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experience+and+theory

  • 21 out

    out [aʊt]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    4. noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When out is an element in a phrasal verb, eg get out, go out, look up the verb. When out is part of a set combination, eg day out, look up the noun.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. ( = not in) Paul is out Paul est sorti
    (the ball is) out! (Tennis) (la balle est) out !
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When followed by a preposition, out is not usually translated.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    he wants out (of marriage, contract) il a envie de tout plaquer (inf)
       b. ( = outside) dehors
    out you go! sortez !
       d. [homosexual] to be out (inf)
    come in! -- no, I like it out here entre ! -- non, je suis bien ici ! out there ( = in that place) là-bas
    out with it! (inf) vas-y, parle !
       a. [light, fire, gas] éteint
       b. ( = available) [model, edition, video] sorti
       c. ( = unavailable) (for lending, renting) that book is out ce livre est sorti
       e. ( = unconscious) sans connaissance
       g. ( = unacceptable) [idea, suggestion] that's right out, I'm afraid il n'en est pas question
       h. ( = defeated) (in games) you're out tu es éliminé
       j. ( = striking) out on strike en grève
       k. ( = unfashionable) passé de mode
    out of
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► When out of is an element in a phrasal verb, eg run out of, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg out of danger, out of the way, look up the noun.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       a. ( = outside) en dehors de, hors de
       c. ( = through) par
    he looked like something out of "Star Trek" il semblait tout droit sorti de « Star Trek »
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► In the following dans describes the original position of the thing being moved.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       e. ( = because of) par
    out of curiosity/necessity par curiosité/nécessité
       f. ( = from among) sur
       h. ( = sheltered from) à l'abri de
       i. ( = eliminated from) éliminé de
    4. noun
    out-and-out adjective [lie] pur et simple ; [liar, cheat] fini ; [racist, fascist] pur et dur
    out-of-bounds adjective [place] interdit ; (US) [ball] sorti
    out-of-court adjective [settlement, agreement] à l'amiable
    out-of-date adjective [passport, ticket] périmé ; [clothes, theory, concept] démodé ; [word] vieilli
    out-of-doors adverb = outdoors
    out-of-town adjective [shopping centre, cinema] en périphérie
    out-of-work adjective au chômage ; [actor] sans engagement
    * * *
    Note: out is used after many verbs in English to alter or reinforce the meaning of the verb ( hold out, wipe out, filter out etc). Very often in French, a verb alone will be used to translate these combinations. For translations you should consult the appropriate verb entry (hold, wipe, filter etc)
    When out is used as an adverb meaning outside, it often adds little to the sense of the phrase: they're out in the garden = they're in the garden. In such cases out will not usually be translated: ils sont dans le jardin
    out is used as an adverb to mean absent or not at home. In this case she's out really means she's gone out and the French translation is elle est sortie
    For the phrase out of see III in the entry below
    For examples of the above and other uses, see the entry below
    [aʊt] 1.
    transitive verb révéler l'homosexualité de [person]
    2.
    1) ( outside) dehors

    to go ou walk out — sortir

    to pull/take something out — retirer/sortir quelque chose

    5) ( absent)

    to be outgen être sorti; [strikers] être en grève

    7) (published, now public)

    to be out[book, exam results] être publié

    8) ( in bloom)

    to be out[tree, shrub] être en fleurs

    to be fully out[flower] être épanoui

    9) ( shining)

    to be out[sun, moon, stars] briller

    to be out[fire, light] être éteint

    11) Sport, Games

    to be out[player] être éliminé

    ‘out!’ — ( of ball) ‘out!’

    to be out (cold) — (colloq) gen être dans les pommes (colloq); [boxer] être K.O.

    13) (over, finished)
    14) GB ( incorrect)

    my watch is two minutes out — ( slow) ma montre retarde de deux minutes; ( fast) ma montre avance de deux minutes

    15) (colloq) ( not possible) exclu

    no, that option is out — non, cette solution est exclue

    16) (colloq) ( actively in search of)

    he's just out for what he can getpéj c'est l'intérêt qui le guide

    he's out to get you — il t'en veut à mort; ( killer) il veut ta peau (colloq)

    17) (colloq) ( not in fashion) passé de mode
    3.
    out of prepositional phrase
    1) ( from)

    to go ou walk ou come out — sortir

    4) Law

    to be out[jury] être en délibération

    5) ( beyond defined limits) hors de [reach, sight]; en dehors de [city]
    7) ( sheltered) à l'abri de [sun]
    8) ( lacking)
    9) ( made from) en [wood, metal]
    10) ( due to) par [respect]
    ••

    I want out! — (colloq) je ne marche plus avec vous/eux etc (colloq)

    come on, out with it! — (colloq) allez, dis ce que tu as à dire!

    to be out and about — ( after illness) être à nouveau sur pied

    to be out of it — (colloq) être dans les vapes (colloq)

