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61 Landesdarlehn
Landesdarlehn, grundbuchlich gesichertes
option mortgage (Br.);
• Landeserzeugnis home (inland, native) produce (product);
• Landesfabrikate domestic manufactures;
• Landesgeschäftsstelle einer Vereinigung provincial branch of an association;
• Landesgesetzgebung internal legislation;
• Landesgrenze [national] frontier, national border;
• Landesgruppe national committee;
• Landeshauptkasse paymaster’s office;
• Landeshauptstadt [state] capital, chief town of a country;
• Landeshaushalt state budget;
• Landeshoheit sovereignty;
• Landesindustrie home industry;
• Landesinteresse national interest;
• Landesplanung regional planning (development);
• Landesplanungsamt regional economic planning board (Br.);
• Landesprodukte home (inland) commodities, inland produce, domestics, produce of the country;
• Landesprüfungsausschuss regional examining body;
• Landesrechnungshof Board of Audit (US);
• Landesrecht national law;
• Landesregierung national (state, US) government;
• Landesschlichter [etwa] National Wages Board (Br.);
• Landesschuld national debt;
• Landessicherheit gefährden to jeopardize the security of a country;
• Landessitten und Gebräuche custom of the country (Realm, Br.);
• Landessteuern state taxes;
• Landesteil quarter, region;
• in der Landesvaluta in the legal currency of a country;
• Landesverband einer Gewerkschaft central labor union (US);
• Landesversicherungsamt regional insurance office;
• Landeswährung home (legal, local, domestic, national, US) currency, current (lawful, US) money, money of account;
• gängige Landeswährung current coin of the realm (Br.);
• Landeswährungen ersetzen (Euro) to replace national currencies. -
62 grundbuchlich gesichertes
Landesdarlehn, grundbuchlich gesichertes
option mortgage (Br.);
• Landeserzeugnis home (inland, native) produce (product);
• Landesfabrikate domestic manufactures;
• Landesgeschäftsstelle einer Vereinigung provincial branch of an association;
• Landesgesetzgebung internal legislation;
• Landesgrenze [national] frontier, national border;
• Landesgruppe national committee;
• Landeshauptkasse paymaster’s office;
• Landeshauptstadt [state] capital, chief town of a country;
• Landeshaushalt state budget;
• Landeshoheit sovereignty;
• Landesindustrie home industry;
• Landesinteresse national interest;
• Landesplanung regional planning (development);
• Landesplanungsamt regional economic planning board (Br.);
• Landesprodukte home (inland) commodities, inland produce, domestics, produce of the country;
• Landesprüfungsausschuss regional examining body;
• Landesrechnungshof Board of Audit (US);
• Landesrecht national law;
• Landesregierung national (state, US) government;
• Landesschlichter [etwa] National Wages Board (Br.);
• Landesschuld national debt;
• Landessicherheit gefährden to jeopardize the security of a country;
• Landessitten und Gebräuche custom of the country (Realm, Br.);
• Landessteuern state taxes;
• Landesteil quarter, region;
• in der Landesvaluta in the legal currency of a country;
• Landesverband einer Gewerkschaft central labor union (US);
• Landesversicherungsamt regional insurance office;
• Landeswährung home (legal, local, domestic, national, US) currency, current (lawful, US) money, money of account;
• gängige Landeswährung current coin of the realm (Br.);
• Landeswährungen ersetzen (Euro) to replace national currencies.Business german-english dictionary > grundbuchlich gesichertes
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63 personale
1. adj personal2. m staff, personnelcivil aviation personale di terra ground staff or crewriduzione f del personale cuts in staff, personnel cutbacks* * *personale agg. personal; private: affare personale, private matter; documenti personali, private documents; effetti personali, personal belongings; favore personale, personal favour; interesse, libertà, lettera personale, personal interest, liberty, letter; opinione, questione personale, personal opinion, matter; biglietto, tessera strettamente personale, non-transferable ticket, card; (dir.) responsabilità personale, personal liability; (banca) conto personale, personal account; (gramm.) pronome personale, personal pronoun◆ s.m.1 staff, personnel, employees (pl.): il personale di una ditta, the staff of a firm; direttore del personale, personnel manager; ufficio del personale, personnel department; personale direttivo, executive personnel; personale impiegatizio, clerical staff; personale di vendita, sales force; personale tecnico, technical staff; personale esterno, operante fuori sede, field staff (o personnel); personale di ufficio, office staff (o personnel); personale specializzato, skilled workers; personale docente, teaching staff; personale di ruolo, permanent staff; personale alberghiero, hotel staff; personale di bordo, (di aerei, navi) crew; personale di terra, ground crew; ufficio, sportello con presenza di personale, manned office, counter3 ( sfera privata dell'individuo) privacy, personal affairs (pl.): ho cambiato argomento perché la discussione stava entrando troppo nel personale, I changed the subject because the discussion was becoming too personal (o too close to home)◆ s.f. ( mostra) one-man exhibition, one-woman exhibition.* * *[perso'nale]1. agg2. sf(mostra) one-man (o one-woman) exhibition3. sm(complesso di dipendenti) personnel, staff* * *[perso'nale] 1.1) [impegno, invito, opinione, effetti, beni, igiene] personal; [iniziativa, caratteristica] personal, individual; [interessi, segretaria] personal, private2) ling. [pronome, verbo] personal2.sostantivo femminile (mostra)3.sostantivo maschile1) (di hotel, ospedale, scuola) staff; (di azienda) staff, personnel, payrollcapo del personale — head of personnel, personnel officer
2) (figura)•personale di bordo — aer. cabin crew
personale di terra — aer. groundstaff, ground crew
* * *personale/perso'nale/1 [impegno, invito, opinione, effetti, beni, igiene] personal; [iniziativa, caratteristica] personal, individual; [interessi, segretaria] personal, private; dati -i particulars; questioni di carattere personale personal matters; non farne una questione personale! don't take it personally! per uso personale for personal use2 ling. [pronome, verbo] personalII sostantivo f.(mostra) una personale di Dalì an exhibition dedicated to DalìIII sostantivo m.1 (di hotel, ospedale, scuola) staff; (di azienda) staff, personnel, payroll; ufficio del personale personnel department; capo del personale head of personnel, personnel officer2 (figura) avere un bel personale to have a good figurepersonale di bordo aer. cabin crew; personale docente (teaching) staff; personale di servizio domestic staff; personale di terra aer. groundstaff, ground crew. -
64 service
1. n услужениеdomestic service — домашняя работа, обязанности слуги
to be in service — быть слугой, служить
2. n работаlength of service — стаж работы; срок службы
3. n рабочий стаж, срок службы4. n государственная служба5. n учреждение6. n службаrailway service, service of trains — железнодорожное сообщение
7. n обслуживание, сервис8. n сфера услуг; обслуживание населения; служба быта, сервисservice workers — работники, занятые в сфере обслуживания
9. n библиотечное обслуживание10. n военная службаactive service, service with the colours — действительная военная служба
11. n воен. вид вооружённых сил; род войскthe three services — the army, the navy, the aviation — три рода войск: сухопутные войска, военно-морской флот и военно-воздушные силы
12. n услуга, одолжение; помощь13. n заслугаdistinguished service order — орден "За боевые заслуги"
14. n сервиз15. n прибор16. n церк. богослужение, службаmemorial service — заупокойная служба, панихида
17. n юр. исполнение постановления суда; вручение; судебное извещениеservice of warrant — вручение судебного приказа, ордера
18. n с. -х. случка19. n мор. клетневание20. n тех. эксплуатация21. a военный; относящийся к вооружённым силамservice test — испытания в войсках, войсковые испытания
service troops — войска обслуживания; тыловые части и подразделения
22. a служебный23. a повседневный; прочный, ноский24. a обслуживающийservice trades — профессии, относящиеся к сфере обслуживания
25. v обслуживать26. v производить осмотр и текущий ремонт27. v заправлять28. n бот. рябина домашняяСинонимический ряд:1. action (noun) action; combat2. agency (noun) agency; bureau; commission; department3. aid (noun) aid; assistance; attendance; cooperation; help; ministration; usefulness; value4. armed forces (noun) armed forces; military5. army (noun) army; duty; stint6. benefit (noun) benefit; utility; wear7. effort (noun) effort; labor8. favor (noun) courtesy; dispensation; favor; favour; grace; indulgence; kindness9. rite (noun) ceremonial; ceremony; formality; liturgy; observance; rite; ritual; sermon; worship10. tableware (noun) china; set; setting; silver; tableware11. use (noun) account; advantage; applicability; application; appropriateness; avail; employment; fitness; relevance; serviceability; use; utilisation12. maintain (verb) maintain; preserve; repair; sustain -
65 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
66 Maughan, Benjamin Waddy
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]fl. c. 1868 London, England[br]English inventor of the first gas geyser.[br]Maughan was a decorative painter in the Clerkenwell district of London. He invented the first instantaneous domestic water-heater, which did not utilize solid fuel. He christened his device a geyser, taking the name from the Icelandic word geysir, which is the name of a specific hot spring there and means "gusher". He patented the geyser on 23 December 1868. In his design the cold water entered from the top of the apparatus, then flowed downwards by means of constricting wires to be heated by hot gases rising from the burner below. Hot water then flowed into the bath or sink. No flue was fitted to conduct tainted air and gases from the bathroom. An impressive example of Maughan's geyser is on display in the Science Museum in London. The fittings are of brass and the casing is painted in marbled green, it stands on three curved legs and displays the Royal Arms.[br]Bibliography1868, "Improvements in apparatus for the heating of water and other liquids, applicable for baths and other purposes", British patent no. 3,917 (provides a very long account of the details of the invention and its purpose).DYBiographical history of technology > Maughan, Benjamin Waddy
