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61 подтверждать
Подтверждать - to support, to confirm, to affirm, to justify, to corroborate, to bear out; to provide support for, to lend support to, to give confirmation of, to give evidence (документально); to verify (проверкой); to validate (пригодность, справедливость); to acknowledge (получение чего-либо)Here [ В этом случае], any prediction of bearing performance must be empirically validated.Evidence from a large number of metallurgical sections of tools has provided considerable support for this type of flow pattern.Next, a fixed pattern of streaks is established which gives further confirmation of the flow direction.The single blown ring performance has been confirmed on four separate engines.The supplier shall establish records which give evidence that the product has passed test with defined acceptance criteria.—подтверждать согласие наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > подтверждать
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62 приводить
reduce, reduce to, bring, cite, deduce, list, adduce, enter• Были приведены дальнейшие аргументы, показавшие, что... - Further arguments were given which showed that...• Было бы легко привести значительно больше примеров... - It would be easy to give many more examples of...• В основном, различные подходы приводят к... - Different approaches will, in general, lead to...• В свою очередь это может привести к тому, что... - This in turn can lead to...• В таблице 1 мы приводим вместе все данные относительно... - In Table 1 we summarize the...• В этом приложении мы приводим результаты... - In this appendix we present the results of...• Все эти данные приводили к очевидному требованию, что... - All this evidence led to a clear requirement that...• Дальнейшее рассуждение затем привело бы к идее... - Further argument would then lead to the idea of...• Данная процедура может быть продолжена, она приводит к... - The procedure can be continued, yielding...• Здесь мы приводим другой пример (чего-л). - We give here another example of...• Здесь мы приводим некоторые формулы для... - Неге we give some formulae for...• Исследование каждого случая отдельно приводит к... - Examination of each individual case leads to...• Можно привести еще одно замечание. - One further observation may be made.• Мы можем привести геометрическую интерпретацию для... -It is possible to give a geometric interpretation of...• Мы не можем привести здесь полный ответ. - We cannot give a complete answer here.• Мы не приводим это рассуждение со всеми подробностями по следующим причинам. - We do not present this argument in detail for the following reasons.• Мы приводим ниже значения для... - We quote below the values of...• Мы теперь приведем приложение уравнения (5). - We now give an application of (5).• Это привело нас к предложению, что... - We are led to the suggestion that...• Наши рассуждения в предыдущем параграфе могли бы привести нас к предположению, что... - Our work in the previous section might lead us to suspect that...• Однако здесь можно привести очень грубый довод. - A very rough reason, however, can be given here.• Описанный здесь метод всегда приводит... - The procedure described here always yields...• Перед тем как продолжить приводить примеры, мы приведем важное замечание, что... - Before proceeding to give examples, we make the important observation that...• Подобные повреждения могут привести к потере... - Such injuries can result in a loss of...• Понятно, что только один этот процесс не мог бы привести к... - Clearly such a process alone could not lead to...• Предыдущее обсуждение приводит к идее, что... - The preceding discussion leads to the idea that...• Приведем более полное доказательство, данное Гильбертом [2]. - A fuller proof, given by Hilbert [2], is as follows.• Приведем исключения, которые указывает Смит [1]. - Smith [1] points out certain exceptions as follows.• Приведем некоторый основной критерий для... - Let us list some major criteria for...• Приведем соответствующие численные величины:... - The corresponding numerical values are as follows:...• Приведем теперь пример, в котором... - We now give an example in which...• Процесс приводит к замене в... - The process leads to a change in...• Следовательно, мы обязаны попытаться развить теорию, которая приводит к... - Hence, we must try to develop a theory that leads to...• Смит [1] приводит убедительный пример существования... - Smith [l] makes a persuasive case for the existence of...• Сначала мы приведем некоторый дополнительный материал относительно... - We begin with some additional material relating to...• Сначала мы приведем один результат из... - We first quote a result from...• Такая практика приводит к серьезным недоразумениям. - This practice leads to serious confusion.• Тем не менее эта формальная работа привела к конкретному результату. - Nevertheless, this formal work has produced a concrete result. I• Тем самым нас довольно настойчиво приводит к идее, что... - This suggests quite strongly that...• Теперь мы приведем некоторые экспериментальные данные относительно... - We shall now give some experimental data concerning...• Теперь мы приведем список наиболее важных тождеств, включающих... - We shall now list the most important identities involving...• Теперь мы приведем явную характеристику... - We now give an explicit characterization of...• Теперь приведем несколько конкретных примеров. - A few concrete examples are in order.• Чтобы привести еще более простой пример, мы можем рассмотреть... - То take an even simpler example, we can consider...• Элегантное доказательство, которое мы здесь приводим, в основном принадлежит Гильберту. - The elegant proof we give is essentially due to Hilbert.• Эти кажущиеся тривиальными результаты приводят к... - These seemingly trivial results lead to...• Эти результаты мы приводим в таблице 1 для трех значений г. - The results are set out in Table 1 for three values of r.• Это выражение можно привести к более удобному виду. - This expression can be put in a more convenient form.• Это доказательство слишком сложное, чтобы приводить его здесь. - The proof is too complicated to give here.• Это естественным образом приводило к различным схемам для... - It led naturally to various schemes for...• Это заключение базируется на тех же самых идеях, которые приводят к... - This conclusion is based on the same ideas that lead to...• Это могло бы также привести к лучшему пониманию... - This could also lead to a better understanding of...• Это не приведет к ошибке, потому что... - This will not give rise to confusion because...• Это не приводит ни к каким концептуальным трудностям, однако... - This introduces no conceptual difficulties, but...• Это нестрогое рассуждение приводит нас к... - This crude argument leads to...• Это позволяет нам привести уравнение (1) к следующему виду... - This enables us to reduce (1) to the form...• Это привело нескольких авторов к заключению, что... - This has led several authors to believe that...