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  • 21 afectar

    v.
    1 to affect.
    las medidas afectan a los pensionistas the measures affect pensioners
    La conversación afecta sus ideas The conversation affects his ideas.
    2 to upset, to affect badly.
    le afectó mucho la muerte de su hermano his brother's death hit him hard
    3 to damage.
    a esta madera le afecta mucho la humedad this wood is easily damaged by damp
    4 to affect, to feign.
    afectó enfado he feigned o affected anger
    María afecta interés pero no es así Mary feigns interest but it is not so.
    5 to pretend to.
    El chico afecta saber mucho The boy pretends to know a lot.
    * * *
    1 (aparentar) to affect
    2 (impresionar) to move
    3 (dañar) to damage
    4 (concernir) to concern
    1 (impresionarse) to be affected, be moved
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=repercutir sobre) to affect
    2) (=entristecer) to sadden; (=conmover) to move
    3) frm (=fingir) to affect, feign

    afectar ignorancia — to affect o feign ignorance

    4) (Jur) to tie up, encumber
    5) LAm [+ forma] to take, assume
    6) LAm (=destinar) to allocate
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tener efecto en) to affect
    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml)
    2) ( fingir) <admiración/indiferencia> to affect, feign
    * * *
    = affect, colour [color, -USA], cut into, disturb, hit, impair, mar, plague, take + Posesivo + toll (on), beset (with/by), concern, afflict, disrupt, bias, prejudice, cross over, bedevil, dog, dent, make + a dent in, ail, strike, spill over into, take + a toll on, hobble, cast + an impact.
    Ex. Errors such as indexers assigning unsuitable terms to concepts, or relationships being omitted, will affect precision.
    Ex. Lastly, the style, length and contents of an abstract should and will be coloured by the resources of the abstracting agency.
    Ex. The paperback has cut sharply into fiction circulation, and Ennis is right in questioning this type of library.
    Ex. Transcribe the data as found, however, if case endings are affected, if the grammatical construction of the data would be disturbed, or if one element is inseparably linked to another.
    Ex. Flooding, fire, earthquake, collapsed buildings and landslides are the most frequent kinds of disasters to hit libraries: nearly all will lead to wet books.
    Ex. It is difficult to neglect either entirely, without impairing the effectiveness in fulfilling the other objective.
    Ex. Unfortunately, much of Metcalfe's writing is marred by what appears to be a deep-rooted prejudice against the classified approach, particularly as exemplified by Ranganathan.
    Ex. Title indexes have always been plagued by the absence of terminology control.
    Ex. The pressures which modern society puts on all its members are great and those pressures take their toll.
    Ex. Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex. The first issue concerns the consistent description of subjects.
    Ex. There will also be those who have in fact decided what information they need but are afflicted by the paralysis of 'unverbalised thought'.
    Ex. Essentially, problem patrons can be considered in three groups: (1) the dangerous or apparently dangerous; (2) the patron who disrupts readers; and (3) the nuisance whose focus is the librarian.
    Ex. A sample would be biased if some elements in the population have no chance of selection.
    Ex. The very requirements for success in one area may prejudice success in another.
    Ex. Conversely, indirect costs are those factors that are difficult to assign to individual products because they cross over several products.
    Ex. The article has the title 'Piracy, crooked printers, inflation bedevil Russian publishing'.
    Ex. The title of the article is 'Sweeping away the problems that dog the industry?'.
    Ex. Perhaps by the year 2010 newspaper circulations might be seriously dented by online services.
    Ex. Office automation products and techniques will be able to make a sizeable dent in the growing number of office workers.
    Ex. The federal government has been once again defined as something broken and part of the problem ailing America.
    Ex. The collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic have suffered from the floods that recently struck a large part of the country.
    Ex. The artificiality of institutional concepts has spilled over into the structure of the publishing services on which the user depends for Community information.
    Ex. Agoraphobia can take a toll on sufferers' families as well as the sufferers themselves, as some agoraphobics may become housebound or cling to certain people for safety.
    Ex. With Florida's no-fault auto insurance law set to expire in October, there are fears that that medical services could be hobbled.
    Ex. An interest-rate increase is a weapon to fight inflation which will cast an impact on all industries.
    ----
    * afectar a = cut across, have + impact (on), have + effect on, have + implication for, impinge on/upon, operate on, carry over to.
    * afectar a la eficacia de Algo = prejudice + effectiveness.
    * afectar al mundo = span + the globe.
    * afectar a todo = run through.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * afectar completamente = engulf.
    * afectar directamente = cut to + the quick.
    * afectar directamente a = cut to + the heart of.
    * afectar fuertemente = hit + hard.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.
    * no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.
    * no ser afectado = leave + unaffected.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.
    * que afecta a = surrounding.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * ser afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * sin ser afectado = untouched.
    * verse muy afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tener efecto en) to affect
    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml)
    2) ( fingir) <admiración/indiferencia> to affect, feign
    * * *
    = affect, colour [color, -USA], cut into, disturb, hit, impair, mar, plague, take + Posesivo + toll (on), beset (with/by), concern, afflict, disrupt, bias, prejudice, cross over, bedevil, dog, dent, make + a dent in, ail, strike, spill over into, take + a toll on, hobble, cast + an impact.

    Ex: Errors such as indexers assigning unsuitable terms to concepts, or relationships being omitted, will affect precision.

    Ex: Lastly, the style, length and contents of an abstract should and will be coloured by the resources of the abstracting agency.
    Ex: The paperback has cut sharply into fiction circulation, and Ennis is right in questioning this type of library.
    Ex: Transcribe the data as found, however, if case endings are affected, if the grammatical construction of the data would be disturbed, or if one element is inseparably linked to another.
    Ex: Flooding, fire, earthquake, collapsed buildings and landslides are the most frequent kinds of disasters to hit libraries: nearly all will lead to wet books.
    Ex: It is difficult to neglect either entirely, without impairing the effectiveness in fulfilling the other objective.
    Ex: Unfortunately, much of Metcalfe's writing is marred by what appears to be a deep-rooted prejudice against the classified approach, particularly as exemplified by Ranganathan.
    Ex: Title indexes have always been plagued by the absence of terminology control.
    Ex: The pressures which modern society puts on all its members are great and those pressures take their toll.
    Ex: Since 1963 they have produced their own bibliographic listings with various degrees of efficiency and comprehensiveness but usually with the same depressing tardiness in recording new publications which has so beset the UNDEX listings.
    Ex: The first issue concerns the consistent description of subjects.
    Ex: There will also be those who have in fact decided what information they need but are afflicted by the paralysis of 'unverbalised thought'.
    Ex: Essentially, problem patrons can be considered in three groups: (1) the dangerous or apparently dangerous; (2) the patron who disrupts readers; and (3) the nuisance whose focus is the librarian.
    Ex: A sample would be biased if some elements in the population have no chance of selection.
    Ex: The very requirements for success in one area may prejudice success in another.
    Ex: Conversely, indirect costs are those factors that are difficult to assign to individual products because they cross over several products.
    Ex: The article has the title 'Piracy, crooked printers, inflation bedevil Russian publishing'.
    Ex: The title of the article is 'Sweeping away the problems that dog the industry?'.
    Ex: Perhaps by the year 2010 newspaper circulations might be seriously dented by online services.
    Ex: Office automation products and techniques will be able to make a sizeable dent in the growing number of office workers.
    Ex: The federal government has been once again defined as something broken and part of the problem ailing America.
    Ex: The collections of the National Library of the Czech Republic have suffered from the floods that recently struck a large part of the country.
    Ex: The artificiality of institutional concepts has spilled over into the structure of the publishing services on which the user depends for Community information.
    Ex: Agoraphobia can take a toll on sufferers' families as well as the sufferers themselves, as some agoraphobics may become housebound or cling to certain people for safety.
    Ex: With Florida's no-fault auto insurance law set to expire in October, there are fears that that medical services could be hobbled.
    Ex: An interest-rate increase is a weapon to fight inflation which will cast an impact on all industries.
    * afectar a = cut across, have + impact (on), have + effect on, have + implication for, impinge on/upon, operate on, carry over to.
    * afectar a la eficacia de Algo = prejudice + effectiveness.
    * afectar al mundo = span + the globe.
    * afectar a todo = run through.
    * afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * afectar completamente = engulf.
    * afectar directamente = cut to + the quick.
    * afectar directamente a = cut to + the heart of.
    * afectar fuertemente = hit + hard.
    * afectar mucho = hit + hard.
    * dificultad + afectar = difficulty + dog.
    * no afectar = be immune against, leave + unaffected.
    * no ser afectado = leave + unaffected.
    * problema + afectar = problem + afflict, problem + plague.
    * problemática que afecta a = issues + surrounding.
    * que afecta a = surrounding.
    * que afecta a toda la sociedad = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a todas las culturas = culture-wide.
    * que afecta a varias edades = cross-age [cross age].
    * que afecta a varias generaciones = cross-generational.
    * ser afectado por = have + a high stake in.
    * sin ser afectado = untouched.
    * verse muy afectado por = have + a high stake in.

    * * *
    afectar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (tener efecto en) to affect
    la nueva ley no afecta al pequeño empresario the new law doesn't affect the small businessman
    está afectado de una grave enfermedad pulmonar ( frml); he is suffering from a serious lung disease
    la enfermedad le afectó el cerebro the illness affected her brain
    las zonas afectadas por las inundaciones the areas hit o affected by the floods
    2 (afligir) to affect ( frml)
    lo que dijiste lo afectó mucho what you said upset him terribly
    3 ( Der) ‹bienes› to encumber
    B (fingir) ‹admiración/indiferencia› to affect, feign afectar + INF to pretend to + INF
    * * *

     

    afectar ( conjugate afectar) verbo transitivo
    1


    b) ( afligir) to affect (frml);


    2 ( fingir) ‹admiración/indiferencia› to affect, feign
    afectar verbo transitivo
    1 (incumbir) to affect: la medida nos afecta a todos, the measure affects us all
    2 (impresionar, entristecer) to affect, sadden: le afectó mucho la muerte de su padre, she was deeply affected by her father's death
    ' afectar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    inmune
    - tocar
    - afligir
    - impresionar
    - repercutir
    - sacudir
    English:
    affect
    - damage
    - get
    - hit
    - tell
    - upset
    - dent
    - difference
    - disrupt
    - impair
    - interfere
    - touch
    - whole
    * * *
    1. [incumbir] to affect;
    las medidas afectan a los pensionistas the measures affect pensioners
    2. [afligir] to upset, to affect badly;
    todo lo afecta he's very sensitive;
    lo afectó mucho la muerte de su hermano his brother's death hit him hard
    3. [producir perjuicios en] to damage;
    la sequía que afectó a la región the drought which hit the region;
    a esta madera le afecta mucho la humedad this wood is easily damaged by damp
    4. [simular] to affect, to feign;
    afectó enfado he feigned o affected anger
    5. RP [destinar, asignar] to assign
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( producir efecto en) affect
    2 ( conmover) upset, affect
    3 ( fingir) feign
    * * *
    1) : to affect
    2) : to upset
    3) : to feign, to pretend
    * * *
    1. to affect
    2. (conmover) to affect / to upset [pt. & pp. upset]

    Spanish-English dictionary > afectar

  • 22 frontera

    f.
    1 border.
    2 bounds.
    su ambición no tiene fronteras his ambition is limitless o knows no bounds
    la frontera entre amor y odio the dividing line between love and hate
    3 frontier, border, boundary, borderland.
    * * *
    1 frontier, border
    2 figurado limit, bounds plural, borderline
    * * *
    noun f.
    border, frontier, boundary
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=línea divisoria) frontier, border; (=zona fronteriza) frontier zone, borderland
    2) (Arquit) façade
    * * *
    femenino (Geog) border, frontier (frml)
    * * *
    = frontier, national boundary, border, border crossing.
    Ex. Start afresh, think anew; the frontiers are boundless.
    Ex. The main aim of UAP (Universal Availability of Information) is to study the means of improving the flow of information across national boundaries and the various linguistic, cultural and political barriers which exist.
    Ex. The recent proliferation of privacy protection laws has had a significant impact on transborder data flows, frequently inhibiting the free flow of information across national borders.
    Ex. The theme of the conference was ' border crossings: exploring new territories for special collections'.
    ----
    * abrir fronteras = break + new ground, break + ground.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * ampliar las fronteras de = push + the frontiers of, push + the boundaries of.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * atravesar fronteras = tread across + boundaries.
    * control de frontera = border checkpoint, border control.
    * cruce de la frontera = border crossing.
    * cruzar fronteras = span + boundaries.
    * cruzar la frontera = cross + the boundary.
    * cruzar las fronteras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.
    * entre fronteras = transborder.
    * frontera del conocimiento = frontier of knowledge.
    * frontera del tiempo = time boundary.
    * frontera geográfica = geographic boundary.
    * frontera lingüística = language boundary.
    * no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * protección de información entre fronteras = transborder data protection.
    * que cruza fronteras = boundary spanning.
    * rebasar fronteras = transcend + boundaries.
    * sin fronteras = borderless.
    * trascender fronteras = transcend + boundaries.
    * vigilancia de la frontera = border control.
    * * *
    femenino (Geog) border, frontier (frml)
    * * *
    = frontier, national boundary, border, border crossing.

    Ex: Start afresh, think anew; the frontiers are boundless.

    Ex: The main aim of UAP (Universal Availability of Information) is to study the means of improving the flow of information across national boundaries and the various linguistic, cultural and political barriers which exist.
    Ex: The recent proliferation of privacy protection laws has had a significant impact on transborder data flows, frequently inhibiting the free flow of information across national borders.
    Ex: The theme of the conference was ' border crossings: exploring new territories for special collections'.
    * abrir fronteras = break + new ground, break + ground.
    * abrir nuevas fronteras = forge + new frontiers.
    * ampliar las fronteras de = push + the frontiers of, push + the boundaries of.
    * ampliar las fronteras del conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.
    * atravesar fronteras = tread across + boundaries.
    * control de frontera = border checkpoint, border control.
    * cruce de la frontera = border crossing.
    * cruzar fronteras = span + boundaries.
    * cruzar la frontera = cross + the boundary.
    * cruzar las fronteras = breach + boundaries, breach + barriers.
    * entre fronteras = transborder.
    * frontera del conocimiento = frontier of knowledge.
    * frontera del tiempo = time boundary.
    * frontera geográfica = geographic boundary.
    * frontera lingüística = language boundary.
    * no tener fronteras = have + no boundaries.
    * nuevas fronteras = new horizons.
    * protección de información entre fronteras = transborder data protection.
    * que cruza fronteras = boundary spanning.
    * rebasar fronteras = transcend + boundaries.
    * sin fronteras = borderless.
    * trascender fronteras = transcend + boundaries.
    * vigilancia de la frontera = border control.

    * * *
    ( Geog) border, frontier ( frml)
    su ambición no conoce fronteras her ambition knows no bounds
    se sitúa en las fronteras de lo pornográfico it borders o verges on the pornographic
    * * *

     

    frontera sustantivo femenino
    border, frontier (frml)
    frontera sustantivo femenino frontier ➣ Ver nota en border
    ' frontera' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    disfraz
    - escaramuza
    - intervenir
    - pasar
    - traspasar
    - vigilar
    - abrir
    - atravesar
    - cerrar
    - cierre
    - umbral
    English:
    border
    - borderline
    - boundary
    - bust
    - frontier
    - rim
    - line
    - turn
    - way
    * * *
    1. [división administrativa] border
    2. [límite] bounds;
    dice que no está clara la frontera entre amor y odio he says there is no clear dividing line between love and hate;
    una película en la frontera del mal gusto a movie o Br film bordering on bad taste;
    su ambición no tiene fronteras her ambition is limitless o knows no bounds;
    alcanzó el éxito ya en la frontera de la vejez he achieved success just as he was reaching old age
    * * *
    f border; fig
    boundary, dividing line;
    no hay fronteras para su ambición his ambition knows no bounds
    * * *
    : border, frontier
    * * *
    frontera n border / frontier

    Spanish-English dictionary > frontera

  • 23 incluir

    v.
    1 to include.
    el precio incluye desayuno y cena en el hotel the price includes breakfast and evening meals at the hotel
    te he incluido en la lista de participantes I've included o put you on the list of participants
    a mí no me incluyas count me out
    El paquete incluye servilletas The package includes napkins.
    El club incluyó a Ricardo The club included Richard.
    2 to comprise, to include, to encompass, to contain.
    El libro incluye las guerras mundiales The book comprises all world wars.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ HUIR], like link=huir huir
    1 to include
    2 (contener) to contain, comprise
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=comprender) to include, contain

    todo incluido — (Com) inclusive, all-in

    2) (=agregar) to include; [en carta] to enclose
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <impuestos/gastos> to include

    $500 todo incluido — $500 all inclusive, all in

    b) <tema/sección> to include, contain
    2) (poner, agregar)
    a) ( en un grupo) to include

    ¿vamos a incluir a todo el personal? — are we going to include all the staff?

    ¿te incluyo en la lista? — shall I put you on the list?

    b) ( en una carta) to enclose
    * * *
    = add, cover, embed [imbed, -USA], enclose, encompass, file, fit, give, include, inject, list, put in, put into, record, span, store, subsume, throw in, interpolate, embrace, design into, build in, register in, go under + Nombre, graft.
    Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.
    Ex. This started in 1980, and has around forty members who receive some support to cover telephone charges.
    Ex. String searching is a technique for locating a string of characters, even if it is embedded within a larger term.
    Ex. The building encloses an art gallery, tourist office, conference room, concert hall and cinema.
    Ex. The classification schemes that have been considered so far are general bibliographic classification schemes in that they attempt to encompass all of knowledge.
    Ex. File boxes can be used and filed on shelves, if appropriate, interfiled with the books.
    Ex. One such method requires that each book has a magnetic strip inserted into the spine and a special exit door is fitted across which an electric signal is beamed.
    Ex. An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex. Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex. The abstractor injects his opinion and analysis.
    Ex. Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex. For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.
    Ex. If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.
    Ex. Editors and compilers of editions of works are recorded together with the edition statement in the edition area = En en área de edición se incluyen los editores y compiladores de las ediciones de trabajos junto con la mención de edición.
    Ex. The shelflist itself had problems, since it consisted of cataloging practices that spanned some fifty years.
    Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. The fourth principle does not sanction subsuming saleswomen under salesmen.
    Ex. There is a real difference of interest between the needs and purposes of research libraries and the public libraries, and I would also throw in the school and almost certainly junior college libraries.
    Ex. A word should be interpolated here about `made-up' copies.
    Ex. The library community is now ready to embrace the most revolutionary technology for libraries -- CD-ROM.
    Ex. User-friendliness is sometimes assumed rather than designed into any specific project.
    Ex. This agreement must build in incentives to participating libraries as well as methods of censuring those participants which do not fulfil their obligations to the other participating libraries in the network = Este acuerdo debe incorporar incentivos para las bibliotecas participantes así cómo la forma de llamarle la atención a aquellos participantes que no cumplan sus obligaciones con las otras bibliotecas de la red.
    Ex. Authors must register in their own name and not a pseudonym or maiden name under which the book may be written.
    Ex. In general preference is for entry under name of organization but there are many exceptions in particular, official organizations go under place.
    Ex. They are a core, a set of basic propositions, onto which are grafted a rich variety of other possibilities.
    ----
    * al incluirse en = on admission to.
    * entre estos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.
    * incluir a Alguien = count + Pronombre + in.
    * incluir al final = append.
    * incluir anotaciones = annotate.
    * incluir a todo el mundo = inclusivity.
    * incluir como registro de encabezamiento secundario = trace.
    * incluir como tracing = trace.
    * incluir con dificultad = squeeze in/into.
    * incluir dentro de = fall into.
    * incluir en = lump + Nombre + into.
    * incluir en la búsqueda los términos relacionados = explode.
    * incluir en la lista de morosos = blacklist [black-list].
    * incluir en la lista negra = blacklist [black-list].
    * incluir entre = go between.
    * incluir en una categoría = fall into + category.
    * incluir licencia de uso en sobre cerrado = shrink-wrap [shrinkwrap].
    * incluirlo todo = be all inclusive.
    * incluir referencias cruzadas = cross-reference.
    * incluir todas las posibilidades = run + the gamut.
    * incluye = inclusive of.
    * incluyendo = counting.
    * que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.
    * sin incluir = unlisted, exclusive of, not including, excluding.
    * sin incluir las comidas = self-catering.
    * volver a incluir = reinstate.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) <impuestos/gastos> to include

    $500 todo incluido — $500 all inclusive, all in

    b) <tema/sección> to include, contain
    2) (poner, agregar)
    a) ( en un grupo) to include

    ¿vamos a incluir a todo el personal? — are we going to include all the staff?

    ¿te incluyo en la lista? — shall I put you on the list?

    b) ( en una carta) to enclose
    * * *
    = add, cover, embed [imbed, -USA], enclose, encompass, file, fit, give, include, inject, list, put in, put into, record, span, store, subsume, throw in, interpolate, embrace, design into, build in, register in, go under + Nombre, graft.

    Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.

