commonly

di-spĭcĭo, spexi, spectum, 3, v. n. and a., to see through all parts (cf. Lachm. ad Lucr. vol. 2, p. 236 and 237), to see with an effort, to open wide the eyes in order to see, to look through, to see; to glance, to gaze; and actively, to descry, discern, perceive (class.; esp. freq. in Cic. Lachm. l. l. prefers dispicere in many passages where the best editions have despicere, e. g. Verg. A. 1, 224; id. G. 2, 187; Ov. M. 2, 178; 3, 44; 7, 223; id. F. 4, 569; Col. 1, 6, 23; cf. Conington ad Verg. A. 1, 224; Munroad Lucr. 4, 418 N. cr.).

Lit.

Neutr.:

isti autem tantis effusis tenebris ne scintillam quidem ullam ad dispiciendum reliquerunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 19, 61; cf.:

tanta oborta caligo est ut dispicere non posset,

Suet. Ner. 19; Cic. Tusc. 1, 19 fin.:

catuli, qui jam dispecturi sunt, caeci aeque et hi, qui modo nati,

id. Fin. 4, 23 fin.:

ut primum dispexit,

id. ib. 2, 30, 97:

ad terram aspice et dispice, Oculis investigans astute augura,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 2, 25.—

Act.:

nubila,

Lucr. 4, 418 Lachm.:

longe cunctas in partis,

id. 6, 648:

dispecta est et Thule,

Tac. Agr. 10:

ut nequit ullam dispicere oculus rem,

Lucr. 3, 564.—

Transf., to investigate, make an examination:

dispicientibus consistorianis et militaribus,

Amm. 15, 5, 12.—

Trop., to perceive mentally, discern, discover (commonly as act.):

si imbecilli animi verum dispicere non possint,

Cic. Div. 2, 39; cf. Liv. 44, 6 fin.:

mentem principis,

Tac. A. 3, 22:

merita,

id. ib. 13, 27:

in ea re Pompeius quid velit, non dispicio,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 2 fin.:

sine jam aliquid dispiciam,

to find out, Ter. And. 3, 5, 16; cf. Cic. Att. 2, 20.—

Meton. (mostly in the imperat.), to consider, think, reflect upon:

nunc velim dispicias res Romanas,

Cic. Att. 6, 8:

discerne et dispice insidiatorem et petitum insidiis,

Liv. 40, 10; Just. Inst. 1, 8 pr.:

dispice, an tu, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 1, 18, 5:

dispice, ne sit, etc.,

id. ib. 2, 10, 5:

prius dispiciamus de his, quae, etc.,

Gai. Inst. 1, § 143; cf. Dig. 14, 1, 1; and absol.:

virtus est, ubi occasio admonet, dispicere,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 3, 15.

dis-pŭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n. and a.

Orig. in mercant. lang., to cast or reckon up, to calculate a sum by going over its items; to estimate, compute:

ubi disputata est ratio cum argentario,

Plaut. Aul. 3, 5, 55.—

Transf. beyond the mercant. sphere, to weigh, examine, investigate, treat of, discuss a doubtful subject, either by meditating or (more commonly) by speaking upon it (good prose; very freq. in Cicero's philos. and rhet. writings; cf. for syn.: dissero, discepto); constr. usual. with accus. of neutr. pron. or with de and abl. (cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 372):

in meo corde eam rem volutavi et diu disputavi,

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 4:

ea, quae disputavi, disserere malui quam judicare,

Cic. N. D. 3, 40 fin.:

neque haec in eam sententiam disputo, ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 25, 117:

aliquid pro tribunali multis verbis,

id. Fam. 3, 8, 3:

hoc,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 83 et saep.:

(Druides) multa de sideribus atque eorum motu, etc.... disputant,

Caes. B. G. 6, 14 fin.:

de moribus, de virtutibus, de re publica,

Cic. Rep. 1, 10:

de omni re in contrarias partes,

id. de Or. 1, 34, 158: cf. id. Verr. 2, 5, 3 fin.; id. Fam. 11, 27 fin.; Caes. B. C. 1, 86, 3:

ab his, qui contra disputant,

Cic. Rep. 1, 3; cf. id. ib. 1, 18:

non inscite ad ea disputat, quae, etc.,

id. Tusc. 3, 9; cf. id. ib. 1, 4, 7; id. Rep. 1, 16:

quale sit de quo disputabitur,

id. ib. 1, 24:

disputatur in consilio a Petreio et Afranio,

Caes. B. C. 1, 67 et saep.:

nunc utriusque disceptator eccum adest, age disputa,

i. e. relate, tell, Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 16; cf. id. Rud. 3, 4, 13:

rem alicui,

i. e. to state, represent, id. Men. prol. 50.—With acc. and inf.:

isti in eo disputant, Contaminari non decere fabulas,

i. e. maintain, Ter. And. prol. 15 Ruhnk.—

In late Lat.

To discuss, preach:

in synagoga,

Vulg. Act. 17, 17; 18, 4; 20, 9.—

To dispute, contend in words:

quis eorum major esset,

Vulg. Marc. 9, 33:

cum diabolo,

id. Jud. 9. [p. 594]

dŭbĭto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. n. and a. [for duhibitare, freq. from duhibeo, i. e. duohabeo (cf. habitare from habeo), to have or hold, as two, v. dubius; cf. also Gr. doiazô from doioi; Germ. zweifeln from zwei], to vibrate from one side to the other, to and fro, in one's opinions or in coming to a conclusion (freq. in all periods and sorts of composition; in class. prose usually with negations or in a negative interrogation, as: non dubito, haud dubito, quis dubitat? etc.

To waver in opinion or judgment, to be uncertain, to be in doubt, to doubt, question.