    English-French dictionary > out

  • 22 flight

    flight n
    полет
    abort the flight
    прерывать полет
    accelerated flight
    полет с ускорением
    acceptance flight
    приемно-сдаточный полет
    accident-free flight
    безаварийный полет
    acrobatic flight
    фигурный полет
    actual flight conditions
    реальные условия полета
    actual flight path
    фактическая траектория полета
    adhere to the flight plan
    придерживаться плана полета
    advance flight plan
    предварительная заявка на полет
    advertizing flight
    рекламный полет
    aerial survey flight
    полет для выполнения наблюдений с воздуха
    aerial work flight
    полет для выполнения работ
    aerobatic flight
    высший пилотаж
    aerodrome flight information service
    аэродромная служба полетной информации
    aerotow flight
    полет на буксире
    affect flight operation
    способствовать выполнению полета
    aircraft flight report
    полетный лист воздушного судна
    aircraft on flight
    воздушное судно в полете
    air-filed flight plan
    план полета, переданный с борта
    all-freight flight
    чисто грузовой рейс
    all-weather flight
    всепогодный полет
    alternate flight plan
    запасной план полета
    altitude flight
    высотный полет
    approach flight reference point
    контрольная точка траектории захода на посадку
    approach flight track distance
    дистанция при заходе на посадку
    approved flight plan
    утвержденный план полета
    approved flight procedure
    установленный порядок выполнения полета
    arbitrary flight course
    произвольный курс подготовки
    area flight control
    районный диспетчерский пункт управления полетами
    around-the-world flight
    кругосветный полет
    arrival flight level
    эшелон входа
    arrow flight stability
    устойчивость на траектории полета
    assigned flight path
    заданная траектория полета
    asymmetric flight
    полет с несимметричной тягой двигателей
    attitude flight control
    управление пространственным положением
    autocontrolled flight
    полет на автопилоте
    automatic flight
    автоматический полет
    automatic flight control
    автоматическое управление полетом
    automatic flight control equipment
    оборудование автоматического управления полетом
    automatic flight control system
    автоматическая бортовая система управления
    autorotational flight
    полет на режиме авторотации
    back-to-back flight
    полет в обоих направлениях
    bad-weather flight
    полет в сложных метеоусловиях
    banked flight
    полет с креном
    basic flight reference
    заданный режим полета
    be experienced in flight
    иметь место в полете
    beyond flight experience
    без достаточного опыта выполнения полетов
    blind flight
    полет по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blocked-off flight
    блок-чартерный рейс
    border-crossing flight
    полет с пересечением границ
    border flight clearance
    разрешение на пролет границы
    box-pattern flight
    полет по коробочке
    bumpy-air flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    business flight
    деловой полет
    calibration flight
    калибровочный облет
    cancelled flight
    аннулированный рейс
    cancel the flight
    отменять полет
    cargo flight
    грузовой рейс
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет
    certificate of safety for flight
    свидетельство о допуске к полетам
    certification test flight
    сертификационный испытательный полет
    change to a flight plan
    уточнение плана полета
    charter flight
    чартерный рейс
    chased flight
    полет с сопровождающим
    checkout flight
    контрольный полет
    civil flight
    рейс с гражданского воздушного судна
    climbing flight
    полет с набором высоты
    closed-circuit flight
    полет по замкнутому кругу
    close the flight
    заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
    closing a flight plan
    закрытие плана полета
    coasting flight
    полет по инерции
    coast-to-coast flight
    полет в пределах континента
    commence the flight
    начинать полет
    commercial flight
    коммерческий рейс
    complete the flight
    завершать полет
    complete the flight plan
    составлять план полета
    compulsory IFR flight
    полет по приборам, обязательный для данной зоны
    computer-directed flight
    автоматический полет
    computer flight planning
    компьютерное планирование полетов
    conflicting flight path
    траектория полета с предпосылкой к конфликтной ситуации
    connecting flight
    стыковочный рейс
    contact flight
    визуальный полет
    contact flight rules
    правила визуального полета
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет
    continuous flight
    беспосадочный полет
    continuous flight record
    непрерывная запись хода полета
    contour flight
    бреющий полет
    controlled flight
    контролируемый полет
    conventional flight
    полет с обычным взлетом и посадкой
    crabbing flight
    полет с парированием сноса
    credit flight time
    вести учет полетного времени
    crop control flight
    полет для контроля состояния посевов
    cross-country flight
    перелет через территорию страны
    cross-wind flight
    полет с боковым ветром
    cruising flight
    крейсерский полет
    current flight plan
    текущий план полета
    day flight
    дневной полет
    decelerate in the flight
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerating flight
    полет с уменьшением скорости
    delayed flight
    задержанный рейс
    delivery flight
    перегоночный полет
    demonstration flight
    демонстрационный полет
    departure flight level
    эшелон выхода
    descending flight
    полет со снижением
    design flight weight
    расчетная полетная масса
    desired flight path
    рекомендуемая траектория полета
    desired path flight
    полет по заданной траектории
    desired track flight
    полет по заданному маршруту
    deviate from the flight plan
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    digital flight guidance system
    цифровая система наведения в полете
    digital flight recorder
    бортовой цифровой регистратор
    directed reference flight
    полет по сигналам с земли
    direct flight
    прямой рейс
    distance flight
    полет на дальность
    diverted flight
    полет с отклонением
    domestic flight
    рейс внутри одной страны
    domestic flight stage
    этапа полета в пределах одного государства
    downward flight
    полет со снижением
    drift flight
    полет со сносом
    dual flight
    полет с инструктором
    eastbound flight
    полет в восточном направлении
    effect on flight characteristics
    влиять на летные характеристики
    emergency flight
    экстренный рейс
    emergency flight procedures
    правила полета в аварийной обстановке
    empty flight
    порожний рейс
    endurance flight
    полет на продолжительность
    engine-off flight
    полет с выключенным двигателем
    engine-on flight
    полет с работающим двигателем
    en-route flight
    полет по маршруту
    en-route flight path
    траектория полета по маршруту
    en-route flight phase
    этап полета по маршруту
    en-route flight planning
    маршрутное планирование полетов
    entire flight
    полет по полному маршруту
    establish the flight conditions
    устанавливать режим полета
    estimated time of flight
    расчетное время полета
    exercise flight supervision
    осуществлять контроль за ходом полета
    experimental flight
    экспериментальный полет
    extra flight
    дополнительный рейс
    extra section flight
    полет по дополнительному маршруту
    factory test flight
    заводской испытательный полет
    familiarization flight
    ознакомительный полет
    fatal flight accident
    авиационное происшествие со смертельным исходом
    ferry flight
    перегоночный полет
    filed flight plan
    зарегистрированный план полета
    file the flight plan
    регистрировать план полета
    first-class flight
    рейс с обслуживанием по первому классу
    flapless flight
    полет с убранными закрылками
    flight acceptance test
    контрольный полет перед приемкой
    flight accident
    авиационное происшествие
    flight altitude
    высота полета
    flight announcement
    объявление о рейсах
    flight assurance
    гарантия полета
    flight baby cot
    детская люлька
    flight book
    летная книжка
    flight briefing
    предполетный инструктаж
    flight calibration
    облет
    flight certificate
    летное свидетельство
    flight characteristics
    летные характеристики
    flight chart
    карта полетов
    flight check
    проверка в полете
    flight checked
    проверено в полете
    flight clearance
    разрешение на полет
    flight compartment
    кабина экипажа
    flight compartment controls
    органы управления в кабине экипажа
    flight compartment view
    обзор из кабины экипажа
    flight computer
    бортовой вычислитель
    flight conditions
    полетные условия
    flight control
    диспетчерское управление полетами
    flight control boost system
    бустерная система управления полетом
    flight control fundamentals
    руководство по управлению полетами
    flight control gust-lock system
    система стопорения поверхностей управления
    (при стоянке воздушного судна) flight control load
    нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
    flight control system
    система управления полетом
    flight coordination
    уточнение задания на полет
    flight corrective turn
    доворот для коррекции направления полета
    flight coupon
    полетный купон
    flight coupon stage
    этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
    flight course
    курс полета
    flight crew
    летный экипаж
    flight crew duty
    обязанности членов экипажа
    flight crew equipment
    снаряжение самолетного экипажа
    flight crew member
    член летного экипажа
    flight crew oxygen system
    кислородная система кабины экипажа
    flight crews provision
    предоставление летных экипажей
    flight crew supervision
    проверка готовности экипажа к полету
    flight data
    летные данные
    flight data averaging
    осреднение полетных данных
    flight data input
    ввод данных о полете
    flight data link
    канал передачи данных в полете
    flight data recorder
    регистратор параметров полета
    flight data storage unit
    блок сбора полетной информации
    flight dead reckoning
    счисление пути полета
    flight deck
    панель контроля хода полета
    flight deck aural environment
    уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
    flight deck environment
    компоновка кабины экипажа
    flight departure
    отправление рейса
    flight deterioration
    ухудшение в полете
    flight direction
    направление полета
    flight director
    пилотажный командный прибор
    flight director computer
    бортовой вычислитель директорного управления
    flight director course indicator
    указатель планового навигационного прибора
    flight director indicator
    указатель пилотажного командного прибора
    flight director system
    система командных пилотажных приборов
    flight director system control panel
    пульт управления системой директорного управления
    flight discrepancy
    несоответствие плану полета
    flight dispatcher
    диспетчер воздушного движения
    flight distance
    дистанция полета
    flight distance-to-go
    дальность полета до пункта назначения
    flight diversion
    изменение маршрута полета
    flight documentation
    полетная документация
    flight documenting
    подготовка полетной документации
    flight duration
    продолжительность полета
    flight duty period
    1. ограничение времени полета
    2. полетное рабочее время flight emergency circumstance
    чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
    flight endurance
    продолжительность полета
    flight engineer
    бортинженер
    flight engineer's seat
    кресло бортинженера
    flight engineer station
    рабочее место бортинженера
    flight envelope
    диапазон режимов полета
    flight environment data
    данные об условиях полета
    flight environment data system
    система сбора воздушных параметров
    (условий полета) flight evaluation
    оценка профессиональных качеств пилота
    flight evasive aquisition
    маневр уклонения
    flight examination
    экзамен по летной подготовке
    flight experience
    налет
    flight fitness
    годность к полетам
    flight following
    слежение за вылетом
    flight forecast
    прогноз на вылет
    flight gyroscope
    гирополукомпас
    flight history
    отчет о полете
    flight hour
    летный час
    flight idle
    режим полетного малого газа
    flight idle power
    мощность на режиме полетного малого газа
    flight idle speed
    скорость полета на малом газе
    flight idle stop
    упор полетного малого газа
    (для предупреждения перевода на отрицательную тягу винта) flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении на станцию
    flight indicator
    авиагоризонт
    flight information
    1. полетная информация
    2. стирать запись полетной информации flight information board
    доска информации о рейсах
    flight information center
    центр полетной информации
    flight information display
    табло информации о рейсах
    flight information region
    район полетной информации
    flight information service
    служба полетной информации
    flight information service unit
    аэродромный диспетчерский пункт полетной информации
    flight inspection personnel
    летная инспекция
    flight inspection system
    система инспектирования полетов
    flight inspector
    пилот - инспектор
    flight instruction
    летная подготовка
    flight instructor
    пилот - инструктор
    flight instrument reading
    считывание показаний приборов в полете
    flight lane
    маршрут полета
    flight level
    эшелон полета
    flight level table
    таблица эшелонов полета
    flight load
    нагрузка в полете
    flight load feel mechanism
    полетный загрузочный механизм
    flight loading conditions
    условия нагружения в полете
    flight logbook
    бортовой журнал
    flight longitude
    географическая долгота точки маршрута
    flight management
    управление полетом
    flight management computer system
    электронная система управления полетом
    flight management system
    система управления полетом
    flight map
    карта полетов
    flight mode
    режим полета
    flight monitoring
    1. дистанционное управление воздушным судном
    2. контроль за полетом flight navigation
    аэронавигация
    flight navigator
    штурман
    flight occurrence identification
    условное обозначение события в полете
    flight on heading
    полет по курсу
    flight operating safety
    безопасность полетов
    flight operation
    выполнение полетов
    flight operations expert
    эксперт по производству налетов
    flight operations instructor
    инструктор по производству полетов
    flight operations personnel
    персонал по обеспечению полетов
    flight operations system
    система обеспечения полетов
    flight operator
    летчик
    flight outbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight over the high seas
    полет над открытым морем
    flight path
    траектория полета
    flight path angle
    угол наклона траектории полета
    flight path curvature
    кривизна траектории полета
    flight path envelope
    диапазон изменения траектории полета
    flight path segment
    участок траектории полета
    flight path tracking
    выдерживание траектории полета
    flight performance
    летная характеристика
    flight personnel
    летный состав
    flight personnel information
    информация о летном составе
    flight pick-up equipment
    приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
    flight plan
    план полета
    flight plan clearance
    разрешение на выполнение плана полета
    flight plan filing
    регистрация плана полета
    flight plan form
    бланк плана полета
    flight planner
    диспетчер по планированию полетов
    flight planning
    планирование полетов
    flight plan submission deadline
    срок представления плана на полет
    flight precise information
    точная полетная информация
    flight preparation
    предполетная подготовка
    flight preparation form
    анкета предполетной подготовки
    flight procedure
    схема полета
    flight procedures trainer
    тренажер для отработки техники пилотирования
    flight progress board
    планшет хода полета
    flight progress display
    индикатор хода полета
    flight progress information
    информация о ходе полета
    flight progress strip
    полетный лист
    flight range