    Ex: This started in 1980, and has around forty members who receive some support to cover telephone charges.
    Ex: String searching is a technique for locating a string of characters, even if it is embedded within a larger term.
    Ex: The building encloses an art gallery, tourist office, conference room, concert hall and cinema.
    Ex: The classification schemes that have been considered so far are general bibliographic classification schemes in that they attempt to encompass all of knowledge.
    Ex: File boxes can be used and filed on shelves, if appropriate, interfiled with the books.
    Ex: One such method requires that each book has a magnetic strip inserted into the spine and a special exit door is fitted across which an electric signal is beamed.
    Ex: An abstract of a bibliography can be expected to note whether author affiliations are given = Es de esperar que el resumen de una bibliografía indique si se incluyen los lugares de trabajo de los autores.
    Ex: Document descriptions may be included in catalogues, bibliographies and other listings of documents.
    Ex: The abstractor injects his opinion and analysis.
    Ex: Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex: For those of you who are not familiar with OCLC and the way we work the data base is not a vast receptacle into which we throw any kind of record that anybody wants to put in.
    Ex: If the bibliographic record is found, it can be put into the system catalog immediately.
    Ex: Editors and compilers of editions of works are recorded together with the edition statement in the edition area = En en área de edición se incluyen los editores y compiladores de las ediciones de trabajos junto con la mención de edición.
    Ex: The shelflist itself had problems, since it consisted of cataloging practices that spanned some fifty years.
    Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: The fourth principle does not sanction subsuming saleswomen under salesmen.
    Ex: There is a real difference of interest between the needs and purposes of research libraries and the public libraries, and I would also throw in the school and almost certainly junior college libraries.
    Ex: A word should be interpolated here about `made-up' copies.
    Ex: The library community is now ready to embrace the most revolutionary technology for libraries -- CD-ROM.
    Ex: User-friendliness is sometimes assumed rather than designed into any specific project.
    Ex: This agreement must build in incentives to participating libraries as well as methods of censuring those participants which do not fulfil their obligations to the other participating libraries in the network = Este acuerdo debe incorporar incentivos para las bibliotecas participantes así cómo la forma de llamarle la atención a aquellos participantes que no cumplan sus obligaciones con las otras bibliotecas de la red.
    Ex: Authors must register in their own name and not a pseudonym or maiden name under which the book may be written.
    Ex: In general preference is for entry under name of organization but there are many exceptions in particular, official organizations go under place.
    Ex: They are a core, a set of basic propositions, onto which are grafted a rich variety of other possibilities.
    * al incluirse en = on admission to.
    * entre estos se incluyen = amongst these are numbered.
    * incluir a Alguien = count + Pronombre + in.
    * incluir al final = append.
    * incluir anotaciones = annotate.
    * incluir a todo el mundo = inclusivity.
    * incluir como registro de encabezamiento secundario = trace.
    * incluir como tracing = trace.
    * incluir con dificultad = squeeze in/into.
    * incluir dentro de = fall into.
    * incluir en = lump + Nombre + into.
    * incluir en la búsqueda los términos relacionados = explode.
    * incluir en la lista de morosos = blacklist [black-list].
    * incluir en la lista negra = blacklist [black-list].
    * incluir entre = go between.
    * incluir en una categoría = fall into + category.
    * incluir licencia de uso en sobre cerrado = shrink-wrap [shrinkwrap].
    * incluirlo todo = be all inclusive.
    * incluir referencias cruzadas = cross-reference.
    * incluir todas las posibilidades = run + the gamut.
    * incluye = inclusive of.
    * incluyendo = counting.
    * que lo incluye todo = all-embracing.
    * sin incluir = unlisted, exclusive of, not including, excluding.
    * sin incluir las comidas = self-catering.
    * volver a incluir = reinstate.

    * * *
    vt
    1 ‹impuestos/gastos› to include
    sin incluir los gastos exclusive of expenses
    $500 todo incluido $500 all inclusive o all in
    2 ‹tema/sección› to include, contain
    sus tareas incluyen la preparación del presupuesto her duties include preparing the budget
    B (poner, agregar)
    1 (en un grupo) to include
    ¿vamos a incluir a todo el personal? are we going to include all the staff?
    ¿te incluyo en la lista? shall I put you on the list?
    2 (en una carta) ‹cheque/folleto› to enclose
    * * *

     

    incluir ( conjugate incluir) verbo transitivo
    1 ( comprender)
    a) ‹impuestos/gastos› to include;

    ◊ $500 todo incluido $500 all inclusive o all in

    b) ‹tema/sección› to include, contain

    2 (poner, agregar)


    incluir verbo transitivo
    1 to include: inclúyelo en la lista, include him on the list
    2 (contener) to contain, comprise
    3 (adjuntar) to enclose
    ' incluir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    comprender
    - descontar
    - encuadrar
    - incorporar
    - presupuestar
    English:
    count
    - count in
    - cover
    - embrace
    - exclude
    - include
    - incorporate
    - list
    - bed
    - excluding
    - including
    - inclusive
    - index
    - omit
    - slip
    - take
    * * *
    1. [comprender] to include;
    el precio incluye desayuno y cena en el hotel the price includes breakfast and evening meals at the hotel
    2. [adjuntar] to enclose
    3. [contener] to contain
    4. [poner]
    te he incluido en la lista de participantes I've included o put you on the list of participants;
    a mí no me incluyas count me out
    * * *
    v/t include; ( comprender) comprise
    * * *
    incluir {41} vt
    : to include
    * * *
    1. (en general) to include
    2. (adjuntar) to enclose

    Spanish-English dictionary > incluir

  • 24 nivel

    m.
    1 level, height (altura).
    al nivel de level with
    al nivel del mar at sea level
    la capital está a 250 metros sobre el nivel del mar the capital is 250 meters above sea level
    2 level, standard (grado).
    no tiene un buen nivel de inglés his level of English is poor
    una reunión al más alto nivel a meeting at the highest level, a top-level meeting
    al mismo nivel (que) on a level o par (with)
    a nivel europeo at a European level
    nivel mental level of intelligence
    nivel de vida standard of living
    3 spirit level (instrument).
    4 carpenter's level, level.
    5 floor, storey, decker.
    De dos niveles Used as a suffix -decker: Double-decker
    * * *
    1 (altura) level, height
    2 (categoría) level, standard, degree
    \
    a nivel de as for
    ■ a nivel de gastos as far as expenses are concerned, regarding expenses
    al más alto nivel at the highest level
    nivel de producción production level
    nivel de vida standard of living
    nivel del mar sea level
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=altura) level, height

    la nieve alcanzó un nivel de 1,5m — the snow reached a depth of 1.5m

    a nivel — [gen] level, flush; (=horizontal) horizontal

    al nivel de — on a level with, at the same height as, on the same level as

    paso a nivel — level crossing, grade crossing (EEUU)

    nivel de(l) aceite — (Aut etc) oil level

    2) [escolar, cultural] level, standard

    conferencia al más alto nivel, conferencia de alto nivel — high-level conference, top-level conference

    estar al nivel de — to be equal to, be on a level with

    niveles de audiencia — ratings, audience rating sing ; (TV) viewing figures

    3) (=instrumento) (tb: nivel de aire, nivel de burbuja) spirit level
    4)

    a nivel de — (=en cuanto a) as for, as regards; (=como) as; (=a tono con) in keeping with

    a nivel de viajes — so far as travel is concerned, regarding travel

    * * *
    a) ( altura) level
    b) (en escala, jerarquía) level
    * * *
    = degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], level, range, scale, threshold, rank, gradation, grade, plateau [plateaux, -pl.], stratum [strata, -pl.], tier, rung.
    Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
    Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.
    Ex. As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.
    Ex. In particular series entries are useful for series where the series title indicates a particular subject scope, style of approach, level or audience.
    Ex. Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.
    Ex. Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.
    Ex. But documents with the following terms assigned would be rejected on the grounds that their combined weights did not exceed the pre-selected threshold.
    Ex. However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.
    Ex. Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.
    Ex. The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.
    Ex. With the advent of both library on-line public access catalogue and end-user searching of on-line and CD-ROM data bases, the need for improved instruction in library use approaches a new plateau.
    Ex. However, amongst this stratum of the population, library users demonstrated greater residential stability.
    Ex. The author proposes a four tier planning framework for information technology, information systems and information management.
    Ex. In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    ----
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * alcanzar niveles mínimos = reach + a low ebb.
    * alfabetización a nivel mundial = world literacy.
    * al mismo nivel de = flush with.
    * al mismo nivel que = on a par with, in the same league as.
    * alto nivel = high standard.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].
    * a un nivel básico = at a lay level.
    * a un nivel por debajo del nacional = sub-national [subnational].
    * a varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level], at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * bajada de nivel = drawdown.
    * bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.
    * barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.
    * clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.
    * construido en dos niveles = split-level.
    * con una nivel de especialización medio = semi-skilled.
    * con un buen nivel = fluent.
    * con un mayor nivel educativo = better educated [better-educated].
    * con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * curva de nivel = contour line.
    * dar un nivel de prioridad alto = put + Nombre + high on + Posesivo + list of priorities.
    * de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel medio = medium level [medium-level], middle-range, mid-level.
    * de nivel superior = upper-level, top echelon, higher-level.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * descenso de nivel = drawdown.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * de segundo nivel = second-level.
    * de tercer nivel = third-level.
    * de tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * de varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level].
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.
    * en un nivel bajo = at a low ebb.
    * estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.
    * gestor de nivel medio = middle manager.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * nivel alto de gestión = higher management.
    * nivel avanzado = advanced level.
    * nivel básico = introductory level.
    * nivel cultural = literacy.
    * nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.
    * nivel de adopción = adoption rate.
    * nivel de alfabetización = literacy, literacy rate.
    * nivel de analfabetismo = illiteracy rate.
    * nivel de atención = attention span.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de cobertura = depth of coverage.
    * nivel de colesterol = cholesterol level.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * nivel de confianza = confidence level.
    * nivel de demanda = level of demand.
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.
    * nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * nivel de ingresos = income level, earning capacity, earning power.
    * nivel de la calle = road-level.
    * nivel del agua = water level.
    * nivel del alfabetización = literacy.
    * nivel de lectura = reading ability.
    * nivel de los usuarios = audience level.
    * nivel del público = audience level.
    * nivel del subconsciente, el = subconscious level, the.
    * nivel de luminosidad = light level.
    * nivel de pobreza = poverty level.
    * nivel de presentación = level of presentation.
    * nivel de ruido = noise level.
    * nivel de saciedad = point of futility.
    * nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.
    * nivel de saturación = point of futility.
    * nivel de solvencia = credit rating.
    * nivel de subdivisión = granularity.
    * nivel de utilización = degree of use.
    * nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.
    * nivel económico = wealth.
    * nivel educativo = educational level, education level, level of education.
    * nivel escolar = grade level.
    * niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.
    * nivel freático = groundwater table, water table.
    * nivel inferior = micro level [micro-leve/microlevel].
    * nivel intermedio = meso level, intermediate level.
    * nivel introductorio = introductory level.
    * nivel jerárquico falso = false link.
    * nivel máximo = high-water mark.
    * nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.
    * nivel medio = middle range.
    * nivel medio de gestión = middle management.
    * nivel mínimo = low-water mark.
    * nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.
    * nivel profesional = competence, professional level.
    * nivel salarial = salary bracket.
    * nivel socioeconómico = socioeconomic status.
    * nivel superior = top level, top layer, macro level [macro-leve/macrolevel].
    * ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = be high on + list, rank + high on the list of priorities.
    * pasar al siguiente nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * paso a nivel = level-crossing.
    * persona con nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * persona de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * persona de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * preparación contra emergencias a nivel nacional = domestic preparedness.
    * rebajarse al nivel de Alguien = get down to + Posesivo + level.
    * ser de alto nivel = be at a high level.
    * sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.
    * situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.
    * subir de nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * subir el nivel = raise + standard, raise + the bar.
    * teoría de niveles integrados = theory of integrative levels.
    * último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.
    * * *
    a) ( altura) level
    b) (en escala, jerarquía) level
    * * *
    = degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], level, range, scale, threshold, rank, gradation, grade, plateau [plateaux, -pl.], stratum [strata, -pl.], tier, rung.

    Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

    Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.
    Ex: As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.
    Ex: In particular series entries are useful for series where the series title indicates a particular subject scope, style of approach, level or audience.
    Ex: Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.
    Ex: Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.
    Ex: But documents with the following terms assigned would be rejected on the grounds that their combined weights did not exceed the pre-selected threshold.
    Ex: However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.
    Ex: Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.
    Ex: The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.
    Ex: With the advent of both library on-line public access catalogue and end-user searching of on-line and CD-ROM data bases, the need for improved instruction in library use approaches a new plateau.
    Ex: However, amongst this stratum of the population, library users demonstrated greater residential stability.
    Ex: The author proposes a four tier planning framework for information technology, information systems and information management.
    Ex: In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * alcanzar niveles mínimos = reach + a low ebb.
    * alfabetización a nivel mundial = world literacy.
    * al mismo nivel de = flush with.
    * al mismo nivel que = on a par with, in the same league as.
    * alto nivel = high standard.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].
    * a un nivel básico = at a lay level.
    * a un nivel por debajo del nacional = sub-national [subnational].
    * a varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level], at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * bajada de nivel = drawdown.
    * bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.
    * barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.
    * clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.
    * construido en dos niveles = split-level.
    * con una nivel de especialización medio = semi-skilled.
    * con un buen nivel = fluent.
    * con un mayor nivel educativo = better educated [better-educated].
    * con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * curva de nivel = contour line.
    * dar un nivel de prioridad alto = put + Nombre + high on + Posesivo + list of priorities.
    * de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel medio = medium level [medium-level], middle-range, mid-level.
    * de nivel superior = upper-level, top echelon, higher-level.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * descenso de nivel = drawdown.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * de segundo nivel = second-level.
    * de tercer nivel = third-level.
    * de tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * de varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level].
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.
    * en un nivel bajo = at a low ebb.
    * estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.
    * gestor de nivel medio = middle manager.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * nivel alto de gestión = higher management.
    * nivel avanzado = advanced level.
    * nivel básico = introductory level.
    * nivel cultural = literacy.
    * nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.
    * nivel de adopción = adoption rate.
    * nivel de alfabetización = literacy, literacy rate.
    * nivel de analfabetismo = illiteracy rate.
    * nivel de atención = attention span.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de cobertura = depth of coverage.
    * nivel de colesterol = cholesterol level.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * nivel de confianza = confidence level.
    * nivel de demanda = level of demand.
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.
    * nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * nivel de ingresos = income level, earning capacity, earning power.
    * nivel de la calle = road-level.
    * nivel del agua = water level.
    * nivel del alfabetización = literacy.
    * nivel de lectura = reading ability.
    * nivel de los usuarios = audience level.
    * nivel del público = audience level.
    * nivel del subconsciente, el = subconscious level, the.
    * nivel de luminosidad = light level.
    * nivel de pobreza = poverty level.
    * nivel de presentación = level of presentation.
    * nivel de ruido = noise level.
    * nivel de saciedad = point of futility.
    * nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.
    * nivel de saturación = point of futility.
    * nivel de solvencia = credit rating.
    * nivel de subdivisión = granularity.
    * nivel de utilización = degree of use.
    * nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.
    * nivel económico = wealth.
    * nivel educativo = educational level, education level, level of education.
    * nivel escolar = grade level.
    * niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.
    * nivel freático = groundwater table, water table.
    * nivel inferior = micro level [micro-leve/microlevel].
    * nivel intermedio = meso level, intermediate level.
    * nivel introductorio = introductory level.
    * nivel jerárquico falso = false link.
    * nivel máximo = high-water mark.
    * nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.
    * nivel medio = middle range.
    * nivel medio de gestión = middle management.
    * nivel mínimo = low-water mark.
    * nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.
    * nivel profesional = competence, professional level.
    * nivel salarial = salary bracket.
    * nivel socioeconómico = socioeconomic status.
    * nivel superior = top level, top layer, macro level [macro-leve/macrolevel].
    * ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = be high on + list, rank + high on the list of priorities.
    * pasar al siguiente nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * paso a nivel = level-crossing.
    * persona con nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * persona de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * persona de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * preparación contra emergencias a nivel nacional = domestic preparedness.
    * rebajarse al nivel de Alguien = get down to + Posesivo + level.
    * ser de alto nivel = be at a high level.
    * sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.
    * situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.
    * subir de nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * subir el nivel = raise + standard, raise + the bar.
    * teoría de niveles integrados = theory of integrative levels.
    * último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.

    * * *
    A
    1 (altura) level
    está a 2.300 metros sobre el nivel del mar it is 2,300 meters above sea level
    pon los cuadros al mismo nivel hang the pictures at the same height
    2 (en una escala, jerarquía) level
    negociaciones al más alto nivel top-level negotiations
    un funcionario de bajo nivel a low-ranking civil servant
    a nivel de mandos medios at middle-management level
    una solución a nivel internacional an international solution
    la obra no llega a pasar del nivel de un melodrama the play never rises above melodrama
    no está al nivel de los demás he's not up to the same standard as the others, he's not on a par with the others
    no supo estar al nivel de las circunstancias he failed to rise to the occasion, he didn't live up to expectations
    es incapaz de comprometerse tanto a nivel político como a nivel personal he's incapable of committing himself either politically or emotionally o on either a political or an emotional level
    Compuestos:
    standard of living
    water table
    B ( Const) tb
    nivel de burbuja or de aire spirit level
    * * *

     

    nivel sustantivo masculino

    b) (en escala, jerarquía) level;


    nivel de vida standard of living;
    no está al nivel de los demás he's not up to the same standard as the others;
    el nivel de las universidades mexicanas the standard of Mexican universities
    nivel sustantivo masculino
    1 (de las aguas, de un punto) level: estamos tres metros sobre el nivel del mar, we are at three metres above sea level
    2 (cultural, social, económico) level, standard: su nivel de francés es peor que el tuyo, her level of French is lower than yours
    3 (jerarquía) level
    4 (utensilio) level
    5 Ferroc paso a nivel, level crossing, US grade crossing
    ' nivel' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - alto
    - altura
    - baja
    - bajo
    - escalón
    - indicador
    - indicadora
    - ministerial
    - paso
    - plana
    - plano
    - ras
    - tren
    - alcanzar
    - azúcar
    - chato
    - competir
    - creces
    - crecida
    - cultural
    - descender
    - descenso
    - desnivelado
    - elemental
    - elevar
    - equiparar
    - hundimiento
    - hundir
    - intermedio
    - menguar
    - parejo
    - rango
    - sobre
    - sobrepasar
    - superior
    English:
    above
    - academic
    - catch up
    - crossing
    - down
    - grade
    - ground level
    - high-level
    - high-powered
    - intermediate
    - keep up
    - level
    - level crossing
    - living standards
    - maintain
    - oil
    - oil gauge
    - par
    - plane
    - proficiency
    - quality
    - rank
    - reach
    - sea-level
    - spirit level
    - stand
    - standard
    - top
    - top-level
    - up to
    - water level
    - watermark
    - A level
    - basis
    - bracket
    - catch
    - comprehensive
    - contour
    - county
    - deck
    - degree
    - descend
    - dumb
    - ground
    - high
    - keep
    - lapse
    - living
    - lowest common denominator
    - low
    * * *
    nivel nm
    1. [altura] level, height;
    al nivel de level with;
    al nivel del mar at sea level;
    la capital está a 250 metros sobre el nivel del mar the capital is 250 metres above sea level
    2. [piso, capa] level
    Geol nivel freático groundwater level o table
    3. [grado] level, standard;
    a nivel europeo at a European level;
    son los líderes a nivel mundial they are the world leaders;
    un problema que hay que abordar a nivel mundial a problem that has to be tackled internationally o globally;
    tiene un buen nivel de inglés she speaks good English;
    en esa universidad tienen un nivel altísimo the standard at that university is very high;
    una reunión al más alto nivel a meeting at the highest level, a top-level meeting;
    al mismo nivel (que) on a level o par (with)
    Informát nivel de acceso access level;
    nivel de colesterol cholesterol level;
    Informát niveles de gris grey(scale) levels;
    nivel mental level of intelligence;
    nivel de vida standard of living
    4. [instrumento]
    nivel (de burbuja) spirit level
    5.
    a nivel de [considerado incorrecto] as regards, as for;
    a nivel de salarios as regards o as for salaries;
    a nivel personal estoy contento on a personal level I'm happy
    * * *
    m
    1 level;
    a nivel mundial/nacional at o on a global/national level;
    un incremento del 4% a nivel nacional a 4% increase nationwide
    2 ( altura) height
    * * *
    nivel nm
    1) : level, height
    nivel del mar: sea level
    2) : level, standard
    nivel de vida: standard of living
    * * *
    1. (en general) level
    2. (calidad) standard

    Spanish-English dictionary > nivel

  • 25 período1

    1 = period, phase, stage, term, chapter, interregnum, span, spell, stint, stretch.
    Ex. Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.
    Ex. This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.
    Ex. The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.
    Ex. The board consists of seven members elected by popular ballot for three-year terms.
    Ex. The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex. In American higher education the interregnum between world wars was a time of drift and disappointment.
    Ex. The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex. The outstanding example is Ian Sillitoe, who started writing seriously only after reading undisturbed during a lengthy spell in hospital.
    Ex. Evidence for identification is rarely available, but in a few cases very full printers' records have survived in which individual stints are accounted for.
    Ex. After all, who has not felt dog-tired and drained, sometimes for long stretches, at one time or another?.
    ----
    * breve período de tiempo = while.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en período de = in the throes of.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en un corto período de tiempo = in a short period of time.
    * en un período de = at a time of.
    * en un período de transición = in a period of transition.
    * en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.
    * largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * mujer en período de lactancia = nursing woman.
    * pasar por un período de = go through + a period of.
    * período bajo = dry spell.
    * período culminante = peak period.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de calma = lull.
    * período de cinco años = five-year period, period of five years.
    * período de cobertura = date of coverage, period of coverage.
    * período de cultivo = growing season.
    * período de descanso = rest time.
    * período de descuento por inscripción anticipada = early bird period.
    * período de entreguerras, el = interwar period, the.
    * período de espera = waiting period.
    * período de estancamiento = plateau [plateaux, -pl.].
    * período de financiación = funding period.
    * periodo de gracia = grace period, time of grace.
    * período de inactividad = doldrums.
    * período de incubación = incubation period.
    * período de la prensa manual, el = hand-press period, the.
    * período de la prensa mecánica, el = machine-press period, the.
    * período de lluvia = wet spell.
    * periodo de mandato = period of office.
    * período de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * período de McCarthy, el = McCarthy period, the.
    * período de observación = observation period.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * período de prácticas = work placement, training attachment.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * período de prueba = probationary period, trial period, trial run, probation, period of probation, probation period.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * período de reflexión = cooling-off period.
    * período de sequía = dry spell.
    * período de servicio = tour of duty.
    * período de tiempo = amount of time, time, time frame [timeframe], time lapse, time period, time span [time-span], time slot, period of time, date range.
    * período de vacaciones = vacation period.
    * período de validez = period of validity.
    * período de vigencia = time span [time-span].
    * período de votación = balloting period.
    * período escolar = school days.
    * período glacial = ice age.
    * periodo histórico = historical period.
    * período medieval = mediaeval period [medieval period, -USA], mediaeval times [medieval times, -USA].
    * período positivo = bonanza.
    * período previo = run-up.
    * período previo a la lectura = prereading.
    * período seco = dry spell.
    * período transitorio = transitional period, transition period.
    * período ventajoso = bonanza.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * préstamo de periodo fijo = fixed date loan period.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.