• Это приводит к возникновению так называемого... - This gives rise to the so-called...• Это приводит к возрастанию... - This involves an increase in...• Это приводит к выводу, что... - This carries the implication that...• Это приводит к концепции... - This leads to a conception in which...• Это приводит к новым концепциям. - This leads to new conceptions.• Это приводит к полезным методам обращения с... - This leads to useful ways of dealing with...• Это приводит к противоречию, и, следовательно, доказательство закончено. - This gives a contradiction, and the proof is complete.• Это приводит к рассмотрению темы... - This leads into the topic of...• Это приводит к следующему определению. - This motivates the following definition.• Это приводит к тому, что известно как... - This leads to what is known as...• Это приводит нас к важному свойству... - This leads us to an important property of...• Это приводит нас к идее постулировать существование... - This leads us to postulate the existence of...• Этот результат автоматически приводит к необходимости изучения... - This result automatically leads to a study of... -
63 указывать
(= указать, отмечать) indicate, specify, point out, show• В обсуждениях такого рода необходимо указывать... - In discussions of this kind it is necessary to point out...• В то же самое время данные результаты указывают, что... - At the same time, the results indicate that...• Возможно, стоит указать, что... - It is perhaps worth pointing out that...• Вряд ли имеется необходимость указывать, что... - It is hardly necessary to point out that...• Все имеющиеся свидетельства указывают, что... - All available evidence indicates that...• Все опубликованные отчеты указывают на наличие... - All the published reports point to the presence of...• Данные эксперименты указывали, что... - These experiments indicated that...• Для специалистов стоит указать, что... - It is worth pointing out to experts that the spaces of...• Другие исследования также указывали, что... - Other studies have also indicated that...• Знак минус в уравнении (4) указывает, что... - The minus sign in (4) indicates that...• Изучение... указывает, что... - Studies of... indicate that...• Многие исследователи это отвергают. Они указывают, что... - Many scientists object to this. They point out that...• Можно было бы указать, что... - It may be pointed out that...• Мы не будем обсуждать детально ни одну из этих концепций, а просто хотим указать, что... - We shall not discuss any of these concepts in detail, but merely wish to point out that...• Мы уже указали важность (чего-л). - We have indicated the relevance of...• Мы. хотим указать явно, что... - We wish to point out explicitly that...• На этом этапе необходимо указать очень важный факт. - At this stage a very important fact must be pointed out.• Наконец, данная модель должна указывать... - Finally, the model must indicate...• Наконец, мы должны указать на полезность... - Finally, we should point out the usefulness of...• Накопленный опыт начал нам указывать, что... - Our accumulated experience began to indicate that...• Наши оценки указывают, что... - Our estimates indicate that...• Несколько исследований указывают, что... - Several studies indicate that...• Однако будет честно указать, что... - It is fair, though, to point out that...• Однако дальнейшие проверки указывали, что... - But further tests indicated that...• Однако существующие экспериментальные данные указывают, что... - Present experimental evidence indicates, however, that...• Однако, как указывает Смит [1], безусловно существуют примеры... - But, as Smith [lj points out, there are certainly examples of...• Однако, как указывает Смит [lj, недостаточно, чтобы... - But, as Smith [1] points out, it is not sufficient that...• Одним интересным свойством этих результатов является то, что они указывают... - One interesting feature of these results is that they indicate...• Позднее мы укажем, что... - We will indicate later that...• Приведем исключения, которые указывает Смит в статье [1]. - Smith [1] points out certain exceptions as follows.• Различные авторы уже указывали, что... - It has been pointed out by various writers that...• С другой стороны, недавние данные указывают, что... - On the other hand, recent findings indicate that...• Смит [1] указал, что... - Smith [1] has indicated that...• Эти явления указывают на существование... - These phenomena point to the existence of...• Это был Эйнштейн, кто указал, что... - It was Einstein who pointed out that...• Это довольно настойчиво указывает, что... - This suggests quite strongly that...• Это обосновывает приведенную выше интерпретацию и указывает, что... - This justifies the above interpretation and indicates that... -
64 mehren
geh.I v/t increase, add to, augment förm.II v/refl increase, grow; momentan: be on the increase; die Fälle / Gründe etc. mehren sich there are an increasing number of cases / reasons etc.; die Anzeichen mehren sich, dass... there is mounting evidence that...; seid fruchtbar und mehret euch bibl. be fruitful and multiply* * *meh|ren ['meːrən]1. vt (liter)(= vergrößern) to augment, to increase; (= fördern) to further2. vrgeh = sich vermehren) to multiplyseid fruchtbar und mehret Euch! (Bibl) — be fruitful and multiply!
* * *meh·ren[ˈme:rən]I. vtsein Ansehen \mehren to enhance one's reputationII. vr* * *1.(geh.) transitives Verb increase2.reflexives Verb increase* * *mehren gehA. v/t increase, add to, augment formdie Fälle/Gründe etcmehren sich there are an increasing number of cases/reasons etc;die Anzeichen mehren sich, dass … there is mounting evidence that …;seid fruchtbar und mehret euch BIBEL be fruitful and multiply* * *1.(geh.) transitives Verb increase2.reflexives Verb increase -
65 πύκα
Grammatical information: Adv.Meaning: `dense, solid', metaph. `careful, sensible' (Hom.).Derivatives: Beside it πυκάζω, Dor. - άσδω (Theoc.), aor. πυκά-σ(σ)αι, pass. - σθῆναι, perf. midd. πεπύκασμαι, quite rarely with περι- a.o., `to tighten, to enclose tightly, to encase compactly, to cover' (ep. poet., late prose) with πύκασμα n. `encased, covered object' (Sm.). Adj. πυκνός, ep. lyr. also πυκινός, `dense, solid, compacted, numerous, strong, brave, clever' (Il.), often as 1. member, e.g. πυκνό-σαρκος `with solid flesh' (Hp., Arist.). From it πυκν-ότης f. `density, closeness etc.' (IA.), - άκις = πολλάκις (Arist.), - όω `to make dense, to tighten etc.' (IA.) with - ωμα, - ωσις, - ωτικός; - άζω `to be numerous' (EM, Gloss.). As 1. member πυκι- in πυκι-μηδής (- μήδης) = μήδεα πυκνά (Γ 202, 208) ἔχων, `with close mind, considerate, sensible' (α 438, h. Cer., Q. S.; Bechtel Lex. s.v.). -- On ἄμπυξ s. v.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: The forms πύκα: πυκνός: πυκι-μηδής form a system; with πύκα: πυκνός cf. esp. the in meaning close θαμά: θάμνος (s. vv.). To this πυκινός (after πυκι-μηδής?) like (he analog. built?) θαμινός, ἁδινός a.o. (Schwyzer 490). To be rejected Szemerényi Syncope in Greek and I.-Eur. 82 ff., 87 ff. (also on the etymology): πυκνός, θάμνος from πυκινός, *θάμυνος syncopated. The further analysis is hypothetic. The pair of words that certainly belong together ἄμ-πυξ: Av. pus-ā `diadem' [but see my doubts s.v.], which agrees with πρόσ-φυξ: φυγ-η, points to a primary verb IE *puḱ- `fasten etc.' (WP. 2, 82, Pok. 849), which in Greek was replaced by πυκάζω. As denominative of πύκα without doubt explainable (Schwyzer 734), πυκάζω because of the very limited use of πύκα can as well be understood as a formal enlargement of the older primary present. -- Against adducing Alb. puth `I kiss', puthtohem `clothe myself narrow, string myself, embrace' (since G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 356) Szemerényi l.c. Toch. A puk `all, complete, every' remains far already because the B-form po; cf. v. Windekens Lex. étym. s.v. -- The evidence for IE *puḱ- (Pok. 849) is very meagre; Furnée 317 assumes that πυκνός etc. is Pre-Greek, but on quite meagre evidence.Page in Frisk: 2,622-623Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πύκα
