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121 Levers (Leavers), John
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1812–21 Englandd. after 1821 Rouen, France[br]English improver of lace-making machines that formed the basis for many later developments.[br]John Heathcote had shown that it was possible to make lace by machine with his patents of 1808 and 1809. His machines were developed and improved by John Levers. Levers was originally a hosiery frame-smith and setter-up at Sutton-in-Ashfield but moved to Nottingham, where he extended his operations to the construction of point-net and warp-lace machinery. In the years 1812 and 1813 he more or less isolated himself in the garret of a house in Derby Road, where he assembled his lacemaking machine by himself. He was helped by two brothers and a nephew who made parts, but they saw it only when it was completed. Financial help for making production machines came from the firm of John Stevenson \& Skipwith, lace manufacturers in Nottingham. Levers never sought a patent, as he was under the mistaken impression that additions or improvements to an existing patented machine could not be protected. An early example of the machine survives at the Castle Museum in Nottingham. Although his prospects must have seemed good, for some reason Levers dissolved his partnership with Stevenson \& Co. and continued to work on improving his machine. In 1817 he altered it from the horizontal to the upright position, building many of the machines each year. He was a friendly, kind-hearted man, but he seems to have been unable to apply himself to his business, preferring the company of musicians—he was a bandmaster of the local militia—and was soon frequently without money, even to buy food for his family. He emigrated in 1821 to Rouen, France, where he set up his lace machines and where he subsequently died; when or in what circumstances is unknown. His machine continued to be improved and was adapted to work with the Jacquard mechanism to select the pattern.[br]Further ReadingW.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (the main account of the Levers machine).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a brief account of the Levers lace machine).D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Dawlish (includes an illustration of Levers's machine).RLH -
122 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, Englandd. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England[br]English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.[br]Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated 1st Baron Masham 1891.Bibliography1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.1852, British patent no. 14,135.1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.1868, British patent no. 2,386.1868, British patent no. 2,429.1868, British patent no. 3,669.1868, British patent no. 1,549.1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).Further ReadingJ.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).RLHBiographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham
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123 Watt, James
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 19 January 1735 Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotlandd. 19 August 1819 Handsworth Heath, Birmingham, England[br]Scottish engineer and inventor of the separate condenser for the steam engine.[br]The sixth child of James Watt, merchant and general contractor, and Agnes Muirhead, Watt was a weak and sickly child; he was one of only two to survive childhood out of a total of eight, yet, like his father, he was to live to an age of over 80. He was educated at local schools, including Greenock Grammar School where he was an uninspired pupil. At the age of 17 he was sent to live with relatives in Glasgow and then in 1755 to London to become an apprentice to a mathematical instrument maker, John Morgan of Finch Lane, Cornhill. Less than a year later he returned to Greenock and then to Glasgow, where he was appointed mathematical instrument maker to the University and was permitted in 1757 to set up a workshop within the University grounds. In this position he came to know many of the University professors and staff, and it was thus that he became involved in work on the steam engine when in 1764 he was asked to put in working order a defective Newcomen engine model. It did not take Watt long to perceive that the great inefficiency of the Newcomen engine was due to the repeated heating and cooling of the cylinder. His idea was to drive the steam out of the cylinder and to condense it in a separate vessel. The story is told of Watt's flash of inspiration as he was walking across Glasgow Green one Sunday afternoon; the idea formed perfectly in his mind and he became anxious to get back to his workshop to construct the necessary apparatus, but this was the Sabbath and work had to wait until the morrow, so Watt forced himself to wait until the Monday morning.Watt designed a condensing engine and was lent money for its development by Joseph Black, the Glasgow University professor who had established the concept of latent heat. In 1768 Watt went into partnership with John Roebuck, who required the steam engine for the drainage of a coal-mine that he was opening up at Bo'ness, West Lothian. In 1769, Watt took out his