    Spanish-English dictionary > período1

  • 26 período

    m.
    1 period, period of time, length of time, time.
    2 period, epoch, age.
    3 period, menses, menstruation period, menstruation.
    4 period, cycle.
    5 stage in a process, stadium.
    * * *
    1 period
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    periodo masculino
    1)
    a) ( de tiempo) period
    b) (Geol, Mat, Fís) period
    2) ( menstruación) period
    * * *
    periodo masculino
    1)
    a) ( de tiempo) period
    b) (Geol, Mat, Fís) period
    2) ( menstruación) period
    * * *
    período1
    1 = period, phase, stage, term, chapter, interregnum, span, spell, stint, stretch.

    Ex: Library use declines during the June-October period when examinations have finished and the students are on vacation.

    Ex: This planning phase involves moving from a vague impression that a thesaurus might be useful to a fairly precise profile for the thesaurus.
    Ex: The first stage in the choice of access points must be the definition of an author.
    Ex: The board consists of seven members elected by popular ballot for three-year terms.
    Ex: The late 18th century heyday of aristocratic libraries was a brief but important chapter in Hungarian library history.
    Ex: In American higher education the interregnum between world wars was a time of drift and disappointment.
    Ex: The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex: The outstanding example is Ian Sillitoe, who started writing seriously only after reading undisturbed during a lengthy spell in hospital.
    Ex: Evidence for identification is rarely available, but in a few cases very full printers' records have survived in which individual stints are accounted for.
    Ex: After all, who has not felt dog-tired and drained, sometimes for long stretches, at one time or another?.
    * breve período de tiempo = while.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * en el período penoso de = in the throes of.
    * en el período previo a = in the run up to, during the run up to.
    * en este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * en período de = in the throes of.
    * en período de desarrollo = in ascendancy.
    * en un corto período de tiempo = in a short period of time.
    * en un período de = at a time of.
    * en un período de transición = in a period of transition.
    * en un período más o menos lejano = in the near future, in the near future.
    * largos períodos de tiempo = long periods of time.
    * madre en período de lactancia = nursing mother.
    * mujer en período de lactancia = nursing woman.
    * pasar por un período de = go through + a period of.
    * período bajo = dry spell.
    * período culminante = peak period.
    * período de baja actividad = dry spell.
    * período de calma = lull.
    * período de cinco años = five-year period, period of five years.
    * período de cobertura = date of coverage, period of coverage.
    * período de cultivo = growing season.
    * período de descanso = rest time.
    * período de descuento por inscripción anticipada = early bird period.
    * período de entreguerras, el = interwar period, the.
    * período de espera = waiting period.
    * período de estancamiento = plateau [plateaux, -pl.].
    * período de financiación = funding period.
    * periodo de gracia = grace period, time of grace.
    * período de inactividad = doldrums.
    * período de incubación = incubation period.
    * período de la prensa manual, el = hand-press period, the.
    * período de la prensa mecánica, el = machine-press period, the.
    * período de lluvia = wet spell.
    * periodo de mandato = period of office.
    * período de mayor demanda = peak time.
    * período de McCarthy, el = McCarthy period, the.
    * período de observación = observation period.
    * período de poca actividad = slack time, slack period, slack activity time.
    * período de prácticas = work placement, training attachment.
    * período de prácticas en centros = practicum.
    * período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.
    * período de prueba = probationary period, trial period, trial run, probation, period of probation, probation period.
    * período de recortes presupuestarios = budget-slashing times.
    * período de reflexión = cooling-off period.
    * período de sequía = dry spell.
    * período de servicio = tour of duty.
    * período de tiempo = amount of time, time, time frame [timeframe], time lapse, time period, time span [time-span], time slot, period of time, date range.
    * período de vacaciones = vacation period.
    * período de validez = period of validity.
    * período de vigencia = time span [time-span].
    * período de votación = balloting period.
    * período escolar = school days.
    * período glacial = ice age.
    * periodo histórico = historical period.
    * período medieval = mediaeval period [medieval period, -USA], mediaeval times [medieval times, -USA].
    * período positivo = bonanza.
    * período previo = run-up.
    * período previo a la lectura = prereading.
    * período seco = dry spell.
    * período transitorio = transitional period, transition period.
    * período ventajoso = bonanza.
    * por un período de tiempo limitado = on a short-term basis.
    * préstamo de periodo fijo = fixed date loan period.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * un período de = a stretch of.
    * un período determinado = a frozen moment in time.
    * un periodo intenso de = a flurry of.

    período2
    2 = period.

    Ex: The debate on whether or not a woman can get pregnant during her period has been going on for decades now.

    * del período = menstrual.

    * * *
    período, periodo
    A
    1 (de tiempo) period
    un período de prueba de tres meses a three-month trial period
    el período de entreguerras the period o the time o the years between the wars
    2 ( Geol) period
    3 ( Mat) period
    4 ( Fís) period
    Compuestos:
    waiting period
    half-life
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    periodo    
    período
    período,
    ◊ periodo sustantivo masculino

    period
    periodo, período sustantivo masculino
    1 (espacio de tiempo) period
    2 (menstruación) tener el periodo, to have one's period
    periodo, período sustantivo masculino
    1 (espacio de tiempo) period
    2 (menstruación) tener el periodo, to have one's period

    ' período' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alquilar
    - antigüedad
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - confinamiento
    - día
    - durante
    - edad
    - entrada
    - entrado
    - época
    - era
    - espacio
    - glacial
    - mandato
    - mediar
    - momento
    - periodo
    - racha
    - restaurar
    - sementera
    - tarde
    - trienio
    - última
    - último
    - vida
    - abrir
    - ampliación
    - ampliar
    - año
    - aprendizaje
    - atravesar
    - auge
    - convocatoria
    - de
    - detenido
    - dividir
    - entrar
    - entretiempo
    - espera
    - hora
    - infancia
    - ir
    - lactancia
    - reemplazar
    - reemplazo
    - relajar
    - semana
    - siglo
    - temporada
    English:
    age
    - day
    - downtime
    - engagement
    - for
    - lapse
    - lead-up
    - lean
    - live through
    - midterm
    - out
    - pay out
    - period
    - probation
    - residence
    - short
    - solid
    - spell
    - spread
    - stint
    - stretch
    - tenancy
    - term
    - time
    - tour
    - transition
    - trial
    - unbroken
    - grow
    - interim
    - life
    - lull
    - run
    - sabbatical
    * * *
    periodo, período nm
    1. [espacio de tiempo] period;
    el primer periodo [de partido] the first half
    periodo contable accounting period;
    periodo de gestación gestation period;
    Com periodo de gracia days of grace;
    periodo de incubación incubation period;
    periodo de prácticas trial period;
    periodo de prueba trial period;
    Ind periodo de reflexión [en disputa] cooling-off period;
    periodo refractario refractory period;
    periodo de transición transition period
    2. Mat period
    3. Fís period
    4. Geol age
    periodo glacial ice age;
    periodo interglacial interglacial period
    5. [menstruación] period;
    estar con el periodo, tener el periodo to be having one's period
    6. Ling period
    * * *
    m period
    * * *
    : period
    * * *
    período n period

    Spanish-English dictionary > período

  • 27 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 28 bibliográfico

    adj.
    bibliographic, bibliographical.
    * * *
    1 bibliographic, bibliographical
    * * *
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo bibliographic
    * * *
    = bibliographic, bibliographical.
    Nota: Usado indistintamente con bibliographic.
    Ex. Most of the data bases are bibliographic in nature, but DIALOG does offer some statistical and directory files.
    Ex. Prior to this appointment he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included the single most comprehensive bibliographical distribution service in the world today.
    ----
    * agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.
    * base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.
    * CBU (Control Bibliográfico Universal) = UBC (Universal Bibliographic Control).
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del = UNIBID.
    * colección bibliográfica = book collection.
    * control bibliográfico internacional = international bibliographical control.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * emparejamiento bibliográfico = bibliographic coupling.
    * fuente bibliográfica especializada = specialist bibliographic source.
    * herramienta bibliográfica = bibliographical tool.
    * identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribució = catch line.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * ISBD (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional) = ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description).
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * justificación bibliográfica = literary warrant.
    * no bibliográfico = non-book [nonbook], non-bibliographic, non-bibliographical.
    * patrimonio bibliográfico = published heritage, documented heritage.
    * producción bibliográfica sobre biblioteconomía = library literature.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * recensión bibliográfica = review.
    * recursos bibliográficos = literature resources.
    * reseña bibliográfica = review.
    * Sociedad Bibliográfica de America = Bibliographical Society of America.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo bibliographic
    * * *
    = bibliographic, bibliographical.
    Nota: Usado indistintamente con bibliographic.

    Ex: Most of the data bases are bibliographic in nature, but DIALOG does offer some statistical and directory files.

    Ex: Prior to this appointment he was Director of LC's Processing Department where his span of authority included the single most comprehensive bibliographical distribution service in the world today.
    * agencia nacional bibliográfica = national bibliographic agency.
    * base de datos bibliográfica de resúmenes = abstracts based bibliographic database.
    * CBU (Control Bibliográfico Universal) = UBC (Universal Bibliographic Control).
    * Centro Internacional para la Descripción Bibliográfica del = UNIBID.
    * colección bibliográfica = book collection.
    * control bibliográfico internacional = international bibliographical control.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * emparejamiento bibliográfico = bibliographic coupling.
    * fuente bibliográfica especializada = specialist bibliographic source.
    * herramienta bibliográfica = bibliographical tool.
    * identificación bibliográfica y de copyright de la contribució = catch line.
    * ISBD(A) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional - material anti = ISBD(A) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Antiquarian).
    * ISBD (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional) = ISBD (International Standard Bibliographic Description).
    * ISBD(S) (Descripción Bibliográfica Normalizada Internacional para Publicacio = ISBD(S) (International Standard Bibliographic Description - Serials).
    * justificación bibliográfica = literary warrant.
    * no bibliográfico = non-book [nonbook], non-bibliographic, non-bibliographical.
    * patrimonio bibliográfico = published heritage, documented heritage.
    * producción bibliográfica sobre biblioteconomía = library literature.
    * publicación de recensiones bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * publicación de reseñas bibliográficas = reviewing source.
    * recensión bibliográfica = review.
    * recursos bibliográficos = literature resources.
    * reseña bibliográfica = review.
    * Sociedad Bibliográfica de America = Bibliographical Society of America.

    * * *
    bibliographic
    * * *
    bibliográfico, -a adj
    bibliographic
    * * *
    adj bibliographic
    * * *
    bibliográfico, -ca adj
    : bibliographic, bibliographical

    Spanish-English dictionary > bibliográfico

  • 29 durante

    prep.
    during (mientras).
    por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please insure mobile phones are switched off during the film
    durante la guerra during the war
    estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking
    durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer
    durante una hora for an hour
    durante toda su vida throughout her life
    m.
    Durante, Jimmy Durante.
    * * *
    1 during, in, for
    * * *
    prep.
    during, for
    * * *
    PREP [con espacio de tiempo] during; [expresando la duración] for

    ¿qué hiciste durante las vacaciones? — what did you do in o during the holidays?

    ¿ha llovido durante el fin de semana? — did it rain at o over the weekend?

    durante toda la noche — all through the night, all night long

    DURANTE Para traducir durante tenemos que diferenciar si hace referencia a cuándo ocurre la acción o a cuánto dura. ¿Cuándo ocurre la acción? ► Traducimos durante por during si nos referimos al intervalo de tiempo en que ocurre la acción, cuando la referencia temporal la indica un suceso o actividad determinados: Se conocieron durante la guerra They met during the war Se puso enferma durante una visita a Madrid She became ill during a visit to Madrid La bomba hizo explosión durante la entrega de premios The bomb went off during the prize-giving ceremony ► También se traduce por during cuando la referencia temporal viene indicada por un periodo de tiempo concreto: El tráfico es peor durante el verano The traffic is worse during the summer Durante los años treinta la economía se hallaba en dificultades The economy was in difficulties during the 1930s Si se trata de una acción progresiva, o que continúa o que se repite durante todo el periodo de tiempo que se indica, es preferible traducir durante por over: La situación ha empeorado durante los últimos años The situation has worsened over the last few years Durante el fin de semana el actor ha sido visto en varias ocasiones There have been several sightings of the actor over the weekend ¿Cuánto dura la acción? ► Si nos referimos a la duración de la acción, durante se traduce generalmente por for: Llevo sufriendo dolores de cabeza durante más de treinta años I've been having headaches for more than 30 years Fue periodista durante cuatro años He was a journalist for four years Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *

    durante 1980 — during o in 1980

    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre — prices rose by 0.3% in December

    * * *
    = at the stage of, during, throughout.
    Ex. At the stage of subject analysis the indexer decides which, and there how many, concepts are selected for indexing purposes.
    Ex. This article singles out four trends which have influenced the work of UNESCO during the last decade.
    Ex. Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    ----
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * ausentarse durante + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.
    * durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.
    * durante años = for years.
    * durante años y años = for years and years (and years).
    * durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.
    * durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.
    * durante cuánto tiempo = how long.
    * durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.
    * durante días = for days.
    * durante días y días = for days on end.
    * durante el año pasado = over the past year.
    * durante el apogeo de = during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el descanso = at breaktime.
    * durante el día = by day, daytime [day-time], in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.
    * durante el entrenamiento = in practice.
    * durante el fin de semana = over the weekend.
    * durante el próximo año = over the next year.
    * durante el transcurso de = over the course of.
    * durante el transcurso de los acontecimientos = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante el transporte = in transit.
    * durante el último año = over the last year.
    * durante el vuelo = in-flight.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante este tiempo = in this time.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal, over + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal + y + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal + on end.
    * durante generaciones = for generations.
    * durante la bajamar = at low tide.
    * durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.
    * durante la década de = through + Década.
    * durante la guerra = during wartime, wartime [wart-time], war years, the.
    * durante la mayor parte de = for much of.
    * durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante la Navidad = at Christmas time.
    * durante la noche = overnight, night-time.
    * durante la Pascua = at Christmas time.
    * durante la pleamar = at high tide.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.
    * durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.
    * durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.
    * durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.
    * durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.
    * durante meses y meses = for months on end.
    * durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durante todo = all the way through, throughout.
    * durante todo el día = all day long.
    * durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.
    * durante todo el verano = all summer long.
    * durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante unos instantes = for a bit.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come.
    * durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.
    * esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.
    * * *

    durante 1980 — during o in 1980

    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre — prices rose by 0.3% in December

    * * *
    = at the stage of, during, throughout.

    Ex: At the stage of subject analysis the indexer decides which, and there how many, concepts are selected for indexing purposes.

    Ex: This article singles out four trends which have influenced the work of UNESCO during the last decade.
    Ex: Throughout this chapter the term 'document' is used to refer to any item which might be found in a library or information center or data base.
    * aprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong education.
    * ausentarse durante + Expresión Temporal = not be back for + Expresión Temporal.
    * autoaprendizaje durante toda la vida = lifelong learning.
    * durante algunos años = for some years, over a period of years.
    * durante algún tiempo = for a while, for some time, for some while, for some time to come, for days.
    * durante años = for years.
    * durante años y años = for years and years (and years).
    * durante casi + Fecha = for the best part of + Fecha, for the better part of + Fecha.
    * durante casi todo el año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante cierto tiempo = over a period of time.
    * durante cuánto tiempo = how long.
    * durante demasiado tiempo = for too long.
    * durante días = for days.
    * durante días y días = for days on end.
    * durante el año pasado = over the past year.
    * durante el apogeo de = during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el auge de = at the height of, during the height of, during the heyday of.
    * durante el descanso = at breaktime.
    * durante el día = by day, daytime [day-time], in the daytime, during the daytime, during daytime.
    * durante el entrenamiento = in practice.
    * durante el fin de semana = over the weekend.
    * durante el próximo año = over the next year.
    * durante el transcurso de = over the course of.
    * durante el transcurso de los acontecimientos = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante el transcurso de muchos años = over many years.
    * durante el transporte = in transit.
    * durante el último año = over the last year.
    * durante el vuelo = in-flight.
    * durante este período = in the course of events, during the course of events.
    * durante este tiempo = in this time.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal, over + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante + Expresión Temporal + y + Expresión Temporal = for + Expresión Temporal + on end.
    * durante generaciones = for generations.
    * durante la bajamar = at low tide.
    * durante la búsqueda = at the search stage.
    * durante la década de = through + Década.
    * durante la guerra = during wartime, wartime [wart-time], war years, the.
    * durante la mayor parte de = for much of.
    * durante la mayor parte del año = for the best part of the year.
    * durante la Navidad = at Christmas time.
    * durante la noche = overnight, night-time.
    * durante la Pascua = at Christmas time.
    * durante la pleamar = at high tide.
    * durante largos períodos de tiempo = over long periods of time.
    * durante las horas de más calor = during the heat of the day.
    * durante las horas puntas = at peak periods.
    * durante la tira de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante los dos últimos meses = over the last couple of months.
    * durante los primeros años = during the early years.
    * durante los próximos años = for the next few years, over the next few years, during the next few years.
    * durante los últimos años = over the past few years, over recent years.
    * durante los últimos + Expresión Temporal = over the past + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante los últimos + Número + años = over the last + Número + years.
    * durante meses y meses = for months on end.
    * durante miles de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante millones de años = for aeons and aeons, for aeons.
    * durante muchas horas = for many long hours.
    * durante muchísimo tiempo = for ages and ages (and ages), in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante muchos años = for many years, for years to come, for many years to come, over many years, for years and years (and years).
    * durante mucho tiempo = long [longer -comp., longest -sup.], for generations, long-time [longtime], for a long time to come, for long periods of time, for a long period of time, lastingly, for a very long time, for a very long time, for many long hours, for a long time, in ages (and ages and ages).
    * durante + Posesivo + madurez = in later life.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * durante tanto tiempo = for so long, so long.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * durante toda la noche = all-night, all night long.
    * durante toda la vida = lifelong [life-long].
    * durante toda una vida = over a lifetime.
    * durante todo = all the way through, throughout.
    * durante todo el día = all day long.
    * durante todo el trimestre = semester-long.
    * durante todo el verano = all summer long.
    * durante todo + Tiempo = all through + Tiempo.
    * durante un largo período de tiempo = over a long time scale, over a long period of time, for a long period of time, over a long period.
    * durante unos instantes = for a bit.
    * durante un período de + Expresión Temporal = over a period of + Expresión Temporal.
    * durante un período de prueba = on a trial basis.
    * durante un período de tiempo = for a number of years.
    * durante un periodo de tiempo determinado = over a period of time.
    * durante un período de tiempo indefinido = over an indefinite period of time, over an indefinite span of time.
    * durante un período indefinido = for an indefinite period.
    * durante un porrón de tiempo = for donkey's years.
    * durante un tiempo indefinido = for an indefinite time to come.
    * durante varios años = for a number of years, for several years.
    * esperado durante tiempo y con ansiedad = long-and-expectantly-awaited.
    * fue durante mucho tiempo = long remained.
    * observar atentamente y durante cierto tiempo = maintain + vigil.
    * trabajar durante un período de tiempo = serve + stint.

    * * *
    durante mi ausencia/su reinado during my absence/his reign
    durante 1980 during o in 1980
    gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas she governed the country for almost two decades
    normalmente no salimos durante la semana we don't normally go out during the week
    trabajé en casa durante toda esa semana I worked at home all that week o for the whole of that week
    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre prices rose by 0.3% in December
    cuando estas drogas se toman durante un período largo when these drugs are taken over o for a long period
    su condición ha empeorado durante los últimos días his condition has worsened over the last few days
    durante estos días realiza una gira por Italia she is at present o currently on tour in Italy
    * * *

     

    durante preposición ( en el transcurso de) during;
    ( cuando se especifica la duración) for;
    ◊ durante 1980 during o in 1980;

    gobernó el país durante casi dos décadas she governed the country for almost two decades;
    los precios aumentaron un 0,3% durante el mes de diciembre prices rose by 0.3% in December;
    durante todo el invierno throughout the winter
    durante preposición during: caminamos durante dos horas, we walked for two hours
    hablaremos durante la cena, we'll talk over dinner
    se durmió durante la conferencia, she fell asleep during the lecture
    estuvo llorando durante toda la noche, she was crying all night long
    Recuerda que during se usa con el "nombre" de un período (la guerra, el concierto, el día) y responde a la pregunta ¿cuándo ocurrió? For expresa duración ( tres días, un par de segundos) y responde a la pregunta ¿cuánto tiempo duró?