    дальность полета
    flight range with no reserves
    дальность полета до полного израсходования топлива
    flight reasonable precautions
    необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
    flight recorder
    бортовой регистратор
    flight recorder record
    запись бортового регистратора
    flight recorder recording
    запись бортового регистратора
    flight recorder system
    система бортовых регистраторов
    flight recording medium
    носитель полетной информации
    flight recovery
    восстановление заданного положения
    flight regularity communication
    связь по обеспечению регулярности полетов
    flight regulation
    организация полетов
    flight replanning
    изменение плана полета
    flight report
    донесение о ходе полета
    flight report identification
    условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
    flight request
    заявка на полет
    flight restart
    повторный запуск в полете
    flight restart button
    кнопка запуска двигателя в воздухе
    flight resumption
    возобновление полетов
    flight review
    летная проверка
    flight route
    маршрут полета
    flight routing
    прокладка маршрута полета
    flight rules
    правила полетов
    flight safety
    безопасность полетов
    flight safety hazard
    угроза безопасности полетов
    flight safety precautions
    меры безопасности в полете
    flight schedule
    график полета
    flight service
    служба обеспечения полетов
    flight service kit
    бортовой набор инструмента
    flight service range
    эксплуатационная дальность полета
    flight service station
    станция службы обеспечения полетов
    flight significant information
    основная полетная информация
    flight simulation
    моделирование условий полета
    flight simulation system
    система имитации полета
    flight simulator
    имитатор условий полета
    flight speed
    скорость полета
    flight spoiler
    интерцептор - элерон
    flight stage
    этап полета
    flight standards
    летные нормы
    flight status
    литер рейса
    (определяет степень важности полета) flight stress measurement tests
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight strip
    ВПП
    flight supervision
    контроль за ходом полета
    flight technique
    техника пилотирования
    flight test
    летное испытание
    flight test noise measurement
    измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
    flight test procedure
    методика летных испытаний
    flight test recorder
    регистратор летных испытаний
    flight test technique
    методика летных испытаний
    flight thrust
    тяга в полете
    flight time
    полетное время
    flight time limitation
    ограничение полетного времени
    flight timetable
    расписание полетов
    flight track
    линия пути полета
    flight training
    летная подготовка
    flight training deficiency
    недостаток летной подготовки
    flight training procedure
    методика летной подготовки
    flight type
    тип полета
    flight under the rules
    полет по установленным правилам
    flight urgency signal
    сигнал действий в полете
    flight visibility
    видимость в полете
    flight visual contact
    визуальный контакт в полете
    flight visual cue
    визуальный ориентир в полете
    flight visual range
    дальность видимости в полете
    flight watch
    контроль полета
    flight weather briefing
    предполетный инструктаж по метеообстановке
    flight wind shear
    сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
    formation flight
    полет в строю
    free flight
    свободный полет
    full-scale flight
    имитация полета в натуральных условиях
    full-throttle flight
    полет на полном газе
    given conditions of flight
    заданные условия полета
    gliding flight
    планирующий полет
    go-around flight manoeuvre
    уход на второй круг
    govern the flight
    управлять ходом полета
    grid flight
    полет по условным меридианам
    handle the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    hazardous flight conditions
    опасные условия полета
    head-down flight
    полет по приборам
    head-up flight
    полет по индикации на стекле
    head-wind flight
    полет со встречным ветром
    hidden flight hazard
    неожиданное препятствие в полете
    high-speed flight
    скоростной полет
    hing-altitude flight
    высотный полет
    holding flight
    полет в зоне ожидания
    holding flight level
    высота полета в зоне ожидания
    horizontal flight
    горизонтальный полет
    horizontal flight path
    траектория горизонтального полета
    hover flight
    полет в режиме висения
    hypersonic flight
    гиперзвуковой полет
    idle flight
    полет на малом газе
    inaugural flight
    полет, открывающий воздушное сообщение
    inclusive flight
    туристический рейс типа инклюзив тур
    incontrollable flight
    неуправляемый полет
    in flight
    в процессе полета
    in flight blunder
    грубая ошибка в процессе полета
    in flight bump
    воздушная яма на пути полета
    instructional check flight
    учебный проверочный полет
    instructional dual flight
    учебный полет с инструктором
    instructional solo flight
    учебный самостоятельный полет
    instrument flight
    полет по приборам
    instrument flight plan
    план полета по приборам
    instrument flight procedure
    схема полета по приборам
    instrument flight rules
    правила полетов по приборам
    instrument flight rules operation
    полет по приборам
    instrument flight trainer
    тренажер для подготовки к полетам по приборам
    instrument flight training
    подготовка для полетов по приборам
    intended flight
    планируемый полет
    intended flight path
    предполагаемая траектория полета
    intermediate flight stop
    промежуточная посадка
    international flight
    международный рейс
    international flight stage
    этап полета над другим государством
    introductory flight
    вывозной полет
    inward flight
    вход в зону аэродрома
    jeopardize flight safety
    угрожать безопасности полетов
    jeopardize the flight
    подвергать полет опасности
    jettisoned load in flight
    груз, сброшенный в полете
    latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    lateral flight path
    траектория бокового пролета
    level flight
    горизонтальный полет
    level flight noise requirements
    нормы шума при полетах на эшелоне
    level flight path
    траектория горизонтального полета
    level flight time
    время горизонтального полета
    limit flight time
    ограничивать полетное время
    line of flight
    линия полета
    line oriental flight training
    летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
    local flight
    аэродромный полет
    long-distance flight
    магистральный полет
    low altitude flight planning chart
    карта планирования полетов на малых высотах
    lower flight level
    нижний эшелон полета
    low flight
    полет на малых высотах
    low-level flight
    бреющий полет
    low-speed flight
    полет на малой скорости
    low-visibility flight
    полет в условиях плохой видимости
    maiden flight
    первый полет
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight procedure
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    man-directed flight
    управляемый полет
    manipulate the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    mechanical flight release latch
    механизм открытия защелки в полете
    meteorological reconnaissance flight
    полет для разведки метеорологической обстановки
    mid-course flight
    полет на среднем участке маршрута
    minimum flight path
    траектория полета наименьшей продолжительности
    misinterpreted flight instructions
    команды, неправильно понятые экипажем
    misjudged flight distance
    неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
    mode of flight
    режим полета
    modify the flight plan
    уточнять план полета
    monitor the flight
    следить за полетом
    multistage flight
    многоэтапный полет
    night flight
    ночной полет
    noise certification takeoff flight path
    траектория взлета, сертифицированная по шуму
    noiseless flight
    малошумный полет
    nonrevenue flight
    некоммерческий рейс
    nonscheduled flight
    полет вне расписания
    nonstop flight
    беспосадочный полет
    nontraffic flight
    служебный рейс
    nonvisual flight
    полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
    odd flight level
    свободный эшелон полета
    off-airway flight
    полет вне установленного маршрута
    one-stop flight
    полет с промежуточной остановкой
    one-way flight
    полет в одном направлении
    on-type flight experience
    общий налет на определенном типе воздушного судна
    operational flight information service
    оперативное полетно-информационное обслуживание
    operational flight plan
    действующий план полета
    operational flight planning
    оперативное планирование полетов
    operational flight procedures
    эксплуатационные приемы пилотирования
    orientation flight
    полет для ознакомления с местностью
    out-and-return flight
    полет туда - обратно
    out-of-trim flight
    несбалансированный полет
    outward flight
    уход из зоны аэродрома
    overland flight
    трансконтинентальный полет
    oversold flight
    перебронированный рейс
    overwater flight
    полет над водным пространством
    overweather flight
    полет над облаками
    performance flight
    полет для проверки летных характеристик
    pleasure flight
    прогулочный полет
    point-to-point flight
    полет по размеченному маршруту
    portion of a flight
    отрезок полета
    positioning flight
    полет с целью перебазирования
    powered flight
    полет с работающими двигателями
    power-off flight
    полет с выключенными двигателями
    power-on flight
    полет с работающими двигателями
    practice flight
    тренировочный полет
    prearranged flight
    запланированный полет
    prescribed flight duty
    установленные обязанности в полете
    prescribed flight track
    предписанный маршрут полета
    preset flight level
    заданный эшелон полета
    private flight
    полет с частного воздушного судна
    production test flight
    заводской испытательный полет
    profit-making flight
    прибыльный рейс
    provisional flight forecast
    ориентировочный прогноз на полет
    radio navigation flight
    полет с помощью радионавигационных средств
    reach the flight level
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    rearward flight
    полет хвостом вперед
    receive flight instruction
    получать задания на полет
    reference flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам или по командам наземных станций
    reference flight procedure
    исходная схема полета
    reference flight speed
    расчетная скорость полета
    refuel in flight
    дозаправлять топливом в полете
    refuelling flight
    полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
    regular flight
    полет по расписанию
    relief flight
    рейс для оказания помощи
    repetitive flight plan
    план повторяющихся полетов
    replan the flight
    измерять маршрут полета
    reportable flight coupon
    отчетный полетный купон
    report reaching the flight level
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    restart the engine in flight
    запускать двигатель в полете
    resume the flight
    возобновлять полет
    return flight
    обратный рейс
    revenue earning flight
    коммерческий рейс
    rhumb-line flight
    полет по локсодромии
    rotorcraft flight structure
    несущая система вертолета
    round-trip flight
    полет по круговому маршруту
    routine flight
    ежедневный рейс
    sailing flight
    парящий полет
    scheduled flight
    полет по расписанию
    sector flight
    полет в установленном секторе
    select the flight route
    выбирать маршрут полета
    shakedown flight
    испытательный полет
    short-haul flight
    полет на короткое расстояние
    shuttle flights
    челночные полеты
    sideward flight speed
    скорость бокового движения
    (вертолета) sight-seeing flight
    прогулочный полет с осмотром достопримечательностей
    simulated flight
    имитируемый полет
    simulated flight test
    испытание путем имитации полета
    simulated instrument flight
    имитируемый полет по приборам
    single-engined flight
    полет на одном двигателе
    single-heading flight
    полет с постоянным курсом
    soaring flight
    парящий полет
    solo flight
    самостоятельный полет
    special event flight
    полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
    stabilized flight
    установившийся полет
    staggered flight level
    смещенный эшелон полета
    stall flight
    полет на критическом угле атаки
    standoff flight
    полет в установленной зоне
    stationary flight
    установившийся полет
    steady flight
    установившийся полет
    steady flight speed
    скорость установившегося полета
    still-air flight
    полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
    still-air flight range
    дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
    stored flight plan
    резервный план полета
    straight flight
    прямолинейный полет
    submission of a flight plan
    представление плана полета
    submit the flight plan
    представлять план полета
    subsonic flight
    дозвуковой полет
    supernumerary flight crew
    дополнительный летный экипаж
    supersonic flight
    сверхзвуковой полет
    supervised flight
    полет под наблюдением
    supplementary flight plan
    дополнительный план полета
    synthetic flight trainer
    комплексный пилотажный тренажер
    tailwind flight
    полет с попутным ветром
    takeoff flight path
    траектория взлета
    takeoff flight path area
    зона набора высоты при взлете
    taxi-class flight
    рейс аэротакси
    terminate the flight
    завершать полет
    test flight
    испытательный полет
    test in flight
    испытывать в полете
    theory of flight
    теория полета
    through flight
    сквозной полет
    through on the same flight
    транзитом тем же рейсом
    total flight experience
    общий налет
    traffic by flight stage
    поэтапные воздушные перевозки
    training dual flight
    тренировочный полет с инструктором
    training flight
    тренировочный полет
    training flight engineer
    бортинженер - инструктор
    training solo flight
    тренировочный самостоятельный полет
    transfer flight
    рейс с пересадкой
    transient flight
    неустановившийся полет
    transient flight path
    траектория неустановившегося полета
    transit flight
    транзитный рейс
    trial flight
    испытательный полет
    turbulent flight
    полет в условиях болтанки
    turnround flight
    полет туда-обратно
    unaccelerated flight
    установившийся полет
    uncontrolled flight
    неконтролируемый полет
    under flight test
    испытываемый в полете
    undergo flight tests
    проводить летные испытания
    unofficial flight information
    неофициальная информация о полете
    unscheduled flight
    полет вне расписания
    unsteady flight
    неустановившийся полет
    upper flight information region
    верхний район полетной информации
    upper flight level
    верхний эшелон полета
    upper flight region
    район полетов верхнего воздушного пространства
    usable flight level
    рабочий эшелон полета
    vectored flight
    управляемый полет
    visual contact flight
    полет с визуальной ориентировкой
    visual flight
    визуальный полет
    visual flight rules
    правила визуального полета
    visual navigation flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам
    VOR course flight
    полет по маякам ВОР
    while in flight
    в процессе полета
    wings-level flight
    полет без крена
    with rated power flight
    полет на номинальном расчетном режиме

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > flight

  • 23 Abilene paradox

    Gen Mgt
    a theory stating that some decisions that seem to be based on consensus are in fact based on misperception and lead to courses of action that defeat original intentions. The Abilene paradox was proposed by management professor Jerry Harvey in 1974 following a trip made by his family to the town of Abilene. One person suggested the visit and the others agreed, each believing that everyone else wanted to go. On their return, everyone admitted that they would rather have stayed at home. Harvey used this experience to illustrate the mismanagement of agreement, and of decision making in organizations when apparent consensus is actually founded on poor communication. The Abilene paradox shows similarities to the attribution theory of leadership.