patent for "A New Invented Method of Lessening the Consumption of Steam and Fuel in Fire Engines". When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1772, Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho Engineering Works near Birmingham, bought Roebuck's share in Watt's patent. Watt had met Boulton four years earlier at the Soho works, where power was obtained at that time by means of a water-wheel and a steam engine to pump the water back up again above the wheel. Watt moved to Birmingham in 1774, and after the patent had been extended by Parliament in 1775 he and Boulton embarked on a highly profitable partnership. While Boulton endeavoured to keep the business supplied with capital, Watt continued to refine his engine, making several improvements over the years; he was also involved frequently in legal proceedings over infringements of his patent.In 1794 Watt and Boulton founded the new company of Boulton \& Watt, with a view to their retirement; Watt's son James and Boulton's son Matthew assumed management of the company. Watt retired in 1800, but continued to spend much of his time in the workshop he had set up in the garret of his Heathfield home; principal amongst his work after retirement was the invention of a pantograph sculpturing machine.James Watt was hard-working, ingenious and essentially practical, but it is doubtful that he would have succeeded as he did without the business sense of his partner, Matthew Boulton. Watt coined the term "horsepower" for quantifying the output of engines, and the SI unit of power, the watt, is named in his honour.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1785. Honorary LLD, University of Glasgow 1806. Foreign Associate, Académie des Sciences, Paris 1814.Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson and R Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, James Watt, London: B.T. Batsford.R.Wailes, 1963, James Watt, Instrument Maker (The Great Masters: Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1), London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers.IMcN -
124 light
light nогоньaeronautical ground lightназемный аэронавигационный огоньaeronautical lightаэронавигационный огоньaltitude alert lightсветовой сигнализатор опасной высотыangle-of-approach lightглиссадный огоньangle of approach lightугол набора высотыanticollision lightогонь для предотвращения столкновенийanticollision lights systemсистема бортовых огней для предупреждения столкновенияantiskid failure lightтабло отказа автомата торможенияapproach light beaconпосадочный светомаякapproach lightsогни приближенияapproach lights collisionстолкновение с огнями приближенияapproach threshold lightsвходные огни ВППapron lightsперронные огниarming lightсветовой сигнал готовностиartificial lightsискусственное освещениеautopilot controller lightлампа подсвета пульта управления автопилотомbar lightлинейный огоньblade tip lightогонь конца лопастиboundary lightпограничный огоньboundary obstruction lightпограничный заградительный огоньcabin emergency lightаварийное табло в кабине экипажаcapacitor discharge lightимпульсный огонь с конденсаторным разрядомcenterline lightsосевые огниchannel lightsогни взлетной полосы гидроаэродромаcircling guidance lightsвращающиеся огни наведенияclearance bar lightлинейный огонь линии предупрежденияcode lightкодовый сигнальный огоньcomparison warning lightтабло сигнализации отказа системы сравненияcontact lightsогни маркировки зоны касанияcourse lightsтрассовые огниcrossbar lightsогни светового горизонтаdeepened lightsутопленные огниdome lightплафонdownwind lightsближние огниelevated lightогонь наземного типаelevation setting of light unitsустановка углов возвышения глиссадных огнейemergency exit lightосвещение аварийного выходаemergency lightлампа аварийной сигнализацииend lightsконцевые огниextended centerline lightsогни продолжения осевой линииexterior lightsвнешние огниfailure warning lightтабло сигнализации отказаfeathering arming lightлампа готовности системы флюгированияfire warning lightтабло сигнализации пожараfixed distance lightsогни фиксированного расстоянияfixed lightsогни постоянного свеченияflashing lightимпульсный маякfly-down lightсветовой сигнал лети нижеfly-up lightсветовой сигнал лети вышеfocus the lightфокусировать фаруfuel pressure warning lightсигнальная лампочка давления топливаhigh intensity runway lightsогни ВПП высокой интенсивностиhorizon bar lightsогни светового горизонтаidentification lightопознавательный огоньindicating lightсветовой сигнализаторinstrument panel lightлампа подсвета приборной доскиlanding after last lightпосадка после захода солнцаlanding direction indicator lightsогни указателя направления посадкиlanding direction lightsогни направления посадкиlanding lightsпосадочные огниlead-in lightsогни приближенияlight airразреженный воздухlight aircraftвоздушное судно небольшой массыlight alarmсветовая аварийная сигнализацияlight an engineзапускать двигательlight beaconсветовой маякlighted signтрафарет с подсветомlight filterсветофильтрlight fittingсветильникlight fixtureарматура установки огнейlight intensityинтенсивность огняlight overhaulсредний ремонтlight precipitationслабые осадкиlight runningработа на малом газеlights barretteлиния сигнальных огнейlights delineatingограничение световыми огнямиlight signalсветовой сигналlights markingмаркировка световыми огнямиlights on requestогни по