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67 Thimmonier, Barthélémy
[br]b. 1793 Saint-Etienne, France d. 1857[br]French inventor of the first sewing machine.[br]The sewing machine is probably the most universal and the most important machine in clothing manufacture, being used both industrially and domestically. It was also the first domestic consumer durable and was the first mass-produced machine to appear in the home. The first practical sewing machine was built during 1828 and 1829 by Barthélémy Thimmonier, a working tailor of Saint-Etienne in France. He came from a modest family and had never received any training as a mechanic, so his invention is all the more remarkable. He took out a patent in 1830 in his own name and that of Ferrand, a tutor of the Saint-Etienne School of Mines who had helped him financially. It was a chain-stitch machine made largely of wood and operated by a foot pedal with a large flywheel. The needle moved up and down through the cloth, which was placed on a platform below it. A second, hooked needle under the platform made a loop in the thread, which was caught when the first needle descended again.In 1841, Thimmonier was appointed to a senior position in a large Paris clothing factory engaged in the production of French army uniforms. He soon had eighty machines in use, but a mob of hand-sewers broke in, smashed the machines and nearly killed Thimmonier. In 1845, he had developed his machine so that it could make 200 stitches per minute and formed a partnership with Jean-Marie Magnin to build them commercially. However, the abdication of Louis Philippe on 21 February 1848 ended his hopes, even though patents were taken out in the UK and the USA in that year. The English patent was in Magnin's name, and Thimmonier died impoverished in 1857. His machine was perfected by many later inventors.[br]Bibliography1830, with Ferrand, (chain-stitch machine).Further ReadingA.Matagran, 1931, "Barthélémy Thimmonier (1793–1857), inventeur de la machine à coudre", Bull. Soc. Enc. Industr. nat. 130 (biography in French).J.Meyssin, 1914, Histoire de la machine à coudre: portrait et biographie de l'inventeur B.Thimmonier, 5th edn, Lyons (biography in French).M.Daumas, (ed.), 1968, Histoire générale des techniques, Vol. III: L'Expansion du machinisme, Paris (includes a description of Thimmonier's machine, with a picture).N.Salmon, 1863, History of the Sewing Machine from the Year 1750 (tells the history of the sewing machine).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines. A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot (a more modern account).RLH -
68 demand
[dɪˈmɑ:nd]aggregate demand совокупный спрос demand эк. спрос; a demand for labour спрос на рабочую силу; to be in great demand быть в большом спросе boosting the demand стимулирование спроса borrowing demand спрос на банковский кредит brisk demand оживленнный спрос computation demand вчт. запрос на вычисление consumer demand потребительский спрос continuous demand непрерывный спрос cross demand встречное требование declining demand снижающийся спрос delayed demand вчт. требование ожидающий обслуживания demand вызывать в суд demand законное притязание demand запрос demand заявка, иск, претензия, законное притязание demand заявка demand иск demand настоятельно просить demand нужда demand нуждаться; this problem demands attention этот вопрос требует внимания demand нуждаться demand потребность demand предъявление требования demand предъявлять официальную претензию на недвижимое имущество demand предъявлять претензию demand предъявлять требование demand претензия demand призывать demand спрашивать, задавать вопрос; he demanded my business он спросил, что мне нужно demand эк. спрос; a demand for labour спрос на рабочую силу; to be in great demand быть в большом спросе demand спрос demand требование; payable on demand подлежащий оплате по предъявлении demand требование demand требовать (of, from - с кого-л., от кого-л.); предъявлять требование demand требовать demand attr.: demand bill счет, оплачиваемый по предъявлении; вексель, срочный по предъявлении; demand deposit бессрочный вклад; demand loan заем или ссуда до востребования demand attr.: demand bill счет, оплачиваемый по предъявлении; вексель, срочный по предъявлении; demand deposit бессрочный вклад; demand loan заем или ссуда до востребования deposit: demand demand депозитный счет demand demand срочный вклад demand factor коэффициент спроса; I have many demands on my purse y меня много расходов; I have many demands on my time у меня очень много дел factor: demand demand коэффициент нагрузки demand for bonds спрос на облигации demand for capital спрос на капитал demand эк. спрос; a demand for labour спрос на рабочую силу; to be in great demand быть в большом спросе demand for money спрос на деньги demand for payment требование платежа payment: demand for demand требование оплаты demand for payment on account требование платежа по счету demand for reciprocity требование взаимности demand attr.: demand bill счет, оплачиваемый по предъявлении; вексель, срочный по предъявлении; demand deposit бессрочный вклад; demand loan заем или ссуда до востребования loan: demand demand ссуда, выдаваемая по запросу deposit repayable on demand вклад, выплачиваемый по требованию deposit repayable on demand депозит, погашаемый по требованию deposit withdrawable on demand депозит до востребования deposit withdrawable on demand срочный вклад derived demand производный спрос dispersed demand рассредоточенный спрос domestic demand внутренний спрос domestic demand спрос на внутреннем рынке elastic demand эластичный спрос excess demand избыточный спрос excess demand повышенный спрос excess demand чрезмерный спрос external demand спрос на внешнем рынке final demand конечный спрос flat demand слабый спрос foreign demand зарубежный спрос growing demand растущий спрос demand спрашивать, задавать вопрос; he demanded my business он спросил, что мне нужно home demand полит.эк. внутренний спрос housing demand потребность в жилье demand factor коэффициент спроса; I have many demands on my purse y меня много расходов; I have many demands on my time у меня очень много дел demand factor коэффициент спроса; I have many demands on my purse y меня много расходов; I have many demands on my time у меня очень много дел in demand пользующийся спросом increased demand увеличившийся спрос inelastic demand неэластичный спрос internal demand спрос внутри страны international demand международный спрос legitimate demand законное требование less demand за вычетом спроса make a demand предъявлять требование meet a demand удовлетворять спрос on demand по запросу on demand по требованию demand требование; payable on demand подлежащий оплате по предъявлении on: demand examining the box closer I found it empty внимательно осмотрев ящик, я убедился, что в нем ничего нет; payable on demand оплата по требованию payable: demand on demand оплачиваемый при предъявлении demand on demand подлежащий уплате по первому требованию sagging demand падающий спрос satisfy a demand удовлетворять потребности satisfy a demand удовлетворять спрос seasonal demand сезонный спрос selective demand селективный спрос served demand вчт. обслуженное требование service demand вчт. запрос на обслуживание slack demand вялый спрос slack demand низкий уровень спроса slack demand слабый спрос speculative demand спекулятивный спрос statutory demand установленный спрос stimulating the demand стимулирование спроса stochastic demand вчт. стохастический спрос strong demand устойчивый спрос surplus demand избыточный спрос demand нуждаться; this problem demands attention этот вопрос требует внимания -
69 loan
[ləun]accommodation loan ссуда на квартиру additional loan дополнительная ссуда additional loan дополнительный заем adjustable interest rate loan ссуда с регулируемой процентной ставкой advance loan авансовая ссуда advance loan предварительный заем agreed maturity for loan согласованный срок погашения ссуды alteration loan недв. ссуда на переделку amortization loan долгосрочная ссуда, погашаемая в рассрочку amortization loan частичная уплата в счет займа annuity loan ссуда на аннуитет arrange a loan давать распоряжение о предоставлении ссуды back-to-back loan компенсационный заем bank loan банковская ссуда bank loan банковский заем banker loan банковская ссуда be granted a loan получить ссуду bonded loan облигационный заем borrow-pledge security loan ссуда под залог ценных бумаг bridging loan краткосрочный кредит до выпуска акций bridging loan краткосрочный кредит до основного финансирования bridging loan промежуточное финансирование bridging loan ссуда на покупку нового дома до момента продажи заемщиком старого дома broker's loan брокерская ссуда building loan заем под строительство building loan кредит на строительство building loan ссуда на строительство building society loan ссуда жилищно-строительному кооперативу bullet loan заем с единовременным погашением business development loan ссуда на развитие предприятия business loan ссуда деловому предприятию business start-up loan ссуда на создание нового предприятия call loan онкольная ссуда call loan ссуда до востребования cancel a loan аннулировать заем cancel a loan отказываться от ссуды car loan ссуда на покупку автомобиля cash loan получать ссуду cash loan ссуда, выданная наличными cash loan scheme порядок получения ссуды наличными cash proceeds from bond loan выручка наличными от облигационного займа cash security loan ссуда, обеспеченная наличными деньгами change-of-ownership loan ссуда на раздел собственности chattel loan ссуда под залог движимого имущества collateral loan ломбардный кредит collateral loan ссуда под обеспечение commercial loan коммерческая ссуда commercial loan подтоварная ссуда commodity loan подтоварная ссуда company loan заем, выпущенный