    The ultimate business dictionary > Abilene paradox

  • 24 go

    A vi (3e pers sg prés goes ; prét went ; pp gone)
    1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she's gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car's going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that's him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c'est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait? ;
    2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he's gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;
    3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l'école/l'église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor's/dentist's aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;
    4 ( used as auxiliary with present participle) she went running up the stairs elle a monté l'escalier en courant ; she went complaining to the principal elle est allée se plaindre au directeur ;
    5 ( depart) partir ; I must go, I must be going il faut que je parte or que je m'en aille ; the train goes at six o'clock le train part à six heures ; a train goes every hour il y a un train toutes les heures ; to go on holiday partir en vacances ; be gone! va-t'en!, allez-vous en! ;
    6 euph ( die) mourir, disparaître ; when I am gone quand je ne serai plus là ; the doctors say she could go at any time d'après les médecins elle risque de mourir d'un instant à l'autre ;
    7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l'argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d'argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it's gone j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;
    8 (be sent, transmitted) it can't go by post on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste ; these proposals will go before parliament ces propositions seront soumises au parlement ;
    9 ( become) to go red rougir ; to go white blanchir ; his hair ou he is going grey il commençe à avoir les cheveux blancs ; to go mad devenir fou/folle ; to go bankrupt faire faillite ;
    10 ( change over to new system) to go Labour/Conservative Pol [country, constituency] voter travailliste/conservateur ; to go metric adopter le système métrique ; ⇒ private, public ;
    11 (be, remain) the people went hungry les gens n'avaient rien à manger ; we went for two days without food nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger ; to go unnoticed passer inaperçu ; to go unpunished rester impuni ; the question went unanswered la question est restée sans réponse ; to go naked se promener tout nu ; he was allowed to go free il a été libéré or remis en liberté ;
    12 (weaken, become impaired) his memory/mind is going il perd la mémoire/l'esprit ; his hearing is going il devient sourd ; my voice is going je n'ai plus de voix ; the battery is going la batterie est presque à plat ; the engine is going le moteur a des ratés ;
    13 ( of time) ( elapse) s'écouler ; three hours went by before… trois heures se sont écoulées avant que… (+ subj) ; there are only three days to go before Christmas il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël ; how's the time going? quelle heure est-il? ; it's just gone seven o'clock il est un peu plus de sept heures ;
    14 ( be got rid of) he's totally inefficient, he'll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it'll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu'on s'en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c'est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;
    15 (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner ; to set [sth] going mettre [qch] en marche ; to get going [engine, machine] se mettre en marche ; fig [business] démarrer ; to get the fire going allumer le feu ; to keep going [person, business, machine] tenir le coup , se maintenir ; we have several projects going at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment ; ⇒ keep ;
    16 ( start) let's get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we'll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu'on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c'est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas ;
    17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;
    18 ( extend in depth or scope) the roots of the plant go very deep les racines de la plante s'enfoncent très profondément ; the historical reasons for this conflict go very deep les raisons historiques de ce conflit remontent très loin ; these habits go very deep ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées or enracinées ; as far as that goes pour ce qui est de cela ; it's true as far as it goes c'est vrai dans un sens or dans une certaine mesure ; she'll go far! elle ira loin! ; this time he's gone too far! cette fois il est allé trop loin! ; a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours ; one leg of lamb doesn't go very far among twelve people un gigot d'agneau n'est pas suffisant pour douze personnes ; this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude ceci explique en grande partie son attitude ; you can make £5 go a long way on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling ;
    19 (belong, be placed) aller ; where do these plates go? où vont ces assiettes? ; that table goes beside the bed cette table va à côté du lit ; the suitcases will have to go in the back il va falloir mettre les valises derrière ;
    20 ( fit) gen rentrer ; it won't go into the box ça ne rentre pas dans la boîte ; five into four won't go quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq ; three into six goes twice six divisé par trois, ça fait deux ;
    21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can't remember how the poem goes je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l'air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;
    22 ( be accepted) what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi ; it goes without saying that il va sans dire que ; that goes without saying cela va sans dire ; anything goes tout est permis ;
    23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it's going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j'étais justement sur le point de t'appeler, j'allais justement t'appeler ; I'm going to phone him right now je vais l'appeler tout de suite ; I'm not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d'idée ;
    24 ( happen) the party went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée ; so far the campaign is going well jusqu'à maintenant la campagne a bien marché ; how did the evening go? comment s'est passée la soirée? ; the way things are going, I don't think we'll ever get finished vu la façon dont les choses se passent or si ça continue comme ça, je pense qu'on n'aura jamais fini ; how's it going ?, how are things going? comment ça va ? ; how goes it? hum comment ça va ?, comment va ? ;
    25 ( be on average) it's old, as Australian towns go c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn't a bad party, as parties go c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;
    26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won't let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;
    27 ( be on offer) I'll have some coffee, if there's any going je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a ; are there any drinks going? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose à boire? ; I'll have whatever's going je prendrai ce qu'il y a ; it's the best machine going c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché ; there's a job going at their London office il y a un poste libre dans leur bureau de Londres ;
    28 ( contribute) the money will go towards a new roof l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit ; the elements that go to make a great film les éléments qui font un bon film ; everything that goes to make a good teacher toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant ;
    29 ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à) ; [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à) ; the money will go to charity les bénéfices iront aux bonnes œuvres ; most of the credit should go to the author la plus grande partie du mérite revient à l'auteur ; the job went to a local man le poste a été donné à un homme de la région ;
    30 ( emphatic use) she's gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you've gone and ruined everything! tu t'es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you've really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;
    31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l'alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don't know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;
    32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;
    33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;
    34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;
    35 (bid, bet) aller ; I'll go as high as £100 j'irai jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ;
    36 ( take one's turn) you go next c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après ; you go first après vous ;
    37 ( be in harmony) those two colours don't go together ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ; the curtains don't go with the carpet les rideaux ne vont pas avec le tapis ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;
    38 euph ( relieve oneself) aller aux toilettes ;
    39 US ( in takeaway) to go à emporter ; two hamburgers to go! deux hamburgers à emporter!
    1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one's own way fig suivre son chemin ;
    2 (bet, bid) I go two diamonds ( in cards) j'annonce deux carreaux ; he went £20 il a mis or parié 20 livres sterling.
    C n (pl goes)
    1 GB ( person's turn) tour m ; ( try) essai m ; it's your go ( in game) c'est ton tour, c'est à toi ; whose go is it? gen à qui le tour? ; ( in game) à qui de jouer? ; you've had two goes ( in game) tu as eu deux tours ; ( two attempts at mending sth) tu as déjà essayé deux fois ; to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch ; have another go! essaie encore une fois or un coup! ; she had several goes at the exam elle a repassé l'examen plusieurs fois ; I had to have several goes before passing j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir ;
    2 ( energy) dynamisme m ; to be full of go, to be all go être très dynamique, avoir beaucoup d'allant ; he has no go in him il manque de dynamisme ;
    3 GB ( bout) ( of illness) attaque f ;
    D adj all systems are go! Aerosp tout est paré pour le lancement!
    to have a go at sb s'en prendre à qn ; to make a go of sth réussir qch ; she's always on the go elle n'arrête jamais ; he's all go ! il n'arrête pas! ; it's all the go ! ça fait fureur! ; we have several different projects on the go at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier or en cours en ce moment ; (it's) no go! pas question! ; from the word go dès le départ ; that was a near go ! on l'a échappé belle! ; in one go d'un seul coup ; to go one better than sb renchérir sur qn ; that's how it goes!, that's the way it goes! ainsi va le monde!, c'est la vie! ; there you go ! voilà!
    go about:
    1 = go around ;
    2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;
    go about [sth]
    1 ( undertake) s'attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s'y prendre ;
    2 ( be busy with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations ; she went about her work mechanically elle faisait son travail machinalement.
    go across:
    go across traverser ; he's gone across to the shop/neighbour's il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;
    go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].
    go after:
    go after [sth/sb]
    1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;
    2 fig ( try hard to get) he really went after that job il a fait tout son possible pour avoir ce travail.
    go against [sb/sth]
    1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n'a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;
    2 ( conflict with) être contraire à [rules, principles] ; to go against the trend aller à l'encontre de or être contraire à la tendance ; to go against the party line Pol ne pas être dans la ligne du parti ;
    3 (resist, oppose) s'opposer à, aller à l'inverse de [person, sb's wishes].
    1 ( go in front) go ahead, I'll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;
    2 fig ( proceed) go! ( in conversation) continue! ; go ahead and shoot! vas-y, tire! ; they are going ahead with the project ils ont décidé de mettre le projet en route ; we can go ahead without them nous pouvons continuer sans eux ; next week's strike is to go ahead la grève de la semaine prochaine va avoir lieu.
    1 ( move along) [person, vehicle] aller, avancer ; to make sth up as one goes along fig inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;
    2 ( attend) aller ; she went along as a witch elle y est allée déguisée en sorcière ; I went along as a witness j'y suis allé or je me suis présenté comme témoin.
    go along with [sb/sth] être d'accord avec, accepter [plans, wishes] ; I can't go along with that je ne peux pas accepter ça ; I'll go along with you there je suis d'accord avec vous sur ce point.
    go around:
    1 (move, travel about) se promener, circuler ; to go around naked/barefoot se promener tout nu/pieds nus ; she goes around on a bicycle elle circule à bicyclette ; they go around everywhere together ils vont partout ensemble ;
    2 ( circulate) [rumour] courir ; there's a rumour going around that le bruit court que ; there's a virus going around il y a un virus qui traîne ; there isn't enough money to go around il n'y a pas assez d'argent pour tout le monde ;
    go around [sth] faire le tour de [house, shops, area] ; to go around the world faire le tour du monde ; they went around the country looking for him ils l'ont cherché dans tout le pays.
    go at:
    go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;
    go at [sth] s'attaquer à, s'atteler à [task, activity].
    go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don't go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won't go away! je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren't just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!
    go back
    1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let's go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn't safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you've committed yourself, there's no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;
    2 ( in time) remonter ; to go back in time remonter dans le temps ; to understand the problem we need to go back 20 years pour comprendre le problème il faut remonter 20 ans en arrière ; this tradition goes back a century cette tradition est vieille d'un siècle ; we go back a long way ça fait longtemps qu'on se connaît ;
    3 ( revert) revenir (to à) ; to go back to teaching revenir à l'enseignement ; to go back to being a student reprendre des études ; let's go back to what we were discussing yesterday revenons à ce que dont nous parlions hier.
    go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].
    go before:
    go before ( go in front) aller au devant ; fig ( in time) se passer avant ; all that had gone before tout ce qui s'était passé avant ;
    go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.
    go below gen, Naut descendre.
    go by:
    go by [person] passer ; [time] passer, s'écouler ; as time goes by avec le temps ; don't let such opportunities go by il ne faut pas laisser passer de telles occasions ;
    go by [sth]
    1 ( judge by) juger d'après ; to go by appearances juger d'après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I'd say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn't go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn't like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n'a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;
    2 ( proceed by) to go by the rules suivre or observer le règlement ; promotion goes by seniority la promotion se fait à l'ancienneté or en fonction de l'ancienneté.
    go down:
    go down
    1 ( descend) gen descendre ; [diver] effectuer une plongée ; to go down to the cellar descendre à la cave ; to go down to the beach aller à la plage ; to go down to the pub aller au pub ; they've gone down to Brighton for a few days ils sont allés passer quelques jours à Brighton ; ‘going down!’ ( in elevator) ‘on descend!’ ; to go down on one's knees se mettre à genoux ;
    2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l'avion s'est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l'avion s'est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;
    3 [sun] se coucher ;
    4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn't go down at all well cette remarque n'a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn't go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n'a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;
    5 ( be swallowed) it went down the wrong way c'est passé de travers ;
    6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s'éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;
    7 ( become deflated) [swelling] désenfler ; [tyre, balloon] se dégonfler ;
    8 GB Univ ( break up for holiday) terminer les cours ; ( leave university permanently) quitter l'université ; when do you go down? quand est-ce que vous êtes en vacances? ;
    9 gen, Sport (fail, be defeated) perdre ; ( be downgraded) redescendre ; Corby went down 6-1 to Oxford Corby a perdu 6-1 contre Oxford ; the team has gone down to the second division l'équipe est redescendue en deuxième division ;
    10 ( be remembered) he will go down as a great statesman on se souviendra de lui comme d'un grand homme d'État ;
    11 ( be recorded) être noté ; it all goes down in her diary elle note tout dans son journal ;
    12 ( continue) the book goes down to 1939 le livre va jusqu'en 1939 ; if you go down to the second last line you will see that si vous regardez à l'avant-dernière ligne, vous verrez que ;
    13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;
    14 GB ( be sent to prison) être envoyé en prison ;
    15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;
    go down [sth]
    1 lit descendre [hill] ; descendre dans [mine] ;
    2 ( be downgraded) to go down a class Sch redescendre d'une classe.
    go down on [sth] ( set) [sun] se coucher sur ; when the sun went down on the Roman Empire fig quand l'empire romain commençait à décliner ;
    go down on [sb] ( have oral sex with) tailler une pipe à [man] ; faire minette à [woman].
    go for:
    go for [sb/sth]
    1 (favour, have liking for) craquer pour [person, physical type] ; aimer [style of music, literature etc] ; he really goes for blondes il craque pour or il adore les blondes ; I don't go much for modern art je ne suis pas emballé par l'art moderne, je n'aime pas tellement l'art moderne ;
    2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s'appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c'est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c'est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s'applique à lui aussi! ;
    go for [sb]
    1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l'ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb's throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l'a vraiment incendié!, elle s'en est prise violemment à lui! ;
    2 he has a lot going for him il a beaucoup de choses pour lui ;
    go for [sth]
    1 ( attempt to achieve) essayer d'obtenir [honour, victory] ; she's going for the gold medal/world record elle vise la médaille d'or/le record mondial ; go for it ! vas-y, fonce ! ; the company is going for a new image l'entreprise cherche à se donner une nouvelle image ; the team is going for a win against Italy l'équipe compte bien gagner contre l'Italie ;
    2 ( choose) choisir, prendre ; I'll go for the blue one je prendrai le bleu.
    go forth sout [person] ( go out) sortir ; ( go forward) aller, avancer ; go forth and multiply allez et multipliez-vous.
    go forward(s) avancer.
    go in
    1 ( enter) entrer ; ( go back in) rentrer ;
    2 Mil [army, troops] attaquer ; the troops went in at dawn les troupes ont attaqué à l'aube ;
    3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.
    go in for:
    go in for [sth]
    1 ( be keen on) aimer [sport, hobby etc] ; I don't go in for sports much je n'aime pas tellement le sport ; he goes in for opera in a big way il adore l'opéra, c'est un fou d'opéra ; we don't go in for that sort of thing nous n'aimons pas ce genre de chose ; they don't go in much for foreign languages at Ben's school ils ne s'intéressent pas beaucoup aux langues étrangères dans l'école de Ben ;
    2 ( take up) to go in for teaching entrer dans l'enseignement ; to go in for politics se lancer dans la politique ;
    3 ( take part in) s'inscrire à [exam, competition].
    go into:
    go into [sth]
    1 ( enter) entrer dans ; fig ( take up) se lancer dans ; to go into hospital entrer à l'hôpital ; to go into parliament entrer au parlement ; to go into politics/business se lancer dans la politique/les affaires ;
    2 (examine, investigate) étudier ; we need to go into the question of funding il faut que nous étudiions la question du financement ;
    3 (explain, describe) I won't go into why I did it je n'expliquerai pas pourquoi je l'ai fait ; let's not go into that now laissons cela de côté pour l'instant ;
    4 ( launch into) se lancer dans ; she went into a long explanation of what had happened elle s'est lancée dans une longue explication de ce qui s'était passé ;
    5 ( be expended) a lot of work/money went into this project beaucoup de travail/d'argent a été investi dans ce projet ; a lot of effort went into organizing the party l'organisation de la soirée a demandé beaucoup de travail ;
    6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.
    go in with [sb] se joindre à [person, ally, organization] ; he went in with us to buy the present il s'est mis avec nous pour acheter le cadeau.
    go off:
    go off
    1 (explode, fire) [bomb] exploser ; the gun didn't go off le coup n'est pas parti ;
    2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;
    3 ( depart) partir, s'en aller ; he went off to work il est parti au travail ; she went off to find a spade elle est allée chercher une pelle ; they went off together ils sont partis ensemble ;
    4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s'avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one's attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu'avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he's gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s'est dégradé ;
    5 ( fall asleep) s'endormir ;
    6 ( cease to operate) [lights, heating] s'éteindre ;
    7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s'est très bien passé ;
    8 Theat quitter la scène ;
    go off [sb/sth] GB I used to like him but I've gone off him je l'aimais bien avant, mais je ne l'aime plus tellement ; I've gone off opera/whisky je n'aime plus tellement l'opéra/le whisky ; I think she's gone off the idea je crois qu'elle a renoncé à l'idée.
    go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who's gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?
    go on:
    go on
    1 (happen, take place) se passer ; what's going on? qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; there's a party going on upstairs il y a une fête en haut ; how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure? ; a lot of stealing goes on il y a beaucoup de vols ; a lot of drinking goes on at Christmas time les gens boivent beaucoup à Noël ;
    2 ( continue on one's way) poursuivre son chemin ;
    3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we're all listening! continue, nous t'écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you're always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he'll get into trouble! s'il continue comme ça, il va s'attirer des ennuis ; we can't go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s'est prolongée jusque dans l'après-midi ; you can't go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here's £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ! allons donc! ;
    4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;
    5 ( keep talking) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch, parler de qch à n'en plus finir ; he was going on about the war il parlait de la guerre à n'en plus finir ; don't go on about it! arrête de parler de ça!, change de disque! ; she went on and on about it elle en a fait toute une histoire ; he does tend to go on a bit! il a tendance à radoter ! ; the way she goes on, you'd think she was an expert on the subject! à l'entendre, on croirait qu'elle est experte en la matière! ;
    6 ( proceed) passer ; let's go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;
    7 ( go into operation) [heating, lights] s'allumer ;
    8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;
    9 ( approach) it's going on three o'clock il est presque trois heures ; she's four going on five elle va sur ses cinq ans ; he's thirty going on three hum il a trente ans mais il pourrait bien en avoir trois ;
    10 ( fit) these gloves won't go on ces gants ne m'iront pas ; the lid won't go on properly le couvercle ne ferme pas bien ;
    go on [sth] se fonder sur [piece of evidence, information] ; that's all we've got to go on tout ce que nous savons avec certitude ; we've got nothing else to go on nous n'avons pas d'autre point de départ ; the police haven't got much evidence to go on la police n'a pas beaucoup de preuves à l'appui.
    go on at:
    go on at [sb] s'en prendre à [person] ; he's always going on at me for writing badly il s'en prend toujours à moi à cause de ma mauvaise écriture ; they're always going on at us about deadlines ils sont toujours sur notre dos pour des histoires de délais.
    go out
    1 (leave, depart) sortir ; she went out of the room elle a quitté la pièce, elle est sortie de la pièce ; to go out walking aller se promener ; to go out for a drink aller prendre un verre ; they go out a lot ils sortent beaucoup ; she likes going out elle aime sortir ; she had to go out to work at 14 il a fallu qu'elle aille travailler à 14 ans ;
    2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she's gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l'Australie/l'Afrique ;
    3 ( have relationship) to go out with sb sortir avec qn ; they've been going out together for six weeks ils sortent ensemble depuis six semaines ;
    4 [tide] descendre ; the tide is going out la marée descend, la mer se retire ;
    5 Ind ( go on strike) se mettre en grève ;
    6 ( become unfashionable) passer de mode ; ( no longer be used) ne plus être utilisé ; mini-skirts went out in the 1970s les mini-jupes ont passé de mode dans les années 70 ; gas went out and electricity came in l'électricité a remplacé le gaz ;
    7 ( be extinguished) [fire, light] s'éteindre ;
    8 ( be sent) [invitation, summons] être envoyé ; ( be published) [journal, magazine] être publié ; Radio, TV ( be broadcast) être diffusé ;
    9 ( be announced) word went out that he was coming back le bruit a couru qu'il revenait ; the news went out from Washington that Washington a annoncé que ;
    10 ( be eliminated) gen, Sport être éliminé ; she went out in the early stages of the competition elle a été éliminée au début de la compétition ;
    11 (expressing compassion, sympathy) my heart goes out to them je les plains de tout mon cœur, je suis de tout cœur avec eux ; our thoughts go out to absent friends nos pensées vont vers nos amis absents ;
    12 ( disappear) all the spirit seemed to have gone out of her elle semblait avoir perdu tout son entrain ; the romance seemed to have gone out of their relationship leur relation semblait avoir perdu tout son charme ;
    13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;
    14 ( in cards) terminer.
    go over:
    go over
    1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s'est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l'antenne à Washington pour plus d'informations ;
    2 ( be received) how did his speech go over? comment est-ce que son discours a été reçu? ; his speech went over well son discours a été bien reçu ; to go over big avoir un grand succès ;
    3 ( switch over) he went over to Labour from the Conservatives il est passé du parti des conservateurs au parti des travaillistes ; to go over to the other side fig passer dans l'autre camp ; we've gone over to gas (central heating) nous sommes passés au chauffage central au gaz ; to go over to Islam se convertir à l'Islam ;
    go over [sth]
    1 ( review) passer [qch] en revue [details] ; she went over the events of the day in her mind elle a passé en revue les événements de la journée ; we've gone over the details again and again nous avons déjà passé les détails en revue mille fois ; to go over one's lines ( actor) répéter son texte ; there's no point in going over old ground il n'y a aucune raison de revenir là-dessus ;
    2 (check, inspect) vérifier [accounts, figures] ; revoir [facts, piece of work] ; I want to go over this article once more before I hand it in je veux relire cet article une dernière fois avant de le remettre ; to go over a house faire le tour d'une maison ;
    3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l'avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;
    4 to go over a sketch in ink repasser un dessin à l'encre ;
    5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don't go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.
    go round GB:
    1 ( turn) [wheel, propeller etc] tourner ; the wheels went round and round les roues n'ont pas arrêté de tourner ; my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne ;
    2 ( call round) to go round to see sb aller voir qn ; he's gone round to Anna's il est allé chez Anna ;
    3 ( suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round il n'y a pas assez de nourriture/d'argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;
    4 ( circulate) there's a rumour going round that le bruit court que ;
    5 ( make detour) faire un détour ; we had to go round the long way ou the long way round il a fallu qu'on prenne un chemin plus long ; I had to go round by the bridge il a fallu que je passe par or que je fasse un détour par le pont ;
    go round [sth] ( visit) faire le tour de [shops, house, museum].
    1 ( come in) entrer ; if you'll just go (on) through, I'll tell them you're here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;
    2 ( be approved) [law, agreement] passer ; the law failed to go through la loi n'est pas passée ; the divorce hasn't gone through yet le divorce n'a pas encore été prononcé ;
    3 ( be successfully completed) [business deal] être conclu ;
    go through [sth]
    1 ( undergo) endurer, subir [experience, ordeal] ; ( pass through) passer par [stage, phase] ; in spite of all he's gone through malgré tout ce qu'il a enduré ; we've all gone through it nous sommes tous passés par là ; she's gone through a lot elle a beaucoup souffert ; he went through the day in a kind of daze toute la journée il a été dans un état second ; the country has gone through two civil wars le pays a connu deux guerres civiles ; to go through a crisis traverser une crise ; as you go through life au fur et à mesure que tu vieillis, en vieillissant ; you have to go through the switchboard/right authorities il faut passer par le standard/les autorités compétentes ; it went through my mind that l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit que ;
    2 (check, inspect) examiner, étudier ; ( rapidly) parcourir [documents, files, list] ; to go through one's mail parcourir son courrier ; let's go through the points one by one étudions or examinons les problèmes un par un ;
    3 ( search) fouiller [person's belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb's pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;
    4 (perform, rehearse) répéter [scene] ; expliquer [procedure] ; let's go through the whole scene once more répétons or reprenons toute la scène une dernière fois ; there are still a certain number of formalities to be gone through il y a encore un certain nombre de formalités à remplir ; I went through the whole procedure with him je lui ai expliqué comment il fallait procéder en détail ;
    5 (consume, use up) dépenser [money] ; we went through three bottles of wine nous avons bu or descendu trois bouteilles de vin ; I've gone through the elbows of my jacket j'ai usé ma veste aux coudes.
    go through with [sth] réaliser, mettre [qch] à exécution [plan] ; in the end they decided to go through with the wedding finalement ils ont décidé de se marier ; I can't go through with it je ne peux pas le faire ; you'll have to go through with it now il va falloir que tu le fasses maintenant.
    1 ( harmonize) [colours, pieces of furniture etc] aller ensemble ; these colours don't go together ces couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ;
    2 ( entail each other) aller de pair ; poverty and crime often go together la pauvreté et le crime vont souvent de pair ;
    3 ( have relationship) [couple] sortir ensemble.
    1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;
    2 fig ( succumb) [person] succomber ; ( go bankrupt) [business, company] faire faillite.
    go up:
    go up
    1 ( ascend) monter ; to go up to bed monter se coucher ; they've gone up to London ils sont allés or montés à Londres ; they've gone up to Scotland ils sont allés en Écosse ; ‘going up!’ ( in elevator) ‘on monte!’ ;
    2 ( rise) [price, temperature] monter ; Theat [curtain] se lever (on sur) ; petrol has gone up (in price) (le prix de) l'essence a augmenté ; unemployment is going up le chômage augmente or est en hausse ; our membership has gone up le nombre de nos adhérents a augmenté ; a cry went up from the crowd un cri est monté or s'est élevé de la foule ;
    3 ( be erected) [building] être construit ; [poster] être affiché ; new office blocks are going up all over the place on construit de nouveaux immeubles un peu partout ;
    4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;
    5 GB Univ ( start university) entrer à l'université ; ( start term) reprendre les cours ;
    6 ( be upgraded) the team has gone up to the first division l'équipe est passée en première division ;
    7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu'en 1990 ;
    go up [sth]
    1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;
    2 to go up a class Sch passer dans une classe supérieure.
    go with:
    go with [sth]
    1 (match, suit) aller avec ; your shirt goes with your blue eyes ta chemise va bien avec tes yeux bleus ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;
    2 ( accompany) aller de pair avec ; the car goes with the job la voiture va de pair avec la situation ; the responsibilities that go with parenthood les responsabilités qui vont de pair avec le fait d'être parent ;
    go with [sb] ( date) sortir avec ; ( have sex with) coucher avec [person].
    go without s'en passer ; you'll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;
    go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries].