требованиюmarker beacon passing lightсигнальная лампа пролета маркерных маяковmaster fire lightглавное табло сигнализации пожараnavigation lightаэронавигационный огоньnavigation light dihedral angleугол видимости аэронавигационного огняobstacle lightsмаркировочные огниobstruction lightsзаградительные огниocculting lightпроблесковый огоньrecognition lightопознавательный сигнальный огоньrestriction lightограничительный огоньretractable lightвыдвижная фараrunning lightsбегущие огниrunway alignment indicator lightsсигнальные огни входа в створ ВППrunway centerline lightsогни осевой линии ВППrunway clearance lightсветовой сигнал готовности ВППrunway edge lightsпосадочные огни ВППrunway end identifier lightsопознавательные огни торца ВППrunway end lightsограничительные огни ВППrunway end safety area lightsогни концевой зоны безопасности ВППrunway flush lightутопленный огонь на поверхности ВППrunway guard lightsогни ограждения ВППrunway identifier lightsопознавательные огни ВППrunway lead-in lightsогни подхода к ВППrunway threshold lightsвходные огни ВППrunway touchdown lightsогни зоны приземления на ВППselection lightлампа сигнализации выбораsequenced flashing lightsбегущие проблесковые огниsetdown lightsпосадочные огниside row lightsбоковые огни ВППsteady burning lightsогни постоянного свеченияstop bars lightsогни линии стопstopway lightsогни концевой полосы торможенияstrobe lightпроблесковый огоньsurface lightогонь маркировки поверхностиtail lightхвостовой огоньtaxi-holding position lightsогни места ожидания при руленииtaxi lightрулежная фараtaxiway centerline lightsосевые огни рулежной дорожкиtaxiway edge lightбоковые огни рулежной дорожкиtaxiway lightsогни освещения рулежной дорожкиtelltale lightдежурное освещениеthreshold lightsвходные огниthrust reverser lightтабло сигнализации положения реверса тягиtouchdone zone lightsогни зоны приземленияtouchdown sign lightsогни знака приземленияultraviolet lightлампа ультрафиолетового излученияupwind lightsдальние огниvibration caution lightсветовой сигнализатор опасной вибрацииwarning lightсигнальная лампаwarning light colorцвет аварийной сигнализацииwing bar lightsогни световых горизонтовwing clearance lightгабаритный огонь крыла -
125 lights
light nогоньaerodrome approach lightsаэродромные огни приближенияaeronautical ground lightназемный аэронавигационный огоньaeronautical lightаэронавигационный огоньaircraft lightsбортовые аэронавигационные огниairway lightsогни на трассе полетаaltitude alert lightсветовой сигнализатор опасной высотыangle-of-approach lightглиссадный огоньangle of approach lightугол набора высотыanticollision lightогонь для предотвращения столкновенийanticollision lights systemсистема бортовых огней для предупреждения столкновенияantiskid failure lightтабло отказа автомата торможенияapproach light beaconпосадочный светомаякapproach lightsогни приближенияapproach lights collisionстолкновение с огнями приближенияapproach threshold lightsвходные огни ВППapron lightsперронные огниarming lightсветовой сигнал готовностиartificial lightsискусственное освещениеautopilot controller lightлампа подсвета пульта управления автопилотомbar lightлинейный огоньbidirectional stop bar lightsогни линии стоп двустороннего действияblade tip lightогонь конца лопастиboundary lightпограничный огоньboundary obstruction lightпограничный заградительный огоньcabin emergency lightаварийное табло в кабине экипажаcapacitor discharge lightимпульсный огонь с конденсаторным разрядомcenterline lightsосевые огниchannel lightsогни взлетной полосы гидроаэродромаcircling guidance lightsвращающиеся огни наведенияclearance bar lightлинейный огонь линии предупрежденияcode lightкодовый сигнальный огоньcomparison warning lightтабло сигнализации отказа системы сравненияcontact lightsогни маркировки зоны касанияcourse lightsтрассовые огниcrossbar lightsогни светового горизонтаdeepened lightsутопленные огниdome lightплафонdownwind lightsближние огниelevated lightогонь наземного типаelevation setting of light unitsустановка углов возвышения глиссадных огнейemergency exit lightосвещение аварийного выходаemergency lightлампа аварийной сигнализацииend lightsконцевые огниextended centerline lightsогни продолжения осевой линииexterior lightsвнешние огниfailure warning lightтабло сигнализации отказаfeathering arming lightлампа готовности системы флюгированияfire warning lightтабло сигнализации пожараfixed distance lightsогни фиксированного расстоянияfixed lightsогни постоянного свеченияflashing lightимпульсный маякfly-down lightсветовой сигнал лети нижеfly-up lightсветовой сигнал лети вышеfocus the lightфокусировать фаруfuel pressure warning lightсигнальная лампочка давления топливаhigh intensity runway lightsогни ВПП высокой интенсивностиhorizon bar lightsогни светового горизонтаidentification lightопознавательный огоньindicating lightсветовой сигнализаторinstrument panel lightлампа подсвета приборной доскиlanding after last lightпосадка после захода солнцаlanding direction indicator lightsогни указателя направления посадкиlanding direction lightsогни направления посадкиlanding lightsпосадочные огниlead-in lightsогни приближенияlight an engineзапускать двигательlighted signтрафарет с подсветомlight filterсветофильтрlight fittingсветильникlight intensityинтенсивность огняlights barretteлиния сигнальных огнейlights delineatingограничение световыми огнямиlights markingмаркировка световыми огнямиlights