Absol. (rare but class.): ne vinolenti quidem quae faciunt eadem approbatione faciunt qua sobrii;

dubitant, haesitant, revocant se interdum,

Cic. Ac. 2, 17, 52; cf. id. ib. 2, 23, 72:

et interrogamus et dubitamus et affirmamus,

Quint. 6, 3, 70; cf. id. 10, 1, 19; 10, 3, 19:

Livius frequentissime dubitat,

id. 2, 4, 19; 9, 2, 20: vivo equidem, ne dubita;

nam vera vides,

Verg. A. 3, 316:

ut jam liceat una comprehensione omnia complecti non dubitantemque (= sine ulla dubitatione) dicere,

Cic. Fin. 5, 9, 26; id. Fam. 5, 16, 4 Madv.; so id. Div. 1, 55, 125.—

With de (class.):

de indicando dubitat,

Cic. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 12, 17; Quint. 1, 10, 29; 4, 5, 13.—With a negation:

nec vero de hoc quisquam dubitare posset, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 73:

de aliqua re,

id. N. D. 1, 8:

de divina ratione,

id. ib. 2, 39, 99:

de tua erga me voluntate,

id. Fam. 13, 45 fin.; cf. id. Att. 12, 26:

de ejus fide,

Caes. B. G. 7, 21, 1: cf. id. ib. 7, 77, 10; 1, 40 fin.:

de carminibus,

Quint. 10, 5, 4:

de ultima illa (parte),

id. 12, 2, 10: de se, Pompei ap. Cic. Att. 8, 12 A et saep.— Pass. impers.:

de armis dubitatum est,

Cic. Caecin. 13, 38:

de judicio Panaetii dubitari non potest,

id. Off. 3, 3; so, de auctore, Quint. 7, 2, 8:

de hac (virtute) nihil dubitabitur,

id. 2, 20, 7.—

With acc. (in class. prose only with a neutr. pron.):

haec non turpe est dubitare philosophos, quae ne rustici quidem dubitant?

Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; Quint. 2, 17, 2; Plaut. Ps. 2, 1, 2; Ov. H. 17, 37; id. M. 6, 194; id. Tr. 2, 331.—In the pass.:

causa prorsus, quod dubitari posset, nihil habebat,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 22; cf. id. ib. 28; Liv. 5, 3:

dubitati tecta parentis,

Ov. M. 2, 20:

sidera,

Stat. S. 1, 4, 2:

ne auctor dubitaretur,

Tac. A. 14, 7; cf. infra, e:

dicta haud dubitanda,

Verg. A. 3, 170.—

With an interrog. pron. (good prose, but rare):

ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum,

Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 29:

non dubito, quid nobis agendum putes,

Cic. Att. 10, 1, 2; id. Fam. 11, 17, 2; 15, 9; Caes. B. C. 2, 32, 10:

cur dubitas, quid de re publica sentias?

Cic. Rep. 1, 38 fin.; cf. id. ib. 3, 17 fin.; id. de Imp. Pomp. 16 fin. —

With interrog. particles (very freq. and class.):

si me non improbissime tractasset, dubitassem fortasse utrum, etc.,

Cic. Att. 16, 15, 1:

desinite dubitare, utrum sit utilius, etc.... an, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 89; cf. impers., id. Att. 4, 15, 7; Liv. 5, 3:

honestumne factu sit an turpe dubitant,

Cic. Off. 1, 3, 9:

dubitavi, hos homines emerem, an non emerem,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 95; cf. Sall. J. 74, 2; Hor. C. 1, 12, 35:

recte necne, etc.,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 80:

licet et dubitare num quid nos fugerit,

Quint. 6, 1, 3:

dubito, num, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 6, 27, 1; Tac. H. 2, 37;

de L. Bruto fortasse dubitarim, an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 22, 50 et saep.—Cf. respecting the expression dubito an, the art. an, II., and Zumpt, Gramm. § 354.— Poet. in pass. (cf. supra, g):

an dea sim, dubitor,

Ov. M. 6, 208.—

Non dubito, quin (very freq. and class.):

non hercle dubito, quin tibi ingenio nemo praestiterit,

Cic. Rep. 1, 23; id. Div. 1, 57, 129; id. de Sen. 10, 31; id. Att. 6, 2, 3; id. Fam. 13, 73 fin.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 40: numquid tu dubitas quin ego nunc perpetuo perierim? Have you a doubt? etc., Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 13; Caes. B. G. 1, 17, 4; 1, 31, 15; Quint. 12, 1, 42; Suet. Tib. 17; Ov. H. 17, 11; 245; id. Tr. 5, 7, 59 et saep.; cf. pass. impers.:

dubitari (non) potest, quin, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 23 fin.; id. Off. 3, 2, 9; Quint. 10, 2, 1:

dubitari potest quin usque eo eicienda sit,

Sen. Contr. 1, 3, 1:

illud cave dubites, quin, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 6;

quid dubitas, quin sit, etc.,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 42;

so in an interrog.,

id. Poen. 1, 1, 55; 4, 2, 59; Quint. 7, 6, 10; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 38, 97; Caes. B. G. 7, 38, 8.—

With acc. and inf. (freq. only since the Aug. period, and in gen. only negatively; not found in Plaut., Ter., or Cic.;

but usual in Nepos): neque humorem dubitavi aurasque perire,

Lucr. 5, 249:

gratos tibi esse qui de me rumores afferuntur, non dubito,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 2 (cf., on the contrary, §

7: noli dubitare, quin te sublevaturus sim): ignorabant aut dubitabant animas hominum immortales esse,

Lact. 6, 3, 5: non dubito, fore plerosque qui, etc., Nep. praef. § 1; id. Milt. 3, 6; id. Lys. 3, 5; id. Alcib. 9, 5; id. Ages. 3, 1; id. Eum. 2, 3; id. Hann. 11, 2; Liv. 2, 64; 22, 55 Drak. et saep.; Quint. 3, 7, 5; 5, 10, 76; 9, 4, 114; Suet. Claud. 35 et saep.; cf.

in an interrog.: an est quisquam qui dubitet, tribunos offensos esse?