    Big English-French dictionary > go

  • 25 Chapman, Frederik Henrik af

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 9 September 1721 Gothenburg, Sweden
    d. 19 August 1808 Karlskrona, Sweden
    [br]
    Swedish naval architect and shipbuilder; one of the foremost ship designers of all time.
    [br]
    Chapman was born on the west coast of Sweden and was the son of a British naval officer serving in the Swedish Navy. In 1738 he followed in his father's footsteps by joining the naval dockyards as a shipbuilding apprentice. Subsequent experience was gained in other shipyards and by two years (1741–3) in London. His assiduous note taking and study of British shipbuilding were noticed and he was offered appointments in England, but these were refused and he returned to Sweden in 1744 and for a while operated as a ship repairer in partnership with a man called Bagge. In 1749 he started out on his own. He began with a period of study in Stockholm and in London, where he worked for a while under Thomas Simpson, and then went on to France and the Netherlands. During his time in England he learned the art of copper etching, a skill that later stood him in good stead. After some years he was appointed Deputy Master Shipwright to the Swedish Navy, and in 1760 he became Master Shipwright at Sveaborg (now Suomenlinna), the fortress island of Helsinki. There Chapman excelled by designing the coastal defence or skerry fleet that to this day is accepted as beautiful and fit for purpose. He understood the limitations of ship design and throughout his life strove to improve shipbuilding by using the advances in mathematics and science that were then being made. His contribution to the rationalization of thought in ship theory cannot be overemphasized.
    In 1764 he became Chief Shipbuilder to the Swedish Navy, with particular responsibility for Karlskrona and for Stockholm. He assisted in the new rules for the classification of warships and later introduced standardization to the naval dockyards. He continued to rise in rank and reputation until his retirement in 1793, but to the end his judgement was sought on many matters concerning not only ship design but also the administration of the then powerful Swedish Navy.
    His most important bequest to his profession is the great book Architectura Navalis Mercatoria, first published in 1768. Later editions were larger and contained additional material. This volume remains one of the most significant works on shipbuilding.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1772. Rear Admiral 1783, Vice-Admiral 1791.
    Bibliography
    1768, Architecture Navalis Mercatoria; 1975, pub. in English, trans. Adlard Coles. 1775, Tractat om Skepps-Buggeriet.
    Further Reading
    D.G.Harris, 1989, F.H.Chapman, the First Naval Architect and His Work, London: Conway (an excellent biography).
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Chapman, Frederik Henrik af

  • 26 Hunter, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 14 (registered 13) February 1728 East Kilbride, Lanarkshire, Scotland
    d. 16 October 1793 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish surgeon and anatomist, pioneer of experimental methods in medicine and surgery.
    [br]
    The younger brother of William Hunter (1718–83), who was of great distinction but perhaps of slightly less achievement in similar fields, he owed much of his early experience to his brother; William, after a period at Glasgow University, moved to St George's Hospital, London. In his later teens, John assisted a brother-in-law with cabinet-making. This appears to have contributed to the lifelong mechanical skill which he displayed as a dissector and surgeon. This skill was particularly obvious when, after following William to London in 1748, he held post at a number of London teaching hospitals before moving to St George's in 1756. A short sojourn at Oxford in 1755 appears to have been unfruitful.
    Despite his deepening involvement in the study of comparative anatomy, facilitated by the purchase of animals from the Tower menagerie and travelling show people, he accepted an appointment as a staff surgeon in the Army in 1760, participating in the expedition to Belle Isle and also serving in Portugal. He returned home with over 300 specimens in 1763 and, until his appointment as Surgeon to St George's in 1768, was heavily involved in the examination of this and other material, as well as in studies of foetal testicular descent, placental circulation, the nature of pus and lymphatic circulation. In 1772 he commenced lecturing on the theory and practice of surgery, and in 1776 he was appointed Surgeon-Extraordinary to George III.
    He is rightly regarded as the founder of scientific surgery, but his knowledge was derived almost entirely from his own experiments and observations. His contemporaries did not always accept or understand the concepts which led to such aphorisms as, "to perform an operation is to mutilate a patient we cannot cure", and his written comment to his pupil Jenner: "Why think. Why not trie the experiment". His desire to establish the aetiology of gonorrhoea led to him infecting himself, as a result of which he also contracted syphilis. His ensuing account of the characteristics of the disease remains a classic of medicine, although it is likely that the sequelae of the condition brought about his death at a relatively early age. From 1773 he suffered recurrent anginal attacks of such a character that his life "was in the hands of any rascal who chose to annoy and tease him". Indeed, it was following a contradiction at a board meeting at St George's that he died.
    By 1788, with the death of Percival Pott, he had become unquestionably the leading surgeon in Britain, if not Europe. Elected to the Royal Society in 1767, the extraordinary variety of his collections, investigations and publications, as well as works such as the "Treatise on the natural history of the human teeth" (1771–8), gives testimony to his original approach involving the fundamental and inescapable relation of structure and function in both normal and disease states. The massive growth of his collections led to his acquiring two houses in Golden Square to contain them. It was his desire that after his death his collection be purchased and preserved for the nation. It contained 13,600 specimens and had cost him £70,000. After considerable delay, Par-liament voted inadequate sums for this purpose and the collection was entrusted to the recently rechartered Royal College of Surgeons of England, in whose premises this remarkable monument to the omnivorous and eclectic activities of this outstanding figure in the evolution of medicine and surgery may still be seen. Sadly, some of the collection was lost to bombing during the Second World War. His surviving papers were also extensive, but it is probable that many were destroyed in the early nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1767. Copley Medal 1787.
    Bibliography
    1835–7, Works, ed. J.F.Palmer, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Hunter, John

  • 27 Porter, Charles Talbot

    [br]
    b. 18 January 1826 Auburn, New York, USA
    d. 1910 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of a stone dressing machine, an improved centrifugal governor and a high-speed steam engine.
    [br]
    Porter graduated from Hamilton College, New York, in 1845, read law in his father's office, and in the autumn of 1847 was admitted to the Bar. He practised for six or seven years in Rochester, New York, and then in New York City. He was drawn into engineering when aged about 30, first through a client who claimed to have invented a revolutionary type of engine and offered Porter the rights to it as payment of a debt. Having lent more money, Porter saw neither the man nor the engine again. Porter followed this with a similar experience over a patent for a stone dressing machine, except this time the machine was built. It proved to be a failure, but Porter set about redesigning it and found that it was vastly improved when it ran faster. His improved machine went into production. It was while trying to get the steam engine that drove the stone dressing machine to run more smoothly that he made a discovery that formed the basis for his subsequent work.
    Porter took the ordinary Watt centrifugal governor and increased the speed by a factor of about ten; although he had to reduce the size of the weights, he gained a motion that was powerful. To make the device sufficiently responsive at the right speed, he balanced the centrifugal forces by a counterweight. This prevented the weights flying outwards until the optimum speed was reached, so that the steam valves remained fully open until that point and then the weights reacted more quickly to variations in speed. He took out a patent in 1858, and its importance was quickly recognized. At first he manufactured and sold the governors himself in a specially equipped factory, because this was the only way he felt he could get sufficient accuracy to ensure a perfect action. For marine use, the counterweight was replaced by a spring.
    Higher speed had brought the advantage of smoother running and so he thought that the same principles could be applied to the steam engine itself, but it was to take extensive design modifications over several years before his vision was realized. In the winter of 1860–1, J.F. Allen met Porter and sketched out his idea of a new type of steam inlet valve. Porter saw the potential of this for his high-speed engine and Allen took out patents for it in 1862. The valves were driven by a new valve gear designed by Pius Fink. Porter decided to display his engine at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, but it had to be assembled on site because the parts were finished in America only just in time to be shipped to meet the deadline. Running at 150 rpm, the engine caused a sensation, but as it was non-condensing there were few orders. Porter added condensing apparatus and, after the failure of Ormerod Grierson \& Co., entered into an agreement with Joseph Whitworth to build the engines. Four were exhibited at the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle, but Whitworth and Porter fell out and in 1868 Porter returned to America.
    Porter established another factory to build his engine in America, but he ran into all sorts of difficulties, both mechanical and financial. Some engines were built, and serious production was started c. 1874, but again there were further problems and Porter had to leave his firm. High-speed engines based on his designs continued to be made until after 1907 by the Southwark Foundry and Machine Company, Philadelphia, so Porter's ideas were proved viable and led to many other high-speed designs.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1908, Engineering Reminiscences, New York: J. Wiley \& Sons; reprinted 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay (autobiography; the main source of information about his life).
    Further Reading
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (examines his governor and steam engine).
    O.Mayr, 1974, "Yankee practice and engineering theory; Charles T.Porter and the dynamics of the high-speed engine", Technology and Culture 16 (4) (examines his governor and steam engine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Porter, Charles Talbot

  • 28 Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph

    [br]
    b. 22 February 1857 Hamburg, Germany
    d. 1 January 1894 Bonn, Germany
    [br]
    German physicist who was reputedly the first person to transmit and receive radio waves.
    [br]
    At the age of 17 Hertz entered the Gelehrtenschule of the Johaneums in Hamburg, but he left the following year to obtain practical experience for a year with a firm of engineers in Frankfurt am Main. He then spent six months at the Dresden Technical High School, followed by year of military service in Berlin. At this point he decided to switch from engineering to physics, and after a year in Munich he studied physics under Helmholtz at the University of Berlin, gaining his PhD with high honours in 1880. From 1883 to 1885 he was a privat-dozent at Kiel, during which time he studied the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell. In 1885 he succeeded to the Chair in Physics at Karlsruhe Technical High School. There, in 1887, he constructed a rudimentary transmitter consisting of two 30 cm (12 in.) rods with metal balls separated by a 7.5 mm (0.3 in.) gap at the inner ends and metallic plates at the outer ends, the whole assembly being mounted at the focus of a large parabolic metal mirror and the two rods being connected to an induction coil. At the other side of his laboratory he placed a 70 cm (27½ in.) diameter wire loop with a similar air gap at the focus of a second metal mirror. When the induction coil was made to create a spark across the transmitter air gap, he found that a spark also occurred at the "receiver". By a series of experiments he was not only able to show that the invisible waves travelled in straight lines and were reflected by the parabolic mirrors, but also that the vibrations could be refracted like visible light and had a similar wavelength. By this first transmission and reception of radio waves he thus confirmed the theoretical predictions made by Maxwell some twenty years earlier. It was probably in his experiments with this apparatus in 1887 that Hertz also observed that the voltage at which a spark was able to jump a gap was significantly reduced by the presence of ultraviolet light. This so-called photoelectric effect was subsequently placed on a theoretical basis by Albert Einstein in 1905. In 1889 he became Professor of Physics at the University of Bonn, where he continued to investigate the nature of electric discharges in gases at low pressure until his death after a long and painful illness. In recognition of his measurement of radio and other waves, the international unit of frequency of an oscillatory wave, the cycle per second, is now universally known as the Hertz.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Royal Society Rumford Medal 1890.
    Bibliography
    Much of Hertz's work, including his 1890 paper "On the fundamental equations of electrodynamics for bodies at rest", is recorded in three collections of his papers which are available in English translations by D.E.Jones et al., namely Electric Waves (1893), Miscellaneous Papers (1896) and Principles of Mechanics (1899).
    Further Reading
    J.G.O'Hara and W.Pricha, 1987, Hertz and the Maxwellians, London: Peter Peregrinus. J.Hertz, 1977, Heinrich Hertz, Memoirs, Letters and Diaries, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Hertz, Heinrich Rudolph

  • 29 Kompfner, Rudolph

    [br]
    b. 16 May 1909 Vienna, Austria
    d. 3 December 1977 Stanford, California, USA
    [br]
    Austrian (naturalized English in 1949, American in 1957) electrical engineer primarily known for his invention of the travelling-wave tube.
    [br]
    Kompfner obtained a degree in engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule in 1931 and qualified as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Architecture two years later. The following year, with a worsening political situation in Austria, he moved to England and became an architectural apprentice. In 1936 he became Managing Director of a building firm owned by a relative, but at the same time he was avidly studying physics and electronics. His first patent, for a television pick-up device, was filed in 1935 and granted in 1937, but was not in fact taken up. In June 1940 he was interned on the Isle of Man, but as a result of a paper previously sent by him to the Editor of Wireless Engineer he was released the following December and sent to join the group at Birmingham University working on centimetric radar. There he worked on klystrons, with little success, but as a result of the experience gained he eventually invented the travelling-wave tube (TWT), which was based on a helical transmission line. After disbandment of the Birmingham team, in 1946 Kompfner moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and in 1947 he became a British subject. At the Clarendon Laboratory he met J.R. Pierce of Bell Laboratories, who worked out the theory of operation of the TWT. After gaining his DPhil at Oxford in 1951, Kompfner accepted a post as Principal Scientific Officer at Signals Electronic Research Laboratories, Baldock, but very soon after that he was invited by Pierce to work at Bell on microwave tubes. There, in 1952, he invented the backward-wave oscillator (BWO). He was appointed Director of Electronics Research in 1955 and Director of Communications Research in 1962, having become a US citizen in 1957. In 1958, with Pierce, he designed Echo 1, the first (passive) satellite, which was launched in August 1960. He was also involved with the development of Telstar, the first active communications satellite, which was launched in 1962. Following his retirement from Bell in 1973, he continued to pursue research, alternately at Stanford, California, and Oxford, England.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Physical Society Duddell Medal 1955. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1960. Member of the National Academy of Engineering 1966. Member of the National Academy of Science 1968. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1973. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1974. Roentgen Society Silvanus Thompson Medal 1974. President's National medal of Science 1974. Honorary doctorates Vienna 1965, Oxford 1969.
    Bibliography
    1944, "Velocity modulated beams", Wireless Engineer 17:262.
    1942, "Transit time phenomena in electronic tubes", Wireless Engineer 19:3. 1942, "Velocity modulating grids", Wireless Engineer 19:158.
    1946, "The travelling-wave tube", Wireless Engineer 42:369.
    1964, The Invention of the TWT, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.
    Further Reading
    J.R.Pierce, 1992, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 980.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Kompfner, Rudolph

  • 30 познание

    ср.
    1) филос. perception;
    cognition древо познания добра и зла ≈ the tree of knowledge of good and evil теория познанияtheory of knowledge;
    epistemology
    2) мн. познания experience, knowledge, learning, scholarship
    познани|е - с.
    1. knowledge;
    филос. cognition;
    теория ~я theory of knowledge;

    2. мн. (совокупность знаний) knowledge sg.