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66 blijven
1 [voortgaan te bestaan] remain3 [niet verder gaan] be ⇒ keep4 [sterven] perish, be left/remain behind♦voorbeelden:het blijft altijd gevaarlijk • it is always/will always be dangerous2 twee commissieleden blijven, de rest neemt ontslag • two committee members are staying on, the rest are resigninghet antwoord schuldig blijven • have no answerblijven leven/logeren/eten/wonen • stay alive/the night/for dinner/on (in the house)blijven wachten/hopen • go on waiting/hopingik blijf werken • I'll go/keep on workingblijven zitten/liggen • remain sitting/lyingen daar blijft het bij! • and that's final!en daarbij bleef het • and that was it, and that ended the matterik blijf erbij, dat … • I still think that …blijft u even aan de lijn? • hold the line, pleasebij iets blijven • stick to somethinghet bleef bij plannen • it never got beyond the planning stageblijf bij de reling vandaan • keep clear of the railingsbij de tijd blijven • keep up with the timeshij blijft bij zijn weigering • he persists in his refusallaat dit onder ons blijven • let this go no furtherje moet op het voetpad blijven • you have to keep to the footpathhet wil niet blijven zitten/op zijn plaats blijven • it won't stay put/in its placewaar blijf je toch? • what's keeping you?waar blijf je nou met je bewijzen? • so where is your evidence?; 〈 bij weerlegging〉 so much for all your evidencewaar zijn wij gebleven? • where were we?waar is mijn portemonnee gebleven? • where has my purse got to?waar blijft het geld? • where does the money go?ik blijf daarbuiten • I'll keep out of thatblijf maar! • don't bother, I'll take/do it!blijf van mijn lijf • keep your hands to yourselfhij is op zee gebleven • he died at seaII 〈 koppelwerkwoord〉♦voorbeelden:1 het blijft de vraag of … • the question remains whether …beleefd blijven • remain politeernstig/rustig blijven • remain serious, keep quietdeze appel blijft lang goed • this apple keeps welljong blijven • stay younghet weer blijft mooi • the fine weather is holding -
67 Galilei, Galileo
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 15 February 1564 Pisa, Italyd. 8 January 1642 Arcetri, near Florence, Italy[br]Italian mathematician, astronomer and physicist who established the principle of the pendulum and was first to exploit the telescope.[br]Galileo began studying medicine at the University of Pisa but soon turned to his real interests, mathematics, mechanics and astronomy. He became Professor of Mathematics at Pisa at the age of 25 and three years later moved to Padua. In 1610 he transferred to Florence. While still a student he discovered the isochronous property of the pendulum, probably by timing with his pulse the swings of a hanging lamp during a religious ceremony in Pisa Cathedral. He later designed a pendulum-controlled clock, but it was not constructed until after his death, and then not successfully; the first successful pendulum clock was made by the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens in 1656. Around 1590 Galileo established the laws of motion of falling bodies, by timing rolling balls down inclined planes and not, as was once widely believed, by dropping different weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa. These and other observations received definitive treatment in his Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienzi attenenti alla, meccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences…) which was completed in 1634 and first printed in 1638. This work also included Galileo's proof that the path of a projectile was a parabola and, most importantly, the development of the concept of inertia.In astronomy Galileo adopted the Copernican heliocentric theory of the universe while still in his twenties, but he lacked the evidence to promote it publicly. That evidence came with the invention of the telescope by the Dutch brothers Lippershey. Galileo heard of its invention in 1609 and had his own instrument constructed, with a convex object lens and concave eyepiece, a form which came to be known as the Galilean telescope. Galileo was the first to exploit the telescope successfully with a series of striking astronomical discoveries. He was also the first to publish the results of observations with the telescope, in his Sidereus nuncius (Starry Messenger) of 1610. All the discoveries told against the traditional view of the universe inherited from the ancient Greeks, and one in particular, that of the four satellites in orbit around Jupiter, supported the Copernican theory in that it showed that there could be another centre of motion in the universe besides the Earth: if Jupiter, why not the Sun? Galileo now felt confident enough to advocate the theory, but the advance of new ideas was opposed, not for the first or last time, by established opinion, personified in Galileo's time by the ecclesiastical authorities in Rome. Eventually he was forced to renounce the Copernican theory, at least in public, and turn to less contentious subjects such as the "two new sciences" of his last and most important work.[br]Bibliography1610, Sidereus nuncius (Starry Messenger); translation by A.Van Helden, 1989, Sidereus Nuncius, or the Sidereal Messenger; Chicago: University of Chicago Press.1623, Il Saggiatore (The Assayer).1632, Dialogo sopre i due massimi sistemi del mondo, tolemaico e copernicano (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican); translation, 1967, Berkeley: University of California Press.1638, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienzi attenenti allameccanica (Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences…); translation, 1991, Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books (reprint).Further ReadingG.de Santillana, 1955, The Crime of Galileo, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; also 1958, London: Heinemann.H.Stillman Drake, 1980, Galileo, Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks. M.Sharratt, 1994, Galileo: Decisive Innovator, Oxford: Blackwell.J.Reston, 1994, Galileo: A Life, New York: HarperCollins; also 1994, London: Cassell.A.Fantoli, 1994, Galileo: For Copemicanism and for the Church, trans. G.V.Coyne, South Bend, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.LRD -