Liv. 5, 3; so,

quis dubitat,

Quint. 9, 4, 68; 130; 10, 1, 81. — Pass. impers.: an dubitabitur, ibi partes oratoris esse praecipuas? id. prooem. § 12. —Affirm.: piraticam ut musicam, fabricam dici adhuc dubitabant mei praeceptores, Quint. 8, 3, 34.—

Transf., of inan. and abstr. subjects, to be uncertain, doubtful:

si tardior manus dubitet,

Quint. 5, 10, 124:

suspensa ac velut dubitans oratio,

id. 10, 7, 22:

aut vincere aut, si fortuna dubitabit (= adversabit), etc.,

Liv. 21, 44 fin.:

nec mox fama dubitavit, cum, etc.,

Flor. 1, 1, 2.—

Meton., to reflect upon, to ponder, consider, deliberate:

in utramque partem cogitare, deliberare, etc. (very rare): haec dum dubitas, menses abierunt decem,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 57:

restat, judices, ut hoc dubitemus, uter, etc.,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 31, 88:

percipe porro, quid dubitem,

Verg. A. 9, 191:

dubitaverat Augustus Germanicum rei Romanae imponere,

had considered whether he should, Tac. A. 4, 57.

To waver in coming to a conclusion, to be irresolute; to hesitate, delay.

With inf. (so most commonly): non dubitaverim [p. 614] me gravissimis tempestatibus obvium ferre, Cic. Rep. 1, 4;

so with a negation,

id. ib. 1, 15; id. Lael. 1; id. de Or. 1, 40 et saep.; Caes. B. G. 2, 23, 2: flumen transire, 6, 8, 1; id. B. C. 1, 71, 2; 2, 33, 2 and fin.; Verg. A. 7, 311; 8, 614 et saep.:

quid dubitamus pultare atque huc evocare ambos foras?

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 1, 29;

so in an interrog.,

id. Mil. 4, 2, 17; id. Ps. 2, 2, 30; id. Poen. 3, 5, 44; Caes. B. C. 2, 34, 4; Quint. 12, 5, 3; 12, 10, 63; Verg. A. 6, 807 al.—Very seldom affirmatively:

quod ea illi nubere dubitabat,

Sall. C. 15, 2:

accusat fratrem, quod dubitet omnia quae ad beatam vitam pertineant ventre metiri,

Cic. N. D. 1, 40, 113:

dubitat agnoscere matrem,

Stat. Achill. 1, 250:

si forte dubitaret quod afferretur accipere,

Curt. 4, 5:

isdem mandatum ut occiderent, si venire dubitaret,

id. 10, 8.—Ellipt.:

quod dubitas, ne feceris,

Plin. Ep. 1, 18, 5.—

Non dubito quin (rare in Cic. and Caes.):

nemo dubitabat, quin, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 13; id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Agr. 2, 26, 69:

tum dubitandum non existimavit, quin proficisceretur,

Caes. B. G. 2, 2, 5; id. B. C. 3, 71, 1; cf.:

nolite dubitare, quin huic uni credatis omnia,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 23, 68;

and in an interrog.: dubitabitis, judices, quin? etc.,

id. Fl. 17, 40; id. de Imp. Pomp. 16, 49.—

Absol. (rare):

te neque umquam dubitasse, neque timuisse,

Caes. B. G. 1, 41, 3:

sed mora damnosa est, nec res dubitare remittit,

Ov. M. 11, 377:

quid igitur ego dubito?

Plaut. Am. 1, 2, 283;

so in an interrog.,

id. Men. 5, 7, 6; Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 3; Verg. A. 9, 12:

magnitudine supplicii dubitantes cogit,

Caes. B. G. 7, 4, 9; id. ib. 7, 63, 3; Sall. C. 28, 1 al.:

dubitantia lumina,

failing, Sil. 10, 154. —Hence,

dŭbĭtanter, adv.

Doubtingly:

sine ulla affirmatione, dubitanter unum quodque dicemus,

Cic. Inv. 2, 3, 10.—

Hesitatingly, with hesitancy (very rare):

illum verecunde et dubitanter recepisse,

Cic. Brut. 22, 87; cf. Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 2.—

dŭbĭ-tātim, adv. (i. q. dubitanter, 2.), hesitatingly, with hesitation (only in the foll. passages), Sisenn. ap. Non. 98, 33; so Cael. Ann. ib.

dū̆plex, ĭcis (abl. commonly duplici;

duplice,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 122), adj. [duo-plico], twofold, double.

Lit.:

et duplices hominum facies et corpora bina,

Lucr. 4, 452; cf.

aër (with geminus),

id. 4, 274:

cursus (with duae viae),

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30:

pars (opp. simplex),

Quint. 8, 5, 4; cf. id. 4, 4, 5:

modus (opp. par and sesquiplex),

Cic. Or. 57, 193 et saep.:

duplici de semine,

Lucr. 4, 1229:

quem locum duplici altissimo muro munierant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 29, 3:

fossa duodenūm pedum,

id. ib. 7, 36 fin.:

vallum,

id. B. C. 3, 63, 3:

rates,

id. ib. 1, 25, 6:

tabellae,

consisting of two leaves, Suet. Aug. 27:

dorsum,

consisting of two boards, Verg. G. 1, 172:

acies,

Caes. B. G. 3, 24, 1; id. B. C. 1, 83, 1; 3, 67, 3 al.; cf.

proelium,

Suet. Aug. 13:

seditio,

id. Tib. 25:

triumphus,

id. Dom. 6:

cura,

id. Tib. 8 et saep.—Prov.:

duplex fit bonitas, simul accessit celeritas,

who gives promptly gives twice, Pub. Syr. 141 (Rib.).—

Transf.

Of things made double by being divided into two, cloven, bipartite, double:

ne duplices habeatis linguas, ne ego bilingues vos necem,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 7; cf. id. As. 3, 3, 105:

ficus,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 122; Plin. 20, 6, 23, § 52; Veg. Vet. 2, 10, 6 (1, 38, p. 265 Bip; cf. id. 1, 56, p. 281 Bip.):

folia palmae,

Plin. 16, 24, 38, § 90:

lex,

Quint. 7, 7, 10.—

Poet., like the Gr. diplous, of things in pairs, for ambo or uterque, both:

oculi,

Lucr. 6, 1145:

palmae,

Verg. A. 1, 93; cf. Ov. Am. 3, 327.—

Opp. to single, like the Gr. diplous and our double, for thick, strong, stout:

clavi,

Cato R. R. 20:

amiculum,

Nep. Dat. 3; cf.

pannus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 25:

fenus,

Prop. 3 (4), 1, 22 (for which:

magnum fenus,

Tib. 2, 6, 22). —

With quam in post-Aug. prose, for alterum tantum, twice as much as, Col. 1, 8, 8:

duplex quam ceteris pretium,

Plin. 19, 1, 2, § 9; Quint. 2, 3, 3.