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > познание

  • 31 make

    1. I
    the ebb was making начинался отлив; the tide making we weighed anchor во время прилива мы бросили якорь
    2. II
    1) make in some manner this toy makes easily эту игрушку легко сделать: hay ought to make well [in this drying breeze] [на таком сухом ветерке] сено должно хорошо просушиться /сохнуть/
    2) make somewhere make upstream (downstream) идти /плыть/ вверх (вниз) по течению
    3) make in some manner the tide is making fast вода быстро прибывает; winter is making earnestly наступает настоящая зима
    4) make in some manner make well (poorly, etc.) хорошо и т. д. зарабатывать; he always makes pretty handsomely он всегда недурно зарабатывает
    3. III
    1) make smth. make machines (tools, paper, chairs, hats, etc.) делать /производить/ машины и т. д., make bricks делать /обжигать/ кирпичи; make a boat (a bridge, a house, a road, etc.) (подстроить лодку и т. д.: make a dress (a coat, a blouse, etc.) делать /шить/ платье и т. д.; make a film снимать фильм: make lunch (jelly, a good supper, etc.) делать /готовить/ завтрак и т. д., make coffee варить кофе; make tea заварить чай; make bread (ис-)печь хлеб; make a garden (a park, flower-beds, etc.) разбивать сад и т. д.; make hay косить траву: make a path делать /прокладывать/ дорожку: where will they make a camp? где они раскинут /разобьют/ лагерь?; make beds стелить /заправлять/ постели; make a fire разжигать камин или раскладывать костер; make nests вить гнезда; beavers make their holes бобры роют норы
    2) make smth. make one's reputation (one's name) создать себе репутацию (имя); make smb.'s character формировать чей-л. характер; make one's own life строить свой собственную жизнь, самостоятельно строить свой жизнь; make haste торопиться; make progress делать успехи; make preparations делать приготовления; make plans разрабатывать / вынашивать/ планы; he is making plans to go away он собирается /намеревается/ уехать; who made this ridiculous rule? кто придумал это глупое правило?; make war вести войну, воевать; are they willing to make peace? a) они согласны заключить мир?; б) они готовы примириться? || make a stand занимать принципиальную позицию: make love а) ухаживать; говорить ласковые слова; б) ласкать, заниматься любовью
    3) make smb., smth. one big deal made the young man молодой человек добился успеха благодаря лишь всего одной крупной сделке; hard work made him он добился успеха упорным трудом; wars made and unmade this country эта страна возвеличилась благодаря войнам, и они же привели ее к гибели; industry has made Manchester Манчестер превратился в важный центр благодаря развитию промышленности
    4) make smth. make trouble (a fuss, a mess, etc.) создавать неприятности и т. д.; he made a terrible to-do он устроил ужасный скандал; don't make noise не делай шума, не шуми; make a change (a disturbance, a panic, etc.) вызывать изменение и т. д., make mischief а) наносить вред; б) шалить, безобразничать; this makes a great difference это совсем другое дело; it makes no difference это ничего не меняет. это все равно; make a great hit coll. иметь огромный успех
    5) make smth. make eighty miles (five kilometres, etc.) сделать / пройти/ восемьдесят миль и т. д.; make twenty knots идти со скоростью двадцать узлов; make good time а) идти /двигаться/ с хорошей скоростью; б) sport. показать хорошее время
    6) make smth. соll. make port (harbour, home, land, one's destination, etc.) добираться до /достигать/ порта и т. д., he's tired out, he'll never make the summit он уже выдохся, ему ни за что не добраться до вершины; make the tram (the bus, the next flight, etc.) успевать на /поймать/ трамвай и т. д.; I had hoped to get to the meeting but I found at the last minute that I couldn't make it я надеялся попасть на собрание, но в последнюю минуту понял, что не успею
    7) make smth. make good grades получать хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score получить больше всего очков; who made the score? кто выиграл /победил/?; I doubt whether he will make much сомневаюсь, чтобы он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он мог многого добиться, вряд ли он многого добьется; those plants will not make much, the soil is too poor эти растения не пойдут /не будут хорошо расти/, здесь плохая почва; do you think a table this wide can make the doorway? вы думаете такой ширины стол пройдет в дверь?; make the team (the best-seller list, the first ten, etc.) попасть в команду и т. д.; this news made the front page это известие поместили на первой полосе [газеты] || make it добиться успеха; make one's point доказать свою течку зрения; has he made his point? понятно, что он хотел сказать?
    8) make smth. make a good salary (three pounds a week, a profit, etc.) получать хорошее жалованье и т. д.; make a living зарабатывать на жизнь; make money а) зарабатывать деньги; б) разбогатеть; make a fortune приобрести состояние; make a loss потерпеть /понести/ убыток; make smb. make friends приобрести /завеете/ друзей; make enemies нажить врагов
    9) make smth. one hundred pence make a pound сто пенсов составляют фунт; twelve inches make one foot в одном футе двенадцать дюймов; that makes 40 cents you owe me итак, ты мне должен сорок центов; this made his tenth novel это был уже его десятый роман; how many people make a quorum? сколько человек требуется /необходимо/ для кворума?; how many players make а, football team? сколько человек в футбольной команде?; will you make one of the party? не составите ли вы нам компанию?, не присоединитесь ли вы к нам?; "mouse" makes "mice" in the plural множественное число от "mouse" - "mice"
    10) make smth. make a will (a deal of transfer, a promissory note, a bill of exchange, etc.) составлять завещание и т. д.; make a list составлять список; make a report написать отчет, подготовить доклад; make a contract (a bargain, an agreement, etc.) заключать /подписывать/ контракт и т. д.
    11) semiaux make smth. make a stop остановиться, сделать остановку; make a landing сделать посадку; make a pause сделать паузу; make a move а) стронуться с места, двинуться; it's ten o'clock, it's time we made a move уже десять часов, нам пора двигаться / отправляться/; don't make a move! ни с места!, не двигаться!; б) сделать ход; make a start начать; make a good start положить хорошее начало; make an early start рано отправиться в путь; make a jump прыгнуть; make a sign сделать /подать/ знак; make a bow поклониться; make a curtsey сделать книксен; make a call а) нанести короткий визит; I have to make a few calls мне надо забежать в несколько мест: б) позвонить по телефону; let me make a call first разрешите мне сначала позвонить по телефону; make a trip совершать /предпринимать/ поездку; make a speech произнести речь, выступить с речью; make an offer proposition/ внести предложение, предложить; make a proposal сделать предложение, предложить выйти замуж; make an answer reply/ дать ответ, ответить; make a denial отклонять; опровергать, помещать опровержение; make a joke отпустить шутку; make a complaint (по)жаловаться; make a vow дать клятву, поклясться; make a choice выбирать, делать выбор; make a mistake сделать /допустить/ ошибку, ошибиться; make inquiries наводить справки; make a sacrifice приносить жертву, жертвовать; make room /place/ подвинуться, освободить место; make way освободить дорогу /путь/, отойти в сторону; make a face скорчить рожу, гримасничать
    12) aux make smb. make a lawyer (a good teacher, a bad farmer, a waiter, an excellent husband, etc.) быть хорошим юристом и т. д., he makes a good carpenter он хороший плотник: he made a very poor musician из него получился очень плохой музыкант; one good verse doesn't make a poet одно хорошее стихотворение еще не дает права называться поэтом; he and his cousin would make a handsome couple он и его кузина составляют прекрасную пару; make smth. cold tea makes an excellent drink холодный чай make прекрасный напиток; dry wood makes a good fire сухое дерево хорошо горит; that makes a good answer! вот хороший ответ!; this makes no sense в этом нет никакого смысла; это бессмысленно; these plays (their letters to each other, etc.) make pleasant reading эти пьесы и т. д. приятно читать; his adventures make all exciting story рассказ о его приключениях слушаешь с волнением
    4. IV
    1) make smth. in some manner make smth. quickly (eventually, inevitably, unhesitatingly, etc.) делать что-л. быстро и т. д.; make smth. lawfully (scientifically. delicately, persistently, etc.) делать /осуществлять/ что-л. на законных основаниях и т. д.
    2) make some distance in some time make 200 miles an hour (ten miles a day, etc.) делать двести миль в час и т. д.; we made only three miles that day в тот день мы прошли /проделали/ только три мили; some airplanes can make over 500 miles an hour скорость некоторых самолетов превышает пятьсот миль в час
    3) make smth. at some time he will never make much он никогда не добьется успеха
    4) make sonic money in some time make L 2000 a year зарабатывать /получать/ две тысячи фунтов в год; how much money do you make a week (a month, a year, etc.)? сколько [денег] вы получаете /зарабатываете/ в неделю и т. д.?
    5. V
    1) make smb. smth. make him a new toy (her a dress, the children a swing in the garden, etc.) сделать ему /для него/ новую игрушку и т. д., make her a cup of tea приготовь /подай/ ей чашку чаю
    2) make smth. smth. make it a rule взять [что-л.] за правило; he made it a rule to get up early он взял себе за правило рано вставать; make it one's business считать это своим делом; don't make cheating a practice не привыкай обманывать; he made a certificate his object он поставил себе целью получить диплом
    3) make smb. smb. make smb. one's heir (him king, a page knight, him a teacher, etc.) сделать кого-л. своим наследником и т. д., make a priest a bishop возвести священника в сан епископа; make smb. a judge (one's spokesman, one's special envoy, etc.) назначать кого-л. судьей и т. д., they made him chairman его выбрали председателем; make a colonel general присвоить /дать/ полковнику звание генерала; произвести полковника в генералы; make smb. a duke (a peer, etc.) дать /пожаловать/ кому-л. титул герцога и т. д., he intended to make his son a barrister (a soldier, a carpenter, etc.) он хотел, чтобы его сын стал адвокатом и т. д.; he made her his wife он сделал ее своей женой, он женился на ней; make smb. prisoner взять кого-л. в плен; make oneself a martyr сделать из себя мученика, пойти на муки; make this character an important person (Hamlet a figure of tragic indecision, Shylock a tragic figure, her a figure of fun, etc.) делать из этого персонажа значительную личность и т. д.
    4) make smth. smth. add one more egg and make it a round dozen прибавь еще одно яйцо, и будет /получится/ дюжина
    5) make it smth. shall we make it Tuesday? договоримся на вторник?; can you come at six? - make it half past вы можете прийти в шесть? - Лучше условимся на половину седьмого; I shall make it tomorrow я договорись на завтра
    6) make smth. smth. make the distance about 70 miles полагать /считать/, что расстояние равно примерно семидесяти милям; I make the total about L 50 по-моему, общая сумма составит фунтов пятьдесят; how large do you make the crowd? как вы думаете, сколько в этой толпе человек?; what do you make the time? сколько, по-вашему, сейчас времени?; what time do you make it? - I make it half past four сколько сейчас времени, по-вашему? - Мне кажется, что сейчас примерно половина пятого
    7) semiaux make smb. smth. make smb. an offer (one or two attractive proposals, a bid for the antique table, etc.) сделать кому-л. какое-л. предложение и т. д.; I made her a present of the vase я подарил ей эту вазу; he made me a sign он сделал /подал/ мне знак; she made him a face она скорчила ему рожу
    8) 0 make smb. smb. she will make him a good wife (a good mother, a loyal friend, etc.) она будет ему хорошей женой и т. д.; make smb. smth. this cloth will make me a good suit из этого отреза мне выйдет хороший костюм
    6. VI
    1) make smb., smth. be of some nudity his upbringing made him selfish воспитание сделало его эгоистом; her eyes made her beautiful глаза делали ее прекрасной; he was trying to make himself agreeable он старался быть приятным; we shall try to make your stay here agreeable мы постараемся [сделать так], чтобы ваш визит сюда доставил вам удовольствие; make oneself responsible взять на себя ответственность; make children immune against this disease создать /выработать/ у детей иммунитет против /к/ этой болезни; this portrait makes him too old на портрете он выглядит гораздо старше [, чем он есть на самом деле]; this opera made him immortal эта опера принесла ему бессмертие; make his novels (the song, this new theory, the actress, etc.) popular (famous) сделать его романы и т. д. популярными, создать /принести/ популярность (славу) его романам и т. д.; don't stand about doing nothing - make yourself useful не стойте без дела, помогите [нам]; you've made my nose too big вы нарисовали мне слишком большей нос; make smb., smth. be in some state make smb. happy (rich, poor, etc.) сделать кого-л. счастливым и т. д., make the prisoners free освободить заключенных; make oneself comfortable удобно устроиться; they are coming, make yourselves ready они приближаются, будьте готовы; she is seeing it for the first time, we must make her ready такое она увидит впервые, надо ее подготовить; make smb. angry рассердить кого-л.; her answers made him furious ее ответы взбесили его: make smb. sick a) вызывать у кого-л. тошноту; what made you sick? отчего вам стало плохо?; б) coll. раздражать кого-л.: your questions make me sick мне надоели ваши вопросы, меня тошнит от ваших вопросов; hot weather makes some people sleepy в жару некоторых людей клонит ко сну; it will make you ridiculous in their eyes это выставит вас в смешном свете в их глазах; make it flat сплющить что-л. || make it worth smb.'s while компенсировать кому-л. что-л.; if you help me with this job I'll make it worth your while если вы поможете мне в этом [деле], я в долгу не останусь / вы не будете внакладе/: make oneself (one's point) clear ясно излагать свои мысли (аргументы)
    2) make smb. be in some state what makes you so late? что вас так задержало?, отчего вы так опоздали?; it made her more careful после этого она стала осторожнее
    7. VII
    1) make smb., smth. do smth. make smb. stop (go, laugh, cry, sign a statement, repeat a story, fall asleep, etc.) заставить кого-л. остановиться и т. д.: they made me feel ashamed они меня смутили; make smb. understand а) заставить кого-л. понять; б) дать кому-л. понять; don't make me do it не вынуждай меня это делать / к этому/; I can make him believe anything I choose я могу убедить его в чем угодно; it makes me think you are right это убеждает меня в вашей правоте; I can't make anyone hear не могу достучаться или дозваться, дозвониться к кому-л.; make an engine start завести мотор; make the kettle boil вскипятить чайник; make water boil довести воду до кипения; I can't make the fire burn никак не могу разжечь костер или развести огонь; what makes the grass grow so quickly? отчего трава растет так быстро?; the wind made the bells ring колокольчики звенели на ветру: onions make our eyes smart от лука [у нас] щиплет глаза; his account made our hair stand on end от его рассказа у нас волосы встали дыбом || make smth. do обходиться чем-л.: there is not much money but I'll make it do денег немного, но я постараюсь, чтобы их хватило; I shall have to make this coat do for a bit longer придется еще немного походить в старом пальто id make both ends meet сводить концы с концами
    2) make smb. do smth. most of the chronicles make the king die in 1026 согласно большинству хроник король умер в тысяча двадцать шестом году; some scholars make Homer come from one city, others from another ученые спорят о месте рождения Гомера
    8. IX
    make smth., smb. done make the results (the news, his arrival, the invention, etc.) known обнародовать результаты и т. д., сообщить о результатах и т. д., make smth. felt сделать что-л. ощутимым; make oneself known а) назвать себя; б) заставить о себе говорить, заявить о себе, добиться известности; make him known to my father познакомить его с моим отцом, представить его моему отцу; make oneself understood ясно изъясняться; сан you make yourself understood in English? вас понимают, когда вы говорите по-английски?; he couldn't make himself /his voice/ heard above the noise of the traffic он не мог перекричать уличный шум, его не было слышно из-за уличного шума; we must make him respected необходимо вызвать к нему уважение /заставить людей уважать его/
    9. XI
    1) be made somewhere be made in England (in France, etc.) производиться /выпускаться/ в Англии и т. д. ; made in USSR сделано в СССР; be made in a factory производиться /делаться/ на фабрике; be made of (with, from, into) smth. be made of wood (of silk, of plastic, etc.) быть [сделанным] из дерева и т. д., this cloth is made of cotton эта ткань делается из хлопка; what is this made of? из чего это сделано?; а bow is made of stick and string лук делается из палки и бечевки; cheese is made from milk (cereal is made from grain, rubber is made from sap, etc.) сыр делают из молока и т. д., gas is made from coal газ производят из каменного угля; wool is made into cloth из шерсти делают /ткут/ ткань; grapes are made into raisins из винограда сушат изюм; the skin of the walrus is made into leather из шкуры моржа выделывают кожу; their food is always made with garlic в пищу они всегда добавляют чеснок; I like my coffee made with milk я люблю кофе [приготовленный] с молоком; be made for smb., smth. these houses are made for our workers эти дома построены для наших рабочих; this hat was made for you эту шляпку сделали [специально] для вас; this car is made for speed эти автомашины производятся специально для скоростной езды; be made with /by/ smth. this can be made with a knife это можно сделать ножом; this tool is made by a very intricate process изготовление этого инструмента сопряжено с большими сложностями; this thing is made by hand (by machinery) эту вещь делают вручную (на машине); be made by smb., smth. this was made by my friend это сделал (построил, создал и т. п.) мой друг; these experiments are made by robots эти опыты выполняют роботы; this grotto was not made by nature, it was made by man это не естественный грот, он создан человеком || be made to order (to measure) быть сделанным /сшитым/ на заказ; all his clothes are made to order он шьет все свои вещи [у портного], он делает все свои вещи на заказ id be made of different stuff быть совсем другим человеком, make быть сделанным из другого теста; let them all see what you are made of пусть все видят, что ты за человек /чего ты стоишь/; а first-class job was made of his house его дом прекрасно отремонтировали