компанией compulsory loan принудительный заем conclude a loan agreement заключать договор о ссуде conclude a loan agreement заключать контракт о получении кредита consolidation loan объединенный заем construction loan заем на строительство construction loan строительный кредит consumer credit loan ссуда на потребительский кредит consumer loan потребительская ссуда contract a loan делать заем contractor loan кредит строительному подрядчику conversion loan конверсионный заем convertible loan конвертируемая ссуда day-to-day loan онкольная ссуда day-to-day loan ссуда, возвращаемая по требованию day-to-day loan ссуда до востребования dead loan безнадежный долг dealer loan дилерский кредит debenture loan ссуда под долговое обязательство debenture loan ссуда под долговую расписку debt rescheduling loan ссуда для реструктуризации долга development loan ссуда на проектно-конструкторскую работу development loan ссуда на разработку distressed loan ссуда, на которую наложен арест dollar loan долларовая ссуда dollar loan долларовый заем domestic government loan внутренний государственный заем domestic loan внутренний заем dormant loan неэффективно используемая ссуда earlier loan ранее выданный заем educational loan заем на учебу emergency relief loan заем в связи с чрезвычайными обстоятельствами energy conservation loan ссуда на экономию энергии environmental support loan кредит на мероприятия по охране окружающей среды equipment loan ссуда на оборудование eurobond loan ссуда под еврооблигации exchange risk covered loan кредит на покрытие убытков от валютного риска existing loan непогашенный кредит export credit loan экспортный кредит export loan экспортный кредит external group loan заем зарубежного концерна external loan внешний заем extra group loan дополнительный заем концерну farming loan ссуда сельскохозяйственным предприятиям farming loan фермерская ссуда fiduciary loan заем, не обеспеченный золотом final loan последний кредит final loan последняя ссуда financial loan финансовый кредит fixed loan долгосрочная ссуда fixed loan долгосрочный заем fixed-rate loan банк. ссуда с фиксированной процентной ставкой float a loan выпускать заем float a loan предоставлять кредит floating rate loan облигация с плавающей ставкой fluctuating rate loan ссуда с изменяющейся процентной ставкой forced loan вынужденный заем foreign currency loan заем в иностранной валюте foreign exchange loan заем в иностранной валюте foreign loan иностранный заем forgiveable loan невзыскиваемая ссуда forgiveable loan невзыскиваемый кредит forward-covered loan вал.-фин. ссуда с форвардным покрытием gift loan беспроцентная ссуда global loan глобальный заем government guaranteed loan ссуда с правительственной гарантией loan заем; government loan государственный заем government loan государственный заем government loan правительственная ссуда government loan правительственный заем grant a loan предоставлять заем grant a loan предоставлять ссуду home loan внутренний заем housing loan заем на жилищное строительство housing loan ссуда на покупку дома import loan ссуда на импорт товаров improvement loan ссуда на мелиорацию земель index-linked loan индексированный заем index-tied loan индексированный заем indexed loan индексированный заем industrial loan деловой заем industrial loan кредит промышленному предприятию industrial loan промышленный заем industrial loan ссуда, предоставляемая промышленному предприятию instalment loan заем на оплату в рассрочку instalment loan ссуда с погашением в рассрочку intercompany loan межфирменный кредит interest adjustment loan ссуда с регулирируемой ставкой процента interest-bearing loan процентная ссуда interest-free loan беспроцентная ссуда intermediate loan среднесрочная ссуда intragroup loan внутрифирменный заем issue a loan выдавать ссуду issue a loan выпускать заем kiwi loan банк. заем в новозеландских долларах linear repayment loan ссуда с последовательным погашением loan (преим. амер.) давать взаймы, ссужать loan давать взаймы loan заем loan заимствование (о слове, мифе, обычае) loan заем; government loan государственный заем loan кредит loan ссуда loan ссуда; (что-л.) данное для временного пользования (напр., книга) loan ссужать loan at interest ссуда под проценты loan for consumption purposes потребительская ссуда loan for extension ссуда на пристройку к дому loan for new building ссуда на новое здание loan for tenant's contribution ссуда для взносов арендатора loan of money денежный заем loan on goods ссуда под залог товаров loan on policy ссуда под страховой полис loan on special terms ссуда на особых условиях loan to cover arrears ссуда для уплаты просроченных ссуд по счетам loan to developing country заем развивающимся странам local authority loan заем, выпущенный местным органом власти long-term loan долгосрочная ссуда long-term loan долгосрочный заем long-term loan долгосрочный кредит lottery loan выигрышный заем low-interest loan ссуда с низкой процентной ставкой mandatory loan принудительный заем medium-term loan среднесрочная ссуда modernization loan ссуда на модернизацию money loan денежная ссуда money loan договор денежного займа mortgage credit loan ссуда под ипотечный кредит mortgage loan заем под залог недвижимости mortgage loan ипотечная ссуда mortgage loan ипотечный кредит mortgage loan ссуда под закладную mortgage loan ссуда под недвижимость municipal loan муниципальная ссуда municipal loan муниципальный заем negotiate a loan получать заем negotiate: loan вести переговоры, договариваться (with); обсуждать условия; to negotiate a loan (terms of peace) договариваться об условиях займа (мира) new financial loan новый финансовый заем new loan новый заем nominal loan номинальная ссуда nonbusiness loan ссуда, выданная не для экономической деятельности obtain a loan получать ссуду on loan взаймы on loan предоставленный для выставки (об экспонате) ordinary loan заем, предоставленный за счет обычных ресурсов outstanding loan непогашенная ссуда parallel loan параллельная ссуда payroll account loan кредит на счет заработной платы pension fund loan ссуда пенсионному фонду perpetual loan бессрочный заем personal bank loan личная банковская ссуда personal loan личный заем personal loan ссуда частному лицу personnel loan ссуда частному лицу policy loan ссуда под страховой полис premium bond loan выпуск премиальных облигаций premium loan выигрышный заем product loan ссуда под продукцию provide a loan предоставлять заем public loan государственный заем quick loan быстрый заем raise a loan получать заем raise a loan получать ссуду rebuilding loan ссуда на реконструкцию reconstruction loan ссуда на реконструкцию redeem a loan погашать долг refinancing loan рефинансированная ссуда refinancing loan рефинансированный заем remaining loan непогашенный остаток ссуды renew a loan продлевать срок выплаты ссуды reorganization loan ссуда на реорганизацию reorganize loan structure пересматривать структуру займа repay a loan погашать заем repay a loan погашать ссуду replacement loan ссуда на модернизацию repo loan заем в соответствии с соглашением о продаже и обратной покупке seasonal loan сезонная ссуда seasonal loan сезонный кредит secured loan обеспеченная ссуда secured loan ссуда, гарантированная залогом активов securities loan ссуда ценных бумаг self-liquidating loan краткосрочная подтоварная ссуда service a loan погашать ссуду shareholder loan ссуда, обеспеченная акциями shipbuilding loan ссуда на постройку судна shipping loan морской заем short loan краткосрочная ссуда short loan краткосрочный заем short-term loan краткосрочная ссуда short-term loan краткосрочный заем short-term loan краткосрочный кредит soft loan льготный заем soft loan льготный кредит special loan специальный заем special-term loan ссуда на особых условиях staff loan ссуда для персонала state loan государственный заем straight loan ссуда, не покрытая обеспечением student loan студенческая ссуда study loan заем на обучение subordinated loan субординационный заем subscribe a loan подписываться на заем subsidiary loan вспомогательная ссуда supplementary loan дополнительная ссуда syndicated loan банковская ссуда, предоставленная членам консорциума syndicated loan консорциальный кредит syndicated loan синдицированный кредит term loan срочный кредит terminate a loan аннулировать заем underwrite a loan гарантировать размещение кредита unrecorded commercial loan неучтенная коммерческая ссуда unrecorded commercial loan неучтенная подтоварная ссуда unsecured loan необеспеченный заем variable interest loan ссуда с плавающей процентной ставкой written-off loan списанная ссуда zero coupon loan заем с нулевым купоном -
70 sales
сущ., фин. объем продаж, объем сбыта, товарооборот Продажа account ~ (A/S) отчет о продаже товара account ~ продажи в счет причитающейся суммы asset ~ продажа активов business-to-business ~ валовой оборот фирмы business-to-business ~ объем продаж торгово-промышленных предприятий commercial ~ объем продаж коммерческого сектора commission ~ комиссионная распродажа consolidated ~ общий объем продаж consumer ~ продажа потребительских товаров domestic ~ продажа на внутреннем рынке door-to-door ~ продажа со сквозной доставкой товара export ~ экспортная продажа gross ~ валовой объем продажи import ~ объем продаж на импорт increase ~ увеличивать объем сбыта increased ~ возросший объем продаж international ~ международная торговля intervention ~ интервенционный объем продаж invoiced ~ фактурная продажа net forward ~ чистый объем продаж на срок net ~ чистая сумма продаж net ~ чистый объем сбыта noncommercial ~ объем продаж некоммерческой продукции promote ~ создавать благоприятные условия для продажи promote ~ стимулировать сбыт sales купля-продажа ~ объем продаж ~ объем сбыта ~ продажа по сниженным ценам ~ распродажа ~ товарооборот seasonal ~ сезонный объем продаж summer ~ летняя продажа telephone ~ продажа по телефону total ~ общий объем продаж winter ~ зимняя распродажа -
71 Ware
Ware f 1. GEN article, commodity, product (unterliegt der Verbrauchssteuer); good, ware; 2. WIWI article, commodity, product; 3. V&M merchandise • die Ware wurde noch nicht zugestellt GEN the goods remain undelivered* * *f 1. < Geschäft> unterliegt der Verbrauchssteuer article, commodity, product; 2. <Vw> article, commodity, product; 3. <V&M> merchandise ■ die Ware wurde noch nicht zugestellt < Geschäft> the goods remain undelivered* * *Ware