Trop.

Of words, of a double sense, ambiguous:

verba dubia et quasi duplicia,

Quint. 9, 2, 69.—

In poets, like the Gr. diplous, of character, qs. double-tongued, double-faced, i. e. false, deceitful:

Ulixes,

Hor. C. 1, 6, 7:

Amathusia,

Cat. 68, 51; so,

animo,

Vulg. Jacob. 1, 8; 4, 8.— Adv.: dū̆plĭcĭter, doubly, on two accounts, Lucr. 6, 510; Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 104; id. Fam. 9, 20:

res conscriptae,

ambiguously, Arn. 5, p. 182; Vulg. Sirach, 23, 13.

ē-dūco, xi, ctum, 3 ( imper., educe, Plaut. Pers. 4, 1, 11; id. Stich. 5, 6, 1:

educ,

Cic. Cat. 1, 5, 10; Alcim. 5, 248 al.— Inf. pass. parag., educier, Plaut. Truc. 5, 16), v. a., to lead forth, draw out, bring away (very freq. and class.).

In gen.:

novam nuptam foras,

Plaut. Cas. 4, 3, 1;

so with personal objects, fidicinam,

id. Ep. 3, 4, 36 (opp. introducere):

eram,

id. Mil. 4, 6, 53:

virginem,

id. Pers. 4, 1, 11; Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3 fin. al.; cf.

also: populum e comitio,

Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 9:

mulierem ab domo secum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 53, 4:

rete foras,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 18; cf.:

pisces everriculo in litus,

Varr. R. R. 3, 17, 7:

radicem e terra,

id. ib. 3, 10, 5:

gladium,

Caes. B. G. 5, 44, 8; Sall. C. 51, 36; cf.:

gladium e vagina,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

gladium,

Vulg. Marc. 14, 47 al.:

sortem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 51 fin.; cf.:

aliquos ex urna,

id. ib. 2, 2, 17:

tribus,

id. Agr. 2, 8, 21:

telum corpore,

Verg. A. 10, 744; cf. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83 et saep.:

lacum (with emittere),

Cic. Div. 1, 44, 100; cf.

fistulam,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 2:

aquam in fossas,

Plin. 18, 19, 49, § 179; Dig. 8, 3, 29:

se foras,

to go out, Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 4 Ruhnk. ad loc.; cf.:

se multitudini,

to withdraw one's self from the multitude, Sen. Vit. Beat. 2 fin. —

In partic.

In all periods.

Pub. law t. t.

To bring, summon before court (cf. duco, I. B. 1.):

cum in jus ipsum eduxi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47; cf.:

ex domo in jus,

Quint. 7, 8, 6: SI. QVIS. EORVM. AD. ME. EDVCTVS. FVERIT., Edict. Praet. ap. Gell. 11, 17, 2:

aliquem ad consules,

Cic. Planc. 23;

and simply aliquem,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 26 Zumpt N. cr.; 2, 2, 37; 2, 3, 65.—Once also, to bring up or lead away for punishment (for which more commonly duco; v. Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 26):

ad tintinnaculos educi viros,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 8.—

Of persons in office, to take out with one to one's province: quos educere invitos in provinciam non potuit, eos retinere qui potuit? Cic. Fragm. ap. Quint. 5, 10, 76; so,

medicum secum,

id. Pis. 34.—

Milit. t. t., to lead forth, march out troops (very freq. in Caes.):

Teleboae ex oppido Legiones educunt suas,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 63:

praesidium ex oppido (opp introducere),

Caes. B. C. 1, 13, 2:

cohortes ex urbe,

id. ib. 1, 12, 2:

exercitum ab urbe,

Liv. 3, 21:

copias e castris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 50, 1; 2, 8 fin.; 7, 13, 1; 7, 80, 1; id. B. C. 1, 43, 3 et saep.; Liv. 31, 37 al.;

for which also: copias castris,

Caes. B. G. 1, 51, 2; 4, 13 fin.; id. B. C. 1, 68, 1; Verg. A. 11, 20;

legiones ex hibernis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10, 3; 5, 27, 9; 7, 10, 1; Liv. 40, 39:

ex finibus,

Caes. B. G. 4, 1, 4 et saep.; cf.

also: impedimenta ex castris,

id. ib. 7, 68, 1.—Without designating the term. a quo:

cohortes,

Caes. B. G. 3, 26, 2; id. B. C. 1, 41, 2; 1, 64, 6; Sall. J. 68, 2; Liv. 39, 15; Front. Strat. 1, 5, 22 et saep.; cf.: exercitum foras, Cato ap. Gell. 15, 13, 5:

exercitum in expeditionem,

Cic. Div. 1, 33, 72:

copias adversus Afranium,

Front. Strat. 1, 5, 9; 2, 2, 5 et saep.—And absol. of the general himself, to move out, march out (so mostly in Liv.; cf.

duco): ex hibernis,

Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1:

ex oppido,

id. ib. 7, 81, 3; cf.:

tribus simul portis,

Liv. 41, 26:

ad legionem Pompeii duplici acie eduxit,

Caes. B. G. 3, 67, 3:

in aciem,

Liv. 1, 23; 8, 9; 21, 39; Front. Strat. 2, 1, 5, al. —

Naut. t. t., to bring out a ship from the harbor, to put to sea:

naves ex portu,

Caes. B. C. 1, 57, 2; 2, 22, 5; 3, 26, 2;

also: classem portu,

Plin. 2, 12, 9, § 55.—Hence,

Transf., of goods, to export:

equos ex Italia,

Liv. 43, 5, 9 (cf.:

extra provinciam ducere,

Dig. 49, 16, 12, § 1).—

In midwifery, t. t., to assist at birth:

attractus infantem educit,

Cels. 7, 29 med.:

per ipsas manus (infans) commode educitur,

id. ib. — So of birds, to bring out of the egg, to hatch:

pullos suos,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 143; so,

fetum,

Plin. 10, 54, 75, § 152 (with excludere); 9, 10, 12, § 37.—Hence,

Transf.