on requestогни по требованиюmarker beacon passing lightсигнальная лампа пролета маркерных маяковmaster fire lightглавное табло сигнализации пожараnavigation lightаэронавигационный огоньobstacle lightsмаркировочные огниobstruction lightsзаградительные огниocculting lightпроблесковый огоньrecognition lightопознавательный сигнальный огоньrestriction lightограничительный огоньretractable lightвыдвижная фараrunning lightsбегущие огниrunway alignment indicator lightsсигнальные огни входа в створ ВППrunway centerline lightsогни осевой линии ВППrunway clearance lightсветовой сигнал готовности ВППrunway edge lightsпосадочные огни ВППrunway end identifier lightsопознавательные огни торца ВППrunway end lightsограничительные огни ВППrunway end safety area lightsогни концевой зоны безопасности ВППrunway flush lightутопленный огонь на поверхности ВППrunway guard lightsогни ограждения ВППrunway identifier lightsопознавательные огни ВППrunway lead-in lightsогни подхода к ВППrunway threshold lightsвходные огни ВППrunway touchdown lightsогни зоны приземления на ВППselection lightлампа сигнализации выбораsequenced flashing lightsбегущие проблесковые огниsetdown lightsпосадочные огниside row lightsбоковые огни ВППsteady burning lightsогни постоянного свеченияstop bars lightsогни линии стопstopway lightsогни концевой полосы торможенияstrobe lightпроблесковый огоньsurface lightогонь маркировки поверхностиtail lightхвостовой огоньtaxi-holding position lightsогни места ожидания при руленииtaxi lightрулежная фараtaxiway centerline lightsосевые огни рулежной дорожкиtaxiway edge lightбоковые огни рулежной дорожкиtaxiway lightsогни освещения рулежной дорожкиtelltale lightдежурное освещениеthreshold lightsвходные огниthrust reverser lightтабло сигнализации положения реверса тягиtouchdone zone lightsогни зоны приземленияtouchdown sign lightsогни знака приземленияultraviolet lightлампа ультрафиолетового излученияupwind lightsдальние огниvibration caution lightсветовой сигнализатор опасной вибрацииwarning lightсигнальная лампаwing bar lightsогни световых горизонтовwing clearance lightгабаритный огонь крыла -
126 arabesque (spiral)
арабеск
Термин в фигурном катании, обозначающий спираль, в которой туловище расположено горизонтально, а свободная нога отведена назад.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
arabesque (spiral)
Figure skating term that describes a spiral position, in which the upper body is inclined forward and the free leg is extended behind the body in a straight line.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > arabesque (spiral)
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127 camel
- усовершенствованная логика подвижной связи для пользовательских приложений
- усовершенствованная логика мобильной сзязи для специальных пользовательских приложений
- усовершенствованная логика мобильной связи для пользовательских приложений
- петля для исследования [оценки] элементов оборудования и материалов
- ласточка
- верблюд
верблюд
Ндп. бур
Взрослый некастрированный верблюд, самец.
[ ГОСТ 16020-70]Недопустимые, нерекомендуемые
Тематики
Обобщающие термины
EN
DE
FR
ласточка
Термин в фигурном катании, обозначающий позицию, когда корпус находится в горизонтальном положении, а свободная нога поднята максимально возможно, выше бедра.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
camel
Figure skating term that describes a position, in which the upper body is inclined forward and the free leg is extended behind the body in a straight line.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
EN
петля для исследования [оценки] элементов оборудования и материалов
—
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
усовершенствованная логика мобильной связи для пользовательских приложений
Гибкая технология управления сетями мобильной связи, основанная на принципах интеллектуальной сети, адаптируемая к требованиям конкретных пользователей.
[Л.М.Невдяев. Мобильная связь 3-го поколения. Москва, 2000 г.]Тематики
EN
усовершенствованная логика мобильной сзязи для специальных пользовательских приложений
Технология управления сетями мобильной связи, основанная из принципах интеллектуальной сети, адаптированная к требованиям конкретных пользователей. Обеспечивает создание такой сетевой инфраструктуры на базе существующего протокола MAP стандарта GSM, которая позволит операторам определять и вводить новые услуги, не требуя их стандартизации в рамках GSM.
[Л.М. Невдяев. Телекоммуникационные технологии. Англо-русский толковый словарь-справочник. Под редакцией Ю.М. Горностаева. Москва, 2002]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
усовершенствованная логика подвижной связи для пользовательских приложений
(технология управления сетями подвижной связи на принципах интеллектуальной сети)
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > camel
-
128 sit spin
волчок
вращение в волчке
Термин в фигурном катании, обозначающий вращение в положении сидя. Опорная нога сгибается так, чтобы бедро было параллельно льду или ниже, свободная нога вытягивается вперед.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
sit spin
sitting pirouette
In figure skating, a spin performed in a sitting position, close to ice and with the skating leg, bent at the knee and the free leg, extended forward.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > sit spin
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