    ' durante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    amiga
    - amigo
    - arrojadiza
    - arrojadizo
    - cada
    - cañón
    - cesar
    - clásica
    - clásico
    - cola
    - como
    - contienda
    - continuismo
    - corrillo
    - desarrollo
    - desnaturalizar
    - día
    - empeorar
    - encierro
    - exilio
    - extracorpórea
    - extracorpóreo
    - filmación
    - herida
    - legislatura
    - mes
    - mientras
    - novelón
    - pajolera
    - pajolero
    - por
    - seguida
    - seguido
    - ver
    - adolescencia
    - bajada
    - callado
    - cartearse
    - cartelera
    - cierto
    - crecimiento
    - detenido
    - empatar
    - guardar
    - lactancia
    - meditar
    - reemplazar
    - reemplazo
    - zarandear
    English:
    all
    - allege
    - almost
    - antsy
    - appal
    - appall
    - assistant
    - badly
    - besiege
    - blackout
    - blow
    - canvasser
    - climate
    - collapse
    - composed
    - course
    - craving
    - crib
    - deliberate
    - detention
    - diving
    - during
    - ensue
    - ferment
    - flatten
    - fluster
    - fold
    - for
    - forceps
    - go on
    - go-between
    - guffaw
    - haggle
    - hold against
    - homesick
    - hooligan
    - hound
    - in
    - in-flight
    - injure
    - intermission
    - intermittent
    - interrogate
    - keep in
    - major
    - monstrosity
    - neutrality
    - observation
    - outage
    - over
    * * *
    durante prep
    [en todo el tiempo de] for; [mientras] during;
    estuvo sin beber durante un año he went (for) a year without drinking;
    durante una hora for an hour;
    durante todo el mes de febrero for the whole of February, throughout the month of February;
    durante las vacaciones during the Br holidays o US vacation;
    llovió varias veces durante la semana it rained several times during the week;
    por favor, desconecten sus teléfonos móviles durante la proyección please ensure cellphones o Br mobile phones are switched off during the movie;
    durante un año se produjeron tres seísmos en la zona there were three earthquakes in the area in the space of a year;
    durante su estancia en Londres visitó varios museos he visited several museums while he was in London;
    durante el verano mejoró su situación económica his financial situation improved over the summer;
    llovió durante toda la semana it rained all week;
    * * *
    durante seis meses for six months
    * * *
    durante prep
    : during
    durante todo el día: all day long
    trabajó durante tres horas: he worked for three hours
    * * *
    durante prep
    1. during
    2. for

    Spanish-English dictionary > durante

  • 30 mantener

    v.
    1 to keep.
    mantener algo en buen estado to keep something in good condition
    mantener una promesa to keep a promise
    mantener la calma to stay calm
    Los mantengo trabajando I keep them working.
    Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.
    2 to support (with scaffold, columns).
    mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air
    3 to support.
    con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages
    4 to have (relationships, conversations).
    mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with somebody
    mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent
    mantiene que no la vió he maintains that he didn't see her
    6 to maintain, to keep, to conserve, to hold.
    Ellos mantienen unas mantas They maintain some bedcovers.
    Ellos mantienen su opinión They maintain their opinion.
    María mantiene a su hijo Mary maintains=provides for her son.
    Ella mantiene su declaración She maintains her declaration.
    7 to claim to, to hold to, to maintain to.
    Ellos mantienen haber limpiado They claim to have cleaned.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener
    1 (conservar) to keep
    ■ 'Mantenga Zamora limpia' "Keep Zamora tidy"
    2 (tener) to keep
    ■ 'Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños' "Keep out of the reach of children"
    3 (sostener) to support, hold up, hold
    4 (sustentar) to support, maintain
    5 (afirmación etc) to maintain
    ■ pues yo mantengo que no es verdad well, I maintain that it is not true
    6 (conversación, relaciones) to have; (reunión) to hold, have; (correspondencia) to keep up; (promesa, palabra) to keep
    1 (sostenerse) to remain, stand
    2 (continuar en un estado, una posición) to keep
    3 (sustenerse) to manage, maintain oneself, support oneself
    4 (alimentarse) to eat, live
    ■ se mantiene a base de fruta she lives on fruit, she eats only fruit
    \
    mantener algo en secreto to keep something secret
    mantenerse aparte to stay out of it, not get involved
    mantenerse en contacto con to stay in contact with
    mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, keep in trim, keep fit
    mantenerse en pie to stand, remain standing
    mantenerse en sus trece to stick to one's guns
    mantenerse vivo,-a to stay alive
    * * *
    verb
    3) hold
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=sostener) [gen] to hold; [+ puente, techo] to support
    2) (=preservar)
    a) [en un lugar] to store, keep

    "manténgase en un lugar fresco y seco" — "store in a cool dry place"

    b) [en un estado o situación] to keep

    • mantener algo caliente — to keep sth hot

    • mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth, keep sth balanced

    • mantener algo en secreto — to keep sth a secret

    raya I, 1)
    3) (=conservar) [+ opinión] to maintain, hold; [+ costumbre, ideales] to keep up, maintain; [+ disciplina] to maintain, keep; [+ promesa] to keep

    me marcho manteniendo mi opinión — I'm leaving, but I stand by my opinion

    • al conducir hay que mantener la distancia de seguridad — you have to keep (at) a safe distance when driving

    • mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

    • mantener el fuego — to keep the fire going

    • mantener la línea — to keep one's figure, keep in shape

    • mantener la paz — to keep the peace, maintain peace

    calma, distancia
    4) [económicamente] to support, maintain

    ya no pienso mantenerla más — I refuse to keep o support o maintain her any longer

    5) [+ conversación, contacto] to maintain, hold

    ¿han mantenido ustedes relaciones sexuales? — have you had sexual relations?

    correspondencia 2)
    6) (=afirmar) to maintain
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep
    2)
    a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

    mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

    b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    3)
    a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep
    4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    2.
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    * * *
    = hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.
    Ex. The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.
    Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex. Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.
    Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex. The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.
    Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.
    Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex. Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.
    Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex. The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.
    ----
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.
    * de mantener una conversación = conversational.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener a flote = keep + afloat.
    * mantener a la par de = keep up with.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener al ralentí = idle.
    * mantener a mano = keep to + hand.
    * mantener aparte = keep + separate.
    * mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.
    * mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * mantener constancia de = keep + record of.
    * mantener contacto = maintain + contact.
    * mantener control = hold + the reins of control.
    * mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.
    * mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.
    * mantener el control = stay in + control.
    * mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener el orden = keep + order, police.
    * mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.
    * mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.
    * mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantener informado = keep + informed.
    * mantener junto = keep together.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.
    * mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).
    * mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.
    * mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.
    * mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.
    * mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantener los precios = hold + prices down.
    * mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.
    * mantener presente = keep before.
    * mantener presionado = hold down.
    * mantener registro de = keep + record of.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).
    * mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.
    * mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.
    * mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.
    * mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.
    * mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.
    * mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.
    * mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.
    * mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.
    * mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.
    * mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.
    * mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * mantener secreto = keep + secret.
    * mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).
    * mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.
    * mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.
    * mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse fiel a = stick with.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.
    * mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener separado = keep apart.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * mantenerse unidos = stick together.
    * mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.
    * mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.
    * mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.
    * mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.
    * mantener un debate = hold + discussion.
    * mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * mantener un registro = keep + log.
    * mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mantener vigente = keep + alive.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep
    2)
    a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

    mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

    b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    3)
    a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep
    4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    2.
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    * * *
    = hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

    Ex: The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

    Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.
    Ex: Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.
    Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.
    Ex: The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.
    Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.
    Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.
    Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.
    Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.
    Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.
    Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.
    Ex: Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.
    Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.
    Ex: The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.
    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex: The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.
    * de mantener una conversación = conversational.
    * el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].
    * mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.
    * mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.
    * mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.
    * mantener a flote = keep + afloat.
    * mantener a la par de = keep up with.
    * mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.
    * mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.
    * mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.
    * mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.
    * mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.
    * mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.
    * mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.
    * mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.
    * mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.
    * mantener al ralentí = idle.
    * mantener a mano = keep to + hand.
    * mantener aparte = keep + separate.
    * mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.
    * mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.
    * mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.
    * mantener constancia de = keep + record of.
    * mantener contacto = maintain + contact.
    * mantener control = hold + the reins of control.
    * mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.
    * mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.
    * mantener el control = stay in + control.
    * mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.
    * mantener el interés = hold + the interest.
    * mantener el orden = keep + order, police.
    * mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.
    * mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.
    * mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.
    * mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.
    * mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.
    * mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.
    * mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.
    * mantener informado = keep + informed.
    * mantener junto = keep together.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.
    * mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.
    * mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.
    * mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.
    * mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.
    * mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).
    * mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.
    * mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.
    * mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.
    * mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.
    * mantener la posición = hold + the line.
    * mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.
    * mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.
    * mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.
    * mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.
    * mantener la vida = sustain + life.
    * mantener libre de = keep + free of.
    * mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.
    * mantener los precios = hold + prices down.
    * mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.
    * mantener ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.
    * mantener presente = keep before.
    * mantener presionado = hold down.
    * mantener registro de = keep + record of.
    * mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.
    * mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.
    * mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).
    * mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse a distancia = stand off.
    * mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.
    * mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.
    * mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.
    * mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.
    * mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.
    * mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.
    * mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.
    * mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.
    * mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.
    * mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.
    * mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.
    * mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.
    * mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.
    * mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.
    * mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.
    * mantenerse bien = keep + well.
    * mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.
    * mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.
    * mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * mantener secreto = keep + secret.
    * mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.
    * mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).
    * mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.
    * mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.
    * mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.
    * mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.
    * mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.
    * mantenerse fiel a = stick with.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.
    * mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.
    * mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.
    * mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.
    * mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.
    * mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.
    * mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.
    * mantener separado = keep apart.
    * mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.
    * mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.
    * mantenerse unidos = stick together.
    * mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.
    * mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.
    * mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.
    * mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.
    * mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.
    * mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.
    * mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.
    * mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.
    * mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.
    * mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.
    * mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.
    * mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.
    * mantener un concepto = hold + concept.
    * mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.
    * mantener un debate = hold + discussion.
    * mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * mantener un interés = pursue + interest.
    * mantener un registro = keep + log.
    * mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mantener vigente = keep + alive.
    * mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.
    * máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

    * * *
    vt
    A (sustentar económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain
    cuesta una fortuna mantener a ese perro tan grande it costs a fortune to keep that enormous dog
    ¡y pretende que ella lo mantenga! and he expects her to support o keep him!
    B
    1 (conservar, preservar) to keep
    mantener la calma/la compostura to keep calm/one's composure
    mantener el orden to keep o ( frml) maintain order
    para mantener la paz in order to keep the peace
    mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
    mantener las viejas tradiciones to keep up the old traditions
    2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    los postes mantienen la viga en posición the posts keep the beam in position
    mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance
    lo mantiene en equilibrio sobre la punta de la nariz he balances it on the end of his nose
    los militares lo mantuvieron en el poder the military kept him in power
    todos los medicamentos deben mantenerse fuera del alcance de los niños all medicines should be kept out of reach of children
    [ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep Norwich ( o York etc) tidy
    [ S ] una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado keep refrigerated once open
    no mantiene su coche en buenas condiciones he doesn't keep his car in good condition, he doesn't maintain his car very well
    sigue manteniendo vivos sus ideales he still keeps his ideals alive
    C
    1 ‹conversaciones› to have; ‹contactos› to maintain, keep up; ‹correspondencia› to keep up; ‹relaciones› to maintain
    durante las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra during the negotiations held in Geneva
    2 (cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep
    D (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    mantiene que es inocente he maintains that he is innocent
    A (sustentarse económicamente) to support o maintain o keep oneself
    B (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep
    se mantuvieron en primera división they kept their place o they stayed in the first division
    mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, to keep fit
    lo único que se mantiene en pie es la torre all that remains is the tower, only the tower is still standing
    se mantiene al día she keeps up to date
    siempre se mantuvo a distancia he always kept his distance
    se mantuvo en contacto con sus amigos de la infancia he kept in touch with o kept up with his childhood friends
    se mantuvo neutral en la disputa he remained neutral in the dispute
    C
    (alimentarse): nos mantuvimos a base de latas we lived off tinned food
    se mantiene a base de vitaminas he lives on vitamin pills
    * * *

     

    mantener ( conjugate mantener) verbo transitivo
    1 ( económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain;
    ‹ amante› to keep
    2 (conservar, preservar) to keep;

    mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance;
    mantener algo en equilibrio to balance sth;
    para mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
    3

    ‹ contactos› to maintain, keep up;
    ‹ correspondencia› to keep up;
    ‹ relaciones› to maintain
    b) ( cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

    4 (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
    mantenerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
    2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) to keep;

    la torre aún se mantiene en pie the tower is still standing;
    mantenerse en contacto (con algn) to keep in touch (with sb)
    3 ( alimentarse):

    mantener verbo transitivo
    1 (conservar) to keep: ella mantiene vivo su recuerdo, she keeps his memory alive
    mantén la calma, keep calm
    2 (sostener) to have: mantuvimos una conversación muy seria, we had a very serious talk
    (una teoría, hipótesis) to defend, maintain
    3 (alimentar, sustentar) to support, feed: no podían mantener las dos casas, they couldn't keep up both houses
    4 (peso) to support, hold up
    ' mantener' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    callarse
    - conchabarse
    - conservar
    - conservarse
    - continuismo
    - escribirse
    - ir
    - hilo
    - línea
    - raya
    - sustentar
    - tener
    - tipo
    - ahuyentar
    - alerta
    - calma
    - correspondencia
    - corriente
    - disciplina
    - flote
    - guardar
    - llevar
    - mantiene
    - mantuve
    - orden
    - preservar
    - sujetar
    English:
    balance
    - bay
    - buoy
    - captive
    - carry on
    - cherish
    - cool
    - fire
    - hold
    - hold off
    - house
    - hygiene
    - image
    - keep
    - keep away
    - keep down
    - keep up
    - maintain
    - order
    - preserve
    - provide for
    - retain
    - secrecy
    - stall
    - support
    - suspense
    - sustain
    - swear
    - track
    - unionist
    - uphold
    - weight-watching
    - white elephant
    - carry
    - clear
    - conduct
    - correspond
    - credit
    - door
    - go
    - head
    - inform
    - occupy
    - peace
    - police
    - provide
    - segregate
    - stand
    - stick
    - struggle
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [económicamente] to support;
    con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages
    2. [sostener] to keep;
    un andamio mantiene el edificio en pie a scaffold supports the building o keeps the building from falling down;
    mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air
    3. [conservar] to keep;
    [ritmo, nivel, presión] to keep up;
    mantener las amistades to keep up one's friendships;
    mantener algo en buen estado to keep sth in good condition;
    mantener la calma to stay calm;
    mantener el orden to keep order;
    mantener la línea to keep one's figure;
    mantener una promesa/la palabra to keep a promise/one's word;
    mantenga limpia su ciudad [en letrero] keep your city tidy;
    manténgase en un lugar seco [en etiqueta] keep in a dry place;
    manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños [en medicamento, producto tóxico] keep out of the reach of children;
    es incapaz de mantener la boca cerrada he can't keep his mouth shut
    4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
    [negociaciones, diálogo] to hold;
    mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;
    mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with sb;
    mantener contactos con alguien to be in contact with sb
    5. [defender] [convicción, idea] to stick to;
    [candidatura] to refuse to withdraw;
    mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent;
    mantiene que no la vio he maintains that he didn't see her
    * * *
    v/t
    1 ( sujetar) hold; techo etc hold up
    2 ( preservar) keep
    4 económicamente support
    5 ( afirmar) maintain
    * * *
    mantener {80} vt
    1) sustentar: to support, to feed
    mantener uno su familia: to support one's family
    2) conservar: to keep, to preserve
    3) continuar: to keep up, to sustain
    mantener una correspondencia: to keep up a correspondence
    4) afirmar: to maintain, to affirm
    * * *
    1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]
    2. (económicamente) to support
    3. (afirmar) to maintain
    4. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]

    Spanish-English dictionary > mantener

  • 31 espacio

    m.
    1 space.
    no tengo mucho espacio I don't have much room
    por espacio de over a period of
    espacio aéreo air space
    espacio verde green area
    2 program (radio & television) (programa independiente).
    espacio electoral party political broadcast
    espacio publicitario advertising slot
    3 room, available space, space.
    4 character space.
    5 spatium, crevice.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: espaciar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) space
    2 (que se ocupa) space, room
    3 (de tiempo) period, space
    4 (programa) programme (US program)
    \
    a doble espacio double-spaced
    por espacio de... for...
    doble espacio double spacing
    espacio aéreo air space
    espacio radiofónico radio programme (US program)
    espacio televisivo TV programme (US program)
    espacio verde open space, green space
    espacio vital living space
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) room
    3) period, length
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Astron, Fís, Aer) space

    espacio exterior, espacio extraterrestre — outer space

    2) (=sitio) room, space

    no hay espacio para tantas sillas — there isn't room o space for so many chairs

    ¿me haces un espacio para que me siente? — can you make a bit of room o space for me to sit down?

    3) (=superficie) space

    espacio vital — (Pol) living space; [de persona] living space

    4) [en un escrito] space

    un texto mecanografiado a un espacio/a doble espacio — a single-spaced/double-spaced typescript

    escríbelo a un espacio/a doble espacio — type it with single spacing/double spacing

    espacio interlineal — interlinear spacing, inter-line spacing

    5) [de tiempo] space
    6) (Radio, TV) [en la programación] slot; (=programa) programme, program (EEUU)

    espacio electoral — ≈ party political broadcast

    espacio publicitario — advertising spot, commercial

    7) (Mús) interval
    8) †† (=tardanza) delay, slowness
    * * *
    1)
    a) (amplitud, capacidad) space, room
    b) (entre líneas, palabras) space; ( entre objetos) space, gap

    un folio mecanografiado a doble espacio/a un espacio — a sheet of double-spaced/single-spaced typing

    c) (recinto, área) area
    2) (Espac)
    3) ( de tiempo)

    por espacio de 24 horas — for 24 hours o for a period of 24 hours

    4)
    a) (Rad, TV) ( hueco) slot; ( programa) program*

    espacio deportivo/informativo — sports/news program

    b) (en periódico, revista) space
    * * *
    1)
    a) (amplitud, capacidad) space, room
    b) (entre líneas, palabras) space; ( entre objetos) space, gap

    un folio mecanografiado a doble espacio/a un espacio — a sheet of double-spaced/single-spaced typing

    c) (recinto, área) area
    2) (Espac)
    3) ( de tiempo)

    por espacio de 24 horas — for 24 hours o for a period of 24 hours

    4)
    a) (Rad, TV) ( hueco) slot; ( programa) program*

    espacio deportivo/informativo — sports/news program

    b) (en periódico, revista) space
    * * *
    espacio1
    1 = space.

    Ex: For example, 629.1388 in DC has to house all documents on Astronautics documents on Instrumentation, Earth satellites, Monkeys in space, Manned flights, and so on.

    * agricultura en el espacio = astroculture.
    * ciencias del espacio, las = space science(s), the.
    * ciencias sobre la vida en el espacio = space life sciences.
    * criatura del espacio = space monster.
    * cultivo en el espacio = astroculture.
    * espacio aéreo = airspace.
    * espacio exterior = outer space.
    * fotografía del espacio = space photograph.
    * NASA (Administración Nacional para la Aeronáutica y el Espacio) = NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).

    espacio2
    2 = capacity, gap, room, slot, space, spacing, spaciousness, span, headroom, elbow room.

    Ex: Marginal storage cards normally have capacity for storing citations and abstracts.

    Ex: New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.
    Ex: It then displays a screen with room to enter 28 copy numbers.
    Ex: These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    Ex: There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex: Guidelines can be expected to discuss some or all of the following: instructions on the way in which abstracts are to be presented, e.g. typing, paper, layout, spacing.
    Ex: The overall plan of the library is to provide an atmosphere of spaciousness and calm, in contrast to the urban bustle outside = El proyecto general de la biblioteca es ofrecer un ambiente de amplitud y calma, en contraste con el bullicio urbano exterior.
    Ex: The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex: I was also encouraged to read a subscriber to this list has over 40,000 items meaning this software has plenty of headroom = También me sentí animado al leer que un miembro de esta lista tiene más de 40.000 registros lo que significa que este software tiene bastante capacidad.
    Ex: People will work at a higher level when they have adequate elbow room for decision making.
    * acabarse el espacio = run out of + space.
    * a doble espacio = double-spaced.
    * agotar el espacio = run out of + space.
    * ahorrar espacio = conserve + space, save + space.
    * ahorro de espacio = economy of space.
    * asignación de espacio = space allocation.
    * a un solo espacio = single-spaced.
    * barrera espacio-temporal = space-time barrier.
    * compartir espacio = share + space.
    * dejar espacio para = leave + room for.
    * derrochar espacio = waste + space.
    * desperdicio de espacio = space waster.
    * en el espacio = spatially.
    * en espacios cerrados = indoors.
    * en un corto espacio de tiempo = in a short space of time.
    * espacio abierto = open space.
    * espacio abierto público = public open space.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espacio cerrado = closed space.
    * espacio de almacenamiento = storage space.
    * espacio de almacenamiento en disco = drive storage space.
    * espacio dedicado a estanterías = stack space.
    * espacio destinado a encuentros de todo tipo = meeting space.
    * espacio de trabajo = workspace.
    * espacio en blanco = blank, blank space.
    * espacio en blanco final = trailing blank.
    * espacio en blanco inicial = beginning blank.
    * espacio en disco = disc space.
    * espacio entre columnas = intercolumn spacing.
    * Espacio Europeo para la Educación Superior (EEES) = European Space for Higher Education (ESHE).
    * espacio físico = physical facility, physical space.
    * espacio físico disponible = floor space.
    * espacio interlineal = interline spacing.
    * espacio interpersonal = personal boundaries.
    * espacio libre = vacant space.
    * espacio para las piernas = legroom.
    * espacio para los expositores = display space.
    * espacio para trabajar = workspace.
    * espacio personal = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * espacio privado = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * espacio público = public space, public area, commons.
    * espacio público común = commons.
    * espacio reservado para el estudio = study space.
    * espacio social = social space.
    * espacio territorial = territorial space.
    * espacio vacío = vacant space.
    * espacio virtual = virtual space.
    * espacio vital = life-space.
    * falta de espacio = tightness of space.
    * falto de espacio = cramped.
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * limitaciones de espacio = space constraints.
    * mantenimiento de espacios exteriores = ground maintenance.
    * necesidades de espacio = space requirements.
    * ocupar espacio = occupy + space, take up + space, take up + room.
    * optimizar el espacio de almacenamiento = maximise + storage space.
    * problema de espacio = space problem.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que ocupa poco espacio = space-saving.
    * relativo al espacio físico = spatial.
    * rellenar con ceros los espacios vacíos = zero fill.