(Erzeugnis) product, (Handelsware) merchandise, (Kurszettel) offers, sellers, (Sammelbegriff) goods, articles, commodity, [sale] wares, stuff, (einzelnes Stück) article, parcel [of goods];
• Waren stock, products, (Warenart) line;
• nicht abgeholte Waren uncollected goods;
• abgepackte Waren [pre]packaged goods;
• abrufbereite Waren goods actually ready for immediate delivery;
• absatzfähige Waren marketable commodities;
• leicht absetzbare Waren fast-moving goods;
• schwer absetzbare (abzusetzende) Waren hard-to-move (slow-moving) products;
• sicher abzusetzende Waren articles certain to sell;
• angebotene Waren goods for sale;
• vom Zoll angehaltene Waren goods stopped at the customhouse;
• anmeldepflichtige Waren (Zoll) goods to declare;
• annehmbare Waren goods in fair condition;
• in beiliegender Rechnung aufgeführte Waren goods specified in the annexed invoice;
• auserlesene Waren choice goods (articles), picked goods;
• ausgeführte Waren exported goods;
• wieder ausgeführte Waren reexports;
• fälschlich als Markenprodukte ausgegebene Waren misbranded products;
• offen ausgelegte Waren open display;
• ausgestellte Waren merchandise displayed;
• im Schaufenster ausgestellte Waren articles shown in the window;
• zum Verkauf ausgestellte Waren goods exhibited for sale;
• ausgesuchte Waren choice goods (articles, quality);
• ausgezeichnete Waren price-labelled (marked) goods;
• nicht ausklarierte Ware uncleared goods;
• aussortierte Ware job goods;
• avisierte Waren advised goods;
• beanstandete Ware rejects;
• nicht auf Lager befindliche Waren items not stocked;
• unterwegs befindliche Waren goods afloat, afloat goods, merchandise in transit;
• auf dem Luftwege beförderte Waren merchandise consigned by air;
• in der Herstellung begriffene Waren goods in process;
• täglich benötigte Waren necessary articles;
• nach Maß berechnete Waren measurement goods;
• beschädigte Waren damaged (defective) goods;
• vom langen Liegen im Laden beschädigte Waren shop-worn (shop-soiled) merchandise;
• auf dem Transport beschädigte Waren goods damaged in transit;
• beschlagnahmte Waren confiscated (seized) goods;
• vom Zoll beschlagnahmte Waren goods held up at customs;
• bestellte Waren goods ordered;
• zur Ausfuhr bestimmte Waren goods intended for export;
• für den Inlandsverbrauch bestimmte Ware goods intended for home consumption;
• beim Kaufabschluss bestimmte Waren specific goods;
• bewirtschaftete Waren quota (rationed) goods, rationed (scarce) commodity;
• nicht bewirtschaftete Waren non-rationed goods, commodities not under control;
• nicht mehr bewirtschaftete Waren derationed goods;
• falsch bezeichnete Waren falsely marked merchandise;
• bezogene Waren purchased merchandise;
• bezugsbeschränkte Waren rationed (quota) goods;
• billige Waren low-priced goods;
• preislich billigere Waren lower-priced goods;
• braune Ware brown goods;
• [nicht] deklarierte Waren [un]declared goods;
• verkehrswidrig als Gepäck deklarierte Waren contraband baggage;
• devisenschwache Waren soft goods;
• devisenstarke Waren hard goods;
• disponible Waren disposable goods, stock on hand;
• drittklassige Waren thirds;
• durchgehende Waren transit goods;
• effektive Waren actual goods ready for immediate delivery;
• eingebürgerte Waren well-introduced articles;
• eingeführte Waren imported goods;
• gut eingeführte Waren popular make, well-kown merchandise (commodities), established products;
• unverzollt eingeführte Waren uncustomed merchandise;
• eingehende Waren incoming goods, receipts, arrivals;
• eingelagerte Waren stockpiled commodities, stored (warehouse) goods, goods (merchandise) in storage, goods in warehouse;
• eingeschmuggelte Waren smuggled goods;
• einheimische Waren home-made (inland) commodities, domestic goods;
• nicht einwandfreie Waren faulty goods;
• erstklassige Waren good-class (superior) articles, first-rate goods;
• noch zu erzeugende Waren future goods;
• etikettierte Waren labelled (branded) goods;
• exportierte Waren exported goods;
• fakturierte Waren invoiced goods;
• nicht unter Tarif fallende Waren exempt commodities;
• fehlende Waren missing goods, short interest;
• fehlerfreie Waren goods free from fault, goods in sound condition, faultless goods;
• fehlerhafte Waren defective goods;
• feinere Waren better description;
• halb fertige Waren semi-finished goods;
• feuergefährliche Waren inflammable cargo;
• flüssige Waren wet goods;
• freigegebene Waren goods taken out of pledge, derationed goods;
• gangbarste Waren leading articles;
• gängige Waren current articles, salable (marketable) goods;
• übrig gebliebene Waren remnants;
• gebrauchte Waren secondhand goods;
• gediegene Waren sterling goods;
• für den Export geeignete Waren export-quality goods;
• Gefahr bringende (gefährliche) Waren hazardous goods, dangerous articles;
• von Natur aus gefährliche Waren goods dangerous in themselves;
• nach Kundenwünschen gefertigte Waren custom-made goods;
• maschinell gefertigte Waren machine-made products;
• stark gefragte Waren quick-selling lines;
• in Auftrag gegebene Waren merchandise on order, ordered goods;
• in Zahlung gegebene Waren trade-in goods;
• im Preis gehaltene Waren price-maintained commodities;
• gekaufte Waren store goods (US);
• auf Kredit gekaufte Waren goods bought on credit;
• erst nach Preisvergleich gekaufte Waren shopping goods (US);
• spontan gekaufte Waren impulse goods (US);
• gekennzeichnete Waren marked goods;
• gelagerte Waren stored goods;
• vermischt gelagerte Waren commingled goods;
• gelieferte Waren goods sold and delivered;
• noch nicht gelieferte Waren undelivered goods;
• beim Zoll nicht gemeldete Waren undeclared goods;
• gemischte Waren mixed goods;
• genormte Waren standardized commodities;
• gepackte Waren package goods;
• gepfändete Waren distrained (seized) goods;
• aus Brandschäden (Seeschäden) gerettete Waren salvage stock;
• geringwertige Waren inferior(low-quality) goods;
• geschmuggelte Waren smuggled goods;
• nicht geschmuggelte Waren innocent goods;
• durch Einfuhrzölle geschützte Waren protected articles;
• fertig gestellte Waren finished (fully manufactured) goods;
• dem Kunden in Rechnung gestellte Waren goods billed to customer;
• zur Schau gestellte Waren merchandise displayed;
• gesuchte Waren articles in demand;
• gleichwertige Waren goods of the same standard;
• grobe Ware roughage;
• begrenzt haltbare Waren goods with limited shelf life;
• handgefertigte Waren handmade products;
• havarierte Waren goods damaged by sea water;
• heiße Waren hot goods;
• im Preis herabgesetzte Waren reduced (marked-down) merchandise, markdowns;
• über den Eigenbedarf hinaus hergestellte Ware surplus commodities;
• fabrikmäßig hergestellte Waren manufactured commodities;
• im Gefängnis (von Strafgefangenen) hergestellte Waren prison- (convict-) made goods;
• maschinell hergestellte Waren machine-made goods;
• von Nichtgewerkschaftlern hergestellte Waren tainted goods (Br.);
• serienmäßig hergestellte Waren mass- (volume-) produced goods;
• hochwertige (hoch qualifizierte) Waren high-quality (-grade) goods;
• importierte Waren imported goods;
• inflationsempfindliche Waren inflation-prone goods;
• inländische Waren home-made goods;
• katalogisierte Waren catalog(u)ed goods;
• käufliche Waren goods for sale;
• konkurrenzfähige Waren competitive products;
• konsignierte Waren consignment goods;
• kontingentierte Waren quota (rationed) goods;
• nicht kontingentierte Waren non-quota goods;
• [nicht] kriegswichtige Waren [non-]strategic goods;
• lagerfähige Waren storable goods;
• lebenswichtige Waren goods of vital necessity, essential goods;
• lieferbare Waren goods on hand (fit for acceptance);
• sofort lieferbare Waren spots, spot goods, (Börse) prompts (Br.);
• unter Zollverschluss liegende Waren goods in bond;
• lose Waren unpacked (bulk) goods;
• mangelhafte Waren faulty (defective) goods;
• markenpflichtige Waren coupon (rationed) goods;
• marktgängige Waren marketable products;
• nicht marktkonforme Waren down-market goods;
• minderwertige Waren goods of inferior workmanship, low-class (low-quality, poor-quality) goods, inferior products (goods), trumpery wares, wastrel, trash;
• modische Waren novelties, up-to-date merchandise;
• nachgemachte Waren imitation goods;
• Not leidende Waren distress merchandise;
• patentierte Waren patented articles (products), proprietary articles;
• preisgebundene Waren price-controlled (price-bound) merchandise, price-fixed (price-controlled, price-maintained) goods, fixed-price lines;
• preisgeschützte (preisstabile) Waren price-maintained goods (commodities);
• preiswerte Waren cheap line, good value;
• qualitätsgeminderte Waren substandard goods;
• rationierte Waren allocated (quota, rationed, coupon) goods;
• leicht realisierbare Waren readily marketable staples;
• reduzierte Waren as-is merchandise;
• reelle Waren good articles;
• retournierte (rückgesandte) Waren returned goods;
• rollende Waren rolling freight;
• saisonbedingte Waren commodities with a strong seasonal pattern;
• schlechte Waren faulty articles, inferior products (goods);
• schwimmende Waren floating goods, goods afloat;
• sicherungsübereignete Waren pledged goods (merchandise);
• sortierte Waren graded commodity;
• sperrige Waren bulky goods;
• nicht sperrige Waren goods of small bulk;
• spottbillige Waren sacrificed goods, dead bargain;
• im Eigentum des Verkäufers stehende Waren existing goods;
• zum Verkauf stehende Waren goods for sale;
• steuerpflichtige Waren taxable class of goods (commodity);
• tarierte Waren tared goods;
• tiefgekühlte Waren frozen goods;
• trockene Waren dry goods;
• übereignete Waren assigned goods;
• unter Eigentumsvorbehalt überlassene Waren merchandise on memorandum (US), memorandum goods (US), goods on commission;
• übersandte Waren forwarded (shipped, US) goods;
• schnell umschlagbare (umschlagende) Waren fast-moving (-selling) goods (items);
• unbeanstandete Ware not rejected goods;
• unbestellte Waren goods not ordered;