    2) be made the decision is made решение вынесено; be made at some time unless a move is made very soon, it will be too late если в ближайшее время что-либо не сделают, будет слишком поздно; be made by smb. the first move was made by my brother первый шаг сделал мой брат; be made of smth. effective use was made of this money эти деньги были потрачены с пользой; be made for smth. these rules were made for a special purpose эти правила были составлены с особой целью; be made to do smth. the regulations were made to protect children эти правила созданы /выработаны/ для защиты детей || note should be made следует обратить внимание; а careful note should be made of what he says нужно внимательно отнестись /прислушаться/ к тому, что он говорит
    3) be made smb. he was made commander-in-chief (general manager, president of the club, a judge, etc.) его назначили главнокомандующим и т. д., he was made an officer его произвели в офицеры; he was made a knight он был посвящен в рыцари; he was made prisoner его взяли в плен; be made by smb., smth. the recommendation was made by the committee эта рекомендация была предложена комиссией; the writer was made by his first book с первой же книги его признали настоящим писателем; be made for smb. they are made for each other они созданы друг для друга
    4) be made to be of some state be made known придать гласность; the results are to be made known on application результаты сообщают, если подано соответствующее заявление; the full story was never made public все подробности этой истории так и не стали достоянием общественности; be made about smth., smb. much fuss has been made about it (about the affair, about her, etc.) вокруг этого и т. д. была поднята большая шумиха; be made to do smth. the pupil was made to write his biography (to speak up, to stay after lessons, etc.) ученика заставили написать свою биографию и т. д.; the crowd was made to disperse толпу разогнали; these two statements cannot be made to agree эти два заявления противоречат друг другу
    5) be made on (out of, by, etc.) smth. how much will be made on the business? какой доход будет получен от этого предприятия /даст это предприятие/?; а good deal of capital will be made out of this это принесет солидный капитал: I have по desire for money that has been made by dishonest means я не хочу брать деньги, заработанные нечестным путем
    6) be made of smth. nothing could be made of the scribble in his note books (of her note, of his mumbling, etc,) ничего нельзя было понять из каракулей в его тетради и т. д.
    7) be made with smb. a treaty has been made with other countries был заключен договор с другими странами
    10. XII
    have smth. made for smth. I must have a coat made for the winter мне нужно отдать сшить зимнее пальто
    11. XIII
    1) || make believe делать вид; he made believe to work hard (to throw a ball, not to know anything, etc.) он делал вид, что он усердно работает и т. д., make believe to be a scholar воображать себя ученым
    2) semiaux make to do smth. he made to go он хотел было уйти; he made to stop me он попытался было остановить меня; he made to snatch her bag он рванулся вперед, чтобы вы хватить у нее сумку
    3) · make do with (without, on) smth. I will have to make do with cold meat for dinner (with a very short holiday, with an old wireless set, etc.) мне придется довольствоваться холодным мясом вместо обеда и т. д.; I shall have to make do without a coat придется мне обойтись без пальто; I don't know how she makes do on so small an income не знаю, как она сводит концы с концами при таком небольшом заработке; I shall make do on biscuits and cheese сыра и галет мне будет достаточно
    12. XV
    1) || make good coll. добиться успеха; I never believed that he would make good я никогда не верил, что он чего-нибудь добьется; talent and education are necessary to make good in this field чтобы добиться успеха в этой области, необходимы талант и образование
    2) || make good smth. оправдывать что-л.; he made good his promise он выполнил /сдержал/ свое обещание; she made good her claims она доказала справедливость или законность своих притязаний: you will have to make good your boast тебе придется доказать, что это не пустое хвастовство; make good its title tic) be ranked as an independent science обосновать /доказать/ свое право считаться самостоятельной наукой; make good the damage (the shortage, the loss, etc.) возмещать убытки и т. д. ; any money that you cannot account for you will have to make good тебе придется возместить /вернуть/ все деньги, за которые ты не сумеешь отчитаться
    3) 0 || make sure /certain/ быть уверенным или удостовериться; have you made sure of the facts (of the timetable, of the results, etc.)? вы проверили факты и т. д.?, вы убеждены в правильности фактов и т. д.?; if you want to make sure of a seat you had better book in advance если вы хотите наверняка иметь билет, закажите его заранее / заблаговременно/; first they made sure of him сначала они [проверили его и] убедились в его надежности; I want to make sure of catching her (of getting there in time, of having a good seat, of his answering the letter, etc.) я хочу быть уверенным, что застану ее и т. д.,make sure that the letter was delivered (that the doors are locked, that there is no one here, etc.) убедиться, что письмо доставлено и т. д.; will you please make sure that they are all here? проверьте, пожалуйста, все ли она пришли; I made certain that he would do so я был уверен, что он так и поступит; make bold осмеливаться; make bold to ask a favour (to call on you, to express my opinion, etc.) осмелиться просить об одолжении и т. д.; I make bold to say that he knows nothing about it осмелюсь утверждать, что он ничего об этом не знает; make light of smth. не придавать чему-л. особого значения; she made light of her troubles (of this accident, of a situation, of other people's illness, etc.) она легко относится к своим неприятностям и т. д., она особенно не переживает из-за своих неприятностей и т. д.; make ready подготовиться; make merry веселиться; make merry over his victory радоваться /веселиться/ по случаю его победы; make free with smth. пользоваться чем-л., не стесняясь
    13. XVI
    1) make after smb. make after the fox (after the rabbit, after the escaped convict, etc.) броситься /пуститься/ преследовать лису и т. д., she made after him like a mad woman она как безумная бросилась за ним; in the morning we made after them утром мы пустились за ними вслед; make at smb. he gave a shout and made at me он издал крик и (на)бросился на меня; the dog made at the postman собака накинулась на почтальона; the angry woman made at me with her umbrella рассерженная женщина (накинулась на меня с зонтиком; make for /toward/ smb., smth. make for the crowd (for the sea, for the nearest town, toward a distant hill, for home, etc.) двигаться по направлению /направляться/ к толпе и т. д., he quickly made for /toward/ the door он бросился к двери; she made for the sound of guns она пошла туда, откуда раздавались выстрелы; the dog made for the robber собака бросилась за грабителем; make for the open sea направиться в открытое море
    2) make on smth. coll. make on this business (on shares, on oil, etc.) заработать на этом деле и т. д., he made pretty handsomely on that bargain он неплохо заработал /нажился/ на этой сделке
    3) 0 make for smth. make for better understanding between countries ( for the happiness of all, for a friendly atmosphere in the club, for peace, for stability of marriage, etc.) способствовать лучшему взаимопониманию между странами и т. д.; does early rising make for good health? полезно ли для здоровья рано вставать?; that weather makes for optimism в такую погоду и настроение хорошее; new facts made for the prisoner's acquittal новые факты ускорили вынесение /помогли вынесению/ оправдательного приговора заключенному; make against smth. experience makes against this assertion опыт опровергает это утверждение; your behaviour makes against your chance of success ваше поведение не способствует /мешает/ вашему успеху
    14. XXI1
    1) make smth. out of /from, of, with/ smth. make bottles out of glass (bricks of clay, flour from wheat, a box out of a bit of mahogany, etc.) делать бутылки из стекла и т. д., make wreaths of daisies плести венки из маргариток; make a megaphone of one's hands сложить руки рупором; the cake was spoilt as she made it with a bad egg торт был испорчен, так как она положила в тесто несвежее яйцо; what do you make with flour (with the eggs, with these things, etc.)? что вы делаете из муки и т. д.?; what will you make with all these flowers? что вы будете делать с таким количеством цветов?; what can you make out of this stuff? что ты можешь сделать / сшить/ из этого материала?; make smth. in smth. make a hole in the ground выкопать яму в земле; make a gap in the hedge проделать лаз /дыру/ в изгороди; it made a hole dent/ in my savings (in my reserves, in smb.'s finances, etc.) от этого пострадали мои сбережения и т. д., make smth. for smth. make an opening for the wires сделать входное отверстие для проводов; make a hole for a tree выкопать яму под дерево; he made a bookcase for his apartment он сам сделал в своей квартире книжный шкаф; make smth. into smth. make milk into cheese and butter (hide into leather, wood into pulp, etc.) перерабатывать молоко на масло и сыр и т. д.; make these huts into temporary houses (it into a stock company, the desert into a garden, etc.) превращать эти хижины во временное жилье и т. д., make these books into bundles связать книги в пачки; make a story into a play переделать повесть в пьесу
    2) make smth. of smb. make an example of smb. ставить кого-л. в пример; make fun of smb. подшучивать или издеваться над кем-л.; make a laughing-stock of smb. сделать кого-л. посмешищем, выставлять кого-л. в смешном виде; make a fool /an ass/ of him (of her husband, etc.) делать из него и т. д. дурака; make a fool (a beast, a pig, etc.) of oneself вести себя как дурак и т. д., make a nuisance of oneself надоедать /докучать, досаждать/ кому-л.; make an exhibition spectacle, a show/ of oneself привлекать к себе внимание; make smth. of smth. make a profession of smth. сделать что-л. своей профессией; make a business of politics заниматься политикой профессионально; make a parade / a show/ of one's talents щеголять /кичиться/ своими талантами; make a boast of smth. хвастаться / хвалиться/ чем-л.; make a secret of smth. делать из чего-л. тайну /секрет/; he was asked to help but he made a hash /a muddle, a mess/ of everything его просили помочь, а он все испортил; make hell of smb.'s life превратить чью-л. жизнь в ад; make a note of his telephone number записать номер его телефона; make notes of a lecture записать лекцию; you must make a mental note of what he is saying вы должны запомнить /взять на заметку/, что он говорят; don't make a habit of it смотри, чтобы это не превратилось в привычку; make the most of smth. максимально использовать что-л.; make the best of one's delay (of this scanty information, of his absence, etc.) наилучшим образом /наиболее эффективно/ использовать задержку и т. д.; make a good thing of it извлечь из этого пользу; make good use of this opportunity воспользоваться предоставившейся возможностью; make a good (a bad) job of smth. хорошо (плохо) справиться с чем-л.; make smth. for smb., smth. make a name for oneself стать известным; make a reputation for oneself создать себе репутацию; make allowance (s) for circumstances (for smb.'s inexperience, for her age, etc.) делать скидку на обстоятельства и т. д.; make arrangements for a meeting (for a party, for a dance, for their departure, etc.) подготовить собрание и т. д., make much for the peace of the world много сделать для сохранения мира; make smb., smth. with smb. make friends with smb. подружиться с кем-л., наладить с кем-л. дружеские отношения; а quarrel with smb. поссориться с кем-л.; make peace with smb. помириться с кем-л.; make smth. in (on, etc.) smth., smb. make a name in the world снискать мировую славу, приобрести известность во всем мире; make an impression on smb. производить на кого-л. впечатление; make war upon smb., smth. a) идти войной на кого-л., что-л.; б) вести войну с кем-л., чем-л. || make love to smb. а) ласкать кого-л., заниматься любовью с кем-л., б) ухаживать за кем-л.; говорить кому-л. ласковые слова
    3) make smb. of smb. his parents want to make a doctor (a lawyer, a soldier, an actor, etc.) of their son родители хотят, чтобы их сын стал врачом и т. д., make a man of him сделать из него человека; make a friend of her children подружиться с ее детьми; make a friend of an enemy превратить врага в друга; make smb. into smb. make them into slaves (him into a bully, her into a sophisticated hostess, etc.) превратить их в /сделать из них/ рабов и т. д.
    4) make smth. over smth. make a fuss (a row, a scandal, etc.) over smth. поднимать шум и т. д. по какому-л. поводу; make a to-do over a trifle поднимать шумиху из-за пустяка
    5) make smth. for smth. make a dash for the open window (a bolt for the door, a bee-line for the gates, etc.) броситься к открытому окну и т. д., make smth. to smth. make one's way to the station (to the river, to the house, back to the tower, etc.) пойти /направиться/ к станции и т. д., make smth. by smth. make the crossing by ferry переправиться на пароме; make smth. at smb. make a grab at him попытаться схватить его || it's time we were making tracks for home нам уже пора повернуть к дому
    6) make some distance in some time we made the whole distance in ten days мы прошли весь путь /покрыли все расстояние/ за десять дней; we've made 80 miles since noon с полудня мы проделали восемьдесят миль
    7) make smth. in some time the train will make Moscow in five hours поезд будет в Москве через пять часов
    8) make smth. at /in/ smth. make good grades at school получать [в школе] хорошие отметки, хорошо учиться; make the highest score in the match получать в этом матче больше всех очков /самый лучший результат/; make one's way in the world преуспеть, добиться успеха || coll. he'll make it through college ему удастся окончить колледж; he made six towns on this trip во время этой поездки он посетил шесть городов /побывал в шести городах/
    9) make smth. by (out of, from, in, etc.) smth. make a good deal by it хорошо на этом заработать; make much profit out of this undertaking извлекать большую выгоду из этого предприятия; he made a great fortune out of tea он составил большое состояние на торговле чаем; make a great deal of money in oil много заработать на нефти; make a living from literary work зарабатывать [на жизнь] литературным трудом; make a loss on the transaction потерпеть /понести/ убытки на этой сделке
    10) make smth. of smth., smb. read this letter and tell me what you make of it прочтите это письмо и скажите, как вы его расцениваете; what do you make of the new assistant? какое у тебя впечатление /что ты думаешь/ о новом помощнике?; make much of this article ( of her work, of this man, etc.) быть высокого мнения об этой статье и т. д., newspapers made much of his achievements газеты превозносили его успехи; she makes too much of the boy уж слишком она носится с этим мальчиком; make little of smth., smb. относиться пренебрежительно к чему-л., кому-л., не считаться с чем-л., кем-л.; he made little of his feat он принижал значение своего героического поступка
    11) make smth. of smth. I could make nothing of his words (of all this scribble, of her letter, etc.) я ничего не мог понять из его слов и т. д., его слова были мне совершенно непонятны и т. д., you will make more of it than I вы в этом лучше разберетесь [, чем я]; I can make no sense of what he says я не вижу никакого смысла в том, что он говорит; what are we to make of his behaviour? как нам следует /нам прикажете/ понимать его поведение?
    12) make smth. with smb. they made a bargain with him они заключили с ним сделку || make a settlement on smb. распорядиться имуществом в пользу кого-л.
    13) semiaux make smth. for smb. make room for smb. [подвинуться и] дать кому-л. место; can you make room for one more man? найдется место еще для одного человека?; make way for others посторониться, дать дорогу другим; make smth. at smb. he made a face at them он состроил им рожу; don't make eyes at him не строй ему глазки
    14) 0 make smth. in some time he will make a sergeant in six months через шесть месяцев он станет сержантом
    15. XXII
    1) make smth. of doing smth. make a practice of working in his garden in the morning (of helping others, of doing his exercises in front of an open window, etc.) взять за правило по утрам работать в его саду и т. д.; he makes a practice of cheating он всегда обманывает; make a point of being on time у него принцип make не опаздывать /быть пунктуальным/; she made it a point of being very patient with these children она особенно старалась быть терпеливой с этими детьми
    2) make smth. by doing smth. make one's living by giving piano lessons (by writing books for children, by selling flowers, etc.) зарабатывать на жизнь уроками игры на фортепиано и т. д.; she makes money by nursing она зарабатывает деньги, ухаживая за больными; she made her name by writing memoirs она прославилась своими мемуарами
    16. XXIV1
    || make it as smb. coll. добиться успеха, будучи кем-л.; I wanted to make it as a writer мне хотелось добиться успеха на писательском поприще
    17. XXVI
    make smth. [that]... this makes the fifth time you've failed this examination ты уже [в] пятый раз проваливаешься на этом экзамене