To bring up, rear, a child (usually with reference to bodily nurture and support; while 2. educo refers usually to the mind; but the distinction is not strictly observed; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 395), to educate:

non possunt militares pueri setanio educier,

Plaut. Truc. 5, 16:

bene ego istam eduxi meae domi et pudice,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 32; id. Most. 1, 3, 29; id. Rud. 1, 3, 38; Ter. And. 5, 4, 8; id. Heaut. 2, 1, 14 al.; Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 124; Liv. 1, 39 fin.; 21, 43 Drak.; Tac. A. 1, 4; 41; Prop. 3, 9, 51 (4, 8, 51 M.); Verg. A. 7, 763; 8, 413; Col. 3, 10, 16; Curt. 3, 12, 16 al.— Trop.:

senex plane eductus in nutricatu Venerio,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 55.—

In gen., to bear, to produce = edere, Verg. A. 6, 765; 779: aura educit colores, * Cat. 64, 90.—

In vulg. lang., to drink off, toss off, Plaut. Stich. 5, 5, 18; 5, 6, 1.—With a punning allusion to the signif. 4. b. a, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 274.—

Since the Aug. period.

Of motion in an upward direction (cf. effero and erigo), to draw up, to raise:

(Ortygia me) superas eduxit sub auras,

Ov. M. 5, 641; 3, 113; cf.

trop.: (Pindarus) vires animumque moresque aureos educit in astra,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 23 (cf.:

sustulit in astra,

Cic. Att. 2, 25).—

With the accessory idea of making, to rear, erect, build up:

turrim summis sub astra Eductam tectis,

Verg. A. 2, 461; cf.:

aram sepulcri caelo,

id. ib. 6, 178; imitated by Sil. 15, 388:

molem caelo,

Verg. A. 2, 186:

turres altius,

Tac. A. 12, 16; id. H. 4, 30:

pyramides instar montium,

id. A. 2, 61:

moenia caminis Cyclopum,

Verg. A. 6, 630; cf.:

moles quam eductam in Rhenum retulimus,

Tac. H. 5, 18.—

Of time, to pass, spend (cf. duco, II. B. 3. b.):

pios annos,

Prop. 2, 9, 47:

insomnem noctem ludo,

Stat. Th. 2, 74:

somnos sub hiberno caelo,

Sil. 11, 405:

nimbos luxu,

Val. Fl. 2, 371.

ēdŭco, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [1. educo, II. A. 4. b.], to bring up a child physically or mentally, to rear, to educate (very freq. and class.): educit obstetrix, educat nutrix, instituit paedagogus, docet magister, Varr. ap. Non. 447, 33 (but this distinction is not strictly observed; see the foll. and 1. educo, II. A. 4. b.).

Prop.:

hera educavit (puellam) magna industria,

Plaut. Cas. prol. 44 sq.:

Athenis natus altusque educatusque Atticis,

id. Rud. 3, 4, 36:

bene pudiceque educatu'st usque ad adolescentiam,

id. Capt. 5, 3, 16 et saep.; cf. id. Men. 5, 5, 7; id. Trin. 2, 4, 111 al.; Att. ap. Non. 422, 14; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 37; id. Ad. 3, 4, 49; Cic. Lael. 20, 75; id. Rep. 2, 21; id. de Or. 1, 31; Ov. F. 6, 487; id. M. 3, 314; Vulg. Psa. 22, 2. —

Transf., to bring up, rear, foster, train, educate:

neque enim hac nos patria lege genuit aut educavit, ut, etc.,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4; id. Or. 13 fin.; cf.:

ars dicendi ea, quae sunt orta jam in nobis et procreata, educat atque confirmat,

id. de Or. 2, 87, 356:

in his (scholis) educatur orator,

Quint. 9, 2, 81:

oratorem, id. prooem. § 5: illos in disciplina,

Vulg. Ephes. 6, 4.—

Poet. and in post-Aug. prose, of plants or animals, to nourish, support, produce:

quod pontus, quod terra, quod educat aër Poscit,

Ov. M. 8, 832; cf. id. Pont. 1, 10, 9:

vitis mitem uvam,

Cat. 62, 50:

pomum, non uvas (ager),

Ov. Pont. 1, 3, 51:

herbas (humus),

id. M. 15, 97:

Caecuba,

Plin. 16, 37, 67, § 173:

florem (imber),

Cat. 62, 41 al.:

lepores, apros,

Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 22.—

To possess, hold (cf. nutrire = trephein), Verg. Cul. 13.

ĕnim, conj. [comp. of ĕ for pronom. stem i, and nam], a demonstrative corroborative particle. (Its position is regularly after the first word, or the first two or more closely connected words in the sentence;

only in the comic writers sometimes at the beginning. Put after est in the fourth place: in eo est enim illud,

Cic. Off. 1, 20, 67:

ab omnibus est enim, etc.,

id. Deiot. 13, 37;

al., see below. Put after quoque: id quoque enim traditur,

Liv. 2, 18; 3, 50; 23, 12; 27, 22; 30, 1; 33, 30; 36, 27; but not in Cicero, v. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. 2, 33, 108, p. 325.—Sometimes it divides an apparent compound:

quotus enim quisque,

Tac. Or. 26 fin.)