68 Kay (of Warrington), John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. c.1770 England[br]English clockmaker who helped Richard Arkwright to construct his spinning machine.[br]John Kay was a clockmaker of Warrington. He moved to Leigh, where he helped Thomas Highs to construct his spinning machine, but lack of success made them abandon their attempts. Kay first met Richard Arkwright in March 1767 and six months later was persuaded by Arkwright to make one or more models of the roller spinning machine he had built under Highs's supervision. Kay went with Arkwright to Preston, where they continued working on the machine. Kay also went with Arkwright when he moved to Nottingham. It was around this time that he entered into an agreement with Arkwright to serve him for twenty-one years and was bound not to disclose any details of the machines. Presumably Kay helped to set up the first spinning machines at Arkwright's Nottingham mill as well as at Cromford. Despite their agreement, he seems to have left after about five years and may have disclosed the secret of Arkwright's crank and comb on the carding engine to others. Kay was later to give evidence against Arkwright during the trial of his patent in 1785.[br]Further ReadingR.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (the most detailed account of Kay's connections with Arkwright and his evidence during the later patent trials).A.P.Wadsworth and J. de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (mentions Kay's association with Arkwright).RLHBiographical history of technology > Kay (of Warrington), John
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69 Newcomen, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. January or February 1663 Dartmouth, Devon, Englandd. 5 August 1729 London, England[br]English inventor and builder of the world's first successful stationary steam-engine.[br]Newcomen was probably born at a house on the quay at Dartmouth, Devon, England, the son of Elias Newcomen and Sarah Trenhale. Nothing is known of his education, and there is only dubious evidence of his apprenticeship to an ironmonger in Exeter. He returned to Dartmouth and established himself there as an "ironmonger". The term "ironmonger" at that time meant more than a dealer in ironmongery: a skilled craftsman working in iron, nearer to today's "blacksmith". In this venture he had a partner, John Calley or Caley, who was a plumber and glazier. Besides running his business in Dartmouth, it is evident that Newcomen spent a good deal of time travelling round the mines of Devon and Cornwall in search of business.Eighteenth-century writers and others found it impossible to believe that a provincial ironmonger could have invented the steam-engine, the concept of which had occupied the best scientific brains in Europe, and postulated a connection between Newcomen and Savery or Papin, but scholars in recent years have failed to find any evidence of this. Certainly Savery was in Dartmouth at the same time as Newcomen but there is nothing to indicate that they met, although it is possible. The most recent biographer of Thomas Newcomen is of the opinion that he was aware of Savery and his work, that the two men had met by 1705 and that, although Newcomen could have taken out his own patent, he could not have operated his own engines without infringing Savery's patent. In the event, they came to an agreement by which Newcomen was enabled to sell his engines under Savery's patent.The first recorded Newcomen engine is dated 1712, although this may have been preceded by a good number of test engines built at Dartmouth, possibly following a number of models. Over one hundred engines were built to Newcomen's design during his lifetime, with the first engine being installed at the Griff Colliery near Dudley Castle in Staffordshire.On the death of Thomas Savery, on 15 May 1715, a new company, the Proprietors of the Engine Patent, was formed to carry on the business. The Company was represented by Edward Elliot, "who attended the Sword Blade Coffee House in Birchin Lane, London, between 3 and 5 o'clock to receive enquiries and to act as a contact for the committee". Newcomen was, of course, a member of the Proprietors.A staunch Baptist, Newcomen married Hannah Waymouth, who bore him two sons and a daughter. He died, it is said of a fever, in London on 5 August 1729 and was buried at Bunhill Fields.[br]Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt and J.S.Allen, 1977, The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen, Hartington: Moorland Publishing Company (the definitive account of his life and work).IMcN -
70 исследование
investigation, research, study, analysis, discussion, tracing, examination, work, treatment• Большая часть исследования была сконцентрирована на поиске... - Much research has been concentrated on the search for...• В своем классическом исследовании Смит [1] установил, что... - In a classical investigation, Smith [1] established that...• Важно, что исследование также показывает, что... - Importantly, the study also shows that...• Вместо того, чтобы пытаться сделать общее исследование задачи, мы... - Rather than attempt a general investigation of the problem, we...• Все эти исследования основываются на одном и том же предположении. - All these studies rest on the same assumption.• Дальнейшее исследование, однако, показало, что... - Further investigation, however, has shown that...• Данная идея получила свое начало при исследовании... - The idea originated with the study of...• Для данного исследования мы возьмем... - For the present investigation we shall take...• Для данного исследования необходимо... - For this treatment it is necessary to...• До сих пор мы ограничивали наше исследование (чем-л). - So far we have confined our attention to...• До сих пор наше исследование было посвящено ( чему-л). - Our treatment has so far been confined to...• Долговременные исследования показали, что... - Long-term studies have shown that...• Другие исследования также указали, что... - Other studies have also indicated that...• Другое исследование показало, что... - Another study showed that...• Закончим наше исследование объяснением (чего-л). - We conclude our treatment with an explanation of...• Из этого исследования вытекает, что... - From this investigation it appears that...• Исследование... имеет долгую и интересную историю. - The study of... has a long and interesting history.• Исследование Смита [1] также свидетельствует о... - The research of Smith jlj also gives evidence of...• Исследование каждого случая отдельно приводит к... - Examination of each individual case leads to...• Исследование охватывает некоторые вопросы механики... - Investigation covers the fields of mechanics...• Исследование уравнения (4) показывает, что... - An examination of (4) shows that...