    * * *
    A
    1 (amplitud, capacidad) space, room
    en el parque hay mucho espacio para jugar there is plenty of space to play in the park
    tus cosas ocupan demasiado espacio your things take up too much space o room
    aquí no cabe, no hay suficiente espacio it won't fit here, there isn't enough space o room
    2 (hueco — entre líneas, palabras) space; (— entre objetos) space, gap
    ocho folios mecanografiados a dos espacios or a doble espacio/a un espacio eight sheets of double-spaced/single-spaced typing
    rellenar los espacios en blanco fill in the blank spaces o the blanks
    deja un espacio entre los pupitres leave some space o a space o a gap between the desks
    3 (recinto, área) area
    un espacio cercado a fenced-off area
    espacios cerrados confined spaces o areas
    Compuestos:
    political niche, niche
    mpl open spaces (pl)
    mpl green spaces (pl)
    lebensraum, living space
    webspace
    B ( Espac):
    el espacio space
    Compuestos:
    airspace
    ● espacio exterior or sideral
    outer space
    C
    (de tiempo): en un corto espacio de tiempo in a short space of time
    los efectos persisten por espacio de 24 horas the effects last for 24 hours o for a period of 24 hours
    por espacio de varios años over a period of several years
    D
    1 (en la radio, televisión — hueco) slot; (— programa) program*
    espacio deportivo/informativo/musical sports/news/music program
    espacio publicitario advertising slot
    2 (en un periódico, revista) space
    * * *

     

    Del verbo espaciar: ( conjugate espaciar)

    espacio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    espació es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    espaciar    
    espacio
    espacio sustantivo masculino
    1

    ◊ ocupan demasiado espacio they take up too much space o room

    b) (entre líneas, palabras) space;

    ( entre objetos) space, gap;
    ◊ rellenar los espacios en blanco fill in the blank spaces o the blanks

    c) (recinto, área) area

    2 (Espac):

    espacio aéreo airspace
    3 ( de tiempo):

    por espacio de 24 horas for 24 hours o for a period of 24 hours
    4
    a) (Rad, TV) ( programa) program( conjugate program);


    b) (en periódico, revista) space

    espaciar verbo transitivo to space out
    espacio sustantivo masculino
    1 space
    espacio aéreo, air space
    espacio sideral, outer space
    espacio vital, living space
    2 (periodo de tiempo) period
    3 (sitio) room: ocupa poco espacio, it takes little room
    4 Rad TV programme, US program
    ' espacio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acordonar
    - agobiante
    - ámbito
    - amplitud
    - antes
    - aprovechada
    - aprovechado
    - área
    - blanca
    - blanco
    - cámping
    - conquista
    - después
    - discurso
    - en seguida
    - enseguida
    - estrecha
    - estrecho
    - evaporarse
    - extenderse
    - hasta
    - holgada
    - holgado
    - holgura
    - hueca
    - hueco
    - interlineal
    - linterna
    - margen
    - noche
    - ocupar
    - orientación
    - periodo
    - período
    - plaza
    - primera
    - primero
    - radio
    - reducida
    - reducido
    - remota
    - remoto
    - rincón
    - robar
    - rompecabezas
    - separación
    - sitio
    - sobrar
    - tapiar
    - temporada
    English:
    accommodate
    - ahead
    - bay
    - beyond
    - blank
    - breathing space
    - by
    - clearance
    - come into
    - confined
    - cyber space
    - elbow room
    - expanse
    - extension
    - fill
    - fit in
    - forward
    - gap
    - gate
    - go
    - headroom
    - in
    - length
    - long
    - near
    - on
    - outer space
    - party political broadcast
    - room
    - roomy
    - single-space
    - slot
    - smoky
    - space
    - space-saving
    - spacing
    - span
    - spot
    - stretch out
    - take
    - take up
    - throughout
    - towards
    - turn away
    - wide open
    - workspace
    - elbow
    - leg
    - maneuver
    - outer
    * * *
    1. [extensión física] space;
    la relación entre el espacio y el tiempo the relationship between space and time
    Fís espacio-tiempo space-time; Mat espacio vectorial vector space
    2. [hueco libre] space, room;
    hay espacio de sobra para construir una piscina there's plenty of space o room to build a swimming pool;
    no queda espacio en mi maleta there's no room (left) in my suitcase;
    deja más espacio entre las plantas leave more space o room between the plants
    espacio aéreo airspace;
    espacio vital living space;
    me falta espacio vital I need more space;
    Informát espacio Web Web space
    3. [lugar] space;
    no soporto los espacios cerrados I can't bear enclosed spaces
    espacio verde [grande] park; [pequeño] lawn, green
    4. [en texto] space;
    a dos espacios, a doble espacio double-spaced;
    cuatro folios a un espacio four single-spaced sheets
    espacio en blanco blank;
    rellene los espacios en blanco fill in the blanks;
    Informát espacio indivisible hard space
    5. [más allá de la Tierra]
    el espacio (outer) space;
    la conquista del espacio es todavía un sueño the conquest of (outer) space is still a dream
    espacio exterior outer space;
    espacio sideral outer space
    6. [radiofónico, televisivo] [programa independiente] programme;
    [dentro de otro programa] slot;
    espacios informativos news programmes;
    tiene un espacio en el programa de los sábados he has a slot on the Saturday programme
    espacio electoral Br party political broadcast, US political advertisement;
    espacio publicitario advertising slot, commercial
    7. [duración]
    cortaron el agua por espacio de dos horas the water was cut off for two hours;
    en un corto espacio de tiempo in a short space of time;
    en el espacio de tiempo que se tarda en escribir una postal in the time it takes to write a postcard
    * * *
    m
    1 space;
    espacio en blanco (blank) space;
    espacio de tiempo space of time;
    no tengo suficiente espacio I don’t have enough space o room;
    en el espacio de tres meses in the space of three months;
    por espacio de una hora for a full hour
    2 TV program, Br
    programme
    * * *
    1) : space, room
    2) : period, length (of time)
    3)
    espacio exterior : outer space
    * * *
    1. (en general) space
    2. (sitio) room
    3. (programa) programme

    Spanish-English dictionary > espacio

  • 32 по

    автомат загрузки по скоростному напору
    Q-feel system
    автомат имитации усилий по числу М
    Mach-feel system
    автоматическое сопровождение по дальности
    automatic range tracking
    автоматическое флюгирование по отрицательной тяге
    drag-actuated autofeathering
    автоматическое флюгирование по предельным оборотам
    overspeed-actuated autofeathering
    автомат стабилизации автопилота по числу М
    autopilot Mach lock
    автомат устойчивости по тангажу
    pitch autostabilizer
    агент по грузовым перевозкам
    cargo agent
    агент по оформлению
    handing agent
    агент по оформлению туристических перевозок
    travel agent
    агент по продаже билетов
    ticket medium
    агентство по отправке грузов воздушным транспортом
    air freight forwarder
    Агентство по пропорциональным тарифам
    Prorate Agency
    анализатор с интегрированием по времени
    time-integrating analyser
    Африканская конференция по авиационным тарифам
    African Air Tariff Conference
    аэропортовый комитет по разработке и утверждению расписания
    airport scheduling committee
    балансировать по тангажу
    trim in pitch
    балансировка по тангажу
    longitudinal trim
    билет по основному тарифу
    normal fare ticket
    блок контроля скорости пробега по земле
    ground run monitor
    весовая отдача по полезной нагрузке
    useful-to-takeoff load ratio
    взлетать по ветру
    takeoff downwind
    взлет по вертолетному
    no-run takeoff
    взлет по ветру
    downwind takeoff
    взлет по приборам
    instrument takeoff
    взлет по самолетному
    1. forward takeoff
    2. running takeoff визуальная посадка по наземным ориентирам
    visually judged landing
    визуальный заход на посадку по упрощенной схеме
    abbreviated visual approach
    визуальный полет по кругу
    visual circling
    воздушная перевозка по найму
    air operation for hire
    воздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схеме
    improperly loaded aircraft
    воздушное судно, не сертифицированное по шуму
    nonnoise certificate aircraft
    воздушное судно по обмену
    interchanged aircraft
    восстановление по крену
    bank erection
    восстановление по тангажу
    pitch erection
    ВПП, не оборудованная для посадки по приборам
    noninstrument runway
    ВПП, оборудованная для посадки по приборам
    instrument runway
    вращаться по инерции
    run down
    вращение по инерции
    rundown
    время вылета по расписанию
    scheduled departure time
    время наземной тренировки по приборам
    instrument ground time
    время налета по приборам
    instrument flying time
    время налета по приборам на тренажере
    instrument flying simulated time
    время полета по внешнему контуру
    outbound time
    время полета по маршруту
    trip time
    время по расписанию
    due time
    выдерживание курса по курсовому радиомаяку
    localizer hold
    выдерживать курс по компасу
    hold the heading on the compass
    выдерживать направление по лучу
    follow the beam
    выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
    perform the service bulletin
    выполнять полет по курсу
    fly the heading
    высота по давлению
    pressure altitude
    высота полета по маршруту
    en-route altitude
    высота по радиовысотомеру
    radio height
    Генеральная конференция по мерам и весам
    General Conference of Weights and Measure
    генеральный агент по продаже
    general sales agent
    годность по состоянию здоровья
    medical fitness
    годность по уровню шума
    noiseworthiness
    градус по шкале Цельсия
    degree Celsius
    группа, выполняющая полет по туру
    tour group
    дальность видимости по наклонной прямой
    oblique visibility
    дальность видимости по прямой
    1. line-of-sight distance
    2. line-of-sight range дальность полета по замкнутому маршруту
    closed-circuit range
    дальность полета по прямой
    direct range
    датчик рассогласования по крену
    roll synchro transmitter
    датчик усилий по крену
    roll control force sensor
    движение по земле
    ground run
    движение по тангажу
    pitching motion
    дежурный по посадке
    boarding clerk
    действия по аэродрому при объявлении тревоги
    aerodrome alert measures
    действия по обнаружению и уходу
    see and avoid operations
    действующий технологический стандарт по шуму
    current noise technology standard
    деятельность по координации тарифов
    tariff coordinating activity
    диспетчер по загрузке
    load controller
    диспетчер по загрузке и центровке
    weight and balance controlled
    диспетчер по планированию
    planner
    диспетчер по планированию полетов
    flight planner
    длина разбега по воде
    water run length
    дозаправлять топливом на промежуточной посадке по маршруту
    refuel en-route
    доставка грузов по воздуху
    aerial cargo delivery
    доставлять по воздуху
    fly in
    доступ, регламентированный по времени
    time-ordered access
    доход по контракту
    contract revenue
    Европейская конференция по вопросам гражданской авиации
    European Civil Aviation Conference
    загрузочный механизм по скоростному напору
    Q-feel mechanism
    загрузочный механизм по числу М
    Mach-feel mechanism
    закрылок по всему размаху
    full-span flap
    занимать эшелон по нулям
    be on the level on the hour
    запас по оборотам несущего винта
    rotor speed margin
    запас по помпажу
    surging margin
    запас по сваливанию
    stall margin
    запас по ускорению
    acceleration margin
    заход на посадку, нормированный по времени
    timed approach
    заход на посадку по командам наземных станций
    advisory approach
    заход на посадку по коробочке
    rectangular traffic pattern approach
    заход на посадку по криволинейной траектории
    curved approach
    заход на посадку по кругу
    circling approach
    заход на посадку по крутой траектории
    steep approach
    заход на посадку по курсовому маяку
    localizer approach
    заход на посадку по маяку
    beam approach
    заход на посадку по обзорному радиолокатору
    surveillance radar approach
    заход на посадку по обычной схеме
    normal approach
    заход на посадку по осевой линии
    center line approach
    заход на посадку по полной схеме
    long approach
    заход на посадку по пологой траектории
    flat approach
    заход на посадку по приборам
    1. instrument approach landing
    2. instrument landing approach заход на посадку по прямому курсу
    front course approach
    заход на посадку по радиолокатору
    radar approach
    заход на посадку по сегментно-криволинейной схеме
    segmented approach
    заход на посадку после полета по кругу
    circle-to-land
    заход на посадку по укороченной схеме
    short approach
    заход на посадку по упрощенной схеме
    simple approach
    заход на посадку с прямой по приборам
    straight-in ILS-type approach
    звездное время по гринвичскому меридиану
    Greenwich sideral time
    зона захода на посадку по кругу
    circling approach area
    зона обзора по азимуту
    azimuth coverage
    изменение маршрута по желанию пассажира
    voluntary rerouting
    имитируемый полет по приборам
    simulated instrument flight
    инженер по навигационным средствам
    navaids engineer
    инженер по радиоэлектронному оборудованию
    radio engineer
    инженер по техническому обслуживанию воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineer
    инженер по электронному оборудованию
    electronics engineer
    инспектор по летной годности
    airworthiness inspector
    инспектор по производству полетов
    operations inspector
    инспекция по расследованию авиационных происшествий
    investigating authority
    инструктаж по условиям полета по маршруту
    route briefing
    инструктор по навигационным средствам
    navaids instructor
    инструктор по производству полетов
    flight operations instructor
    инструкция по загрузке воздушного судна
    aircraft loading instruction
    инструкция по консервации и хранению воздушного судна
    aircraft storage instruction
    инструкция по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    air safety rules
    инструкция по производству полетов
    operation instruction
    инструкция по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance instruction
    инструкция по эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft operating instruction
    информация по воздушной трассе
    airway information
    информация по условиям посадки
    landing instruction
    испытание по уходу на второй круг
    go-around test
    испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
    flight stress measurement tests
    испытания по полной программе
    full-scale tests
    Исследовательская группа по безопасности полетов
    Aviation Security Study Group
    истинное время по Гринвичу
    Greenwich apparent time
    исходные условия сертификации по шуму
    noise certification reference conditions
    калибровка чувствительности по звуковому давлению
    sound pressure sensitivity calibration
    категория ИКАО по обеспечению полета
    facility performance ICAO category
    классификация воздушных судов по типам
    aircraft category rating
    кодирование по опорному времени
    time reference coding
    Комиссия по авиационной метеорологии
    Commission for aeronautical Meteorology
    Комиссия по нарушению тарифов
    Breachers Commission
    Комиссия по основным системам
    Commission for basic Systems
    Комитет по авиационному шуму
    Committee on Aircraft Noise
    Комитет по безопасности полетов
    Safety Investigation Board
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    1. Air Transport Committee
    2. Air Transportation Board Комитет по исследованиям звуковых ударов
    Sonic Boom Committee
    Комитет по координации частот
    Frequency Coordinating Body
    Комитет по незаконному вмешательству
    Committee on Unlawful Interference
    Комитет по охране окружающей среды от воздействия авиации
    Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection
    Комитет по поощрительным тарифам
    Creative Fares Board
    Комитет по рассмотрению авиационных вопросов
    Aviation Review Committee
    Комитет по расходам
    Cost Committee
    Комитет по специальным грузовым тарифам
    Specific Commodity Rates Board
    коммерческая загрузка, ограниченная по массе
    weight limited payload
    коммерческая загрузка, ограниченная по объему
    space limited payload
    компрессор по помпажу
    compressor surge margin
    конвенция по вопросам деятельности международной гражданской авиации
    convention on international civil aviation
    конвенция по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic convention
    консультант по вопросам обучения
    training consultant
    консультант по тренажерам
    trainers consultant
    Консультативная группа по метеообеспечению
    Meteorological Advisory Group
    консультативное сообщение по устранению конфликтной ситуации
    resolution advisory
    Консультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движением
    Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee
    Консультативный комитет по упрощению формальностей
    Facilitation Advisory Committee
    контролируемое воздушное пространство предназначенное для полетов по приборам
    instrument restricted airspace
    контроль состояния посевов по пути выполнения основного задания
    associated crop control operation
    Конференция агентства по грузовым перевозкам
    Cargo Agency Conference
    Конференция агентств по пассажирским перевозкам
    Passenger Agency Conference
    Конференция по валютным вопросам
    Currency Conference
    Конференция по вопросам обслуживания пассажиров
    Passenger Services Conference
    Конференция по координации тарифов
    Tariff Co-ordinating Conference
    координационный центр по спасанию
    rescue coordination center
    коррекция траектории по полученной информации
    reply-to-track correlation
    кресло, расположенное по направлению полета
    forward facing seat
    курс захода на посадку по приборам
    instrument approach course
    курс подготовки по утвержденной программе
    approved training course
    курс по локсодромии
    rhumb-line course
    курс по маяку
    beacon course
    курс по радиомаяку
    localizer course
    курсы подготовки пилотов к полетам по приборам
    instrument pilot school
    летать по ветру
    fly downwind
    летать по глиссадному лучу
    fly the glide-slope beam
    летать по кругу
    1. circularize
    2. fly round 3. fly the circle летать по кругу над аэродромом
    circle the aerodrome
    летать по курсу
    1. fly on the heading
    2. fly on the course летать по локсодромии
    fly the rhumb line
    летать по маршруту
    fly en-route
    летать по ортодромии
    fly the great circle
    летать по приборам
    1. fly on instruments
    2. fly by instruments летать по приборам в процессе тренировок
    fly under screen
    летать по прямой
    fly straight
    лететь по лучу
    fly the beam
    летная полоса, оборудованная для полетов по приборам
    instrument strip
    линия полета по курсу
    on-course line
    линия пути по локсодромии
    rhumb-line track
    линия пути по схеме с двумя спаренными разворотами
    race track
    Международная комиссия по аэронавигации
    International commission for Air Navigation
    Международная комиссия по освещению
    Commission on Illumination
    международное сотрудничество по вопросам летной годности
    international collaboration in airworthiness
    меры по обеспечению безопасности
    safety control measures
    меры по предупреждению пожара
    fire precautions
    меры по снижению шума
    noise abatement measures
    метеоданные по аэродрому
    aerodrome forecast material
    метеосводка по трассе полета
    airway climatic data
    методика сертификации по шуму
    noise certification procedure
    метод продажи по наличию свободных мест
    space available policy
    механизм триммерного эффекта по тангажу
    pitch trim actuator
    механизм усилий по скоростному напору
    Q-feel unit
    минимальная высота полета по кругу
    minimum circling procedure height
    минимальная высота по маршруту
    minimum en-route altitude
    минимум для полетов по кругу
    circling minima
    набирать высоту при полете по курсу
    climb on the course
    набор высоты по крутой траектории
    steep climb
    набор высоты по установившейся схеме
    proper climb
    наведение по азимуту
    azimuth guidance
    наведение по азимуту при заходе на посадку
    approach azimuth guidance
    наведение по глиссаде
    glide-slope guidance
    наведение по глиссаде при заходе на посадку
    approach slope guidance
    наведение по клиренсу
    clearance guidance
    наведение по лучу
    1. beam homing
    2. beam follow guidance 3. beam riding наведение по лучу радиолокационной станции
    radar beam riding
    наведение по отраженному лучу
    back beam track guidance
    наведение по углу
    angle guidance
    навигация по визуальным ориентирам
    contact navigation
    навигация по заданным путевым углам
    angle navigation
    навигация по линии равных азимутов
    constant-bearing navigation
    навигация по наземным ориентирам
    1. landmark navigation
    2. terrestrial navigation 3. ground reference navigation навигация по ортодромии
    waypoint navigation
    навигация по условным координатам
    grid navigation
    наставление по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic guide
    не по курсу
    off-course
    неустойчивость по крену
    roll instability
    неустойчивость по тангажу
    pitch instability
    облако, напоминающее по виду наковальню
    anvil cloud
    обобщенные характеристики по шуму
    generalized noise characteristics
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    обслуживание по смешанному классу
    mixed service
    обслуживание по туристическому классу
    1. economy class service
    2. coach service 3. no frills service обтекать по потоку
    streamwise
    обтекать хорду по потоку
    stream-wise chord
    Объединенная конференция по грузовым тарифам
    Composite cargo Traffic Conference
    Объединенная конференция по координации грузовым перевозкам
    Composite cargo Tariff Coordinating Conference
    Объединенная конференция по координации пассажирских тарифов
    Composite Passenger Tariff Co-ordinating Conference
    Объединенная конференция по пассажирским перевозкам
    Composite Passenger Conference
    огни по требованию
    lights on request
    ограничение по боковому ветру
    cross-wind limit
    ограничение по времени
    time limit
    ограничение по массе
    weight limitation
    ограничение по скорости полета
    air-speed limitation
    ограничения по загрузке
    loading restrictions
    ограничения по летной годности
    airworthiness limitations
    ограничивать по состоянию здоровья
    decrease in medical fitness
    операции по подготовке рейса к вылету
    departure operations
    операции по спасению
    rescue operations
    операция по рассеиванию тумана
    fog dispersal operation
    операция по спасению
    rescue mission
    опережение по фазе
    phase advance
    определение местонахождения воздушного судна по звездам
    astrofix
    определение местоположения по наземным ориентирам
    visual ground fixing
    определение местоположения по пеленгу одной станции
    one-station fixing
    определение местоположения по пройденному пути и курсу
    range-bearing fixing
    ориентировка ВПП по магнитному меридиану
    magnetic orientation of runway
    ориентировка по радиомаяку
    radio-range orientation
    остановка по расписанию
    sheduled stopping
    Отдел по соблюдению тарифов
    Compliance Department
    отклонение по дальности
    range deviation
    отклонение по крену
    bank displacement
    отставание по времени
    time lag
    отставание по фазе
    phase lag
    ошибка по дальности
    range error
    параметр потока, критический по шуму
    noise-critical flow parameter
    пассажир по полному тарифу
    adult
    пеленг по гироприбору
    gyro bearing
    перевозка грузов по воздуху
    air freight lift
    перевозка пассажиров по контракту
    contract tour
    перевозка по специальному тарифу
    unit toll transportation
    перевозки по тарифу туристического класса
    coach traffic
    персонал по обеспечению полетов
    flight operations personnel
    персонал по оформлению билетов
    ticketing personnel
    пикирование по спирали
    spiral dive
    пилотировать по приборам
    pilot by reference to instruments
    планирование воздушного судна по спирали
    aircraft spiral glide
    план полета по приборам
    instrument flight plan
    по азимуту
    in azimuth
    поверхность управления по всему размаху
    full-span control surface
    (напр. крыла) по ветру
    downwind
    по всему размаху
    tip
    погода по метеосводке
    reported weather
    погрешность отсчета по углу места
    elevation error
    подводить по трубопроводу
    deliver by pipe
    подготовка для полетов по приборам
    instrument flight training
    подготовка по утвержденной программе
    approved training
    по запросу
    1. on-request
    2. on request полет по дополнительному маршруту
    extra section flight
    полет по заданной траектории
    desired path flight
    полет по заданному маршруту
    desired track flight
    полет по замкнутому кругу
    closed-circuit flight
    полет по замкнутому маршруту
    round-trip
    полет по индикации на стекле
    head-up flight
    полет по инерции
    1. coasting flight
    2. coast полет по коробочке
    box-pattern flight
    полет по круговому маршруту
    1. round-trip flight
    2. circling полет по кругу
    circuit-circling
    полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
    aerodrome traffic circuit operation
    полет по кругу над аэродромом
    1. aerodrome circling
    2. aerodrome circuit-circling полет по курсу
    flight on heading
    полет по локсодромии
    rhumb-line flight
    полет по маршруту
    1. en-route operation
    2. en-route flight полет по маякам ВОР
    VOR course flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам
    visual navigation flight
    полет по наземным ориентирам или по командам наземных станций
    reference flight
    полет по полному маршруту
    entire flight
    полет по приборам
    1. instrument flight rules operation
    2. instrument flight 3. blind flight 4. head-down flight полет по приборам, обязательный для данной зоны
    compulsory IFR flight
    полет по размеченному маршруту
    point-to-point flight
    полет по расписанию
    1. scheduled flight
    2. regular flight полет по сигналам с земли
    directed reference flight
    полет по условным меридианам
    grid flight
    полет по установленным правилам
    flight under the rules
    полеты по воздушным трассам
    airways flying
    полеты по изобаре
    pressure flying
    полеты по контрольным точкам
    fix-to-fix flying
    полеты по кругу
    circuit flying
    полеты по наземным естественным ориентирам
    terrain fly
    полеты по низким метеоминимумам
    low weather operations
    полеты по обратному лучу
    back beam flying
    полеты по ортодромии
    great-circle flying
    полеты по прямому лучу
    front beam flying
    полеты по радиолучу
    radio-beam fly
    положение, определенное по радиолокатору
    radar track position
    положение по направлению трассы
    along-track position
    положение по тангажу
    pitch attitude
    по оси воздушного судна
    on aircraft center line
    по полету
    looking forward
    по размаху
    spanwise
    порядок действий по тревоге на аэродроме
    aerodrome alerting procedure
    посадка по вертолетному типу
    helicopter-type landing
    посадка по ветру
    downwind landing
    посадка по командам с земли
    1. ground-controlled landing
    2. talk-down landing посадка по приборам
    1. instrument landing
    2. blind landing посадка по техническим причинам
    technical stop
    Постоянный комитет по летно-техническим характеристикам
    Standing Committee of Performance
    по часовой стрелке
    clockwise
    правила полета по кругу
    circuit rules
    правила полетов по приборам
    instrument flight rules
    превышение по высоте
    gain in altitude
    предварительные меры по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    advance arrangements
    предкрылок по всему размаху
    full-span slat
    (крыла) предоставляется по запросу
    available on request
    предполетный инструктаж по метеообстановке
    flight weather briefing
    предпочтительная по уровню шума ВПП
    noise preferential runway
    предпочтительный по уровню шума маршрут
    noise preferential route
    предупреждение по аэродрому
    aerodrome warning
    преобразователь сигнала по тангажу
    pitch transformer
    пробегать по полному маршруту
    cover the route
    проведение работ по снижению высоты препятствий для полетов
    obstacle clearing
    проверка прилегания по краске
    transferred marking
    прогноз по авиатрассе
    airway forecast
    прогноз по аэродрому
    aerodrome forecast
    прогноз по высоте
    height forecast
    прогноз по маршруту
    air route forecast
    прогноз по региону
    regional forecast
    программа сертификации по шуму
    noise certification scheme
    продажа билетов по принципу наличия свободных мест
    space available basis
    продолжительность по запасу топлива
    fuel endurance
    прокладка маршрута по угловым координатам
    angle tracking
    пропускная способность по числу посадок
    landing capacity
    противопожарное патрулирование по пути выполнения основного задания
    associated fire control operation
    пульт управления по радио
    radio control board
    работы по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance operations
    Рабочая группа по разработке основных эксплуатационных требований
    Basic Operational Requirements Group
    развертка по дальности
    range scanning
    разворачивать по ветру
    turn downwind
    разворот по приборам
    instrument turn
    разворот по стандартной схеме
    standard rate turn
    разворот по установленной схеме
    procedure turn
    разница в тарифах по классам
    class differential
    разрешающая способность по дальности
    range resolution
    разрешение в процессе полета по маршруту
    en-route clearance
    разрешение на полет по приборам
    instrument clearance
    распределение давления по крылу
    wing pressure plotting
    распределение по размаху крыла
    spanwise distribution
    распределение по хорде
    chordwise distribution
    распределение расходов по маршрутам
    cost allocation to routes
    расстояние по ортодромии
    great-circle distance
    реакция по крену
    roll response
    регламентирование по времени
    timing
    регулировать по высоте
    adjust for height
    режим работы автопилота по заданному курсу
    autopilot heading mode
    рейс с обслуживанием по первому классу
    first-class flight
    рекомендации по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    safety recommendations
    рекомендации по стандартам, практике и правилам
    recommendations for standards, practices and procedures
    руководство по обеспечению безопасности
    safety regulations
    руководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиации
    civil air regulations
    руководство по предупреждению столкновений над морем
    regulations for preventing collisions over sea
    руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
    aerodrome rules
    руководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance guide
    руководство по управлению полетами
    flight control fundamentals
    руководство по упрощению формальностей
    guide to facilitation
    руление по аэродрому
    ground taxi operation
    руление по воздуху
    air taxiing
    руление по воздуху к месту взлета
    aerial taxiing to takeoff
    рыскание по курсу
    hunting
    сбор за услуги по оценке
    valuation charge
    сводка по аэродрому
    aerodrome report
    сводка погоды по данным радиолокационного наблюдения
    radar weather report
    связь по запросу с борта
    air-initiated communication
    связь по обеспечению регулярности полетов
    flight regularity communication
    сдвиг по фазе
    phase shift
    сектор наведения по клиренсу
    clearance guidance sector
    Секция расчетов по вопросам технической помощи
    Technical Assistance Accounts section
    (ИКАО) Секция расчетов по регулярной программе
    Regular Programme Accounts section
    (ИКАО) сертификат воздушного судна по шуму
    aircraft noise certificate
    сертификационный стандарт по шуму
    noise certification standard
    сертификация по шуму на взлетном режиме
    take-off noise
    сигнал полета по курсу
    on-course signal
    сигнал синхронизации по времени
    synchronized time signal
    система балансировки по числу М
    Mach trim system
    система блокировки управления по положению реверса
    thrust reverser interlock system
    система наведения по лучу
    1. beam-rider system
    2. guide beam system система наведения по приборам
    instrument guidance system
    система наведения по сканирующему лучу
    scanning beam guidance system
    система наведения по углу
    angle guidance system
    система навигации по наземным ориентирам
    ground-referenced navigation system
    система посадки по лучу маяка
    beam approach beacon system
    система посадки по приборам
    instrument landing system
    система сборов по фактической массе
    weight system
    (багажа или груза) скольжение по воде
    equaplaning
    скорость набора высоты при полете по маршруту
    en-route climb speed
    скорость по тангажу
    rate of pitch
    следовать по заданному курсу
    pursue
    служба обеспечения прогнозами по маршруту
    route forecast service
    служба по изучению рынка
    marketing service
    (воздушных перевозок) снижение по спирали
    spiral descent
    снос определенный по радиолокатору
    radar drift
    советник по авиационным вопросам
    aviation adviser
    советник по вопросам гражданской авиации
    civil aviation adviser
    советник по проектированию и строительству аэродромов
    aerodrome engineering instructor
    Совет по авиационным спутникам
    Aeronautical Satellite Council
    Совместный комитет по специальным грузовым тарифам
    Joint service Commodity Rates Board
    соглашение по вопросам летной годности
    arrangement for airworthiness
    соглашение по пассажирским и грузовым тарифам
    fares and rates agreement
    соглашение по прямому транзиту
    direct transit agreement
    соглашение по тарифам
    tariff agreement
    состояние готовности аэродрома по тревоге
    aerodrome alert status
    (состояние готовности служб аэродрома по тревоге) специализированный отдел по расследованию происшествий
    accident investigation division
    специалист по ремонту
    repairman
    специалист по ремонту воздушных судов
    aircraft repairman
    специалист по сборке
    rigger
    справочник по аэродромам
    aerodrome directory
    справочник по аэропортам
    airport directory
    средства обеспечения полетов по приборам
    nonvisual aids
    стандартная система управления заходом на посадку по лучу
    standard beam approach system
    стандартная схема вылета по приборам
    standard instrument departure
    стандартная схема посадки по приборам
    standard instrument arrival
    стандарт по шуму для дозвуковых самолетов
    subsonic noise standard
    степень помех по отношению к несущей частоте
    carrier-to-noise ratio
    строить по лицензии
    construct under license
    схема визуального полета по кругу
    visual circling procedure
    схема захода на посадку по командам с земли
    ground-controlled approach procedure
    схема захода на посадку по коробочке
    rectangular approach traffic pattern
    схема захода на посадку по приборам
    1. instrument approach chart
    2. instrument approach procedure схема полета по кругу
    1. circuit pattern
    2. circling procedure схема полета по маршруту
    en-route procedure
    схема полета по приборам
    instrument flight procedure
    схема полета по приборам в зоне ожидания
    instrument holding procedure
    схема полетов по кругу
    traffic circuit
    схема руления по аэродрому
    aerodrome taxi circuit
    тарировка по времени
    time calibration
    тарировка по дальности
    range calibration
    тарировка по числу М
    Mach number calibration
    тариф на полет по замкнутому кругу
    round trip fare
    тариф по контракту
    contract rate
    тариф по незамкнутому круговому маршруту
    open-jaw fare
    температура по шкале Цельсия
    Celsius temperature
    точность ориентировки по точечному ориентиру
    pinpoint accuracy
    траектория взлета, сертифицированная по шуму
    noise certification takeoff flight path
    траектория захода на посадку по азимуту
    azimuth approach path
    траектория захода на посадку по лучу курсового маяка
    localizer approach track
    траектория захода на посадку, сертифицированная по шуму
    noise certification approach path
    траектория полета по маршруту
    en-route flight path
    траектория полетов по низким минимумам погоды
    low weather minima path
    транспортировка по воздуху
    shipment by air
    трансформатор сигнала по крену
    roll transformer
    трансформатор сигнала по курсу
    yaw transformer
    трафарет с инструкцией по применению
    instruction plate
    требования по метеоусловиям
    meteorological requirements
    требования по ограничению высоты препятствий
    obstacle limitation requirements
    требования по снижению шума
    noise reduction requirements
    тренажер для подготовки к полетам по приборам
    instrument flight trainer
    тяга, регулируемая по величине и направлению
    vectored thrust
    угол рассогласования по крену
    bank synchro error angle
    удостоверение на право полета по авиалинии
    airline certificate
    удостоверение на право полета по приборам
    instrument certificate
    указания по выполнению руления
    taxi instruction
    указания по порядку ожидания
    holding instruction
    указания по управлению воздушным движением
    air-traffic control instruction
    указания по условиям эксплуатации в полете
    inflight operational instructions
    указатель отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation pointer
    уполномоченный по расследованию
    investigator-in-charge
    управление по крену
    1. roll guidance
    2. roll control управление по угловому отклонению
    angular position control
    управление по углу рыскания
    yaw control
    управляемый по радио
    radio-controlled
    условия по заданному маршруту
    conditions on the route
    условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
    conditions beyond the experience
    условия сертификационных испытаний по шуму
    noise certification test conditions
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    align the aircraft with the runway
    установленная схема вылета по приборам
    standard instrument departure chart
    установленная схема полета по кругу
    fixed circuit
    установленная схема ухода на второй круг по приборам
    instrument missed procedure
    устойчивость по крену
    1. rolling stability
    2. lateral stability устойчивость по скорости
    speed stability
    устойчивость по тангажу
    1. pitching stability
    2. pitch stability устойчивость по углу атаки
    angle-of-attack stability
    уточнение плана полета по сведениям, полученным в полете
    inflight operational planning
    уходить на второй круг по заданной схеме
    take a missed-approach procedure
    уход платформы по курсу
    platform drift in azimuth
    фирма по производству воздушных судов
    aircraft company
    флюгирование по отрицательному крутящему моменту
    negative torque feathering
    характеристика набора высоты при полете по маршруту
    en-route climb performance
    характеристика по наддуву
    manifold pressure characteristic
    характеристики наведения по линии пути
    track-defining characteristics
    характеристики по шуму
    noise characteristics
    чартерный рейс по заказу отдельной организации
    single-entity charter
    чартерный рейс по незамкнутому маршруту
    open-jaw charter
    чартерный рейс по объявленной программе
    programmed charter
    чартерный рейс по установленному маршруту
    on-route charter
    чувствительность к отклонению по сигналам курсового маяка
    lokalizer displacement sensitivity
    чувствительность по давлению
    pressure sensitivity
    чувствительность по курсу
    course sensitivity
    шкала корректировки по тангажу
    pitch trim scale
    шкала отклонения от курса по радиомаяку
    localizer deviation scale
    школа подготовки специалистов по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic school
    экзамен по летной подготовке
    flight examination
    экспедитор по отправке грузов
    freight consolidator
    эксперт по вопросам ведения документации
    procedures document expert
    эксперт по контролю за качеством
    quality control expert
    эксперт по летной годности
    airworthiness expert
    эксперт по обслуживанию воздушного движения
    air traffic services expert
    эксперт по обучению пилотов
    pilot training expert
    эксперт по производству налетов
    flight operations expert
    эксперт по радиолокаторам
    radar expert
    эксперт по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance expert
    этап полета по маршруту
    en-route flight phase
    эшелонирование по курсу
    track separation
    эшелонирование по усмотрению пилота
    own separation
    эшелонировать по высоте
    stack up