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > make

  • 32 Ampère, André-Marie

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 22 Jan 1775 Lyon, France
    d. 10 June 1836 Marseille, France
    [br]
    French physicist and mathematician who established laws and principles relating magnetism and electricity to each other.
    [br]
    Ampère was reputed to have mastered all the then-known mathematics by the age of 12. He became Professor of Physics and Chemistry at Bourg in 1801 and a professor of mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris in 1809. Observing a demonstration in 1820 of Oersted's discovery that a magnetic needle was deflected when placed near a current-carrying wire, Ampère was inspired to investigate the subject of electricity, of which he had no previous experience. Within a week he had prepared the first of several important communications on his discoveries to the Academy of Sciences in Paris. Included was a new hypothesis formed on the basis of his experiments on the relation between electricity and magnetism. He investigated the forces exerted on each other by current-carrying conductors and the properties of a solenoid. His mathematical theory describing these phenomena provided the foundations for the development of electro-dynamics and his classic work Théorie mathématique des phénomènes électro-dynamiques was published in 1827.
    The name "ampere" was adopted to replace the name "weber" as a unit of current after Helmholtz proposed such a change in 1881.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Bibliography
    1827, Théorie mathématique des phénomènes électro-dynamiques, Paris; repub. 1958, Paris (his chief published work).
    Further Reading
    P.Lenard, 1933, Great Men of Science, London, pp. 223–30 (provides a short account). C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1970, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 1, New York, pp.
    139–46.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Ampère, André-Marie

  • 33 Griffith, Alan Arnold

    [br]
    b. 13 June 1893 London, England
    d. 13 October 1963 Farnborough, England
    [br]
    English research engineer responsible for many original ideas, including jet-lift aircraft.
    [br]
    Griffith was very much a "boffin", for he was a quiet, thoughtful man who shunned public appearances, yet he produced many revolutionary ideas. During the First World War he worked at the Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough, where he carried out research into structural analysis. Because of his use of soap films in solving torsion problems, he was nicknamed "Soap-bubble".
    During the 1920s Griffith carried out research into gas-turbine design at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE; as the Royal Aircraft Factory had become). In 1929 he made proposals for a gas turbine driving a propeller (a turboprop), but the idea was shelved. In the 1930s he was head of the Engine Department of the RAE and developed multi-stage axial compressors, which were later used in jet engines. This work attracted the attention of E.W. (later Lord) Hives of Rolls-Royce who persuaded Griffith to join Rolls-Royce in 1939. His first major project was a "contra-flow" jet engine, which was a good idea but a practical failure. However, Griffith's axial-flow compressor experience played an important part in the success of Rolls-Royce jet engines from the Avon onwards. He also proposed the bypass principle used for the Conway.
    Griffith experimented with suction to control the boundary layer on wings, but his main interest in the 1950s centred on vertical-take-off and -landing aircraft. He developed the remarkable "flying bedstead", which consisted of a framework (the bedstead) in which two jet engines were mounted with their jets pointing downwards, thus lifting the machine vertically. It first flew in 1954 and provided much valuable data. The Short SC1 aircraft followed, with four small jets providing lift for vertical take-off and one conventional jet to provide forward propulsion. This flew successfully in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Griffith proposed an airliner with lifting engines, but the weight of the lifting engines when not in use would have been a serious handicap. He retired in 1960.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1948. FRS 1941. Royal Aeronautical Society Silver Medal 1955; Blériot Medal 1962.
    Bibliography
    Griffith produced many technical papers in his early days; for example: 1926, Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design, Farnborough.
    Further Reading
    D.Eyre, 1966, "Dr A.A.Griffith, CBE, FRS", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (a detailed obituary).
    F.W.Armstrong, 1976, "The aero engine and its progress: fifty years after Griffith", Aeronautical Journal (December).
    O.Stewart, 1966, Aviation: The Creative Ideas, London (provides brief descriptions of Griffith's many projects).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Griffith, Alan Arnold

  • 34 Kegel, Karl

    [br]
    b. 19 May 1876 Magdeburg, Germany
    d. 5 March 1959 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany
    [br]
    German professor of mining who established the mining of lignite as a discipline in the science of mining.
    [br]
    Within the long tradition of celebrated teachers at the Mining Academy in Freiberg, Kegel can be considered as probably the last professor teaching the science of mining who was able to cover all the different disciplines. As was the case with a number of his predecessors, he was able to combine theoretical research work with the teaching of students and to support his theories with the practical experience of industry. He has apprenticed at the Mansfeld copper mines, went to the School of Mines at Eisleben (1896–8), worked as an engineer with various mining companies and thereafter became a scholar of the Berlin Mining Academy (1901–4). For twelve years he taught at the Bochum School of Mining until, in 1918, he was appointed Professor of Mining at Freiberg. There, one year later, as a new approach, he introduced lectures on brown-coal mining and mineral economics. He remained Professor at Freiberg until his first retirement in 1941, although he was active again between 1945 and 1951.
    In 1924 Kegel took over a department at the State Research Institute for Brown Coal in Freiberg which he extended into the Institute for Briquetting. In this field his main achievement lies in the initially questioned theory that producing briquettes from lignite is a molecular process rather than the result of bituminous factors. This perception, among others, led Rammler to produce coke from lignite in 1951. Kegel's merits result from having established all the aspects of mining and using lignite as an independent subdiscipline of mining science, based on substantial theories and an innovative understanding of applied technologies.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1941, Bergmännische Gebirgsmechanik, Halle (Saale). 1948, Brikettierung der Braunkohle, Halle (Saale).
    1953, Lehrbuch des Braunkohlentagebaus, Halle (Saale).
    Further Reading
    E.Kroker, "Karl Kegel", Neue deutsche Biographie, Vol. XI, p. 394 (a reliable short account).
    Bergakademie Freiberg (ed.), 1976, Karl Kegel 1876–1959. Festschrift aus Anlaß seines
    100. Geburtstages, Leipzig (contains substantial biographical information).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Kegel, Karl

  • 35 Information Processing

       The term "information processing" originated in the late fifties in the computer field as a general descriptive term that seemed somewhat less contingent and parochial than "computer science," which also came into use during the same period. Thus, it was the name of choice for two of the encompassing professional organizations formed at the time: the In ternational Federation of Information Processing Societies and the American Federation of Information Processing Societies. Although the transfer of the phrase from activities of computers to parallel activities of human beings undoubtedly occurred independently in a number of heads, the term was originally identified pretty closely with computer simulation of cognitive processes... ; that is, with the kind of effort from which arose the theory in this book. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 888)
       It was because the activities of the computer itself seemed in some ways akin to cognitive processes. Computers accept information, manipulate symbols, store items in "memory" and retrieve them again, classify inputs, recognize patterns and so on.... Indeed the assumptions that underlie most contemporary work on information processing are surprisingly like those of nineteenth century introspective psychology, though without introspection itself. (Neisser, 1976, pp. 5, 7)
       The processor was assumed to be rational, and attention was directed to the logical nature of problem solving strategies. The "mature western mind" was presumed to be one that, in abstracting knowledge from the idosyncracies of particular everyday experience, employed Aristotelian laws of logic. When applied to categories, this meant that to know a category was to have an abstracted clear-cut, necessary, and sufficient criteria for category membership. If other thought processes, such as imagery, ostensive definition, reasoning by analogy to particular instances, or the use of metaphors were considered at all, they were usually relegated to lesser beings such as women, children, primitive people, or even to nonhumans. (Rosch & Lloyd, 1978, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Information Processing

  • 36 hands-on

    adjective (practical; involving active participation: hands-on experience with computers.) praktisk, direkte
    adj. \/ˌhæn(d)zˈɒn\/
    praktisk, praksis-
    the seminar contains a little theory, and plenty of hands-on experience
    seminaret inneholder litt teori, og massevis av praktisk trening

    English-Norwegian dictionary > hands-on

  • 37 Hall, Joseph

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 1789
    d. 1862
    [br]
    English ironmaker who invented the wet puddling process.
    [br]
    Hall was a practical man with no theoretical background: his active years were spent at Bloomfield Ironworks, Tipton, Staffordshire. Around 1816 he began experimenting in the production of wrought iron. At that time, blast-furnace or cast iron was converted to wrought iron by the dry puddling process invented by Henry Cort in 1784. In this process, the iron was decarburized (i.e. had its carbon removed) by heating it in a current of air in a furnace with a sand bed. Some of the iron combined with the silica in the sand to form a slag, however, so that no less than 2 tons of cast iron were needed to produce 1 ton of wrought. Hall found that if bosh cinder was charged into the furnace, a vigorous reaction occurred in which the cast iron was converted much more quickly than before, to produce better quality wrought iron, a ton of which could be formed by no more than 21 cwt (1,067 kg) of cast iron. Because of the boiling action, the process came to be known as pig boiling. Bosh cinder, essentially iron oxide, was formed in the water troughs or boshes in which workers cooled their tools used in puddling and reacted with the carbon in the cast iron. The advantages of pig boiling over dry puddling were striking enough for the process to be widely used by the late 1820s. By mid-century it was virtually the only process used for producing wrought iron, an essential material for mechanical and civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution. Hall reckoned that if he had patented his invention he would have "made a million". As luck would have it, the process that he did patent in 1838 left his finances unchanged: this was for the roasting of cinder for use as the base of the puddling furnace, providing better protection than the bosh cinder for the iron plates that formed the base.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1857, The Iron Question Considered in Connection with Theory, Practice and Experience with Special Reference to the Bessemer Process, London.
    Further Reading
    J.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, pp. 670 ff. W.K.V.Gale, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 46–50.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Hall, Joseph

  • 38 TOE

    1) Компьютерная техника: Tcp Offload Engines
    3) Американизм: Temporarily Official Employment
    5) Техника: ton of oil equivalent
    7) Математика: Theory Of Everything
    8) Железнодорожный термин: Texas, Oklahoma, and Eastern RailRoad Company
    9) Сокращение: Table Of Organization and Equipment, Table of Organisation & Equipment, Time Of Event, tables of organization and equipment, thread one end
    10) Университет: Trial Of Entrance
    12) Вычислительная техника: TCP/IP Offline Engine (TCP/IP, IC)
    13) Нефть: threaded one end, с резьбой на одном конце (threaded one end), тонна условного топлива в пересчёте на нефть (ton of oil equivalent)
    14) Фирменный знак: The Outdoor Experience
    15) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: tonnes of oil equivalent
    16) Нефть и газ: tons oil equivalent, т.н.э., тнэ, тонн в нефтяном эквиваленте, тонн нефтяного эквивалента
    17) Единицы измерений: Tonne Oil Equivalent, Tons Of Oil Equivalent

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > TOE

  • 39 toe

    1) Компьютерная техника: Tcp Offload Engines
    3) Американизм: Temporarily Official Employment
    5) Техника: ton of oil equivalent
    7) Математика: Theory Of Everything
    8) Железнодорожный термин: Texas, Oklahoma, and Eastern RailRoad Company
    9) Сокращение: Table Of Organization and Equipment, Table of Organisation & Equipment, Time Of Event, tables of organization and equipment, thread one end
    10) Университет: Trial Of Entrance
    12) Вычислительная техника: TCP/IP Offline Engine (TCP/IP, IC)
    13) Нефть: threaded one end, с резьбой на одном конце (threaded one end), тонна условного топлива в пересчёте на нефть (ton of oil equivalent)
    14) Фирменный знак: The Outdoor Experience
    15) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: tonnes of oil equivalent
    16) Нефть и газ: tons oil equivalent, т.н.э., тнэ, тонн в нефтяном эквиваленте, тонн нефтяного эквивалента
    17) Единицы измерений: Tonne Oil Equivalent, Tons Of Oil Equivalent

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > toe

  • 40 Situationism

       What I speak of is the real decision as we experience it; and here the movement away from theory and generality is the movement towards truth. All theorizing is flight. We must be ruled by the situation itself and this is unutterably particular. Indeed it is something to which we can never get close enough, however hard we may try as it were to crawl under the net. (Murdoch, 1954, pp. 80-81)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Situationism

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