• unbezahlte Waren unpaid goods, goods left on our hands;
• unfertige Waren rough goods;
• unsortierte Waren non-graded products;
• unterdurchschnittliche Waren substandard goods;
• großen Kaufpreisschwankungen unterliegende Ware boom-and-bust commodity;
• der Preisüberwachung unterliegende Waren price-controlled articles;
• unterversicherte Waren underinsured goods;
• unverderbliche Waren non-perishable merchandise, non-perishables;
• unverkäufliche Waren dead commodities (stock), dud stock, drug in the market, unsalable articles;
• unvermischte Waren honest goods;
• unverpackte Waren unpacked (bulk, loose) goods;
• unversicherte Waren uninsured goods;
• unverzollte Waren uncustomed (unentered) goods;
• noch unverzollte Waren unentered goods;
• verarbeitete Waren processed goods;
• nicht verarbeitete Waren unprocessed (unfinished) commodity (goods);
• verderbliche Waren goods subject to deterioration;
• leicht verderbliche Waren goods which perish, perishable goods (commodities), perishables;
• verdorbene Waren spoilt (perished) goods;
• verfügbare Waren available (disposable) goods;
• in Kommission vergebene Waren goods on commission, memorandum goods (US);
• schnell vergriffene Waren goods selling like wildfire (hot cakes, Br., hot dogs, US);
• verkäufliche Waren marketable commodities;
• langsam verkäufliche Waren slow-moving merchandise, sleeper (US);
• leicht verkäufliche Waren fast-moving (-selling) goods, readily marketable staples;
• schwer verkäufliche Waren unsalable goods, articles hard to get rid of;
• verkaufsfähige Waren marketable products;
• vom Hersteller verkaufte Waren first-hand goods;
• nach dem Stück verkaufte Waren piece goods;
• nicht verladene Waren short interest;
• vermischte Waren mixed lot;
• verpackte Waren package[d] goods;
• in Kisten verpackte Ware cased goods;
• verpfändete Waren goods lying in pledge, pledged (mortgaged) goods;
• verplombte Waren leaded goods;
• versandfertige Waren goods ready for delivery;
• versandte Waren forwarded goods;
• in Behältern versandte Waren container-shipped goods;
• auf Rechnung versandte Waren goods shipped on account (US);
• verschiffte Waren goods shipped;
• mit Gewerkschaftsetikett versehene Waren union label goods (US);
• versicherte Waren insured goods;
• versteigerte Waren auctioned goods;
• vertretbare Waren fungible things, representative commodities;
• in beiliegender Rechnung verzeichnete Waren goods specified in the invoice attached;
• verzollte Waren cleared goods, goods out of bond;
• hoch verzollte Waren high-duty goods;
• nicht verzollte Waren uncleared goods;
• noch nicht verzollte Waren unentered goods;
• niedrig verzollte Waren low-rate articles, low-duty goods;
• virtuelle Waren virtual goods;
• vorrätige Waren goods on hand, available goods;
• ständig vorrätige Waren open stock;
• vorzügliche Waren choice commodities, articles of first (superior) quality;
• weiße Ware white goods;
• vom langen Liegen (durch Lagerung) im Laden wertgeminderte Waren shopworn merchandise;
• wertlose Waren trash, poor truck (US);
• zerbrechliche Waren fragile goods;
• zollfreie Waren duty-free articles (goods), free (uncustomed) goods;
• zollhängige Waren goods in the process of clearing, uncleared goods;
• zollpflichtige Waren dutiable (bonded) goods;
• unverlangt zugesandte Waren unsolicited goods;
• zugkräftige Waren articles of quick sale, popular articles;
• zurückgehende Waren returnable goods;
• zurückgelegte Waren lay-away (US);
• zurückgenommene Waren returns inward;
• zurückgesandte Waren returned goods, returns outward;
• zurückgesetzte Waren old stock, damaged goods, as-is merchandise;
• zurückgewiesene Waren rejected goods;
• zweitrangige Ware inferior goods;
• Waren zur Ansicht merchandise sent on approval (for inspection, show);
• Waren mittlerer Art und Güte merchandise quality, medium-quality goods, seconds;
• Waren des täglichen Bedarfs convenience goods (US);
• Waren von kriegswichtiger Bedeutung strategic goods;
• Waren mit hoher Gewinnspanne higher-margin merchandise;
• Waren ausländischer Herkunft goods of foreign origin;
• Waren auf Kredit merchandise on account;
• Waren auf Lager warehouse goods;
• Waren aus den Ländern des British Commonwealth Empire products;
• Waren der Lebensmittelindustrie prepared foodstuffs;
• Waren mit gleich bleibenden Preisen price-maintained articles;
• Waren in hoher Preislage high-cost merchandise;
• Waren mittlerer Preislage medium-priced goods;
• Waren niedriger Preislage low-priced goods;
• Waren bester Qualität high-class goods;
• Waren minderwertiger Qualität thirds;
• Waren mittlerer Qualität und Güte merchantable quality, medium-quality goods;
• Waren von schlechter Qualität poor-quality goods;
• Waren zweiter Qualität seconds;
• Waren mit geringer Umsatzgeschwindigkeit (Umschlaghäufigkeit) slow-moving goods (stock), sleeper (US);
• Waren mit hoher Umschlaggeschwindigkeit fast-moving (-selling) goods;
• Waren mit höherer Verdienstspanne higher-margin lines;
• Waren mit hohen Verkaufspreisen high-priced commodity;
• Waren aus der Vorkriegszeit prewar goods;
• Waren unter Zollverschluss bonded goods;
• Waren im Durchgangsverkehr abfertigen to convey goods in transit;
• Waren auf einer Liste abhaken to keep tally of goods;
• Waren abnehmen to take delivery of (accept, collect the) goods;
• Waren in großen Posten abnehmen to take up goods to a large amount;
• Waren abrufen to recall goods;
• Waren abschätzen to make a valuation of goods, to value goods;
• Waren absetzen to dispose (get off, place) goods, to push one’s wares;
• Waren flott (leicht) absetzen to sell goods easily;
• Waren abstoßen to sell off goods;
• Waren im Durchgangsverkehr abwickeln to convey goods in transit;
• Waren mit einem 10%igen Abschlag vom Normalpreis (unter Preis) anbieten to offer goods at 10 per cent off the regular price;
• Waren auf dem Markt anbieten to put an article on the market;
• seine Waren anpreisen to puff one’s wares (Br.);
• Waren aufdrängen to push goods;
• jem. minderwertige Waren aufdrängen to impose inferior goods upon s. o.;
• Waren aufkaufen to corner the market;
• Waren glatt aufnehmen (Börse) to absorb all offerings;
• jem. Waren aufschwindeln to palm off goods on s. o.;
• Waren in Partien aufteilen to parcel out goods;
• Waren zum Verkauf ausbreiten to spread (sort) out goods for sale;
• Waren ausklarieren to clear goods out of bond;
• Waren auslegen to flourish goods;
• Ware im Schaufenster auslegen to display goods in the shopwindow;
• Waren ausliefern to have goods delivered;
• Waren im Fenster ausstellen to display goods in the window;
• Waren auszeichnen to price (tally) goods, to ticket goods with prices;
• Waren billiger auszeichnen to mark down goods;
• Waren frei Achse befördern to cart goods;
• gute Waren für sein Geld bekommen to get good value for one’s money;
• verlorene Waren wertmäßig ersetzt bekommen to recover the value for lost merchandise;
• Waren für den Käufer bereitstellen to place goods at the buyer’s disposal;
• Waren bestellen to order goods;
• Waren über einen Vertreter bestellen to order goods through a representative;
• Waren bewerten to value goods;
• Waren beziehen to receive (obtain, procure, purchase) goods;
• seine Waren außerhalb beziehen to get commodities (supply o. s. with articles) from abroad;
• mit (auf) seinen Waren sitzen bleiben to be left with goods, to hold the bag (US);
• Waren an Bord bringen to deliver the goods on board;
• jem. Waren ins Haus bringen to deliver goods to s. one’s address;
• seine schlechten Waren unter die Leute bringen to foist one’s wares upon the public;
• Waren auf den Markt bringen to launch a new product, to introduce goods into (put goods on) the market;
• Waren im Ausland billig auf den Markt bringen to dump goods on foreign markets;
• seine Waren [beim Zoll] deklarieren to make a declaration, to make an entry of (enter) goods;
• Waren deponieren to warehouse goods;
• sich mit Waren eindecken to supply o. s. with goods;
• über den Bedarf mit Waren eindecken to overstock a shop;
• Waren einführen to bring in goods;
• Waren in ein Land einführen to introduce goods into a country;
• Waren zum freien Verkehr einführen to enter goods for consumption;
• Waren einlagern to lay in goods;
• zu viel Waren einlagern to overstock a shop;
• Waren nach Güteklassen einstufen to grade goods;
• seine Waren empfehlen to recommend one’s wares;
• Einfuhrzoll auf Waren erheben to levy a duty on goods;
• Waren auf einer Auktion erwerben to buy goods at the sales;
• Waren etikettieren to docket (label) goods;
• Waren feilbieten to expose goods for sale;
• billige Waren feilbieten to show a cheap line of goods;
• gegen Zahlung Waren freigeben to release goods against payment;
• Waren führen to have goods in stock, to have (keep) an article in stock, to deal in (stock) an article;
• alle Arten von Waren führen to stock varied goods;
• ausländische Waren führen to handle foreign goods;
• Verhandlungen über einzeln ausgewählte Waren führen to carry on negotiations on a selective product-by-product basis;
• Ware nicht mehr führen to be out (short) of an article;
• Waren in Kommission geben to deliver goods on sale or return;
• mit einer Ware in Rückstand geraten to run out of stock;
• Waren auf Lager Waren haben (halten) to carry goods in stock, to stock an article;
• Waren im Augenblick nicht auf Lager (vorrätig) haben not to stock an article, to be short of an article;
• mit einer Ware handeln to deal in an article;
• Preis einer Ware auf... herabsetzen to bring down the price of an article to...;
• Waren für den Verkauf herausstellen to get up articles for sale;
• Waren verschiedenster Beschaffenheit herstellen to manufacture goods in various qualities;
• Waren massenhaft herstellen to turn out large quantities of goods;
• Waren horten to hoard goods;
• Waren auf einer Auktion kaufen to buy goods at the sales;
• unbegrenzt verbrauchssteuerpflichtige Waren für den persönlichen Bedarf kaufen to buy an unlimited quantity of excise-paid products for personal use;
• Waren auf Termin kaufen to buy on terms;
• Waren kennzeichnen to identify goods by marks;
• Waren konditionieren to condition goods;
• Waren lagern to store (lay in) goods;
