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1 crude
خَشِن \ austere: (of conditions) hard and plain; without comfort or ornament: Some mountain people lead an austere existence. bristly: having bristles: He had a bristly growth of hair on his face. coarse: (of material) rough; not fine or smooth: coarse cloth; coarse sand. crude: (of manners, ideas, pieces of works, etc.) rough. gruff: rough and sometimes unfriendly in voice or manner. rough: not gentle: a rough game, not smooth a rough road; a rough surface. tough: (of people) unpleasantly strong and rough: to get tough with somebody. -
2 pinta, käsittelemätön
crude surface; unwrought surfaceSuomi-Englanti sanakirja koneenosien > pinta, käsittelemätön
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3 шероховатая поверхность
1) Engineering: coarse finish (грубая), pebble (ткани), roughened surface, sharp finish2) Construction: scored surface3) Road works: uneven surface4) Forestry: eggshell surface, stippled area, tooth (бумага)5) Textile: pebbly surface6) Oil: rough surface7) Geophysics: irregular surface8) Silicates: moss spot (армированного стекла)9) Mechanics: rough shape surface, wavy surface10) Polymers: tooth11) Plastics: pulled surface12) Makarov: crude surface, harsh surfaceУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > шероховатая поверхность
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4 грубая поверхность
1) Construction: sandpaper surface2) Automobile industry: rough surface3) Metallurgy: coarse finish4) Makarov: crude surface, relief (кристалла)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > грубая поверхность
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5 грубый
прил.1. rude; 2. rough; 3. coarse; 4. prickly; 5. scaly; 6. crude; 7. gruff; 8. flagrant; 9. gross; 10. ruggedРусское прилагательное грубый многозначно употребляется во многих и разных ситуациях. Оно относится к свойствам и качествам предметов, а также к характеру речи и поведению человека. Английские эквиваленты соответствуют разным значениям русского прилагательного грубый, но некоторые из них также многозначны и характеризуют как одушевленные, так и неодушевленные существительные.1. rude — грубый, невежливый, наглый, нахальный, оскорбительный ( характеризует главным образом речь и поведение человека): rude manners — грубые манеры; rude language — грубый язык/корявая речь; rude words — грубые слова; rude reply — грубый ответ; rude remarks — грубые замечания; rude style — корявый стиль/грубый стиль; и rude person — грубиян; to be rude to smb — грубить кому-либо/оскорблять кого-либо; to say rude things — оскорблять/наносить оскорбления It is rude to point at people. — Показывать на людей пальцем неприлично. Would it be rude to ask them when they are likely to leave. — He будет ли бестактностью спросить их, когда они собираются уезжать?2. rough — (прилагательное rough многозначно, но большинство его значений эквивалентно значениям русского прилагательного грубый): a) грубый, шершавый, шероховатый, жесткий, неровный (в основном о поверхности чего-либо): rough skin — грубая кожа; rough hands — грубые руки/загрубевшие руки; rough paper — шершавая бумага; a rough road — неровная дорога/ ухабистая дорога; rough surface — неровная поверхность; rough country/ territory — пересеченная местность; rough edges of the stone — неровные края камня Her hands became rough with constant washing. — От постоянной стирки кожа руку нее огрубела./Руки у нее стали шершавые от постоянной стирки. She was surprised at how rough her hands felt. — Ее удивило, какие у нее шершавые руки. Suddenly he fell headfirst, badly cutting his head on the rough edges of a stone. — Он неожиданно упал головой вперед, сильно поцарапав лоб о неровные края камня./Он неожиданно упал головой вперед, сильно поранив лоб об острые края камня. The clay had a rough, gritty texture. — Глина была шершавой, зернистой на ощупь. b) необработанный, черновой, неотшлифованный, неотделанный ( относится к неодушевленным существительным): a rough copy — черновик; a rough translation — черновой перевод; а rough diamond — необработанный алмаз/неотшлифованный алмаз: rough leather — необработанная кожа; a dog with a rough coat — лохматая собака/собака с лохматой шерстью c) грубый, невежливый, неучтивый, жестокий, жесткий (о мерах) (относится к грубому обращению, действиям с применением силы): a rough voice — грубый голос; a rough joke — грубая шутка; a rough answer — грубый ответ; a rough game — грубая игра: rough manners — гpyбые манеры; a rough man — грубиян; rough language — грубое выражение/грубый язык; rough treatment (handling/behaviour) — грубое обращение (поведение) Don't be so rough with her. — He будь с ней таким грубым. Не has a rough temper. — У него жесткий/грубый характер. Не was very rough on her. — Он относился к ней без всякого снисхождения. Saying so you are rough on him. — Говоря так, вы его обижаете. They received a rough treatment during their long period of captivity. — С ними грубо обращались во время их длительного пребывания в плену. The police have been criticized for their rough handling of the demonstrators. — Полицию обвиняли в том, что она грубо обращалась с демонстрантами. d) бурный, неспокойный: rough sea — бурное море/неспокойное море; rough weather — непогода When we sailed to Europe, we had a very rough crossing. — Когда мы плыли в Европу, нас очень сильно качало. e) приблизительный, примерный: a rough plan — примерный план; rough estimates — приблизительные подсчеты/грубые подсчеты/примерная смета; a rough weight — примерный вес; the rough price of the house — примерная цена дома I hope it will give you a rough idea of what we are going to do. — Надеюсь, это даст вам приблизительное представление о том, что мы хотим сделать./Надеюсь, это даст вам общее представление о том, что мы собираемся сделать. The rough age of the man was about 40. — Примерный возраст этого человека — около сорока. f) лохматый, косматый, нечесаный: rough hair — всклокоченные волосы; a face with a rough beard — небритое лицо/физиономия с косматой бородой3. coarse — грубый, жесткий, твердый, крупнозернистый, оскорбительный, невежливый (особенно, если характеризует материал и структуру предмета, сделанного из какого-либо грубого и жесткого сырья; также относится к речи или поведению человека): coarse food — невкусная пища/грубая пища; coarse manners — грубые манеры; coarse skin — грубая кожа/загрубевшая кожа; coarse woo) — грубая шерсть/сырая шерсть; coarse tuning — грубая настройка/начальная настройка; coarse salt — крупнозернистая соль/крупная соль; coarse features of the face — грубые черты лица; coarse and offensive remarks — грубые и оскорбительные замечания; long coarse hair — длинные, жесткие волосы With a coarse gesture he deliberately wiped his mouth with the back of his hand. — Грубым жестом он нарочито вытер рот рукой. She speaks rather coarse language. — У нее грубая речь./У нее корявая речь. All hospital beds were covered with coarse cotton on sheets. — На всех больничных койках были простыни из грубого полотна. His straight brown hair was becoming grey and coarse. — Его прямые каштановые волосы становились седыми и жесткими. The fisherman's skin was dark and coarse his hands big and strong. — У рыбака были большие сильные руки, а кожа загорелой и огрубевшей.4. prickly — грубый, колючий: I hate wearing woolen underwear that feels so prickly. — Терпеть не могу такого колючего шерстяного нижнего белья.5. scaly — гpyбый, чешуйчатый, шершавый: То relieve itchy or scaly skin add a teaspoon full of fine oil to your bath water. — Чтобы облегчить зуд и шершавость кожи, добавьте в воду при принятии ванны чайную ложку рафинированного растительного масла. Experiments with snakes have shown that this scaly creatures are far from stupid. — Эксперименты со змеями показали, что эти покрытые чешуйками существа, далеко не глупы.6. crude — грубый, примитивный, сырой ( часто используется в знак неодобрения): crude spirit — неочищенный спирт; crude expression — грубое выражение; crude drawing — примитивный рисунок; crude facts — голые факты; crude oil — сырая нефть/неочищенная нефть; crude thoughts — непродуманные мысли Your statement is a crude oversimplification. — Ваше заявление — грубое упрощение. His is a crude method of administration. — Он пользуется грубым методом администрирования. It is a crude kind of racial prejudice. — Это самый грубый вид расовых предрассудков.7. gruff — резкий, грубоватый, грубый, хриплый: gruff voice — грубый голос/хриплый голос Не spoke in a gruff voice. — Он говорил грубым голосом./Он говорил хрипловатым голосом8. flagrant — грубый, вопиющий: a flagrant mistake — вопиющая ошибка/грубая ошибка; flagrant injustice — вопиющая несправедливость9. gross — грубый, вопиющий, чрезмерный, явный ( нарушающий принятые нормы): a gross error — грубая ошибка; gross injustice — вопиющая несправедливость; gross negligence — грубая халатность/вопиющая халатность; gross exaggeration — явное преувеличение/чрезмерное преувеличение It was a gross misbehaviour. — Это было непозволительное поведение. Не is a gross eater. — Он просто обжора.10. rugged — (прилагательное rugged многозначно, но эквивалентно значению русского прилагательного грубый): a) неровный, изрезанный, извилистый: rugged coastline — изрезанная береговая линия; rugged terrain — пересеченная местность b) грубоватый, неправильной формы ( но несмотря на это привлекательный): rugged face — грубые (но привлекательные) черты лица/грубоватые (но привлекательные) черты лица; rugged manners — грубоватые манеры She couldn’t't help admiring his rugged good looks. — Она не могла не восхищаться его грубоватой привлекательностью. Whenever she remembered the events of those days, his rugged face rose before her mind's eye. — Всякий раз, когда она вспоминала события тех дней, перед ее мысленным взором вставало его грубоватое, но привлекательное лицо. -
6 gras
gras, grasse [gʀα, gʀαs]1. adjectivea. [substance, aliment] fattyb. ( = gros) [personne, animal, bébé] fat ; [volaille] plumpc. ( = graisseux, huileux) [mains, cheveux, surface] greasy ; [boue, sol] stickyd. [toux] loose ; [voix, rire] throatye. ( = vulgaire) [mot, plaisanterie] crude2. masculine nouna. [de viande] fatb. [de jambe, bras] le gras de the fleshy part of3. adverb* * *
1.
grasse gʀɑ, gʀɑs adjectif2) ( vulgaire) coarse3) ( abondant) liter [salaire] fat; [récolte] bumper (épith)4) ( en typographie) [caractère] bold
2.