• Исследование, продолжающееся два десятилетия, принесло удивительно немного результатов относительно... - Research spanning two decades has yielded surprisingly few results on...• Исследования... выявили, что... - Studies of... have revealed that...• Исследования показали важность... - The studies demonstrated the importance of...• Кажется, было относительно немного исследований... - There seem to have been relatively few investigations of...• Многочисленные исторические исследования показали, как... - Numerous historical analyses have shown how...• Могло бы показаться естественным начать наше исследование с... - It might seem natural to start our investigation with...• Мы использовали это в качестве отправного пункта нашего исследования. - We have taken this as a starting point for our investigation.• Мы ограничим наше исследование (проблемой и т. п.)... - We shall confine the investigation to...• Мы ограничим наше исследование (случаем и т. п.)... - We limit our study to...• Мы сейчас проведем более систематическое исследование... - We shall now make a more systematic study of...• Мы увидим, что данное исследование применимо также в случае... - It will be observed that this investigation applies also to the case of...• В действительности его исследование, похоже, показывает, что... - Actually his investigation seemed to show that...• Несколько исследований указывают, что... - Several studies indicate that...• Объектом исследования является... - The investigation is concerned with...• Однако имеются более ранние исследования, в которых... - However, there are more recent studies in which...• Однако легко обобщить это исследование на случай, когда... - It is easy, however, to generalize this treatment to the case of...• Однако наше исследование составляет лишь малую часть... - However, our study comprises only a small portion of...• Однако тщательное исследование показывает, что... - Careful study shows, however, that...• Описанные здесь исследования показывают, что... - The studies described here show that...• Повсюду в этом исследовании будет сделан акцент... - Throughout this treatment an effort will be made to...• Подробные исследования выявили, что... - Detailed studies have revealed that...• Продвижение в исследовании было тесно связано с... - The progress of research has been intimately connected with...• Чтобы предпринять подобное исследование, мы... - То undertake such a study we...• Чтобы упростить исследование, мы теперь введем... - То simplify the treatment we shall now introduce...• Эти задачи поддаются исследованию (с помощью)... - These problems are amenable to treatment by...• Это гипотеза, заслуживающая дальнейшего исследования. - This is a hypothesis worthy of further investigation.• Это исследование упрощается, если воспользоваться... - This study is facilitated by the use of...• Это предлагает широкое поле для исследований. - This offers a wide field for research. -
71 κᾱραβος
κά̄ραβοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: 1. `a prickly crustacean' (Epich., Ar., Arist.; cf. Thompson Fishes s. v.), metaph. a light canoo (EM); 2. `a horned beetle' (Arist.).Other forms: σκορόβυλος κάνθαρος H.Derivatives: καραβίς `kind of sea-crab' (Gal., Sch.), καράβιον = ἐφόλκιον (H. s. ἐφόλκια, sch.); prob. also καραβαία δίκρουν ξύλον H. (s. Grošelj Razprave 2, 11). - Beside it κηραφίς = καραβίς (Nic. Al. 394) (sec. after the names in - φ(ο)-; and epic language imitating η for α?).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Unknown; cf. Cohen BSL 27 (1927) 100, wo gives several similar Arabic words. Acc. to Bq s. v. - βος un-Greek (Macedonian) for Gr. - φος \< IE. - bho-. Fur. (index s.v.) connects several words; first there is καρβάρεοι κάραβοι; then there is a prenasalized form καράμβιος (Ar. Byz. Epit. 9, 11; v.l. Arist. HA 551b17), and κεράμβυξ s.v. (Nic. Fr. 39, H.) and κεράμβηλον Η. (- ηλο- is well known from Pre-Greek), which cannot be derived from κέρας (as Frisk suggests). He further posits *σκαραβαῖος on the basis of Lat. scarabaeus, which seems unavoidable. The form σκορόβυλος no doubt continues *σκαραβ-υλ-, where the α's turned to - ο- before the - υ- in the following syllable (Fur. 340 discusses the phenomenon, but did not see that it operated here); so here we have evidence for σκαραβ. Then there is γραψαῖος (Diph. Siph. ap. Ath. 3, 106d) = κάραβος, which he assumes to stand for *γαρψαῖος (doubtful, s.v.). Further s. on σκορπίος (which in my view does not belong here). It is clear that we have here a Pre-Greek word with several of its usual variants. So we have * (s)karab-. - From κάραβος Lat. cārabus `crab', `small boat' (with Rom., e. g. Fr. caravelle) and a Slavic word for `ship', e. g. Russ. koráblь; s. Vasmer Russ. et. Wb. s. v. with lit. and crit.Page in Frisk: 1,785Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κᾱραβος
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72 πυθμήν
πυθμήν, - ένοςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `bottom of a vessel, the sea etc., ground, base, underlay, foot, e.g. of a cup, plant, i.e. root-end, stick, stem' (ep. Il., hell. a. late prose), `the lowest number (base) of an arithmetic series' (Pl. a.o.).Compounds: Tately as 2. member e.g. ἀ-πύθμεν-ος `bottomless, footless' (Thphr.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 99); besides (gramm.) withou them. vowel ἀ-πύθμην `id.' (Theognost.) a.o.Derivatives: Dimin. πυθμέν-ιον n. (pap.), - ικός `belonging to the base', - έω `to form a base' (late).Etymology: Formation like λιμήν, ποιμήν (Schwyzer 522, Chantraine Form. 174; not productive). Except for the suffix πυθ-μήν agrees with Skt. budh-ná- m. `bottom, ground, foot, root', IE * bhudh-. Also morphologically these words can be brought together, if one derived budh-na- from * bhudh-mn-o- (the m was soon lost). In Germ. * bhudh- became PGm. * bud- (seen in OE bodan, MLG bōdem(e) etc.); then, after mn \> n, * bud-n- became * butt- \> bot(t)- according to Kluge's law (seen in OE botem \> Engl. bottom), ONord. botn); we also find evidence for PGm. * buÞ- (OHG bodam, OS bothme, ME bothme) which is as yet unexplained; see now G. Kroonen, ABäG 61(2006)xxx-xxx. Further removed is Lat. fundus `bottom etc.', with which MIr. bond, bonn `sole, basis' can be identical (IE * bhund(h)o-). The inner nasal is prob. connected with the nasalsuffix in * bhudh-no- and can be due to old metathesis, as corresponding forms appear also on Indo-Iran. territory, e.g. Av. bū̆na m. `ground, bottom' (from * bundna-?), Prākr. bundha- m. `bottom of a vase'; s. Mayrhofer s. budhnáḥ w. lit.; cf. also πύνδαξ (s.v.). -- Hypotheses in Bq and Ernout-Meillet s. fundus (after Vendryes MSL 18, 305 ff.); further rich lit. in W.-Hofmann s. fundus (WP. 2, 190, Pok. 174). On the meaning in gen. Kretschmer Glotta 22, 115ff. (against Porzig WuS 15, 112 f.); for Greek esp. Furumark Eranos 44, 45 ff. Though some details remain difficult, the reconstruction can hardly be doubted.Page in Frisk: 2,620-621Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πυθμήν