• Waren unter Zollverschluss lagern to have goods bonded;
• Waren verabfolgen lassen to have goods delivered;
• Waren liefern to supply with (deliver) goods;
• Waren auf Kredit liefern to supply goods on credit, to grant credit terms;
• Waren an einen Kunden liefern to serve a customer with goods;
• Waren lombardieren to lend money on goods, to hypothecate goods;
• Waren wieder in Besitz nehmen to repossess goods;
• Waren an Bord nehmen to take goods on board;
• Waren in Kommission nehmen to take goods on a consignment basis;
• Waren auf Kredit nehmen to take goods on credit;
• Waren auf Lager nehmen to put goods in stock, to lay in goods;
• Waren am Kai niederlegen to place goods on the dock;
• Waren billiger notieren to mark down the prices of goods;
• Waren pfänden to distrain upon (seize) goods;
• Waren prüfen to examine the goods;
• Waren retournieren to return articles;
• Waren per Express schicken to send goods by fast train;
• Waren per Nachnahme schicken to send goods cash (collect, US) on delivery;
• sich Waren sichern to assure o. s. with goods;
• Waren sortieren to grade goods;
• Waren in Rechnung stellen to bill goods;
• Waren zu niedrig in Rechnung stellen to underbill goods (US);
• Waren auf einem Stand zur Schau stellen to set out goods on a stall;
• Waren taxieren to value (make a valuation of) goods;
• Waren übereignen to assign goods;
• jem. Waren vertragsmäßig übergeben to bail goods to s. o.;
• Laden mit Waren übersättigen to overstock a shop;
• Waren auf Spekulation übersenden to venture goods;
• Waren unterbewerten to set too low a valuation on goods;
• Waren einer genauen Untersuchung unterziehen (unterwerfen) to submit goods to a careful examination;
• Waren auf dem Markt eines anderen Landes verbringen to introduce goods into the commerce of another country;
• Waren verkaufen to clear goods;
• als zweitklassige Waren verkaufen to sell goods under a secondary label;
• Waren in Ballen verkaufen to sell in bales;
• Waren nach dem Dutzend verkaufen to sell articles by the dozen (sets of a dozen);
• Waren unberechtigt als Markenartikel verkaufen to pass off goods as those of another make (US);
• Waren verpacken to wrap up goods;
• seine Waren in Ballen verpacken to pack up one’s wares, to make up one’s goods in bales;
• Waren für den Verkauf verpacken to box articles for sale;
• seinen Waren einen ausgezeichneten Ruf verschaffen to build up a good reputation for one’s goods;
• Waren versenden to forward goods;
• Waren mit der Eisenbahn versenden to send goods by rail;
• Waren zu einem bestimmten Frachtsatz versenden to rate goods (US);
• Waren ins Landesinnere versenden to intern goods;
• Waren auf dem Seeweg versenden to ship goods by sea;
• seine Waren unter falschem Warenzeichen vertreiben to pass off one’s goods as those of another make (US);
• Annahme von Waren verweigern to refuse goods;
• Waren verwerten to realize goods;
• Waren verzollen to clear goods at the customhouse;
• Waren an eine neue Adresse weiterbefördern to reconsign goods;
• Waren über Bord werfen to jettison goods;
• Waren auf den Markt werfen to throw goods on the market, (im Ausland) to dump goods on a foreign market;
• in Waren zahlen to pay in kind;
• Waren im Schaufenster zeigen to expose goods in a shop window;
• beschädigte Waren wieder zurechtmachen to render goods marketable;
• Waren zurücknehmen to take goods back;
• Waren unmittelbar zuschicken to dispatch goods direct.
nachbekommen, Ware
to get goods in replacement;
• nachbelasten to make an additional charge. -
72 handel
commerce, deal, trade, business* * *subst. commerce, business subst. trade subst. [ det å handle] trading subst. [ detaljhandel] retail trade, retail distribution, retailing subst. [ eksporthandel] export trade subst. [ kommisjonshandel] commission business subst. [ utenrikshandel] foreign/external trade [ med aksjer] share trading, dealings in shares, share dealings, stock trading [ egen-] own-account trading/transactions, trading on one's own account [ engros-] wholesale trade, wholesaling [ fri-] free trade (innenlandsk handel) internal/domestic/inland/home trade [ innside-] insider trading/dealing [ valuta-] currency dealing [ valuta-] foreign exchange trading, foreign currency trading, foreign exchange operations [ verdens-] world/global/international trade -
73 activity
1) (экономическая) активность; оживление2) (хозяйственная) деятельность; производство3) операция; работа4) организация, учреждение5) pl показатели (в экономических исследованиях)6) самодеятельность (населения) -
74 currency
n ком. 1. валюта; гроші; 2. грошовий обіг; a валютний1. грошова одиниця будь-якої країни; ♦ напр.: українська гривня, американський долар, євро тощо; грошові знаки, що крім монет і банкнот включають чеки (cheque), векселі (bill of exchange), прості векселі (promissory note) тощо; 2. рух грошей у процесі виробництва, розподілу й обміну суспільного продукту і перерозподілу національного доходу; ♦ здійснюється через готівкові та безготівкові розрахунки═════════■═════════accounting currency валюта розрахунку; adjustable currency еластичний грошовий обіг • обіг, який автоматично пристосовується до потреб торгівлі; agreement currency клірингова валюта • міжнародний кліринг; appreciated currency переоцінена валюта • валюта із завищеним курсом • валюта, яка подорожчала; article 8 currency валюта статті 8 • валюта, яка вільно конвертується; automatic currency грошовий обіг • еластичний грошовий обіг • обіг, який автоматично пристосовується до потреб торгівлі; base currency базова валюта • валюта, відносно якої котируються інші валюти; blocked currency блокована валюта; cheap currency валюта з низькою купівельною спроможністю; common currency спільна валюта; continental currency валюта країн континентальної Європи; controlled currency регульована валюта; convertible currency конвертована валюта; counterfeit currency підроблена валюта • фальшиві гроші; credit currency кредитні гроші • валюта кредиту; decimal currency десяткова грошова система; deposit currency гроші банківського обороту • гроші на депозиті • депоновані гроші; depreciated currency знецінена валюта; depreciating currency валюта, яка знецінюється; devalued currency знецінена валюта; domestic currency місцева валюта • валюта даної країни; double currency подвійна валюта; elastic currency еластичний грошовий обіг • обіг, який автоматично пристосовується до потреб торгівлі; emergency currency платіжні кошти, які випускаються під час фінансової кризи; Eurocurrency; falling currency валюта, вартість якої знижується; fiat currencyies валюти, не забезпечені золотом; fiduciary currency гроші, не забезпечені металевим резервом; fluctuating currency валюта, курс якої коливається; forced currency гроші з примусовим курсом; foreign currency іноземна валюта • девізи; fractional currency розмінна монета • дрібні гроші; free currency вільно конвертована валюта; freely convertible currency вільно конвертована валюта; freely floating currency валюта з курсом, який вільно коливається; fully convertible currency вільно конвертована валюта; functional currency функціональна валюта; general asset currency банкноти без спеціального забезпечення; gold currency золота монета; green currency «зелена валюта»; hand-to-hand currency вільна готівка; hard currency тверда валюта; home currency місцева валюта; inconvertible currency валюта, яка не конвертується • неконвертована валюта; international currency міжнародна валюта; irredeemable currency неконвертована валюта; jointly floating currency валюта, курс якої коливається спільно з іншою валютою; key currency ключова валюта; lawful currency законна валюта • законні платіжні кошти; leading currency ключова валюта; local currency місцева валюта • локальна валюта; major currencyies основні валюти; managed currency регульована валюта; metallic currency металеві гроші; mixed currency змішана грошова система; national currency національна валюта; nonconvertible currency неконвертована валюта; overvalued currency валюта із завищеним курсом; paper currency паперові гроші • банкноти • обіг кредитних документів; pegged currency валюта, курс якої прив'язаний до валюти іншої країни; reference currency валюта, на якій базується валютне застереження • валюта, що служить як стандарт; regulated currency регульована валюта; reporting currency валюта звітності • валюта, в якій складається звіт; reserve currency резервна валюта; revalued currency переоцінена валюта; shaky currency нестійка валюта; silver currency срібні гроші; soft currency неконвертована валюта; sound currency тверда валюта; standard currency стандартна валюта; trading currency ключова валюта • оборотна валюта; transaction currency валюта розрахунку • валюта операцій; treasury currency гроші скарбниці; undervalued currency валюта із заниженим курсом; unstable currency нестійка валюта; vehicle currency ключова валюта; wildcat currency банкноти спекулятивних банків═════════□═════════conversion of currency конверсія валюти; currency account валютний рахунок; currency adjustment factor (CAF) коефіцієнт вивіреного валютного курсу; currency appreciation подорожчання валюти; currency area валютна зона; currency auction валютний аукціон; currency band межа коливання валютного курсу; currency barrier валютний бар'єр; currency basket валютний кошик; currency broker валютний брокер • валютний маклер; currency circulation грошовий обіг; currency clause валютне застереження; currency clearing валютний кліринг; currency code валютний код; currency compensation валютна компенсація; currency contract валютний контракт; currency convertibility конвертованість валюти; currency council валютна рада; currency dealing валютна операція; currency depreciation здешевлення валюти • знецінення валюти • девальвація валюти; currency devaluation девальвація валюти; currency earnings валютні надходження; currency exchange receipt квитанція обміну валюти; currency exchange regulation контроль обміну валюти; currency hedging страхування валютного курсу • хеджування валюти; currency in circulation паперові гроші й монети в обігу • грошова маса в обігу; currency market валютний ринок; currency movement коливання курсів валюти; currency of an