3.
nom masculin1) ( de viande) fat2) ( corps huileux) grease3) (de bras, mollet)le gras — the fleshy part (de of)
* * *ɡʀɒ, ɡʀɒs gras, -se1. adjÉvitez les aliments gras. — Avoid fatty foods.
2) (personne, visage) fat4)faire la grasse matinée — to have a lie-in Grande-Bretagne to sleep late
5) (terre) sticky6) (toux) loose7) (plaisanterie, rire) coarse8) (crayon) soft-lead9) TYPOGRAPHIE bold2. nm1) CUISINE, [aliment] fat2) (= graisse) grease* * *A adj5 ( abondant) liter [salaire] fat; [récolte] bumper ( épith); ce n'est pas gras it's rather meagreGB;6 ( riche) [prairie] lush;8 Méd [toux] loose, phlegmy.B adv2 Relig faire gras to eat meat;5 ( vulgairement) [rire] coarsely.C nm3 ( partie charnue) (de bras, mollet) the fleshy part (de of); le gras du pouce the cushion of the thumb.A.être gras comme une caille ou un chanoine ou un cochon ou un moine, être gras à lard to be as round as a barrel[taché] greasy6. RELIGIONB.2. [pavé] slippery3. [voix, rire] throatya. (familier) [peu de chose] that's not muchb. [profit médiocre] it's not a fortune8. (locution)————————nom masculin1. [d'une viande] fat2. [du corps] fleshy part3. [substance] grease————————adverbe1. [dans l'alimentation]2. RELIGION3. [en grasseyant]parler gras to speak coarsely ou gutturally4. (familier) [beaucoup] -
7 borde
adj.1 rude, impolite, rough.2 stupid.f. & m.ratbag(informal) (unfriendly). (peninsular Spanish)m.1 edge.(lleno) hasta el borde full to the brimal borde del mar by the seaestoy al borde de un ataque de nervios I'm going to go off my head in a minuteestar al borde del abismo (figurative) to be on the brink of ruin o disaster2 border, borderline.3 rim.4 hem.5 outskirt.6 brim, brim of the cup.7 threshold, brink, verge.8 rough person, uncouth person.9 stupid, stupid person.10 margin, acies, labrum, ora.pres.subj.3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: bordar.* * *► adjetivo1 (tonto) stupid■ ¡no seas borde! don't be so stupid!2 (antipático) unpleasant; (malhumorado) stroppy3 (planta - silvestre) wild1 idiot————————1 (extremo) edge2 (de vaso, copa) rim4 (de prenda) hem\estar al borde de to be on the verge of* * *noun m.border, edge, brink* * *ISM1) [de asiento, andén, pañuelo] edge; [de plato] rim, lip; [de vaso, sombrero] brim; [de carretera, camino] side; [de ventana] ledge; [de río] edge, banksembró semillas en los bordes del césped — he sowed some seeds at the sides o edges of the lawn
iba andando por el borde de la carretera — she was walking by the roadside o by the side of the road
borde de ataque — (Aer) leading edge
borde de la acera — kerb, curb (EEUU)
borde de salida — (Aer) trailing edge
2)• al borde de — [+ precipicio, lago, cráter] at o on the edge of; [+ quiebra, histeria, crisis] on the verge of
el régimen está al borde del colapso — the regime is on the verge of collapse o on the point of collapsing
su carrera política está al borde del abismo — her political career is teetering on the edge of the abyss
II Espestán al borde de los cuarenta años — they're close to forty, they're hitting o pushing forty *
1. ADJ1) ** (=antipático) nastyestuvo toda la mañana en plan borde — he was in a strop ** o in a foul mood * all morning
ponerse borde (con algn) — to get stroppy (with sb) *, get nasty (with sb)
2) [planta, árbol] wild3) †† [niño] illegitimate2.SMF **¡eres un borde! — you're a nasty piece of work! *
* * *masculino (de mesa, cama) edge; (de moneda, pieza, plato) edge, rim; (de taza, vaso) rim; (de andén, piscina) edgeal borde de algo — <de la guerra/locura> on the brink of something; <del caos/ruina> on the verge of something
* * *= edge, rim, fringe, brim, verge.Ex. As used in an index each card acts as a surrogate for one document, and the index terms for that document are encoded around the edge of the card.Ex. Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.Ex. The university is located 15 miles from the center of town on the southern fringe.Ex. The pot was placed in a pit dug in the soil such that brim of the pot is in line with the surface of soil.Ex. The verges of these minor roads have had, in some cases, hundreds of years for native flora to become established.----* al borde de = on the verge of, on the brink of, at the side of, on the edge of.* al borde de la carretera = at the roadside.* al borde de la extinción = on the verge of extinction, on the edge of extinction.* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.* al borde del camino = at the roadside.* al borde del mar = at the seaside.* borde de la carretera = roadside.* borde de la carretera ajardinado = parkway strip.* borde del camino = roadside, wayside.* borde del río = river bank [riverbank].* borde superior = top edge.* estar al borde de = teeter + on the edge of.* ficha de borde perforado = edge notch card.* llenar hasta el borde = fill + Nombre + to the brim.* lleno hasta el borde = full to the brim.* repleto hasta el borde = full to the brim.* vivir al borde de la pobreza = live on + the poverty line.* * *masculino (de mesa, cama) edge; (de moneda, pieza, plato) edge, rim; (de taza, vaso) rim; (de andén, piscina) edgeal borde de algo — <de la guerra/locura> on the brink of something; <del caos/ruina> on the verge of something
* * *= edge, rim, fringe, brim, verge.Ex: As used in an index each card acts as a surrogate for one document, and the index terms for that document are encoded around the edge of the card.