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73 Crompton, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 3 December 1753 Firwood, near Bolton, Lancashire, Englandd. 26 June 1827 Bolton, Lancashire, England[br]English inventor of the spinning mule.[br]Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.[br]Further ReadingH.C.Cameron, 1951, Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Mule, London (a rather discursive biography).Dobson \& Barlow Ltd, 1927, Samuel Crompton, the Inventor of the Spinning Mule, Bolton.G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Machine Called the Mule, London.The invention of the mule is fully described in H. Gatling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot; W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides a brief account).RLH -
74 Henson, William Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 3 May 1812 Nottingham, Englandd. 22 March 1888 New Jersey, USA[br]English (naturalized American) inventor who patented a design for an "aerial steam carriage" and combined with John Stringfellow to build model aeroplanes.[br]William Henson worked in the lacemaking industry and in his spare time invented many mechanical devices, from a breech-loading cannon to an ice-machine. It could be claimed that he invented the airliner, for in 1842 he prepared a patent (granted in 1843) for an "aerial steam carriage". The patent application was not just a vague outline, but contained detailed drawings of a large monoplane with an enclosed fuselage to accommodate the passengers and crew. It was to be powered by a steam engine driving two pusher propellers aft of the wing. Henson had followed the lead give by Sir George Cayley in his basic layout, but produced a very much more advanced structural design with cambered wings strengthened by streamlined bracing wires: the intended wing-span was 150 ft (46 m). Henson probably discussed the design of the steam engine and boiler with his friend John Stringfellow (who was also in the lacemaking industry). Stringfellow joined Henson and others to found the Aerial Transit Company, which was set up to raise the finance needed to build Henson's machine. A great publicity campaign was mounted with artists' impressions of the "aerial steam carriage" flying over London, India and even the pyramids. Passenger-carrying services to India and China were proposed, but the whole project was far too optimistic to attract support from financiers and the scheme foundered. Henson and Stringfellow drew up an agreement in December 1843 to construct models which would prove the feasibility of an "aerial machine". For the next five years they pursued this aim, with no real success. In 1848 Henson and his wife emigrated to the United States to further his career in textiles. He became an American citizen and died there at the age of 75.[br]BibliographyHenson's diary is preserved by the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences in the USA. Henson's patent of 1842–3 is reproduced in Balantyne and Pritchard (1956) and Davy (1931) (see below).Further ReadingH.Penrose, 1988, An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow, Shrewsbury.A.M.Balantyne and J.L.Pritchard, 1956, "The lives and work of William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (an attempt to analyse conflicting evidence; includes a reproduction of Henson's patent).M.J.B.Davy, 1931, Henson and Stringfellow, London (an earlier work with excellent drawings from Henson's patent).JDS -
75 Lind, James
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 1716 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 13 July 1794 Gosport, England[br]Scottish physician and naval surgeon whose studies and investigations led to significant improvements in the living conditions on board ships; the author of the first treatise on the nature and prevention of scurvy.[br]Lind was registered in 1731 as an apprentice at the College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. By 1739 he was serving as a naval surgeon in the Mediterranean and during the ensuing decade he experienced conditions at sea off Guinea, the West Indies and in home waters. He returned to Edinburgh, taking his MD in 1748, and in 1750 was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians of Edinburgh, becoming the Treasurer in 1757. In 1758 he was appointed Physician to the Naval Hospital at Haslar, Gosport, near Portsmouth, a post which he retained until his death.He had been particularly struck by the devastating consequences of scurvy during Anson's circumnavigation of the globe in 1740. At least 75 per cent of the crews had been affected (though it should be borne in mind that a considerable number of them were pensioners and invalids when posted aboard). Coupled with his own experiences, this led to the publication of A Treatise on the Scurvy, in 1754. Demonstrating that this condition accounted for many more deaths than from all the engagements with the French and Spanish in the current wars, he made it clear that by appropriate measures of diet and hygiene the disease could be entirely eliminated.Further editions of the treatise were published in 1757 and 1775, and the immense importance of his observations was immediately recognized. None the less, it was not until 1795 that an Admiralty order was issued on the supply of lime juice to ships. The efficacy of lime juice had been known for centuries, but it was Lind's observations that led to action, however tardy; that for economic reasons the relatively ineffective West Indian lime juice was supplied was in no way his responsibility. It is of interest that there is no evidence that Captain James Cook (1728–79) had any knowledge of Lind's work when arranging his own anti-scorbutic precautions in preparation for his historic first voyage.Lind's other work included observations on typhus, the proper ventilation of ships at sea, and the distilation of fresh from salt water.[br]Bibliography1754, A Treatise on the Scurvy, Edinburgh.1757, An Essay on the most effectual means of Preserving the Health of Seamen in the Royal Navy, Edinburgh.1767, An Essay on Diseases incidental to Europeans in Hot Climates, Edinburgh.Further ReadingL.Roddis, 1951, James Lind—Founder of Nautical Medicine. Records of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Records of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.MG -
76 Theophilus Presbyter