account валюта рахунка; currency of borrowing валюта позики; currency of a contract валюта контракту; currency of credit валюта кредиту; currency of payment валюта платежу; currency option валютний опціон; currency option transaction операція валютного опціону; currency parity валютний паритет; currency pegged to the dollar валюта, курс якої прив'язаний до долара; currency policy валютна політика; currency purchase купівля валюти; currency ration квота обміну валюти; currency realignment вирівнювання валютних курсів; currency reform грошова реформа; currency regime валютна система; currency reserves запаси валюти; currency restriction валютне обмеження; currency risk валютний ризик; currency shortage брак валюти • нестача валюти; currency smuggling контрабандне перевезення валюти; currency speculation валютна спекуляція; currency statistics статистика грошового обігу; currency transaction валютна операція; currency unit валютна одиниця; to back the currency забезпечувати/забезпечити валюту • підтримувати/ підтримати валюту; to compute in currency обраховувати/обрахувати у валюті; to conserve on foreign currency зберігати/зберегти іноземну валюту; to control currency регулювати валюту; to convert currency конвертувати валюту; to debase currency знецінювати/ знецінити валюту; to depreciate currency знецінювати/знецінити валюту; to devaluate currency девальвувати валюту • знецінювати/знецінити валюту; to devalue currency девальвувати валюту • знецінювати/знецінити валюту; to dump currency викидати/викинути валюту на ринок; to exchange currency обмінювати/обміняти валюту; to pay in currency платити/заплатити валютою; to transfer currency переносити/перенести валюту -
75 foreign
étranger(ère)foreign account compte m étranger;foreign affairs affaires f pl étrangères;foreign agent représentant(e) m, f à l'étranger;foreign bill effet m sur l'extérieur ou sur l'étranger;Foreign and Commonwealth Office ministère m britannique des Affaires étrangères;Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary ministre m britannique des Affaires étrangères;foreign currency devises f pl étrangères;foreign currency account compte en devises étrangères;foreign currency assets avoirs m pl en devises étrangères;foreign currency earnings apport m de devises étrangères;foreign currency holding avoir m en devises étrangères;foreign currency loan prêt m en devises étrangères;foreign currency option option f de change;foreign currency reserves réserves f pl de change, réserves en devises étrangères;foreign debt dette f extérieure;foreign direct investment investissement m direct (à l')étranger;foreign exchange devises étrangères;foreign exchange broker cambiste m f, courtier(ère) m, f en devises étrangères;foreign exchange control contrôle m des changes;foreign exchange dealer cambiste, courtier(ère) en devises étrangères;foreign exchange gain gain m de change;foreign exchange inflow rentrée f de devises étrangères;foreign exchange loss perte f de change;foreign exchange market marché m des devises étrangères;foreign exchange option option sur devises étrangères;foreign exchange outflow sortie f de devises étrangères;foreign exchange rate cours m des devises étrangères;foreign exchange reserves réserves de change, réserves en devises étrangères;foreign exchange risk risque m de change;foreign exchange transfer transfert m de devises étrangères;foreign goods marchandises f pl qui viennent de l'étranger;foreign investments investissements m pl à l'étranger;foreign investor investisseur m à l'étranger;foreign labour main-d'œuvre f étrangère;foreign market marché extérieur;British Foreign Office ministère des Affaires étrangères;foreign policy politique f étrangère ou extérieure;foreign produce produits m pl qui viennent de l'étranger;foreign rights droits m pl étrangers;foreign trade commerce m extérieurThese legal reforms are "essential to get credit flowing again and to restore the confidence of domestic and foreign investors, without which it will be very difficult to revive investment and growth," she said. Order must also be restored to the foreign exchange market, where reports say the central bank plans continued interventions to help support the weak peso.
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76 sale
n1) продажа; сбыт2) торговля; торговая сделка3) продажа с аукциона, продажа с торгов
- account sales
- address sale
- advance sale
- annual sales
- anticipated sales
- assets sale
- auction sale
- autumn sale
- average sales
- back-to-school sale
- bargain sale
- bear sale
- blind sale
- block sale
- brisk sale
- bulk sale
- cash sale
- cash-and-carry sale
- cash on delivery sale
- cash-only sale
- catalogue sale
- charge-and-carry sale
- charge-and-delivery sale
- clearance sale
- clearing sale
- closing down sale
- commercial sale
- commission sale
- commodity sale
- competitive sales
- compulsory sale
- conditional sale
- consignment sale
- consumption sale
- credit sale
- cross sale
- cumulative sales
- daily sales
- day's sales
- deferred payment sale
- delayed sale
- direct sale
- discount sale
- distress sale
- domestic sales
- effective sale
- emergency sale
- end-of-season sale
- enforceable sale
- exchange sale
- exclusive sale
- execution sale
- executory sale
- expanding sales
- export sale
- faked sale
- firm sale
- first sale
- fixed sales
- fleet sales
- floor sale
- forced sale
- foreclosure sale
- foreign sale
- forward sale
- future sale
- going-out-of-business sale
- gross sales
- guaranteed sale
- hire-purchase sale
- illicit sale
- increased sales
- indirect sales
- individual sale
- installment sale
- intermediate sale
- jumble sale
- large volume sales
- liquidation sale
- loan sale
- mandatory sale
- mutual sales
- negotiated sale
- net sales
- off-the-floor sale
- opening sale
- order sales
- over-the-counter sale
- panic sale
- partial sale
- peak sales
- private sale
- proceeds sale
- projected sales
- prompt sale
- property sale
- public sale
- quick sale
- ready sale
- realization sale
- record sales
- remnant sale
- retail sale
- returned sales
- rummage sale
- seasonal sale
- security sales
- sheriff's sale
- short sale
- slow sale
- spot sale
- stocktaking sale
- street sale
- tax sale
- tied sale
- tie-in sale
- time sale
- total sales
- trade sale
- transportation sales
- tying-in sale
- underlying sales
- underreported sale
- under-the-counter sale
- volume sales
- voluntary sale
- wash sale
- white sale
- wholesale sale
- winding-up sale
- winter sale
- yearly sales
- sale at an auction
- sale at harvest time
- sale at a profit
- sale at reduced prices
- sale by auction
- sale by commission
- sale by description
- sale by lot
- sale by the piece
- sale by public outcry
- sale by sample
- sale by weight
- sale ex bond
- sale ex stand
- sale ex works
- sale for cash
- sale for forward delivery
- sale for future delivery
- sale for prompt delivery
- sale for the settlement
- sale from stock
- sale from a warehouse
- sale in market overt
- sale of engineering consultation services
- sale of equipment
- sale of exchange
- sale of exhibits off the floor
- sale of goods
- sale of an invention
- sale of a licence
- sale of a loan
- sale of a patent
- sale of a patent right
- sale of a pledge
- sale of securities
- sale of services
- sale of shares of a company
- sale of space
- sale of a stake
- sale on approval
- sale on arrival
- sale on commission
- sale on credit
- sale on an open account
- sale to arrive
- sale to final consumer
- sale with option of repurchase
- sale with reservation
- sale with reserve
- sale without reserve
- sale with rights of redemption
- sale and leaseback
- sale as is
- for sale
- not for sale
- of ready sale
- on sale
- out of sale
- subject to prior sale
- approve for sale
- be available for sale
- be dull of sale
- be on sale
- be slow of sale
- command a ready sale
- conclude a sale
- develop sales
- effect sales
- exhibit for sale
- expand sales
- expose for sale
- extend sales
- find no sales
- find a ready sale
- handle the sale
- have a dull sale
- have no sale
- have a ready sale
- increase sales
- keep for sale
- maintain sales
- make a sale
- meet with a good sale
- meet with a slow sale
- negotiate sales
- notify the sale by auction
- offer for sale
- promote sales
- put up for sale
- release for sale
- rescind a sale
- sell at a public sale
- specialize in the sale of smth
- stimulate sales
- suspend the sale
- undertake the sale -
77 trade
1. n занятие, ремесло, профессия2. n редк. рабочий; ремесленник3. n отрасль торговли; отрасль производства; отрасль промышленности; промышленность4. n торговляillicit trade — незаконная торговля; торговля наркотиками
5. n рынок6. n деловая активность7. n собир. торговое сословие; купцы, купечествоtrade discount — торговая скидка, продажа по сниженным ценам
8. n собир. торговцы или предприниматели; представители определённой профессии9. n собир. разг. лица, имеющие право продажи спиртных напитков; пивовары, винокурыtrade creditor — лицо, предоставившее коммерческий кредит
10. n собир. издатели и книготорговцы11. n собир. мор. разг. подводный флот12. n собир. розничная торговля; магазин, лавкаto be in trade — быть торговцем, иметь магазин
13. n собир. розничные торговцыtrade combination — объединение торговцев; картель
14. n собир. клиентура, покупатели15. n собир. сделка; обменtrade date — дата заключения\исполнения сделки
16. n собир. полит. соглашение; сделкаbarter trade — товарообменная сделка; меновая торговля
17. n собир. диал. уст. или18. n собир. образ жизни19. n собир. линия поведения20. n собир. способ; обычай, привычкаили путешествия туда и обратно; отъезд и приезд; уход и приход
usage of trade — торговый обычай, узанс, узанция
21. n собир. уст. диал. или суматоха; тревоги, треволнения22. n диал. хлам; мусор; отбросы23. n диал. низы общества, дрянь, шваль24. a торговый25. a промышленный; экономический26. a профессиональныйtrade test — профессиональные испытания, проверка мастерства
27. v торговать28. v менять, обменивать29. v обмениваться30. v разг. быть постоянным покупателем; отовариватьсяbe in trade — быть торговцем; иметь магазин