Ex: Standing in the early morning on the balcony of her apartment, she was smote as she always was by the grandeur of the sky turning to scarlet as the rim of darkness in the east released the sun for its sluggish trek through the heavens.Ex: The university is located 15 miles from the center of town on the southern fringe.Ex: The pot was placed in a pit dug in the soil such that brim of the pot is in line with the surface of soil.Ex: The verges of these minor roads have had, in some cases, hundreds of years for native flora to become established.* al borde de = on the verge of, on the brink of, at the side of, on the edge of.* al borde de la carretera = at the roadside.* al borde de la extinción = on the verge of extinction, on the edge of extinction.* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.* al borde del camino = at the roadside.* al borde del mar = at the seaside.* borde de la carretera = roadside.* borde de la carretera ajardinado = parkway strip.* borde del camino = roadside, wayside.* borde del río = river bank [riverbank].* borde superior = top edge.* estar al borde de = teeter + on the edge of.* ficha de borde perforado = edge notch card.* llenar hasta el borde = fill + Nombre + to the brim.* lleno hasta el borde = full to the brim.* repleto hasta el borde = full to the brim.* vivir al borde de la pobreza = live on + the poverty line.* * *2 (tonto) stupid1(grosero): los camareros son unos bordes the waiters are so rude(de una mesa, cama) edge; (de una moneda, pieza, un plato) edge, rim; (de una taza, un vaso) rimno te acerques tanto al borde del andén don't go so near the edge of the platformllenó el vaso hasta el borde she filled the glass to the brimla página tiene ilustraciones en el borde inferior the page has illustrations along the bottomnos sentamos al borde de la piscina we sat down at o by the edge of the swimming poolparamos al borde de la carretera we stopped at the roadside o at the side of the roadhabía un sauce al borde del río there was a willow tree at the edge of the river o on the river bankestar al borde de la locura to be on the brink of madnessal borde de la muerte on the point of death, at death's dooral borde de las lágrimas on the verge of tearsCompuesto:leading edge* * *
Del verbo bordar: ( conjugate bordar)
bordé es:
1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
borde es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries:
bordar
borde
bordar ( conjugate bordar) verbo transitivo ‹sábana/blusa› to embroider;
borde sustantivo masculino (de mesa, cama, acantilado) edge;
(de moneda, taza, vaso) rim;
al borde de algo ‹de la guerra/locura› on the brink of sth;
‹de las lágrimas/del caos/de la ruina› on the verge of sth;
bordar verbo transitivo
1 (una interpretación, un trabajo) to do excellently
2 Cost to embroider
borde 1 sustantivo masculino (de una mesa, un camino) edge
(de una taza, etc) rim, brim
♦ Locuciones: al borde de, (muy cerca de): tiene una casa al borde del mar, he has got a house at the seaside
figurado estuvo al borde de la muerte, she was at death's door
(a punto de) estamos al borde de un ataque de nervios, we are on the brink of a nervous breakdown
borde 2
I m,f fam crude, stupid person
II adj fam stroppy, rude: ¡no seas borde y ven al cine! don't be rude and come along to the movies!