[br]fl. late eleventh/early twelfth century[br]German author of the most detailed medieval treatise relating to technology.[br]The little that is known of Theophilus is what can be inferred from his great work, De diversis artibus. He was a Benedictine monk and priest living in north-west Germany, probably near an important art centre. He was an educated man, conversant with scholastic philosophy and at the same time a skilled, practising craftsman. Even his identity is obscure: Theophilus is a pseudonym, possibly for Roger of Helmarshausen, for the little that is known of both is in agreement.Evidence in De diversis suggests that it was probably composed during 1110 to 1140. White (see Further Reading) goes on to suggest late 1122 or early 1123, on the grounds that Theophilus only learned of St Bernard of Clairvaulx's diatribe against lavish church ornamentation during the writing of the work, for it is only in the preface to Book 3 that Theophilus seeks to justify his craft. St Bernard's Apologia can be dated late 1122. No other medieval work on art combines the comprehensive range, orderly presentation and attention to detail as does De diversis. It has been described as an encyclopedia of medieval skills and crafts. It also offers the best and often the only description of medieval technology, including the first direct reference to papermaking in the West, the earliest medieval account of bell-founding and the most complete account of organ building. Many metallurgical techniques are described in detail, such as the making of a crucible furnace and bloomery hearth.The treatise is divided into three books, the first on the materials and art of painting, the second on glassmaking, including stained glass, glass vessels and the blown-cylinder method for flat glass, and the final and longest book on metalwork, including working in iron, copper, gold and silver for church use, such as chalices and censers. The main texts are no mere compilations, but reveal the firsthand knowledge that can only be gained by a skilled craftsman. The prefaces to each book present perhaps the only medieval expression of an artist's ideals and how he sees his art in relation to the general scheme of things. For Theophilus, his art is a gift from God and every skill an act of praise and piety. Theophilus is thus an indispensable source for medieval crafts and technology, but there are indications that the work was also well known at the time of its composition and afterwards.[br]BibliographyThe Wolfenbuttel and Vienna manuscripts of De diversis are the earliest, both dating from the first half of the twelfth century, while the British Library copy, in an early thirteenth-century hand, is the most complete. Two incomplete copies from the thirteenth century held at Cambridge and Leipzig offer help in arriving at a definitive edition.There are several references to De diversis in sixteenth-century printed works, such as Cornelius Agrippa (1530) and Josias Simmler (1585). The earliest printed edition ofDe diversis was prepared by G.H.Lessing in 1781 with the title, much used since, Diversarium artium schedula.There are two good recent editions: Theophilus: De diversis artibus. The Various Arts, 1964, trans. with introd. by C.R.Dodwell, London: Thomas Nelson, and On Diverse Arts. The Treatise of Theophilus, 1963, trans. with introd. and notes by J.G.Harthorne and C.S.Smith, Chicago University Press.Further ReadingLynn White, 1962, "Theophilus redivivus", Technology and Culture 5:224–33 (a comparative review of Theophilus (op. cit.) and On Diverse Arts (op. cit.)).LRD -
77 данные
. большое количество данных; выборочные данные; детальные данные; значительное количество сведений о; из... можно извлечь некоторые сведения о том, как; информация о; комплект данных; косвенные данные; набор данных; обработка данных; подробные сведения о; результат; результаты исследования; снимать показания•The data on (or for) heating time...
•There is little evidence for the existence of antimonous acid.
•To gather information (or data) on performance...
•Knowing the performance particulars of the vessel concerned (power, speed,revolutions)...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > данные
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78 показывать
. демонстрироваться на экране; доказывать; здесь показан; как показано на рисунке; на схеме показан; указывать•These machines will be on view at the Exposition.
•Further inspection of Fig. 1 discloses that there are two points of inflection on the curve.
•The spectrograms evidence only a trace of ammonia vapour.
•The successive frames portray the motions of...
•The instrument should read the temperature marked on the test coil.
•Density measurements alone do not reveal the actual conditions in a crystalline lattice.
•The thermometer shows (or reads) 25° below zero.
•The instrument will indicate the altitude of not less than...
II•Examples will bring out the significance of this definition.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > показывать
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79 показывать, что
•Further investigations disclosed (or showed, or demonstrated, or revealed) that...
•Figure 4 indicates that the yield of lactic acid decreases with...
•Our study revealed that the phosphate was incorporated in...
•The study made it apparent that the frequency of occurrence...
•More precise measurements intimate that this is not probable.
•The nature of the experiments conducted on various colloidal droplets intimates that they are models of how living things came into being.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > показывать, что
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80 дело
сущ.affair; ( занятие) business; work; (начинание, предприятие) business; undertaking; (предмет, цель) cause; юр case; ( досье) record of the proceeding(s)вести дела — ( бизнес) to do (carry on, transact) business; (возглавлять фирму и т.п.) to conduct (handle, run) a business; ( чьи-л дела) to administer (handle) smb's affairs
вести дело — юр to conduct (plead, prosecute) a case (an action); ( об убийстве) to handle a murder case; ( о наркотиках) to handle a drug case; (о преступлении, за которое законом предусмотрена смертная казнь) to handle a capital case (a death penalty case); ( о разводе) to handle a divorce case (smb's divorce)
вмешиваться (совать нос) не в свои (в чужие) дела — to interfere (meddle) in smb's affairs; ( выслеживать тж) разг to snoop around
возбуждать дело — ( против) to bring (commence, enter, file, initiate, lay, start) an action (a suit) ( against);bring (initiate) a case before the court; initiate (institute, take) a legal action (the proceeding|s) ( against); sue; ( об уголовном деле тж) to institute a criminal charge ( against)
закрыть (судебное) дело — to dismiss a case; close the file
защищать дело — ( в суде) to plead a case (a cause) ( in court)
излагать дело — ( в суде) to present a case; lay a case before the court
изымать дело — ( из производства) to eject a case
направлять (передавать) дело в арбитраж (в суд) — to submit (refer, take) a case (a matter) to arbitration (to the court); ( в вышестоящую инстанцию тж) to send up a case; ( на доследование) to remit a case for further inquiry (investigation); ( на повторное рассмотрение) to send a matter (a case) back for a new trial
ознакомиться с материалами дела — to become acquainted (familiar) (familiarize oneself) with all materials of the case
открывать своё дело — комм to start one's own business
пересматривать дело — ( в суде) to reconsider (re-examine, retry) a case
поручать судебное дело — ( кому-л) to assign a case (to)