31. v продаватьtrade fair rate — цены, по которым гостиница продает свои услуги на больших гостиничных ярмарках
32. v извлекать выгоду, использовать в личных целяхСинонимический ряд:1. change (noun) change; commutation; interchange; shift; substitution; switch; transposition2. craft (noun) craft; discipline; field; specialty3. exchange (noun) barter; dealing; exchange; purchase; sale; swap4. occupation (noun) art; avocation; calling; employment; handicraft; job; line; livelihood; metier; occupation; profession; pursuit; vocation; work5. patronage (noun) business; commerce; custom; enterprise; industry; patronage; sales; traffic6. bargain (verb) bargain; barter; change; commute; deal in; exchange; interchange; substitute; swap; switch; traffic; traffic in; truck7. patronise (verb) buy; patronise; patronize; purchase; sell; shop -
78 Howe, Elias
[br]b. 9 July 1819 Spencer, Massachusetts, USAd. 3 October 1867 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of one of the earliest successful sewing machines.[br]Son of Elias Howe, a farmer, he acquired his mechanical knowledge in his father's mill. He left school at 12 years of age and was apprenticed for two years in a machine shop in Lowell, Massachusetts, and later to an instrument maker, Ari Davis in Boston, Massachusetts, where his master's services were much in demand by Harvard University. Fired by a desire to invent a sewing machine, he utilized the experience gained in Lowell to devise a shuttle carrying a lower thread and a needle carrying an upper thread to make lock-stitch in straight lines. His attempts were so rewarding that he left his job and was sustained first by his father and then by a partner. By 1845 he had built a machine that worked at 250 stitches per minute, and the following year he patented an improved machine. The invention of the sewing machine had an enormous impact on the textile industry, stimulating demand for cloth because making up garments became so much quicker. The sewing machine was one of the first mass-produced consumer durables and was essentially an American invention. William Thomas, a London manufacturer of shoes, umbrellas and corsets, secured the British rights and persuaded Howe to come to England to apply it to the making of shoes. This Howe did, but he quarrelled with Thomas after less than one year. He returned to America to face with his partner, G.W.Bliss, a bigger fight over his patent (see I.M. Singer), which was being widely infringed. Not until 1854 was the case settled in his favour. This litigation threatened the very existence of the new industry, but the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important patent-pooling arrangement in American history, changed all this. For a fee of $5 on every domestically-sold machine and $1 on every exported one, Howe contributed to the pool his patent of 1846 for a grooved eye-pointed needle used in conjunction with a lock-stitch-forming shuttle. Howe's patent was renewed in 1861; he organized and equipped a regiment during the Civil War with the royalties. When the war ended he founded the Howe Machine Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1867, Engineer 24.Obituary, 1867, Practical Magazine 5.F.G.Harrison, 1892–3, Biographical Sketches of Pre-eminent Americans (provides a good account of Howe's life and achievements).N.Salmon, 1863, History of the Sewing Machine from the Year 1750, with a biography of Elias Howe, London (tells the history of sewing machines).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines, A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot (a more modern account of the history of sewing machines).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (covers the mechanical developments).D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (examines the role of the American sewing machine companies in the development of mass-production techniques).RLH -
79 Wedgwood, Josiah
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]baptized 12 July 1730 Burslem, Staffordshire, Englandd. 3 January 1795 Etruria Hall, Staffordshire, England[br]English potter and man of science.[br]Wedgwood came from prolific farming stock who, in the seventeenth century, had turned to pot-making. At the age of 9 his education was brought to an end by his father's death and he was set to work in one of the family potteries. Two years later an attack of smallpox left him with a weakness in his right knee which prevented him from working the potter's wheel. This forced his attention to other aspects of the process, such as design and modelling. He was apprenticed to his brother Thomas in 1744, and in 1752 was in partnership with Thomas Whieldon, a leading Staffordshire potter, until probably the first half of 1759, when he became a master potter and set up in business on his own account at Ivy House Works in Burslem.Wedgwood was then able to exercise to the full his determination to improve the quality of his ware. This he achieved by careful attention to all aspects of the work: artistic judgement of form and decoration; chemical study of the materials; and intelligent management of manufacturing processes. For example, to achieve greater control over firing conditions, he invented a pyrometer, a temperature-measuring device by which the shrinkage of prepared clay cylinders in the furnace gave an indication of the temperature. Wedgwood was the first potter to employ steam power, installing a Boulton \& Watt engine for crushing and other operations in 1782. Beyond the confines of his works, Wedgwood concerned himself in local issues such as improvements to the road and canal systems to facilitate transport of raw materials and products.During the first ten years, Wedgwood steadily improved the quality of his cream ware, known as "Queen's ware" after a set of ware was presented to Queen Charlotte in 1762. The business prospered and his reputation grew. In 1766 he was able to purchase an estate on which he built new works, a mansion and a village to which he gave the name Etruria. Four years after the Etruria works were opened in 1769, Wedgwood began experimenting with a barium compound combined in a fine-textured base allied to a true porcelain. The result was Wedgwood's most original and distinctive ware similar to jasper, made in a wide variety of forms.Wedgwood had many followers and imitators but the merit of initiating and carrying through a large-scale technical and artistic development of English pottery belongs to Wedgwood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1783.BibliographyWedgwood contributed five papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, two in 1783 and 1790 on chemical subjects and three in 1782, 1784 and 1786 on his pyrometer.Further ReadingMeteyard, 1865, Life of Josiah Wedgwood, London (biography).A.Burton, 1976, Josiah Wedgwood: Biography, London: André Deutsch (a very readable account).LRD -
80 שפע
שָׁפַע(cmp. שָׁפָה II) 1) to be smooth. Gen. R. s. 14 קורה שוֹפַעַת a smooth-trimmed trunk (of a palm-tree, v. שִׁפְעָה I). 2) to incline, slide. Neg. X, 10 השוֹפֵעַוכ׳, v. גַּבַּחַת; Sifra Thazr. Par. 5, ch. X. Tosef.Kel.B. Kam.VI, 15 תנור ששפתיו שוֹפְעוֹת לתוכו (not ששפתות) a stove the rims of which incline towards the inside; שפתיו שופעות לאחוריו if its rims incline towards its outer walls. Ohol. VII, 2 אהל שהוא שופעוכ׳ a tent the top of which goes slanting down, so that the flat roof is only of the size of a finger; a. e. 3) to pour out, run, discharge. Yalk. Lev. 554 כל זמן ששופע לתוכהוכ׳ as long as it (the spring) discharges its overflow into the garden, the vegetables get black (dark green) Nidd.IX, 8 (among the symptoms of approaching menstruation) ושוֹפַעַת and she discharges, expl. ib. 63b top. Bekh.III, 1 בהמה גסה ששָׁפְעָהוכ׳ a large domestic animal that discharged a clod of blood; a. e.Y.Hor.I, 46a top עד שישפע, read: שישמע, v. שָׁמַע. Hif. הִשְׁפִּיעַ 1) to make slanting. Erub.43b משְׁפִּיעַ ועולה משפיע ויורד (not משפיעו) let him make the wall slanting (from the centre) upwards and downwards (so that it should cast no shade). 2) to pour abundantly; to sell in large quantities; trnsf. to give in abundance. Dem. II, 4 כל המַשְׁפִּיעִים במדה גסה (Y. ed. המשופעים, corr. acc.) all wholesale dealers; אלו הן המַשְׁפִּיעִיןוכ׳ these are considered wholesale dealers, v. סִיטוֹן. Ber.32a (ref. to ודי זהב, Deut. 1:1) בשביל … וזהב שהִשְׁפַּעְתָּ להםוכ׳ on account of the silver and gold which thou didst pour upon them, until they said, enough!this was why they made the golden calf; (Yoma 86b שהרבית). Snh.108a דור … בשביל טובה שה׳וכ׳ the generation of the flood became overbearing only on account of the wealth that the Lord bestowed upon them. Ib. בטובה שהִשְׁפַּעְתִּיוכ׳ with the very blessing that I bestowed upon them, do they provoke me to anger; a. fr. 3) to give overmeasure. Tosef.B. Bath.V, 3 מקום שנהגו להַשְׁפִּיעַ משפיעוכ׳ where it is customary to give overmeasure, you must pour as much as is required: as long as the back and the bottom rim of the vessel are not wetted; a. e.Part. pass. מוּשְׁפָּע, v. infra. Pi. שִׁפֵּעַ 1) to make slanting. Part. pass. מְשוּפָּע; f. מְשוּפַּעַת; Pi. מְשופָּעִים, מְשוּפָּעִין; מְשוּפָּעוֹת Sabb.5a כותל מש׳ a slanting wall. Y.Ned.V, beg.39a היה המקום מש׳וכ׳ if the place in his court is sloping … the neighbor may protest (against washing being done in it), for he may say, thou pourest out, and it comes to my ground; a. e.(Yalk. Lev. 571 דרך משופע, v. מְשוּפָּש. 2) to cause to flow. Lam. R. to IV, 15 מהו ושפח וש׳וכ׳ what is vsippaḥ (Is. 3:17)? It means vshippʿa (he caused them to discharge blood), in order that the holy seed be not mixed up &cPart. pass. as ab. abundant, eloquent, verbose. Midr. Till. to Ps. 1:5 ed. Bub. (ref. to Prov. 15:7b) אלו המש׳וכ׳ this refers to those who are extremely fluent, but in whom there is not the sap of the Law; Yalk. Prov. 953 המוּשְׁפָּעִים. Pu. שוּפַּע; 1) to be made slanting; part. מְשוּפָּע, v. supra. 2) to be poured. Gen. R. s. 69 end; Yalk. ib. 120, v. 7, פַּךְ. Hithpa. הִשְׁתַּפֵּעַ to slant. Y.Erub.X, 26b bot. במִשְׁתַּפֵּעַ עשרהוכ׳ when the wall slants at the grade of ten hand-breadths to three.
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