' borde' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abismo
- bordear
- canto
- exasperación
- rasa
- raso
- umbral
- afilado
- filo
- flecos
- mellado
- salir
- sobresalir
English:
border
- brim
- brink
- edge
- fill up
- fringe
- hang over
- lip
- madness
- perforated
- rim
- roadside
- stroppy
- surround
- verge
- away
- curb
- edging
- from
- keep
- perch
- road
* * *borde1 nm[límite] edge; [de carretera] side; [de río] bank; [de vaso, botella] rim; Méxlleno hasta el borde full to the brim;al borde del mar by the sea;no dejes que se acerquen al borde de la piscina don't let them go near the edge of the swimming pool;el delantero fue derribado al borde del área the forward was brought down on the edge of the area;el proceso de paz está al borde del colapso the peace process is on the brink of collapse;estar al borde del abismo to be on the brink of ruin o disaster♦ adj[antipático]no seas borde y deja que venga ella también don't be such Br a ratbag o US an s.o.b., and let her come too;no te pongas borde que casi no te he tocado there's no need to get in a huff o Br strop, I hardly touched you♦ nmf[antipático] Br ratbag, US s.o.b.;si encuentro al borde que me ha robado la bicicleta lo mato if I find the rat that stole my bike, I'll kill him* * *1 adj fampersona rude, uncouth2 m edge;al borde de fig on the verge obrink of* * *borde nm1) : border, edge2)al borde de : on the verge ofestoy al borde de la locura: I'm about to go crazy* * *borde1 adj unpleasantborde2 n1. (en general) edge2. (de vaso, taza) rim -
8 Erdöl
n (crude) oil, petroleum; Erdöl exportierende / fördernde Länder oder Staaten oil- (and petroleum-)exporting / oil- (and petroleum-)producing countries ( oder nations)* * *das Erdölmineral oil; petroleum; crude oil* * *Erd|öl ['eːɐt|øːl]nt(mineral) oil, petroleumÉrdöl exportierend — oil-exporting, petroleum-exporting
* * *(oil in its raw, unrefined form, which is found in natural wells below the earth's surface and from which petrol, paraffin etc are obtained.) petroleum* * *Erd·ölnt oil, petroleum\Erdöl exportierende Länder oil-exporting countries* * ** * *Erdöl n (crude) oil, petroleum;Erdöl exportierende/fördernde Länder oderErdöl… im subst → auch Mineralöl…, Öl…* * *das oil; petroleum (as tech. term)* * *-e n.mineral oil n. -
9 lumbre
f.1 fire.dar lumbre a alguien to give somebody a lightencender la lumbre to light the fire2 brilliance, firelight, light, brightness.* * *2 (para cigarrillo) light■ ¿me das lumbre? could you give me a light please?\a la luz de la lumbre by the light of the fire* * *SF1) (=fuego) firea la lumbre, cerca de la lumbre — near the fire, by the fireside
2) † [para cigarro] light¿me das lumbre?, ¿tienes lumbre? — have you got a light?
3) (=luz) light; (=brillo) brightness, brilliance* * *a) femenino (de hoguera, chimenea) fire; ( de la cocina)b) (ant) ( para un cigarrillo)¿tiene lumbre? — have you got a light?
* * *= campfire, open fire, fire.Ex. Using charred bits of wood from campfires, broken pieces of clay pots, and stone spearpoints and arrowheads, the archaeologist investigates the past.Ex. The first rotisseries were crude devices that allowed for food to be rotated manually while it cooked over an open fire.Ex. In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.----* al amor de la lumbre = round-the-fireside.* al calor de la lumbre = round-the-fireside.* * *a) femenino (de hoguera, chimenea) fire; ( de la cocina)b) (ant) ( para un cigarrillo)¿tiene lumbre? — have you got a light?
* * *= campfire, open fire, fire.Ex: Using charred bits of wood from campfires, broken pieces of clay pots, and stone spearpoints and arrowheads, the archaeologist investigates the past.
Ex: The first rotisseries were crude devices that allowed for food to be rotated manually while it cooked over an open fire.Ex: In the event of a serious accident (a fire, deliberate destruction, or a computer error) nothing will happen to the records vital to the operation of the library.* al amor de la lumbre = round-the-fireside.* al calor de la lumbre = round-the-fireside.* * *1 (de hoguera, chimenea) firese sentaron cerca de la lumbre they sat down by the fireside o in front of the fire2(de la cocina): puso el cazo en la lumbre she put the saucepan on the stovetengo la leche en la lumbre I'm heating up some milk3 ( ant) (para un cigarrillo) light¿me das/tienes lumbre? could I have/do you have a light?* * *
lumbre sustantivo femenino (de hoguera, chimenea) fire;
( de la cocina):
lumbre f (en el hogar, hoguera) fire
(para encender un cigarro, etc) light
' lumbre' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
atizador
- calor
- candela
- fuego
- abrigo
English:
stoke
* * *lumbre nfponer algo a la lumbre to put sth on the stove2. [de leña] fire;conversaban a la luz de la lumbre they were talking in the firelightdar lumbre a alguien to give sb a light4. [luz] glow* * *f fire* * *lumbre nf1) fuego: fire2) : brilliance, splendor3)poner en la lumbre : to put on the stove, to warm up -
10 غير
غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر) \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب) \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب) \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول) \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل) \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان) \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد) \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب) \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز) \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف) \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم) \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart. -
11 rude
rude [ʀyd]adjectivea. [adversaire métier, vie, combat] tough ; [climat, hiver] harsh• être mis à rude épreuve [personne] to be severely tested ; [appareil, tissu] to receive rough treatmentb. [surface, barbe, peau] rough ; [voix] harshc. ( = fruste) [manières] crude ; [traits] ruggedd. ( = bourru) [personne, caractère] hard ; [manières] rough* * *ʀyd1) [métier, journée, combat] hard, tough; [climat, hiver] harsh; [épreuve] severe2) [étoffe, barbe, peau] rough3) [voix, manières] harsh; [traits, personne] coarse4) [appétit] healthy; [montagnard, marin] rugged5) [adversaire] tough, formidable••en voir de rudes — (colloq) to have a hard ou tough time of it
en faire voir de rudes (colloq) à quelqu'un — to put somebody through it
* * *ʀyd adj1) (barbe, toile) rough2) (métier, tâche) hard, tough3) (climat) harsh4) (= bourru) harsh, rough5) (= fruste) rugged6) (= solide)* * *rude adj1 ( pénible) [métier, travail, vie, journée, combat] hard, tough; [climat, hiver] severe, harsh; [épreuve] severe; mettre qn/qch à rude épreuve to put sb/sth to a severe test; être mis à rude épreuve to be put to a severe test; c'est un rude coup pour lui it's a harsh ou severe blow for him;2 ( au toucher) [étoffe, barbe, peau] rough;4 ( sévère) [ton, personne, caractère] harsh, severe;5 ( solide) [appétit] healthy; [montagnard, marin] rugged; c'est un rude gaillard he's a strapping fellow;6 ( redoutable) [adversaire, concurrent] tough, formidable.en voir de rudes to have a hard ou tough time of it; en faire voir de rudes à qn to put sb through it.[ryd] adjectif1. [rugueux - surface, vin] rough ; [ - toile] rough, coarse ; [ - peau] rough, coarse ; [ - son] rough, harsh ; [ - voix] gruff ; [ - manières, personne] uncouth, unrefined ; [ - traits] rugged2. [difficile - climat, hiver] harsh, severe ; [ - conditions, concurrent] tough ; [ - concurrence] severe, tough ; [ - vie, tâche] hard, tough ; [ - côte] hard, stiffa. [personne] to be severely tested, to be put through the millb. [vêtement, matériel] to get a lot of wear and tear4. (familier) [important, remarquable] -
12 ἐπι[πολ]άζω
ἐπι[πολ]-άζω, [tense] fut.A- άσω Isoc.5.64
: [tense] pf.ἐπιπεπόλακα Ph.1.365
: < ἐπιπολή>:—to be at the top, come to the surface, float on the surface, ὕλη ἐ. X.Oec.16.14; αἱ ἐγχέλεις οὐκ ἐ. Arist.HA 592a10, cf. 547b22; ἡ ἀτμὶς ἐ. Id.Mete. 341b11; τὸ ἐπιπολάζον, opp. τὸ ὑφιστάμενον, Id.Cael. 312a6: c.dat., ὕδατι ἐ. ib. 311a28; [τὸ ἔλαιον] ἐν τῷ ὕδατι ἐ. Id.Mete. 383b25; of birds, hover over, Theopomp.Hist.76; of food, remain crude in the stomach, Hp.Vict.2.54, Arist.AP0.94b13, Gal.6.433, 15.63.II. metaph., have the upper hand, prevail, [Epich.] 282;Φίλιππος ἐπιπολάζει D.9.25
, cf. Isoc.5.64, 8.107;ἐ. ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς πολιτεύμασιν Plb.30.13.2
.2. to be prevalent, fashionable, current, τοῖς τηλικούτοις.. ὕβρις ἐ. X.Lac.3.2; ; αἱ μάλιστα ἐπιπολάζουσαι [δόξαι] Arist.EN 1095a30; ἐπιπολάζοντος τοῦ γελοίου ib. 1128a12.3. to be common, abound,ὁ χυμὸς ἐπεπόλασεν Hp.Epid.1.15
;οἱ ἐπιπολάζοντες μύες Arist.HA 580b14
; τὴν.. ἄνοιαν ἐ. Alex.45.7 (with play on 1); of habits, Plb.13.3.1, etc.; of poems, Sch.Ar.Th. 169; γένος -άζον τῷ βίῳ abounding in the world, Luc.Icar.29.4. to be `uppish' or insolent, D.H.11.6, App.Mith.75;ἐ. ὑπεροψίᾳ Id.BC3.76
: c. dat. pers., behave insolently to, Plu.2.634c.III. wander over,τὴν Αἴγυπτον Hld.2.25
, cf. 8.8.IV. overflow, of the sea, Luc.Asin.34.2. ἐ. τῇ ῥητορικῇ to be engaged upon it, Id.Rh.Pr.26.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ἐπι[πολ]άζω
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13 необработанный
прлraw, unprocessed; грубый crude, roughнеобрабо́танное сырьё — raw material(s)
необрабо́танная пове́рхность — rough surface
необрабо́танная земля́ — untilled land/soil
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14 aes
aes, aeris (often used in plur. nom. and acc.; abl. aeribus, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll., and Lucr. 2, 636; gen. AERVM, Inscr. Orell. 3551), n. [cf. Germ. Eisen = iron, Erz = copper; Goth. aiz = copper, gold; Angl.Sax. ar, ær = ore, copper, brass; Eng. iron, ore; Lat. aurum; with the com. notion of brightness; cf. aurora, etc.].I.Any crude metal dug out of the earth, except gold and silver; esp.,a.Aes Cyprium, whence cuprum, copper: scoria aeris, copper dross or scoria, Plin. 34, 11, 24, § 107:b.aeris flos,