To corroborate a preceding assertion, like equidem, certe, vero; hence freq. connected with these particles, esp. with vero (v. under B.), truly, certainly, to be sure, indeed, in fact: Ch. Te uxor aiebat tua Me vocare. St. Ego enim vocari jussi, certainly, I did order you to be called, Plaut. Cas. 2, 4, 2:

ornanda est enim dignitas domo,

Cic. Off. 1, 39, 139:

in his est enim aliqua obscuritas,

in fact, indeed, id. Tusc. 1, 32, 78:

ille (Dumnorix) enim revocatus resistere ac se manu defendere coepit,

in fact, indeed, Caes. B. G. 5, 7, 8:

tum M. Metilius, id enim ferendum esse negat,

it was really not to be endured, Liv. 22, 25:

enim istaec captio est,

this is clearly a trick, Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 36:

enim me nominat,

positively he mentions my name, id. Trin. 5, 2, 10:

enim non ibis nunc vicissim, nisi scio,

you shall positively not go, id. Pers. 2, 2, 54; id. Capt. 3, 4, 60; cf. id. Most. 5, 2, 12: Th. Quid tute tecum? Tr. Nihil enim, nothing truly, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 24; so,

nihil enim,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 22; id. Hec. 5, 4, 10; cf.:

enim nihil,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 51: Pa. Quid metuis? Se. Enim ne nosmet perdiderimus uspiam, id. Mil. 2, 5, 19:

tua pol refert enim,

id. Stich. 4, 2, 36:

certe enim hic nescio quis loquitur,

id. Am. 1, 1, 175:

certe enim,

id. ib. 2, 2, 26; id. As. 3, 3, 24; Ter. And. 3, 2, 23.—So too in ironical or indignant discourse:

tu enim repertu's Philocratem qui superes veriverbio!

you indeed! Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 36:

ex his duo sibi putant concedi: neque enim quisquam repugnat,

Cic. Ac. 2, 13, 41 Goer.; cf. id. Mil. 3, 8; id. Deiot. 12, 33 sq.; id. Verr. 2, 1, 13; id. Phil. 7, 8; Liv. 7, 32; 34, 7; Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 44 al.:

non assequimur. Isti enim videlicet Attici nostri quod volunt, assequuntur,

Cic. Brut. 84, 288;

so (with videlicet),

id. Font. 9, 19; id. Cat. 2, 6, 12: Ca. Faxo haut tantillum dederis verborum mihi. Me. Nempe enim tu, credo, me imprudentem obrepseris, yes, indeed, I believe you are trying to take me in, Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 23.—

Strengthened by vero, and combined with it into one word, ĕnimvēro (unlike enim, usually beginning the sentence), yes indeed, yes truly, of a truth, to be sure, certainly, indeed:

enimvero Chremes nimis graviter cruciat adulescentulum,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 5, 1:

enimvero, inquit Crassus, mirari satis non queo, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 36; Liv. 5, 25; 1, 51 fin.:

postridie mane ab eo postulo, ut, etc.: ille enimvero negat,

and of a truth, he denies it, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 66; so,

ille enimvero,

id. ib. 2, 5, 39; Liv. 3, 35 fin.:

hic enimvero,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 60:

enimvero iste,

id. ib. 2, 3, 25.—In corroborating replies (cf. certe, I. A. 2.): Me. Ain vero? So. Aio enimvero, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 188; cf. id. Pers. 2, 2, 2: Sy. Eho, quaeso, an tu is es? Ch. Is enim vero sum, id. Trin. 4, 2, 145: Al. Tun' te abisse hodie hinc negas? Am. Nego enimvero, id. Am. 2, 2, 127; id. As. 3, 3, 98; id. Am. 1, 1, 254: Pa. Incommode hercle. Ch. Immo enimvero infeliciter, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 37.—And in ironical or indignant discourse: Da. Ubi voles, arcesse. Si. Bene sane:

id enimvero hic nunc abest,

that, to be sure, is wanting here as yet, Ter. And. 5, 2, 7; id. Phorm. 3, 1, 1:

enimvero ferendum hoc quidem non est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26; Liv. 43, 1; cf. id. 6, 14; 25, 41; 27, 30; 33, 46; 34, 58.

Transf.

To prove or show the grounds of a preceding assertion, for: haec sunt non nugae;

non enim mortualia,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 63:

mihi vero omne tempus est ad meos libros vacuum: numquam enim sunt illi occupati,

Cic. Rep. 1, 9:

quas (geometricas formas) ut vidisset, exclamavisse, ut bono essent animo, videre enim se hominum vestigia,

id. ib. 1, 17 et saep. —In parenthetical sentences:

quocirca (dicendum est enim saepius), cum judicaveris, diligere oportet,

Cic. Lael. 22, 85; cf. id. Tusc. 2, 24, 58; id. Ac. 2, 7, 22:

rumpor et invideo (quid enim non omnia narrem?), etc.,

Ov. H. 16, 221:

di maris et caeli (quid enim nisi vota supersunt?), etc.,

id. Tr. 1, 2, 1 et saep.—

Sometimes the assertion, the reason for which is given, is to be mentally supplied, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; cf. id. de Or. 2, 6, 24; id. Leg. 2, 7, 17: Am. Qui istuc potis est fieri, quaeso, ut dicis, jam dudum, modo? Al. Quid enim censes? te ut deludam contra? etc., what then do you think? Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 62; cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 6, 10; Hor. S. 2, 3, 124; Curt. 5, 8; 10, 2 al.—So the expression: quid enim dicam? commonly ellipt.: quid enim? qs. for what can be objected to the assertion just made? quid enim de T. Tatio Sabino dicam, Liv. 4, 3, 12:

quid enim? fortemne possumus dicere eundem illum Torquatum?

Cic. Fin. 2, 22, 72; 2, 28, 93; id. Fam. 5, 15, 2; Lucc. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 14, 2; Hor. S. 1, 1, 7; 2, 3, 132 et saep.—

To explain a preceding assertion, for instance, namely: Sy. Si futurum est, do tibi operam hanc. Mi. Quomodo? Ut enim, ubi mihi vapulandumst, tu corium sufferas, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 33; Sc Metuo maxime. Pa. Quid metuis? Sc. Enim ne nos nosmet perdiderimus, id. Mil. 2, 5, 19: Lu. Di me perdant, si bibi, Si bibere potui. Pa. Qui jam? Lu. Quia enim obsorbui, why because, id. ib. 3, 2, 21; id. Am. 2, 2, 34; id. Capt. 4, 2, 104; id. Cas. 2, 6, 33; Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 14:

quod enim,

App. M. 9, p. 228, 16: non igitur videtur nec frumentarius ille Rhodios nec hic aedium venditor celare emptores debuisse. Neque enim id est celare, quicquid reticeas;

sed cum, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 13 fin.:

antiquissimam sententiam, tum omnium populorum et gentium consensu comprobatam sequor. Duo sunt enim divinandi genera, etc.,

id. Div. 1, 6, 11; cf. id. de Imp. Pomp. 2, 6. See Hand, Turs. II. p. 374-409.