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > по

  • 33 время

    1. day

    время, затраченное на бурение скважины — net drilling days

    до настоящего времени, и по сию пору — to the present day

    наши дни, наше время — these latter days, our own day

    2. duration
    3. occasionally
    4. period
    5. up to data
    6. hours
    7. life

    время жизни; срок службы — life time

    8. amount of time
    9. time-of-day

    тариф, зависящий от времени суток — time-of-day rate

    10. times
    11. from time to time; now and then; sometimes

    до того времени; до тех пор — until then

    долгое время; долговременный — long time

    12. time; weather

    время цикла; во время цикла — cycle time

    13. hour

    время, когда на улицах нет большого движения — slack hours

    в обычный час, в обычное время — at the customary hour

    предобеденный час ; время коктейлей — cocktail hour

    14. tense
    15. while

    по временам, иногда — at whiles

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. минутами (сущ.) веками; временами; мигами; минутами; моментами; периодами; порами; часами; эпохами
    2. иногда (проч.) время от времени; иногда; от времени до времени; по временам; порой

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > время

  • 34 промежуточные данные

    1) Computers: scratch data
    2) Information technology: intermediate data
    3) Astronautics: span data
    4) Automation: temporary information

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > промежуточные данные

  • 35 espacio2

    2 = capacity, gap, room, slot, space, spacing, spaciousness, span, headroom, elbow room.
    Ex. Marginal storage cards normally have capacity for storing citations and abstracts.
    Ex. New editions will be essentially cumulations and therefore a longer gap will exist between editions.
    Ex. It then displays a screen with room to enter 28 copy numbers.
    Ex. These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    Ex. There is only space to review briefly the special problems associated with the descriptive cataloguing of nonbook materials.
    Ex. Guidelines can be expected to discuss some or all of the following: instructions on the way in which abstracts are to be presented, e.g. typing, paper, layout, spacing.
    Ex. The overall plan of the library is to provide an atmosphere of spaciousness and calm, in contrast to the urban bustle outside = El proyecto general de la biblioteca es ofrecer un ambiente de amplitud y calma, en contraste con el bullicio urbano exterior.
    Ex. The disc held an 18-month span of data from CAB ABSTRACTS.
    Ex. I was also encouraged to read a subscriber to this list has over 40,000 items meaning this software has plenty of headroom = También me sentí animado al leer que un miembro de esta lista tiene más de 40.000 registros lo que significa que este software tiene bastante capacidad.
    Ex. People will work at a higher level when they have adequate elbow room for decision making.
    ----
    * acabarse el espacio = run out of + space.
    * a doble espacio = double-spaced.
    * agotar el espacio = run out of + space.
    * ahorrar espacio = conserve + space, save + space.
    * ahorro de espacio = economy of space.
    * asignación de espacio = space allocation.
    * a un solo espacio = single-spaced.
    * barrera espacio-temporal = space-time barrier.
    * compartir espacio = share + space.
    * dejar espacio para = leave + room for.
    * derrochar espacio = waste + space.
    * desperdicio de espacio = space waster.
    * en el espacio = spatially.
    * en espacios cerrados = indoors.
    * en un corto espacio de tiempo = in a short space of time.
    * espacio abierto = open space.
    * espacio abierto público = public open space.
    * espacio al aire libre = outdoor space.
    * espacio cerrado = closed space.
    * espacio de almacenamiento = storage space.
    * espacio de almacenamiento en disco = drive storage space.
    * espacio dedicado a estanterías = stack space.
    * espacio destinado a encuentros de todo tipo = meeting space.
    * espacio de trabajo = workspace.
    * espacio en blanco = blank, blank space.
    * espacio en blanco final = trailing blank.
    * espacio en blanco inicial = beginning blank.
    * espacio en disco = disc space.
    * espacio entre columnas = intercolumn spacing.
    * Espacio Europeo para la Educación Superior (EEES) = European Space for Higher Education (ESHE).
    * espacio físico = physical facility, physical space.
    * espacio físico disponible = floor space.
    * espacio interlineal = interline spacing.
    * espacio interpersonal = personal boundaries.
    * espacio libre = vacant space.
    * espacio para las piernas = legroom.
    * espacio para los expositores = display space.
    * espacio para trabajar = workspace.
    * espacio personal = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * espacio privado = personal space, territorial space, personal space territory.
    * espacio público = public space, public area, commons.
    * espacio público común = commons.
    * espacio reservado para el estudio = study space.
    * espacio social = social space.
    * espacio territorial = territorial space.
    * espacio vacío = vacant space.
    * espacio virtual = virtual space.
    * espacio vital = life-space.
    * falta de espacio = tightness of space.
    * falto de espacio = cramped.
    * invasión del espacio personal = invasion of space.
    * limitaciones de espacio = space constraints.
    * mantenimiento de espacios exteriores = ground maintenance.
    * necesidades de espacio = space requirements.
    * ocupar espacio = occupy + space, take up + space, take up + room.
    * optimizar el espacio de almacenamiento = maximise + storage space.
    * problema de espacio = space problem.
    * que ocupa mucho espacio = space-consuming.
    * que ocupa poco espacio = space-saving.
    * relativo al espacio físico = spatial.
    * rellenar con ceros los espacios vacíos = zero fill.

    Spanish-English dictionary > espacio2

  • 36 para

    prep.
    1 for.
    es para ti it's for you
    una mesa para el salón a table for the living room
    esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink
    te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand
    ¿para qué? what for?
    2 (in order) to.
    para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims
    lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you
    3 toward.
    ir para casa to head (for) home
    salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport
    4 for (time).
    tiene que estar acabado para mañana it has to be finished by o for tomorrow
    5 to.
    la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served
    el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: parar.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: parir.
    imperat.
    2nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: parar.
    * * *
    2 (uso, utilidad) for
    ■ los cuchillos son para cortar, no para jugar con ellos knives are for cutting, not for playing with
    ■ ¿tienes algo para el dolor de cabeza? have you got anything for a headache?
    3 (destino, dirección) for, to
    ■ el tren para Toledo sale a las 18.00 the train to Toledo leaves at 18.00
    ■ ¿para dónde vas? where are you going?
    4 (tiempo, fechas límites) by, before
    1 (finalidad) to, in order to
    2 (suficiente) enough
    \
    para entonces by then
    para con towards, to
    para que so that
    ¿para qué? what for?
    ■ ¿para qué has comprado eso? what did you buy that for?
    ¡que para qué! familiar very, really, terribly
    ■ ¡hace un frío que para qué! it's freezing
    ■ ¡es más torpe que para qué! she's so clumsy!
    * * *
    prep.
    1) for
    2) to
    4) by
    •
    - para detrás
    - para que
    * * *
    I
    PREP
    1) [indicando finalidad, uso] for

    es demasiado cara para nosotros — it's too dear for us, it's beyond our means

    para esto, podíamos habernos quedado en casa — if this is it, we might as well have stayed at home

    2)

    para que —

    a) + subjun
    b) [en preguntas]

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — why do you want it?, what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué sirve? — what's it for?