flowers of copper, id. 34, 11, 24, § 107:squama aeris,
scales of copper, Cels. 2, 12 init.:aes fundere,
Plin. 33, 5, 30, § 94:conflare et temperare,
id. 7, 56, 57, § 197:India neque aes neque plumbum habet,
id. 34, 17, 48, § 163:aurum et argentum et aes,
Vulg. Ex. 25, 3.—An alloy, for the most part of copper and tin, bronze (brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, was hardly known to the ancients. For their bronze coins the Greeks adhered to copper and tin till B.C. 400, after which they added lead. Silver is rare in Greek bronze coins. The Romans admitted lead into their bronze coins, but gradually reduced the quantity, and, under Calig., Nero, Vesp., and Domit., issued pure copper coins, and then reverted to the mixture of lead. In the bronze mirrors now existing, which are nearly all Etruscan, silver predominated to give a highly reflecting surface. The antique bronze had about 87 parts of copper to 13 of tin. An analysis of several objects has given the following centesimal parts: statua ex aere, Cic. Phil. 9, 6:II.simulacrum ex aere factum,
Plin. 34, 4, 9, § 15:valvas ex aere factitavere,
id. 34, 3, 7, § 13.—Hence:ducere aliquem ex aere,
to cast one's image in bronze, id. 7, 37, 38, § 125; and in the same sense poet.:ducere aera,
Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 240:aes Corinthium,
Plin. 34, 2, 3, §§ 5-8; v. Corinthius.—Meton.A.(Esp. in the poets.) For everything made or prepared from copper, bronze, etc. ( statues, tables of laws, money), and (as the ancients had the art of hardening and tempering copper and bronze) weapons, armor, utensils of husbandry: aes sonit, franguntur hastae, the trumpet sounds, Enn. ap. Non. 504, 32 (Trag. v. 213 Vahl.):B.Et prior aeris erat quam ferri cognitus usus: Aere solum terrae tractabant, aereque belli Miscebant fluctus et vulnera vasta serebant, etc.,
Lucr. 5, 1287:quae ille in aes incidit, in quo populi jussa perpetuasque leges esse voluit,
Cic. Phil. 1, 17; cf. id. Fam. 12, 1; Tac. A. 11, 14; 12, 53; id. H. 4, 40: aere ( with the trumpet, horn) ciere viros, Verg. A. 6, 165:non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,
Ov. M. 1, 98 (hence also rectum aes, the tuba, in contr. with the crooked buccina, Juv. 2, 118); a brazen prow, Verg. A. 1, 35; the brazen age, Hor. Epod. 16, 64.—In plur.: aera, Cato ap. Paul. ex Fest. p. 27 Müll.; Verg. A. 2, 734; Hor. C. 4, 8, 2 al.—Money: the first Roman money consisted of small rude masses of copper, called aes rude, Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43; afterwards as coined:1.aes signatum,
Cic. Leg. 3, 3; Plin. 33, 3, 13, § 43;so aes alone: si aes habent, dant mercem,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 49:ancilla aere suo empta,
Ter. Phorm. 3, 2, 26: aes circumforaneum. borrowed from the brokers in the forum, Cic. Att. 2, 1: Hic meret aera liber Sosiis, earns them money, Hor. A. P. [p. 61] 345:gravis aere dextra,
Verg. E. 1, 36:effusum est aes tuum,
Vulg. Ez. 16, 36:neque in zona aes (tollerent),
ib. Maarc. 6, 8:etiam aureos nummos aes dicimus,
Dig. 50, 16, 159.—Hence,Aes alienum, lit. the money of another; hence, in reference to him who has it, the sum owed, a debt, Plaut. Curc. 3, 1, 2:2.habere aes alienum,
Cic. Fam. 5, 6:aes alienum amicorum suscipere,
to take upon one's self, id. Off. 2, 16:contrahere,
to run up, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:facere,
id. Att. 13, 46:conflare,
Sall. C. 14, 2; 24, 3:in aes alienum incidere,
to fall into debt, Cic. Cat. 2, 9:in aere alieno esse,
to be in debt, id. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 6; so,aere alieno oppressum esse,
id. Font. 1; so Vulg. 1 Reg. 22, 2:laborare ex aere alieno,
Caes. B. C. 3, 22:liberare se aere alieno,
to get quit of, Cic. Att. 6, 2; so,aes alienum dissolvere,
id. Sull. 56:aere alieno exire,
to get out of, id. Phil. 11, 6.—In aere meo est, trop., he is, as it were, among my effects, he is my friend (only in the language of common conversation):* 3.in animo habui te in aere meo esse propter Lamiae nostri conjunctionem,
Cic. Fam. 13, 62; 15, 14.—Alicujus aeris esse, to be of some value, Gell. 18, 5.—* 4.In aere suo censeri, to be esteemed according to its own worth, Sen. Ep. 87.—C.Sometimes = as, the unit of the standard of money (cf. as); hence, aes grave, the old heary money (as weighed, not counted out):D.denis milibus aeris gravis reos condemnavit,
Liv. 5, 12:indicibus dena milia aeris gravis, quae tum divitiae habebantur, data,
id. 4, 60; so, aes alone and in the gen. sing., instead of assium:aeris miliens, triciens,
a hundred millions, three millions, Cic. Rep. 3, 10:qui milibus aeris quinquaginta census fuisset,
Liv. 24, 11.—Also for coins that are smaller than an as (quadrans, triens, etc.):nec pueri credunt, nisi qui nondum aere, i. e. quadrante, lavantur (those who bathed paid each a quadrans),
Juv. 2, 152 (cf.:dum tu quadrante lavatum Rex ibis,
Hor. S. 1, 3, 137).—Wages, pay.1.A soldier's pay = stipendium:2.negabant danda esse aera militibus,