ē-nītor, -nīsus or -nixus (enixus, of bodily exertion, esp. of childbirth: enisus, of labor for an end, esp. of mental effort, etc., v. infra), 3, v. dep. n. and act.

To force or work one's way out; or (more freq.) to force one's way up, to mount up, climb, ascend.

Lit.:

per angustias aditus et ingruentem multitudinem,

Tac. A. 16, 5; cf. Liv. 30, 24; 21, 36:

dum cohortes in aequum eniterentur,

Tac. A. 2, 80 fin.:

adeo erat impedita vallis, ut in ascensu, nisi sublevati a suis, primi non facile eniterentur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 34, 5; cf. Liv. 2, 65; Ov. M. 2, 64; Hor. C. 3, 3, 10:

sol per ardua enisus,

Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 264:

in editiora,

Tac. A. 1, 70:

in verticem montis,

Curt. 7, 11:

enisae legiones in aperta,

Tac. A. 1, 65:

Vitellius in editiora enisus,

id. ib. 1, 70.— Poet.:

viribus eniti quarum assuescant (vites),

by whose strength they may mount up, Verg. G. 2, 360:

opibus fratris enisus,

Tac. A. 14, 28.—

Trop.:

nihil tam alte natura constituit, quo virtus non posset eniti,

Curt. 7, 11, 10.—

In gen., to exert one's self, to make an effort, to struggle, strive, sc. to accomplish something.—With ut:

enitare, contendas, efficias, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; so id. Lael. 16, 59; id. Off. 3, 10, 42; id. Rep. 2, 30; id. Att. 9, 15, 4:

tantum celeritate navis enisus est, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 4:

ab adulescentia ita se enisum ut ab optimo quoque probaretur,

Sall. J. 22, 2; Liv. 42, 46 et saep.—With ne:

illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3; so Sall. J. 10 fin.—Pass. impers.:

ab eisdem summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret,

Sall. J. 25, 2.—Less commonly with inf.:

corrigere mihi gnatum porro enitere,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 17 Ruhnk.; so Sall. J. 14, 1; Hor. C. 3, 27, 47; id. A. P. 236.— Absol.:

ego, quod potero, enitar sedulo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 15; Cic. Rep. 6, 24 (twice); Quint. 7, 10, 14 al.; cf.:

pro aliquo,

Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 11:

in aliqua re,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72 fin.:

ad dicendum,

id. ib. 1, 4, 14: quod (acc. respect, v. A. and S. Gr. §

232, 3): quidem certe enitar,

Cic. Att. 16, 6, 2; cf. id. ib. 13, 25 fin., Orell. N. cr. —

Act. (perh. not ante-Aug.).

To bring forth, bear children or young:

plures enisa partus decessit,

Liv. 40, 4: enixa, with acc., Quint. 6 prooem. § 4; Tac. A. 2, 84; 14, 12; Suet. Tib. 4; Verg. A. 3, 391; 8, 44; Ov. M. 1, 670; 3, 344 et saep.— Absol., Quint. 5, 13, 9; Tac. A. 5, 1; Suet. Calig. 25; id. Ner. 23 al.—

To climb up, ascend a place:

Pyrenaeum et Alpes et immensa viarum spatia aegre,

Tac. H. 1, 23 fin.:

aggerem,

id. A. 2, 20:

totum spatium,

Col. 2, 2, 27.— Hence, ēnixus ( ēnīsus), a, um, P. a.

Strenuous, earnest, zealous:

faciebat enixo studio, ne, etc.,

Liv. 42, 3; cf.

opera (with prompta), Frontin. Strat. 2, 5, 30: virtus,

Liv. 6, 24 fin.:

voluntas,

Dig. 31, 1, 77, § 23:

enixo studio petere,

Val. Max. 8, 15, ext. 1.— Comp.:

opera,

Sen. Ben. 6, 17; Plin. 9, 8, 9, § 32.—

Ēnixa, that has ceased to bear, Col. 6, 22, 1 Schneid.— Adv.

ēnixe, strenuously, earnestly, zealously:

expeto,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 26:

causam suscipere,

Cic. Sest. 16, 38; Caes. B. C. 3, 35 fin.; Liv. 4, 26 fin.; 41; 6, 40;

26, 47: petere,

Sen. Ep. 95, 2 et saep.— Comp., Liv. 29, 1; Suet. Tib. 50; id. Galb. 3:

enixius orare, Greg. M. Dial. 4, 38 al.: animum imperatoris enixius deprecari,

Amm. 15, 7; App. M. 2, p. 117, 20.— Sup., Suet. Caes. 5.—

ēnixim, the same, Sisenn. ap. Non. 107, 19.

signif.

Born:

quod in luco Martis enixi sunt,

Just. 43, 2, 7.—

Impers.: ab eisdem illis regis fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret, striven to their utmost to prevent, etc., Sall. J. 25, 2.

ē-nītor, -nīsus or -nixus (enixus, of bodily exertion, esp. of childbirth: enisus, of labor for an end, esp. of mental effort, etc., v. infra), 3, v. dep. n. and act.

To force or work one's way out; or (more freq.) to force one's way up, to mount up, climb, ascend.