    -¿por qué no se lo dices? -¿para qué? — "why don't you tell her?" - "what's the point o use?"

    tú ya has pasado por eso, ¿para qué te voy a contar? — you've already been through that, so there's no point o use me telling you

    tengo un hambre que para qué — [uso enfático] I'm absolutely starving *

    3) + infin
    a) [indicando finalidad] to

    estoy ahorrando para comprarme una moto — I'm saving up to buy a motorbike, I'm saving up for a motorbike

    no es para comer — it's not for eating, it's not to be eaten

    b) [indicando secuencia temporal]
    4) [con expresiones de tiempo]

    un cuarto para las diez — LAm a quarter to ten

    son cinco para las ocho — LAm it's five to eight

    5) [indicando dirección]

    para atrás — back, backwards

    el autobús para Marbella — the bus for Marbella, the Marbella bus

    ir para casa — to go home, head for home

    6) [indicando opiniones]

    para mí que miente — in my opinion o if you ask me he's lying

    7) [en comparaciones]

    ¿quién es usted para gritarme así? — who are you to shout at me like that?

    para patatas, las de mi pueblo — if it's potatoes you want, look no further than my home town

    para ruidosos, los españoles — there's nobody like the Spaniards for being noisy

    8) [indicando trato]

    para con — to, towards

    tan amable para con todos — so kind to o towards everybody

    estar 1., 7), ir 1., 10) II
    * SM paratrooper, para *
    * * *
    1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

    ¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

    ¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

    que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

    tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

    2)

    para + inf — to + inf

    3)

    para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

    para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

    6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

    para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

    para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

    para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

    7)

    estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

    para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

    para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

    ¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

    9)

    empuja para arriba — push up o upward(s)

    ¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

    va para los 50 años — she's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

    ¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to
    11)

    tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

    esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

    ¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

    se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

    * * *
    = for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.
    Ex. For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.
    Ex. This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex. The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex. Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.
    Ex. It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex. In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.
    Ex. The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.
    Ex. Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex. This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex. In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.
    Ex. The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.
    Ex. The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.
    Ex. The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.
    Ex. Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.
    ----
    * ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * para actuar = for action.
    * para alguna gente = to some people.
    * para algunas personas = to some people.
    * para algunos = to some.
    * para aquel entonces = by then.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * para beneficio de = for the good of.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para bodas = bridal.
    * para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].
    * para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.
    * para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.
    * para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.
    * para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para cuando = by the time.
    * para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.
    * para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * para detrimento de = to the neglect of.
    * para diario = everyday.
    * para disgusto de = to the disgust of.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para el año próximo = for the year ahead.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para el caso = for that matter.
    * para el esparcimiento = recreational.
    * para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.
    * para embalsamar = embalming.
    * para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.
    * para entonces = by then.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * para eso = therefor.
    * para este fin = to this end.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para expresar dimensiones = by.
    * para + Fecha = by + Fecha.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * para finalizar = in closing.
    * para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].
    * para futuras consultas = for future reference.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para hacer fundas = sleeving.
    * para hacer juego = to match.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * para hacer las paces = peace offering.
    * para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.
    * para hacer más fácil = for ease of.
    * para impresionar = for effect.
    * para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.
    * para jóvenes = youth-serving.
    * para la eternidad = in perpetuity.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.
    * para la posteridad = for posterity.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para más información = for further details.
    * para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mayor información sobre = for details of.
    * para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.
    * para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mí = for myself.
    * para microordenadores = micro-computer based.
    * para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.
    * para no = so as not to.
    * para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * para no ser menos = not to be outdone.
    * para novias = bridal.
    * para + Número = seat + Número.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * para orquesta = orchestral.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para para lavarse la cara = washrag.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * para PCs = PC-based.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * para protegerse = protectively.
    * para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.
    * para que así conste = for the record.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * para que no falte = for good measure.
    * para que no falte de nada = for good measure.
    * para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.
    * para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.
    * para que quede constancia = for the record.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.
    * para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.
    * para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.
    * para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.
    * para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * para un futuro mejor = for a better future.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * sin parar = interminably.
    * * *
    1) (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for

    ¿para qué revista escribes? — what magazine do you write for?

    ¿para qué sirve esto? — what's this (used) for?

    ¿para qué lo quieres? — what do you want it for?

    ¿para qué se lo dijiste? — what did you tell him for?

    que para qué decirte/hablar — (fam)

    tenían un hambre que para qué decirte/hablar — they were starving

    2)

    para + inf — to + inf

    3)

    para que + subj: lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me; pídeselo - ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it - so he can say no?; cierra para que no nos oigan — close the door so (that) they don't hear us

    para + inf: soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it; bastante tengo yo (como) para estar ocupándome de ti I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with yours as well; es (como) para matarlo! (fam) I'll kill him! (colloq); para que + subj: basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa — he only has to appear for her to get flustered

    6) (en comparaciones, contrastes)

    para lo que come, no está gordo — considering how much he eats, he's not fat

    para el caso que me hacen...! — for all the notice they take of me...

    para + inf: para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent; ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?; para que + subj: es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own; tanto esforzarme por ellos para que no te lo agradezcan! — after all that effort I made for them they didn't even say thankyou!

    7)

    estar para algo/+ inf — ( indicando estado)

    para mí que no viene — if you ask me, he won't come

    para su padre, es un genio — in his father's opinion o as far as his father's concerned, he is a genius

    ¿qué es lo más importante para ti? — what's the most important thing for you?

    9)

    empuja para arriba — push up o upward(s)

    ¿vas para el centro? — are you going to o toward(s) the center?

    va para los 50 años — she's going o (BrE) getting on for fifty

    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo)

    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? — how much have you got left to do?

    ¿para cuándo espera? — when is the baby due?

    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to
    11)

    tengo para rato — (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)

    esto va para largo — (fam) this is going to take some time

    ¿qué le regalo para el cumpleaños? — what can I give him for his birthday?

    se fue para nunca volver — (liter) she went away never to return

    * * *
    = for, for, for the sake of, in order to, in respect of, in the interest(s) of, in the interest(s) of, so as, toward(s), within, in an attempt to, in an effort to, for purposes of, in a bid to, as a means of, in a drive to, in the drive to, if + Nombre + be + to.

    Ex: For newly created authority entries the date recorded is the date the entry was created.

    Ex: This gamut of information presents the indexer and user with problems in choosing access points for conference proceedings.
    Ex: The advocates of ISBD originally argued that it was for the sake of the computer.
    Ex: Any attempt to organise knowledge must, in order to justify the effort of organisation, have an objective.
    Ex: It is perhaps fortunate that the array of terms that are used to describe indexes is a little more restricted than the variety of terms used in respect of catalogues.
    Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex: In the interest of clarity an integrated account of the appropriate added entry headings is to be found in 21.29 and 21.30.
    Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex: Most data base producers have in-house guidelines for bibliographic description, and aim to achieve consistency of citation within their products.
    Ex: The first treaty of all was designed to pool the coal and steel resources of Europe in an attempt to overcome the devastation of the Second World War and to foster the concept of European unity.
    Ex: Many libraries have had fine free days or weeks in an effort to entice strayed material back.
    Ex: This article discusses the advantages to libraries of computer technology for purposes of bibliographic control and on-line access.
    Ex: In a bid to leapfrog stages of development, some transitional economies are investing heavily in building up information age infrastructures.
    Ex: The idea of tiered, or multilayered, citation is proposed as a means of testing this hypothesis = Se propone la idea de citar de una forma estratificada o por niveles para comprobar esta hipótesis.
    Ex: The library has contracted out the management of its computerized information system to Dynix in a drive to improve library service.
    Ex: The story of the postwar diner suggests some ways that purveyors of consumer commodities finessed and exploited emergent social dislocations in the drive to expand and diversify markets.
    Ex: Some foods such as vegetable preserves which result from complicated and fragile fermentations must be made at specific times of the year if they are to succeed.
    * ¿para qué sirve... ? = what's the use of... ?.
    * para abrir boca = as a kind of + appetiser.
    * para actuar = for action.
    * para alguna gente = to some people.
    * para algunas personas = to some people.
    * para algunos = to some.
    * para aquel entonces = by then.
    * para atraer al cliente = window dressing.
    * para beneficio de = for the good of.
    * para bien = for the best, for the better.
    * para bien de = in the best interests of, for the good of.
    * para bien de Alguien = in + Posesivo + best interest.
    * para bien o para mal = for better or (for) worse, for good or (for) ill, for good or (for) evil.
    * para bodas = bridal.
    * para chuparse los dedos = scrumptious, yummy [yummier -comp., yummiest -sup.].
    * para cocinar uno mismo = self-catering.
    * para colmo = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury.
    * para colmo de males = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para comenzar diremos que = to begin with.
    * para complicar aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para concluir = in closing, in conclusion, to wrap things up.
    * para confundir aun más las cosas = to add to the confusion.
    * para cuando = by the time.
    * para cubrir gastos = on a cost-recovery basis.
    * para cubrirse las espaldas = as a backup.
    * para decir la verdad = to be honest.
    * para detrimento de = to the neglect of.
    * para diario = everyday.
    * para disgusto de = to the disgust of.
    * para divertirse = for kicks.
    * para echar sal en la herida = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para el año próximo = for the year ahead.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * para el beneficio de = for the benefit of.
    * para el bien de = for the benefit of.
    * para el caso = for that matter.
    * para el esparcimiento = recreational.
    * para el futuro = for the years to come, for the years ahead, for the future.
    * para el inglés su casa es su castillo = an Englishman's home is his castle.
    * para ello = to that end, to this end, to that effect, therefor.
    * para el ocio = recreational.
    * para el que lo quiera = up for grabs.
    * para embalsamar = embalming.
    * para empeorar las cosas = to add insult to injury, to add salt to injury, to rub salt in the wound.
    * para empezar = for one, initially, to start with, to begin with, for starters, first off.
    * para entonces = by then.
    * para escribir con mayúsculas = in a shifted position.
    * para eso = therefor.
    * para este fin = to this end.
    * para esto = therefor.
    * para evitar su uso indebido por los niños = childproof.
    * para expresar dimensiones = by.
    * para + Fecha = by + Fecha.
    * para finales de = by the end of.
    * para finales de + Expresión Temporal = by the close of + Expresión Temporal.
    * para finalizar = in closing.
    * para fines múltiples = multipurpose [multi-purpose].
    * para futuras consultas = for future reference.
    * para hacer dinero = money-making.
    * para hacer esto = in this.
    * para hacer fundas = sleeving.
    * para hacer juego = to match.
    * para hacer justicia = in fairness to.
    * para hacer las paces = peace offering.
    * para hacerlo + Adjetivo = for + Nombre's sake.
    * para hacer más fácil = for ease of.
    * para impresionar = for effect.
    * para + Infinitivo = for + Gerundio.
    * para jóvenes = youth-serving.
    * para la eternidad = in perpetuity.
    * para la evaluación de hipótesis = hypothesis-testing.
    * para la formación autodidacta = self-instructional.
    * para la gestión de información textual = text-handling.
    * para la posteridad = for posterity.
    * para la web = Web-related.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * para mantener ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.
    * para más información = for further details.
    * para más inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mayor información sobre = for details of.
    * para mayor información véase + Nombre = see + Nombre + for further details.
    * para mayor inri = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse.
    * para mí = for myself.
    * para microordenadores = micro-computer based.
    * para nada = in vain, to no avail, without any avail, vainly, of no avail.
    * para no = so as not to.
    * para + Nombre = for + Nombre + purposes.
    * para no ser menos = not to be outdone.
    * para novias = bridal.
    * para + Número = seat + Número.
    * para ordenadores personales = microcomputer-based, PC-based.
    * para orquesta = orchestral.
    * para otra ocasión = for future reference.
    * para para lavarse la cara = washrag.
    * para partirse de risa = side-splitting.
    * para PCs = PC-based.
    * para pelearse hacen falta dos = it takes two to tangle, it takes two to tango, it takes two to make a quarrel.
    * para personas con intereses similares = birds-of-a-feather.
    * para + Posesivo + disgusto = to + Posesivo + chagrin.
    * para + Posesivo + gran sorpresa = much to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para + Posesivo + propio bien = for + Posesivo + own good.
    * para + Posesivo + sorpresa = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para posteriores usos = for subsequent use.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * para + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * para protegerse = protectively.
    * para que = in order that, so that, seeing that.
    * para que así conste = for the record.
    * para que este sea el caso = for this to be the case.
    * para que esto sea así = for this to be the case.
    * para que no falte = for good measure.
    * para que no falte de nada = for good measure.
    * para que no + Subjuntivo = if + Nombre + be not + to + Infinitivo, lest + Frase Verbal.
    * para que no vaya a faltar = for good measure.
    * para que quede constancia = for the record.
    * para que quede más claro = for main effects.
    * para que vayamos pensando = food for thought.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.
    * para ser específico = to be specific.
    * para ser franco = to be blunt, in all honesty.
    * para ser más explícito = to elaborate a little further.
    * para ser sincero = to be blunt, to be honest, in all honesty.
    * para siempre = forever, in perpetuity, for good, eternally, terminally, ever after.
    * para siempre en el futuro = for the indefinite future.
    * para sorpresa de todos = to everyone's surprise.
    * para sorpresa + Posesivo = to + Posesivo + surprise.
    * para su fácil + Nombre = for ease of + Nombre.
    * para su posterior uso = for subsequent use.
    * para su uso posterior = for subsequent use.
    * para terminar = in closing.
    * para toda la empresa = company-wide, enterprise-wide.
    * para toda la industria = industry-wide.
    * para toda la universidad = university-wide.
    * para toda la vida = lifelong [life-long], for life.
    * para todo el mercado = industry-wide.
    * para todos los efectos prácticos = for all practical purposes.
    * para todos por igual = across the board [across-the-board].
    * para todo tipo de tiempo = all-weather.
    * para todo uso = all-purpose.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * para trabajos pesados = heavy-duty.
    * para una única ocasión = one-time.
    * para un futuro mejor = for a better future.
    * para uso comercial = commercially-owned.
    * para uso del profesional = professional-use.
    * para uso industrial = heavy-duty.
    * para uso personal = for personal use.
    * para usos posteriores = for subsequent use.
    * para vergüenza + Pronombre Posesivo = to + Posesivo + shame.
    * sin parar = interminably.

    * * *
    A (expresando destino, finalidad, intención) for
    tengo buenas noticias para ustedes I have some good news for you
    ¿para qué revista escribes? what magazine do you write for?
    lee para ti read to yourself
    fue muy amable para con todos he was very friendly to everyone
    ¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?
    no sirve para este trabajo he's no good at this kind of work
    ¿para qué lo quieres? what do you want it for?
    ¿para qué tuviste que ir a decírselo? what did you have to go and tell him for?, why did you have to go and tell him?
    champú para bebés baby shampoo
    jarabe para la tos cough mixture
    que para qué (decirte/hablar) ( fam): hacía un frío que para qué (decirte) it was freezing cold ( colloq)
    venían con un hambre que para qué (hablar) or para qué te voy a contar they were starving o so hungry when they got here!
    B para + INF to + INF
    está ahorrando para comprarse un coche she's saving up for a car o to buy a car
    esta agua no es para beber this isn't drinking water
    está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting
    para serte sincero to tell you the truth
    como para convencerse a sí misma as if to convince herself
    para pasar al curso siguiente (in order) to go on to the next year
    no hay que ser muy inteligente para darse cuenta you don't have to be very intelligent to realize that
    nos cambiamos de sitio para ver mejor we changed places (so as) to see better
    para no + INF so as not to + INF
    entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her
    C para QUE + SUBJ:
    lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me
    pídeselo — ¿para qué? ¿para que me diga que no? ask him for it — what for? so he can say no?
    para QUE no + SUBJ:
    cierra la puerta para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us
    D
    1
    (enfatizando la culminación de algo): para colmo or para rematarla se apagó la luz to crown o top o cap it all the light went out
    2 (expresando efecto, consecuencia) to
    para su desgracia unfortunately for him
    para mi gran sorpresa to my great surprise, much to my surprise
    no había bastante para todos there wasn't enough for everybody o to go round
    tranquilízate, no es para tanto calm down, it's not that bad
    para + INF:
    apenas tienen para comer they can barely afford to eat
    soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it
    bastante tengo yo con mis problemas (como) para estar ocupándome de los suyos I've enough problems of my own without having to deal with his as well
    ¡es (como) para matarlo! ( fam); I'll kill him! ( colloq)
    para QUE + SUBJ:
    basta que yo diga A para que él diga B if I say it's black, he'll say it's white
    basta con que él aparezca para que ella se ponga nerviosa he only has to walk in and she gets flustered
    B
    (en comparaciones, contrastes): hace demasiado calor para estar al sol it's too hot to be in the sun
    son altos para su edad they're tall for their age
    para lo que come, no está nada gordo considering how much he eats, he's not at all fat
    díselo tú — ¡para el caso que me hacen …! you tell them — for all the notice they take of me …
    para + INF:
    para haber sido improvisado fue un discurso excelente for an off-the-cuff speech it was excellent, considering it was completely off the cuff it was an excellent speech
    ¿quién se cree que es para hablarte así? who does she think she is, speaking to you like that o to speak to you like that?
    para QUE + SUBJ:
    son demasiado grandes para que les estés haciendo todo they're too old for you to be doing everything for them
    para que se esté quejando todo el día … if he's going to spend all day complaining …
    ¡tanto preocuparse por ellos para que después hasta te acusen de metomentodo! all that worrying about them and then they go and accuse you of being a meddler!
    C estar para algo/+ INF
    (indicando estado): mira que no estoy para bromas look, I'm in no mood for joking o for jokes
    estas botas están para tirarlas a la basura these boots are only fit for throwing out o for the trash o ( BrE) for the bin
    no está (como) para salir tan de veranillo it's not warm enough to go out in such summery clothes
    D
    (expresando opiniones, puntos de vista): para mí que ya no viene if you ask me, he won't come now
    para el padre, el niño es un Mozart en ciernes in the father's opinion o as far as the father's concerned, the boy is a budding Mozart
    tú eres todo para mí you're everything to me
    ¿para ti qué es lo más importante? what's the most important thing for you?, what do you see as the most important thing?
    esto es de gran interés para el lector this is of great interest to the reader
    A
    (indicando dirección): salieron para el aeropuerto they left for the airport
    empuja para arriba push up o upward(s)
    ¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?
    se los llevó para la casa de los abuelos she took them over to their grandparents' house
    tráelo para acá/adentro bring it over here/inside
    B
    (en sentido figurado): ya vamos para viejos we're getting old o ( colloq) getting on
    va para los 50 años she's pushing fifty ( colloq), she's going o ( BrE) getting on for fifty ( colloq)
    A
    (señalando un plazo): tiene que estar listo para el día 15 it has to be ready by o for the 15th
    ¿qué deberes tienes para el lunes? what homework do you have for Monday?
    faltan cinco minutos para que termine la clase there are five minutes to go before the end of the class
    me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised I could have it after Easter, he promised it to me for after Easter
    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?, how long will it take you to finish it?
    B
    1
    (indicando fecha aproximada): piensan casarse para finales de agosto they plan to marry sometime around the end of August
    para entonces quién sabe si todavía estaremos vivos who knows if we'll still be alive (by) then?
    ¿para cuándo espera? when is the baby due?
    tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow
    C
    1
    (expresando duración): para siempre forever
    tengo para rato ( fam); I'm going to be a while (yet), this is going to take me a while (yet)
    esto va para largo ( fam); this is going to take some time
    ¿qué le puedo regalar para el cumpleaños? what can I give him for his birthday?
    D ( liter)
    (en secuencias de acciones): se fue para nunca volver she went away never to return
    fue puesto en libertad, para más tarde volver a ser detenido he was set free only to be rearrested later, he was set free but was rearrested later
    * * *

     

    Del verbo parar: ( conjugate parar)

    para es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Del verbo parir: ( conjugate parir)

    para es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    para    
    parar    
    parir
    para preposición
    1 (destino, finalidad, intención) for;

    ¿para qué sirve esto? what's this (used) for?;
    champú para bebés baby shampoo;
    para eso no voy I might as well not go;
    para + inf: ahorra para comprarse un coche he's saving up to buy a car;
    tomé un taxi para no llegar tarde I took a taxi so I wouldn't be late;
    está listo para pintar it's ready to be painted o for painting;
    para aprobar (in order) to pass;
    entró en puntillas para no despertarla he went in on tiptoe so as not to wake her;
    lo dice para que yo me preocupe he (only) says it to worry me;
    cierra para que no nos oigan close the door so (that) they don't hear us
    2


    no es para tanto it's not that bad;
    soy lo bastante viejo (como) para recordarlo I'm old enough to remember it
    b) (en comparaciones, contrastes):


    son altos para su edad they're tall for their age;
    para lo que come, no está gordo considering how much he eats, he's not fat;
    ¿quién es él para hablarte así? who does he think he is, speaking to you like that ?;
    es mucho para que lo haga sola it's too much for you to do it on your own
    1 ( dirección):

    empuja para arriba push up o upward(s);
    ¿vas para el centro? are you going to o toward(s) the center?
    2 ( tiempo)
    a) (señalando una fecha, un plazo):

    ◊ estará listo para el día 15 it'll be ready by o for the 15th;

    deberes para el lunes homework for Monday;
    faltan cinco minutos para que termine there are five minutes to go before the end;
    me lo prometió para después de Pascua he promised me it for after Easter;
    ¿cuánto te falta para terminar? how much have you got left to do?;
    para entonces estaré en Madrid I'll be in Madrid (by) then;
    tengo hora para mañana I have an appointment (for) tomorrow
    b) (AmL exc RPl) ( al decir la hora) to;


    c) ( duración):


    tengo para rato (fam) I'm going to be a while (yet)
    parar ( conjugate parar) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( detenerse) to stop;

    ir/venir a para to end up;
    fue a para a la cárcel he ended up in prison;
    ¿a dónde habrá ido a para aquella foto? what can have happened to that photo?;
    ¡a dónde iremos a para! I don't know what the world's coming to
    2 ( cesar) to stop;

    ha estado lloviendo sin para it hasn't stopped raining;
    no para quieto ni un momento he can't keep still for a minute;
    no para en casa she's never at home;
    para DE + INF to stop -ing;
    paró de llover it stopped raining
    3 (AmL) [obreros/empleados] to go on strike
    verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹coche/tráfico/persona› to stop;

    ‹motor/máquina› to stop, switch off
    b) ‹ hemorragia› to stanch (AmE), to staunch (BrE)

    c) ‹balón/tiro› to save, stop;

    ‹ golpe› to block, ward off
    2 (AmL)

    b) ( poner vertical) ‹vaso/libro› to stand … up;


    pararse verbo pronominal
    1 ( detenerse)

    b) [reloj/máquina] to stop;

    [coche/motor] to stall;

    2


    se paró en una silla she stood on a chair;
    ¿te puedes para de cabeza/de manos? can you do headstands/handstands?
    b) (AmL) [ pelo] ( hacia arriba) to stick up;

