, garment' (IA.), `obstruction, pressure, constraint' (Epicur., medic.); ἀπο-, δια- ἐπι-στολή a.o. (: ἀπο-στέλλω) `sending resp. extension, mission or letter' (IA. etc.) with ἀποστολ-εύς m. `officials for equipping and dispatching the fleet' (Att.) a.o., s. Bosshardt 53 f. From this the dimin. στόλ-ιον n. (Delos IIa, AP a.o.); στολ-άς f. `jacket' (Ael.); στολ-ίς f. `dress', pl. `folds' (E., Arist. etc.) with - ίδιον, - ιδώδης, - ιδόομαι, - ίδωμα, - ιδωτός. - From στολή and στόλος: στολ-ίζω, also w. κατα-, συν-, ὑπο- `to place in order, to equip, to dress' (Hes. Op. 628, E., hell. a. late), - ισις, - ισμα, ισμός, - ιστής, - ιστήριον, - ιστεία; - άζομαι `to dress' in ἐστολάδαντο (metr. inscr. Marathon IIp; cf. ἐρράδαται a.o. Schwyzer 672). -- 3. στολμός m. `equipment, clothing' (A., E.). -- B. στέλμα στέφος, στέμμα H. (correct?); στελμονίαι ζώματα H. (= X. Cyr. 6, 1); cf. ἁρ-μον-ία a.o., Scheller Oxytonierung 58f. -- C. 1. - σταλ-μα, only from the prefixed ἐπι-στέλλω etc.: ἐπί-, διά-, ἀπό-σταλμα n. `public mission etc.' (Thphr., pap.). 2. διασταλ-μός m. `assessment' (pap. VIp). 3. στάλ-σις f. `obstruction' (Gal.), διά- στέλλω `destination, treaty' (LXX). 4. ἀνα-, δια-, περι- etc. - σταλτικός (late). --5. On στάλιξ s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [1019] * stel- `put (up), stand'; also [985] * spel- `split'?Etymology: The above forms form in spite of all semantic differentiation a well kept together formal system. Outside the wide semantic cadre are, however, στόλος in the sense of `ships beak a.o.', a meaning which seems difficult to connect with στέλλω `prepare, equip, send out', but which can without difficulty be connected with στελεά, στέλεχος, στήλη [which in my view do not belong to στέλλω]. When judging the etymology some seemingly Aeolic, mostly only lexically attested forms with σπ- (against inscr. ἀπο-, ἐπι-στέλλαι) must not be overlooked: σπελλάμεναι στειλάμεναι, σπολεῖσα σταλεῖσα, εὔσπολον εὑεί-μονα, εὑσταλέα, κασπέλλει (cod. - έλη) στορνύει (all H.); σπόλα = στολή (Sapph.), κασπολέω (- σπελ-?) ὑποστορέσω (Sapph., H.). So ΙΑ. στελ-, Aeol. σπελ- from IE skʷel- (lit. in Persson Beitr. 1, 422)? After Bechtel Dial. 1, 125f. (with Schulze; cf. on this Hamm Grammatik 15 w. n. 3) in IA. στέλλω IE * stel- `send' and skʷel- `equip' (from where Aeol. σπελ-) would have fallen together. The difficulty to find IE * skʷel- back in other languages, as well as the meagre documentation of the σπ-forms both arouse suspicion against such a supposition. For some of the relevant words ( σπόλα, εὔσπολος) one might sonsider a connection with IE * spel- `split' (s. σπολάς). -- Exact cognates outside Greek are missing. Nearest comes Arm. steɫc-anem, aor. steɫc-i `prepare, creare' with unclear c (ɫc from l + s with Pedersen KZ 39, 427 ?); beside it steɫn, pl. steɫun-k` `stem, stalk, twig' (cf. στέλεχος, στελεά). Also several other words go back on IE * stel-, but deviate semantically from στέλλω: Alb. shtiell `wind up, reel up, collect' (IE * stel-n-ō); Germ. nouns as OE stela m. `stalk of a plant', OWNo. stiolr m. `tail-bone', NNorw. stjøl `stalk, stem' (\< * stelu-; cf. στελεχος, στελεά). Here belong also the unclear OWNo. stallr m. `constitution, crib, stable', OHG stal m. `living, seat, stable' (to which stellen) from PGm. * stalla- or * staðla-(IE * stol-no- or * st(h)h₂-dhlo- [to st(h)ā- `stand'; s. ἵστημι]); Skt. sthálam n. `continent, earth-bottom', sthálā f. `raised earth' etc. (cf. on στήλη). -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 643ff., Pok. 1019f., W.-Hofmann s. locus; older lit. also in Bq. -- The evidence for IE origin is meagre; could the word be Pre-Greek?Page in Frisk: 2,786-788Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στέλλω
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