Liv. 5, 4. And soon after: annua aera habes: annuam operam ede.— Hence in plur., = stipendia, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33.—Reward, payment, in gen., Juv. 6, 125: nullum in bonis numero, quod ad aes exit, that has in view or aims at pay, reward, Sen. Ep. 88.—E.In plur.: aera, counters; hence also the items of a computed sum (for which, later, a sing. form aera, ae (q. v.), came into use): si aera singula probāsti, summam, quae ex his confecta sit, non probare? Cic. ap. Non. 3, 18. -
15 смертность
1. deathуровень смертности; смертность — death rate
2. mortality rate3. death-rate4. mortality; death rate5. death rate -
16 Bewick, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. August 1753 Cherryburn House, Ovingham, Northumberland, Englandd. 8 November 1828 Gateshead, England[br]English perfecter of wood-engraving.[br]The son of a farmer, Bewick was educated locally, but his progress was unremarkable save for demonstrating an intense love of nature and of drawing. In 1767 he was apprenticed to Ralph Beilby, an engraver in Newcastle. Wood-engraving at that time was at a low ebb, restricted largely to crude decorative devices, and Hogarth, commenting on a recent book on the art, doubted whether it would ever recover. Beilby's business was of a miscellaneous character, but Bewick's interest in wood-engraving was noticed and encouraged: Beilby submitted several of his engravings to the Royal Society of Arts, which awarded a premium of £80 for them. His apprenticeship ended in 1774 and he went to London, where he readily found employment with several printers. The call of the north was too strong, however, and two years later he returned to Newcastle, entering into partnership with Beilby. With the publication of Select Fables in 1784, Bewick really showed both his expertise in the art of wood-engraving as a medium for book illustration and his talents as an artist. His engravings for the History of British Birds mark the high point of his achievement. The second volume of this work appeared in 1804, the year in which his partnership with Beilby was dissolved.The essential feature of Bewick's wood-engravings involved cutting across the grain of the wood instead of along it, as in the old woodcut technique. The wood surface thus obtained offered a much more sensitive medium for engraving than before. It paved the way for the flowering of engraving on wood, and then on steel, for the production of illustrated material for an ever wider public through the Victorian age.[br]Bibliography1864, Memoir of Thomas Bewick (autobiography, completed by his daughter). 1784, Select Fables.Further ReadingM.Weekley, 1963, Thomas Bewick, Oxford: Oxford University Press.LRD -
17 خشن
خَشِن \ austere: (of conditions) hard and plain; without comfort or ornament: Some mountain people lead an austere existence. bristly: having bristles: He had a bristly growth of hair on his face. coarse: (of material) rough; not fine or smooth: coarse cloth; coarse sand. crude: (of manners, ideas, pieces of works, etc.) rough. gruff: rough and sometimes unfriendly in voice or manner. rough: not gentle: a rough game, not smooth a rough road; a rough surface. tough: (of people) unpleasantly strong and rough: to get tough with somebody. \ خَشِن المَنْظَر \ scruffy: not at all neat or clean: a scruffily dressed little boy. -
18 austere
خَشِن \ austere: (of conditions) hard and plain; without comfort or ornament: Some mountain people lead an austere existence. bristly: having bristles: He had a bristly growth of hair on his face. coarse: (of material) rough; not fine or smooth: coarse cloth; coarse sand. crude: (of manners, ideas, pieces of works, etc.) rough. gruff: rough and sometimes unfriendly in voice or manner. rough: not gentle: a rough game, not smooth a rough road; a rough surface. tough: (of people) unpleasantly strong and rough: to get tough with somebody. -
19 bristly
خَشِن \ austere: (of conditions) hard and plain; without comfort or ornament: Some mountain people lead an austere existence. bristly: having bristles: He had a bristly growth of hair on his face. coarse: (of material) rough; not fine or smooth: coarse cloth; coarse sand. crude: (of manners, ideas, pieces of works, etc.) rough. gruff: rough and sometimes unfriendly in voice or manner. rough: not gentle: a rough game, not smooth a rough road; a rough surface. tough: (of people) unpleasantly strong and rough: to get tough with somebody. -
20 coarse
خَشِن \ austere: (of conditions) hard and plain; without comfort or ornament: Some mountain people lead an austere existence. bristly: having bristles: He had a bristly growth of hair on his face. coarse: (of material) rough; not fine or smooth: coarse cloth; coarse sand. crude: (of manners, ideas, pieces of works, etc.) rough. gruff: rough and sometimes unfriendly in voice or manner. rough: not gentle: a rough game, not smooth a rough road; a rough surface. tough: (of people) unpleasantly strong and rough: to get tough with somebody.
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