    ( en los lados) to stick out

    parir ( conjugate parir) verbo intransitivo [ mujer] to give birth;
    [ vaca] to calve;
    [yegua/burra] to foal;
    [ oveja] to lamb
    verbo transitivo

    b) [ mamíferos] to have, bear (frml)

    para preposición
    1 (utilidad, aptitud) for: ¿para qué tanto esfuerzo?, what's all this effort for?
    una pomada para las quemaduras, an ointment for burns
    una tijera para zurdos, a pair of scissors for left-handed people
    2 (finalidad, motivo) to, in order to: lo dijo para molestarme, she said it to annoy me
    lo hace para que te fijes en él, he does it so that you notice him
    3 (destinatario) for: es para mamá, it's for mum
    hablaba para los votantes indecisos, he spoke to the undecided voters
    es muy atento para con ella, he's very obliging towards her
    4 (opinión) para Paco todas las mujeres son guapas, in Paco's opinion, all women are pretty
    5 (comparación, concesión) for: para ser tan joven tiene ideas muy sensatas, he has very sensible ideas for his age
    6 (rechazo) para una vez que hablo, me haces callar, the one time I speak, you shut me up
    7 (tiempo) by: estará listo para las cinco, it'll be ready by five
    para entonces, by then
    8 (a punto de) está para salir, it's about to leave
    9 (dirección) el tren para Burgos acaba de salir, the train for Burgos has just left
    iba para tu casa, I was going to your house
    Recuerda que cuando para expresa finalidad, se traduce por to o in order to (este último sólo se usa para evitar confusión): Me voy para ayudarte. I'm going in order to help you. Si usáramos sólo to significaría: Voy a ayudarte. Sin embargo, cuando después de para viene un sustantivo o un pronombre y no un verbo (esta llave es para aquella puerta), se traduce por for ( this key is for that door).
    parar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to stop: para de saltar, stop jumping
    para un momento en la farmacia, stop a minute at the chemist's
    no pares de hablar, por favor, keep talking, please
    2 (alojarse) to stay
    3 (finalizar, terminar) el cuadro fue a parar al rastro, the painting ended up in the flea market
    II verbo transitivo
    1 to stop
    2 Dep to save
    3 LAm to stand up
    ♦ Locuciones: dónde va a parar, by far: mi hija es muchísmo más inteligente que la suya, dónde va a parar, my daughter is far more intelligent than theirs
    parir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to give birth (to)
    ♦ Locuciones: poner a alguien a parir, to run sb down
    ' para' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - abalorio
    - ablandar
    - abreviar
    - absoluta
    - absoluto
    - acá
    - aceitera
    - achuchar
    - actuación
    - adentro
    - agitador
    - agitadora
    - alcanzar
    - alfiler
    - alguna
    - alguno
    - aliento
    - alquiler
    - alta
    - amenaza
    - añadidura
    - ancha
    - ancho
    - ánimo
    - año
    - antesala
    - antirrobo
    - aplanar
    - aprovechar
    - apta
    - aptitud
    - apto
    - aquí
    - arca
    - arena
    - arrastre
    - arriba
    - arropar
    - atonía
    - atrás
    - atril
    - aunar
    - auspicio
    - baja
    - bajo
    - balde
    - bálsamo
    - bañarse
    - banco
    English:
    AA
    - ability
    - about
    - accessory
    - accommodate
    - achieve
    - activity
    - adapter
    - adaptor
    - adequate
    - adequately
    - admire
    - adult
    - advantage
    - advantageous
    - advertise
    - aftershave (lotion)
    - agitate
    - agree
    - all
    - all-out
    - allocate
    - analyst
    - antiallergenic
    - antibiotic
    - antidote
    - antihistamine
    - antipollution
    - appease
    - application
    - appointment
    - appropriate
    - aptitude
    - argue
    - arm-twisting
    - arms control
    - around-the clock
    - arrangement
    - arson
    - as
    - ASPCA
    - assailant
    - assert
    - assess
    - assume
    - astir
    - astonishment
    - attain
    - attention span
    - attractive
    * * *
    para prep
    1. [indica destino, finalidad, motivación] for;
    es para ti it's for you;
    significa mucho para mí it means a lot to me;
    “¡qué suerte!” dije para mí “how lucky,” I said to myself;
    una mesa para el salón a table for the living-room;
    desayuno para dos breakfast for two;
    crema para zapatos shoe polish;
    pastillas para dormir sleeping pills;
    están entrenados para el combate they have been trained for combat;
    estudia para dentista she's studying to become a dentist;
    esta agua no es buena para beber this water isn't fit for drinking o to drink;
    para conseguir sus propósitos in order to achieve his aims;
    lo he hecho para agradarte I did it to please you;
    me voy para no causar más molestias I'll go so I don't cause you any more inconvenience;
    te lo repetiré para que te enteres I'll repeat it so you understand;
    resulta que se divorcian para un mes más tarde volverse a casar so they get divorced, only to remarry a month later;
    para con towards;
    es buena para con los demás she is kind towards other people;
    ¿para qué? what for?;
    ¿para qué quieres un martillo? what do you want a hammer for?, why do you want a hammer?;
    ¿para qué has venido? why are you here?;
    ¿para quién trabajas? who do you work for?
    2. [indica dirección] towards;
    el próximo vuelo para Caracas the next flight to Caracas;
    ir para casa to head (for) home;
    salir para el aeropuerto to leave for the airport;
    para abajo downwards;
    para arriba upwards;
    tira para arriba pull up o upwards;
    para atrás backwards;
    échate para atrás [en asiento] lean back;
    para delante forwards;
    ya vas para viejo you're getting old;
    esta muchacha va para pintora this girl has all the makings of a painter
    3. [indica tiempo] for;
    tiene que estar acabado para mañana/para antes de Navidad it has to be finished by o for tomorrow/before Christmas;
    faltan cinco minutos para que salga el tren the train leaves in five minutes;
    tienen previsto casarse para el 17 de agosto they plan to get married on 17 August;
    llevamos comida para varios días we have enough food for several days;
    Am salvo RP
    diez para las once ten to eleven;
    Am salvo RP
    un cuarto para las once (a) quarter to eleven;
    va para un año que no nos vemos it's getting on for a year since we saw each other;
    ¿y para cuándo un bebé? and when are you going to start a family?;
    para entonces by then
    4. [indica comparación]
    tiene la estatura adecuada para su edad she is the normal height for her age;
    está muy delgado para lo que come he's very thin considering how much he eats;
    para ser verano hace mucho frío considering it's summer, it's very cold;
    para ser un principiante no lo hace mal he's not bad for a beginner;
    para lo que me ha servido… for all the use it's been to me…;
    ¡tanto esfuerzo para nada! all that effort for nothing!;
    ¿y tú quién eres para tratarla así? who do you think you are, treating her like that?;
    yo no soy quien para decir… it's not for me to say…
    5. (después de adjetivo y antes de infinitivo) [indica inminencia, propósito] to;
    la comida está lista para servir the meal is ready to be served;
    el atleta está preparado para ganar the athlete is ready to win
    6. [indica opinión] for;
    para Marx, la religión era el opio del pueblo for Marx, religion was the opium of the people;
    para mí/ti/ etc as far as I'm/you're/ etc concerned;
    para mí que no van a venir it looks to me like they're not coming;
    ¿para ti quién es más guapo? who do you think is the most handsome?
    7. [indica disposición, estado]
    no estoy para fiestas I'm not in the mood for parties;
    el abuelo no está ya para hacer viajes largos grandfather's no longer up to going on long journeys;
    ¿hace día para ir sin chaqueta? is it warm enough to go out without a jacket on?
    8. [indica consecuencia]
    para su sorpresa, para sorpresa suya to her surprise;
    para alegría de todos to everyone's delight;
    para nuestra desgracia unfortunately for us
    9. Comp
    no es/fue/ etc[m5]. para tanto it's not/it wasn't/ etc such a big deal;
    no llores, que no es para tanto don't cry, it's not such a big deal, there's no need to cry about it;
    dicen que les trataron mal, pero no fue para tanto they say they were ill-treated, but that's going a bit far;
    Fam
    que para qué: hace un calor que para qué it's absolutely boiling;
    este plato pica que para qué this dish is really hot, Br this dish isn't half hot
    * * *
    prp
    1 for;
    para mí for me
    2 dirección toward(s);
    ir para head for;
    va para directora she’s going to end up as manager
    3 tiempo for;
    listo para mañana ready for tomorrow;
    para siempre forever;
    diez para las ocho L.Am. ten of eight, ten to eight;
    para Pascua iremos de vacaciones a Lima we’re going to Lima for Easter;
    espero que para Pascua haya terminado la crisis I hope the crisis is over by Easter;
    ¿para cuándo? when for?
    :
    lo hace para ayudarte he does it (in order) to help you;
    para que so that;
    ¿para qué te marchas? what are you leaving for?;
    para eso no hace falta it’s not necessary just for that
    :
    para su edad es muy maduro he’s very mature for his age
    6
    :
    lo heredó todo para morir a los 30 he inherited it all, only to die at 30
    * * *
    para prep
    1) : for
    para ti: for you
    alta para su edad: tall for her age
    una cita para el lunes: an appointment for Monday
    2) : to, towards
    para la derecha: to the right
    van para el río: they're heading towards the river
    3) : to, in order to
    lo hace para molestarte: he does it to annoy you
    4) : around, by (a time)
    para mañana estarán listos: they'll be ready by tomorrow
    5)
    para adelante : forwards
    6)
    para atrás : backwards
    7)
    para que : so, so that, in order that
    te lo digo para que sepas: I'm telling you so you'll know
    * * *
    para prep
    4. (dirección) for / to
    5. (tiempo) by
    para mí for me / in my opinion

    Spanish-English dictionary > para

  • 37 размер

    size, gage, magnitude, measurement, quantity
    * * *
    разме́р м.
    1. (величина, выражаемая в метрах или единицах, кратных ему) dimension
    выде́рживать разме́ры загото́вки прок. — hold the billet to dimensions
    выде́рживать разме́ры с, напр. высо́кой то́чностью — hold dimensions to, e. g., a high degree of accuracy
    назнача́ть разме́ры — specify the dimensions
    назнача́ть разме́ры ( в пропорции от другого размера) — proportion
    высоту́ а́рки сле́дует назнача́ть в отноше́нии [пропо́рции] 1/ [m2]80 от её́ пролё́та — the rise of the arch should be proportioned to be 1/ 80 of the span
    наноси́ть разме́ры на чертё́ж — dimension a drawing
    устана́вливать разме́ры с указа́нием преде́лов — qualify the dimensions (of a part) with limits
    2. (безразмерная или условная величина; признак классификации по величине; номер обуви, одежды и т. п.) size
    быть разме́ром с … — be the size of …
    блок разме́ром со спи́чечный коробо́к — a unit (which is) the size of a matchbox
    крои́ть, ре́зать и т. п. по разме́ру — cut, etc. to size
    назнача́ть разме́р — specify the size
    не по разме́ру — off-size
    обраба́тывать (то́чно) по разме́ру — machine to size
    разме́р в свету́ — clear [inner] dimension
    разме́р вы́борки стат. — sample size
    габари́тный разме́р — overall dimension
    габари́тные разме́ры, напр. генера́тора составля́ют 180 e 180 1 17 мм — the generator is [measures] 180 180 17 mm overall, the dimensions of the generator are 180 180 17 mm overall
    разме́р едини́цы ( физической величины) — size of a unit
    разме́р зерна́ — grain size
    крити́ческие разме́ры — critical size
    лине́йный разме́р — linear dimension
    лине́йный, определя́ющий разме́р хим. — characteristic length
    модуля́рный разме́р — modular dimension
    монта́жный разме́р — fixing dimension
    номина́льный разме́р — nominal [basic] size
    разме́р па́мяти, отводи́мый (напр. набору данных) — the amount of storage allocated to a data set
    разме́р пе́чи — (furnace) size
    разме́р пиломатериа́ла, номина́льный — rated lumber size
    разме́р пиломатериа́ла, факти́ческий — actual lumber size
    разме́р под ключ — width across flats
    разме́р попере́чного сече́ния — cross-sectional dimension
    разме́р по полноте́ кож. — width size
    преде́льный разме́р — limit of size, limit
    преде́льный, наибо́льший разме́р — the maximum limit of a dimension
    преде́льный, наиме́ньший разме́р — the minimum limit of a dimension
    предпочти́тельный разме́р — preferred size
    присоедини́тельный разме́р — mounting dimension
    ремо́нтный разме́р — repair size
    свобо́дный разме́р — free [non-mating] dimension
    сопряжё́нный разме́р — mating dimension
    станда́ртный разме́р — standard size
    устано́вочные разме́ры — mounting dimensions
    разме́р части́ц — particle size
    разме́р шва — weld size
    разме́р яче́йки си́та — mesh dimension, screen size
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > размер

  • 38 supuesto

    adj.
    supposed, hypothetical, assumed, alleged.
    m.
    supposition, assumption.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: suponer.
    * * *
    1 (suposición) supposition, assumption
    2 (hipótesis) hypothesis
    ————————
    1→ link=suponer suponer
    1 (que se supone) supposed, assumed
    2 (pretendido) so-called, self-styled
    1 (suposición) supposition, assumption
    2 (hipótesis) hypothesis
    \
    dar algo por supuesto,-a to take something for granted
    en el supuesto de que... supposing that...
    nombre supuesto assumed name
    * * *
    1. (f. - supuesta)
    adj.
    2. noun m.
    * * *
    1.
    PP de suponer
    2. ADJ
    1) (=falso) [nombre] assumed, false
    2) (=no demostrado) supposed
    3)

    ¡por supuesto! — of course!

    -¿puedo usar su teléfono? -¡por supuesto! — "can I use your phone?" - "of course (you can)!"

    4)
    5)

    supuesto que — frm (=dando por sentado que) assuming; (=en caso de que) in the event of

    3.
    SM (=hipótesis) assumption
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    a) ( falso) false

    el supuesto electricista — the so-called o supposed electrician

    c)

    ¿lo sabías? - por supuesto que sí! — did you know? - of course I did!

    dar algo por supuesto — to take something for granted

    II
    masculino supposition

    en el supuesto de que tenga un accidente — should you have an accident, in the event of an accident

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    a) ( falso) false

    el supuesto electricista — the so-called o supposed electrician

    c)

    ¿lo sabías? - por supuesto que sí! — did you know? - of course I did!

    dar algo por supuesto — to take something for granted

    II
    masculino supposition

    en el supuesto de que tenga un accidente — should you have an accident, in the event of an accident

    * * *
    supuesto1
    1 = assumption, construct, presumption, presupposition [pre-supposition].

    Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.

    Ex: Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or ' constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    Ex: Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection.
    Ex: Computers hold pre-defined and fixed presuppositions, whilst those of humans are unpredictable.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = God forbid.
    * por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid.
    * supuesto práctico = case.

    supuesto2
    2 = alleged, perceived, so-called, assumed, imagined, imaginary example, presumable, putative, reputed, presumptive, apparent.

    Ex: Meanwhile the ALA and others are making wildly improbable statements about the supposedly numerous opportunities for library school graduates due to the alleged shortage of librarians.

    Ex: The arrangements should also negotiate resistance to perceived 'American dominance', erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS contains a so-called 'help' capability.
    Ex: This article discusses the advantages of storing information on discs which have an assumed life span of 20 years.
    Ex: In recent years, then, there has been much less scaremongering about the imagined horrors of drowning in a sea of paper.
    Ex: An imaginary example for a distributed fact retrieval process, based on current tools and systems, is analysed in order to clarify the requirements of such an intermediary system.
    Ex: A study was made of 8 indexes and abstracts of presumable interest to students of communication.
    Ex: Not all putative delegates were able to attend the conference -- some, e.g., were refused visas.
    Ex: Another doctor confirmed Karr's reputed plans for sex-change surgery.
    Ex: Thirty patients with a diagnosis of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis were assessed in a randomized trial.
    Ex: Victim of an apparent assassination attempt, his face was left permanently disfigured and pockmarked.

    * * *
    supuesto1 -ta
    1 (falso) false
    actuaba bajo un nombre supuesto he worked under a false o an assumed name
    el supuesto electricista resultó ser un ladrón the so-called o supposed electrician proved to be a thief
    2
    (que se rumorea): la radio desmintió su supuesta muerte reports of his death were denied on the radio
    su supuesta enfermedad her supposed illness
    3
    por supuesto of course
    ¿vendrás? — ¡por supuesto! are you going to come? — of course!
    ¿lo sabías? — ¡por supuesto que sí! did you know? — of course I did!
    dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted
    supposition
    su teoría descansa en un supuesto fundamental his theory rests on one fundamental supposition
    ¿y en el supuesto de que no acepten? and supposing they don't accept?, what if they don't accept?
    partiendo del supuesto de que no sabían nada working on the assumption that they knew nothing
    en el supuesto de que tenga un accidente should you have an accident, in the event of an accident
    * * *

     

    Del verbo suponer: ( conjugate suponer)

    supuesto es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    suponer    
    supuesto
    suponer ( conjugate suponer) verbo transitivo
    1

    ◊ supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true;

    suponiendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes OK
    b) ( imaginar):


    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I suppose so;
    es de supuesto que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think he's been told;
    se supone que empieza a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    2 (significar, implicar) to mean;

    supuesto 1
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    a) ( falso) false;


    el supuesto mendigo the supposed beggar

    c)


    dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted
    supuesto 2 sustantivo masculino
    supposition
    suponer verbo transitivo
    1 (creer, imaginar) to suppose: supongamos que..., let's assume o suppose that...
    supongo que me llamarán, I presume they're going to phone me
    supongo que sí, I suppose so
    se supone que acaba a las seis, it's supposed to finish at six
    se supone que él es el entendido, he's supposed to be the expert
    te suponía en París, I thought you were in Paris
    2 (conllevar, significar) to mean, involve: no supone ningún riesgo, it doesn't involve any risk
    (la amistad, el aprecio) to mean ➣ Ver nota en mean
    ♦ Locuciones: ser de suponer: es de suponer que se lo han contado, presumably o I would imagine she's been told
    ser un suponer, to be conjecture
    supuesto,-a
    I adj pey (presumiendo: falsedad) ese supuesto artista, that so-called artist
    (: inocencia) alleged
    el supuesto asesino, the alleged murderer
    II m (conjetura) assumption
    en el supuesto de que, on the assumption that: en el supuesto de que te pregunten, supposing you are asked
    ♦ Locuciones: dar por supuesto, to take sthg for granted
    por supuesto, of course
    supuesto que, since, inasmuch that
    ' supuesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dar
    - supuesta
    - partir
    - presupuesto
    English:
    assumption
    - boon
    - course
    - ostensible
    - professed
    - reputed
    - so-called
    - supposed
    - would-be
    - go
    - means
    - naturally
    - so
    - sure
    - surely
    * * *
    supuesto, -a
    ♦ participio
    ver suponer
    ♦ adj
    1. [hipotético] supposed;
    [culpable, asesino] alleged;
    no se ha confirmado el supuesto ataque al corazón del presidente there has been no confirmation of the president's supposed o alleged heart attack
    2. [falso] false;
    actuó bajo un nombre supuesto he acted under a false o assumed name
    ♦ nm
    supposition, assumption;
    en el supuesto de que venga assuming (that) he comes;
    esto no es más que un supuesto this is no more than a supposition;
    en estos supuestos no es válido el principio general in these cases the general rule does not apply;
    partimos del supuesto de que todo va a salir bien we're working on the assumption that everything will turn out right;
    supuestos de cancelación grounds for cancellation
    ♦ por supuesto loc adv
    of course;
    ¿te gusta? – por supuesto do you like it? – of course;
    ¿la invitarás? – por supuesto que sí/no are you going to invite her? – of course I am/of course not;
    por supuesto que puedes venir of course you can come;
    por supuesto que si te deja de interesar, te puedes retirar of course if you lose interest, you can always back out;
    dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted;
    doy por supuesto que te interesa I take it for granted that you're interested
    * * *
    I part → suponer
    II adj supposed, alleged;
    supuesto que (ya que) since; (en caso de que) if;
    por supuesto of course;
    dar algo por supuesto take sth as read
    III m assumption
    * * *
    supuesto, -ta adj
    1) : supposed, alleged
    2)
    por supuesto : of course, absolutely
    * * *
    1. (presunto) alleged
    2. (falso) supposed / assumed

    Spanish-English dictionary > supuesto

  • 39 измерять

    •

    The isotopic ratio of the lead is measured with (or by) a photoelectric cell.

    •

    There is no way of gauging the external gravitational field.

    * * *
    Измерять(ся) -- to measure, to take, to take readings; to meter (расход); to gauge (толщину, давление); to read, to sense, to detect (с указанием прибора); to determine (определять по результатам измерений)
     The cylinder temperature was measured with a calibrated copper-constantan thermocouple in conjunction with a 0.1°F ASTM-certified thermometer.
     The air was metered by one of two calibrated sharped-edged orifices.
     The heat transfer data on the prototype was to be taken at mid span.
     Thermocouple emfs were read with a Hewlett-Packard 3465A digital multimeter with a smallest digit of 1 mV.
     The pressure signals were sensed by a Baratron solid-stale capacitance-type meter capable of being read to as low as 10-3 torr.
     The impact-static pressure difference was detected by a Baratron meter capable of discriminating 10-3 mm Hg.
     The oil flow was determined with a calibrated cylinder and a stopwatch.
    Измерять по-- It was measured directly from the visualization patterns on the model surface.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > измерять

  • 40 поимка

    capture
    повторная поимка - recapture, recatch
    Thirty one individuals were recaptured 89 times, making a total of 132 captures during the study .
    We failed to capture te female, although track suggested she was present .
    Mature lions captured a total of 59 times provided the bulk of the information on movements and territory size and function .
    Recaptures of other males, while less conclusive with regard to the particular animals range, support the evidence gained from the males which were recaptured more frequently .
    “Observation” here applies to those instances when lion was tracked and subsequently captured during four consecutive winters .

    Русско-английский словарь по этологии (поведению животных) > поимка

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