прекращать дело (производство по делу) — to abate a suit; close a file; dismiss an action (a case); eliminate (terminate) the proceeding(s); ( по обвинению) to dismiss a charge ( against); vindicate ( smb) from a charge; ( уголовное производство) to eliminate (terminate) criminal proceeding(s) ( against)
препятствовать расследованию дела — to impede (obstruct) the investigation into the matter (of a case)
принимать дело к производству — to accept a matter for processing; initiate proceeding(s) (in a case); take over a case; (о преступлении, за которое законом предусмотрена смертная казнь) to take a capital case (a death penalty case)
проиграть дело — ( в суде) to lose an action (a case); ( вследствие неявки в суд) to lose (suffer) by default
разрешать дело — ( в суде) to decide (dispose of, resolve, settle) a case
рассматривать (слушать) дело — ( в суде) to consider (examine, hear, try) a case; have a case under consideration; hold a plea; ( no обвинению) to probe a charge
уладить дело (к удовлетворению сторон) — to adjust (resolve, settle) a matter (to the satisfaction of the parties)
ускорить рассмотрение дела — to expedite (fast-track, speed up) a case (a matter)
по рассмотрении дела — ( в суде) after a trial
возвращение дела — ( апелляционным судом в нижестоящий суд) remittitur
возобновление дела — юр revivor
данные по делу — case findings; data of a case
материалы дела — materials of a case; materials relating to a case (to a matter)
не относящийся к делу — impertinent; irrelevant; redundant
относящийся к делу — pertinent; relevant
пересмотр дела — reconsideration (re-examination) of a case; retrial; trial de novo
прекращение (судебного) дела (производства по делу) (за недостатком улик / за отсутствием состава преступления) — abatement of action (of a suit); dismissal of action (of a case); elimination (termination) of judicial (legal) proceeding(s) (for lack of evidence / for lack of corpus delicti); ( до суда) pretrial dismissal
разбирательство (рассмотрение, слушание) дела — consideration (examination, hearing) of a case; proceeding(s); trial; ( в открытом заседании) public hearing
разрешение дела — ( в суде) decision (disposition, resolution, settlement) of a case ( in court)
слушание дела — hearing of a case; ( о помиловании) clemency hearing
стороны по делу — parties to a case (to an action, a lawsuit)
дела, входящие во внутреннюю компетенцию государства — matters within the domestic jurisdiction of a state
дела, объединённые в одно производство — consolidated cases
дело, за ведение которого адвокат не получает гонорара — ( в порядке благотворительности) pro bono case
дело, затрагивающее общественные интересы — matter of public concern
дело на рассмотрении суда (на стадии судебного разбирательства) — case at bar; pending lawsuit (matter)
дело, находящееся в производстве — case in charge
дело об ответственности производителя — ( перед потребителем за качество товара) product liability case
дело о насилии в семье, дело о жестоком обращении в семье — domestic abuse case
дело о недобросовестном исполнении — (своих обязательств, обязанностей) bad-faith action (case)
дело о штрафных санкциях, дело о штрафных убытках — punitive damages case
дело, подлежащее судебному рассмотрению — case for a trial
дело, принятое судом к производству — matter accepted for processing (for a trial in court)
дело, рассматриваемое с участием присяжных — jury case
дело, являющееся предметом спора — case (matter) in dispute; point at issue
- дело, выигранное обвинениемсомнительные финансовые дела, тёмные финансовые дела — shady financial deals
- дело о банкротстве
- дело об установлении отцовства
- дело о возмещении ущерба
- дело о диффамации
- дело о завещании
- дело о мошенничестве
- дело о наркотиках
- дело о патенте
- дело о поджоге
- дело о приоритете
- дело о разводе
- дело о содержании ребёнка
- дело о страховании
- дело о товарном знаке
- дело по обвинению в клевете
- дело, подсудное Верховному суду
- дело практики
- банковское дело
- бездоказательное дело
- безнадёжное дело
- безотлагательное дело - выгодное дело
- гражданское дело
- громкое дело
- иностранные дела
- конкретное дело
- конфиденциальное дело - неотложное дело
- обычное дело
- рассматриваемое дело
- служебное дело
- спорное дело
- срочное дело
- судебное дело
- сфабрикованное дело
- трудовое дело
- частное дело* * *1) business; 2) case
См. также в других словарях:
evidence — /ev i deuhns/, n., v., evidenced, evidencing. n. 1. that which tends to prove or disprove something; ground for belief; proof. 2. something that makes plain or clear; an indication or sign: His flushed look was visible evidence of his fever. 3.… … Universalium
EVIDENCE — Non Evidentiary Proceedings in Biblical Law The revelation of divine law is found not only in legislation but also in adjudication in particular cases (cf. Lev. 24:12–13; Num. 15:32–34; 27:1–8; Deut. 1:17), whether through Moses or judges or… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Evidence of common descent — The wide range of evidence of common descent of living things strongly indicates the occurrence of evolution and provides a wealth of information on the natural processes by which the variety of life on Earth developed, supporting the modern… … Wikipedia
Evidence — (Roget s Thesaurus) >On one side. < N PARAG:Evidence >N GRP: N 1 Sgm: N 1 evidence evidence Sgm: N 1 facts facts premises data praecognita grounds GRP: N 2 Sgm: N 2 indication indication &c. 550 … English dictionary for students
evidence */*/*/ — UK [ˈevɪd(ə)ns] / US [ˈevɪdəns] noun [uncountable] Get it right: evidence: Evidence is an uncountable noun, and so: ▪ it is never used in the plural ▪ it never comes after an or a number Wrong: You need to balance the evidences from both sides … English dictionary
further — [[t]fɜ͟ː(r)ðə(r)[/t]] ♦ furthers, furthering, furthered (Further is a comparative form of far. It is also a verb.) 1) ADV COMPAR: ADV with v Further means to a greater extent or degree. Inflation is below 5% and set to fall further... The… … English dictionary
Evidence-Based Nursing — or EBN is a method of identifying solid research findings and implementing them in nursing practices to further increase the quality of patient care. Overview Evidenced based nursing/evidence based practice (EBN/EBP) is a nursing process that… … Wikipedia
Evidence-based design — is a process used by architects, interior designers, facility managers, and others in the planning, design, and construction of commercial buildings. An evidence based designer, together with an informed client, makes decisions based on the best… … Wikipedia
Further Adventures of Lad — … Wikipedia
Evidence of absence — Not to be confused with absence of evidence. An empty field. If our hypothesis was that elephants would be present, we do not merely lack evidence, but instead possess evidence of absence. Evidence of absence is evidence of any kind that suggests … Wikipedia
further — farther, further 1. general. Further is the older form, being recorded in Old English and probably related to our word forth, while farther is a Middle English variant of further; from this stage the two words came to be used as the comparative… … Modern English usage