Lit.:

per angustias aditus et ingruentem multitudinem,

Tac. A. 16, 5; cf. Liv. 30, 24; 21, 36:

dum cohortes in aequum eniterentur,

Tac. A. 2, 80 fin.:

adeo erat impedita vallis, ut in ascensu, nisi sublevati a suis, primi non facile eniterentur,

Caes. B. C. 2, 34, 5; cf. Liv. 2, 65; Ov. M. 2, 64; Hor. C. 3, 3, 10:

sol per ardua enisus,

Plin. 18, 28, 68, § 264:

in editiora,

Tac. A. 1, 70:

in verticem montis,

Curt. 7, 11:

enisae legiones in aperta,

Tac. A. 1, 65:

Vitellius in editiora enisus,

id. ib. 1, 70.— Poet.:

viribus eniti quarum assuescant (vites),

by whose strength they may mount up, Verg. G. 2, 360:

opibus fratris enisus,

Tac. A. 14, 28.—

Trop.:

nihil tam alte natura constituit, quo virtus non posset eniti,

Curt. 7, 11, 10.—

In gen., to exert one's self, to make an effort, to struggle, strive, sc. to accomplish something.—With ut:

enitare, contendas, efficias, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 13, 29, 5; so id. Lael. 16, 59; id. Off. 3, 10, 42; id. Rep. 2, 30; id. Att. 9, 15, 4:

tantum celeritate navis enisus est, ut, etc.,

Caes. B. C. 2, 6, 4:

ab adulescentia ita se enisum ut ab optimo quoque probaretur,

Sall. J. 22, 2; Liv. 42, 46 et saep.—With ne:

illud pugna et enitere, ne, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 3; so Sall. J. 10 fin.—Pass. impers.:

ab eisdem summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret,

Sall. J. 25, 2.—Less commonly with inf.:

corrigere mihi gnatum porro enitere,

Ter. And. 3, 4, 17 Ruhnk.; so Sall. J. 14, 1; Hor. C. 3, 27, 47; id. A. P. 236.— Absol.:

ego, quod potero, enitar sedulo,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 15; Cic. Rep. 6, 24 (twice); Quint. 7, 10, 14 al.; cf.:

pro aliquo,

Ter. Ph. 3, 1, 11:

in aliqua re,

Cic. de Or. 2, 72 fin.:

ad dicendum,

id. ib. 1, 4, 14: quod (acc. respect, v. A. and S. Gr. §

232, 3): quidem certe enitar,

Cic. Att. 16, 6, 2; cf. id. ib. 13, 25 fin., Orell. N. cr. —

Act. (perh. not ante-Aug.).

To bring forth, bear children or young:

plures enisa partus decessit,

Liv. 40, 4: enixa, with acc., Quint. 6 prooem. § 4; Tac. A. 2, 84; 14, 12; Suet. Tib. 4; Verg. A. 3, 391; 8, 44; Ov. M. 1, 670; 3, 344 et saep.— Absol., Quint. 5, 13, 9; Tac. A. 5, 1; Suet. Calig. 25; id. Ner. 23 al.—

To climb up, ascend a place:

Pyrenaeum et Alpes et immensa viarum spatia aegre,

Tac. H. 1, 23 fin.:

aggerem,

id. A. 2, 20:

totum spatium,

Col. 2, 2, 27.— Hence, ēnixus ( ēnīsus), a, um, P. a.

Strenuous, earnest, zealous:

faciebat enixo studio, ne, etc.,

Liv. 42, 3; cf.

opera (with prompta), Frontin. Strat. 2, 5, 30: virtus,

Liv. 6, 24 fin.:

voluntas,

Dig. 31, 1, 77, § 23:

enixo studio petere,

Val. Max. 8, 15, ext. 1.— Comp.:

opera,

Sen. Ben. 6, 17; Plin. 9, 8, 9, § 32.—

Ēnixa, that has ceased to bear, Col. 6, 22, 1 Schneid.— Adv.

ēnixe, strenuously, earnestly, zealously:

expeto,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 26:

causam suscipere,

Cic. Sest. 16, 38; Caes. B. C. 3, 35 fin.; Liv. 4, 26 fin.; 41; 6, 40;

26, 47: petere,

Sen. Ep. 95, 2 et saep.— Comp., Liv. 29, 1; Suet. Tib. 50; id. Galb. 3:

enixius orare, Greg. M. Dial. 4, 38 al.: animum imperatoris enixius deprecari,

Amm. 15, 7; App. M. 2, p. 117, 20.— Sup., Suet. Caes. 5.—

ēnixim, the same, Sisenn. ap. Non. 107, 19.

signif.

Born:

quod in luco Martis enixi sunt,

Just. 43, 2, 7.—

Impers.: ab eisdem illis regis fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne tale decretum fieret, striven to their utmost to prevent, etc., Sall. J. 25, 2.

ĕt, conj. [Sanscr. ati, beyond; Gr. eti, besides, yet; Lat. et-iam, at-avus], serves to connect, in the most general manner, single words or entire sentences, and.

In gen.: qui illius impudentiam norat et duritudinem, Cato ap. Gell. 17, 2, 20: te sale nata precor, Venus et genetrix patris nostri, Enn. ap. Non. 378, 16 (Ann. v. 53 ed. Vahlen): blande et docte percontat, Naev. ap. Non. 474, 7:

ut, quoad possem et liceret, a senis latere numquam discederem,

Cic. Lael. 1, 1:

de quo praeclare et multa praecipiuntur,

id. Or. 21, 70:

qui filium consularem clarum virum et magnis rebus gestis amisit,

id. Fam. 4, 6; cf.:

major (frater) et qui prius imperitarat,

Liv. 21, 31:

haec pueris et mulierculis et servis et servorum simillimis liberis esse grata,

Cic. Off. 2, 16, 57 et saep.:

salicta locis aquosis, humectis, umbrosis, propter amnes ibi seri oportet. Et id videto, uti, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 9:

optime vero, frater: et fleri sic decet,

Cic. Leg. 2, 3 fin.:

qua de re est igitur inter summos viros major dissensio? Et omitto illa, quae relicta jam videntur,

id. Ac. 2, 42 et saep.

In partic.

To subjoin a word or phrase which more accurately defines or more briefly comprehends what goes before, and indeed, and moreover, and that too:

te enim jam appello, et ea voce, ut me exaudire possis,

Cic. Mil. 25, 67:

at laudat, et saepe, virtutem,

id. Tusc. 3, 20, 48; cf.:

id, et facile, effici posse,

Nep. Milt. 3, 4:

errabas, Verres, et vehementer errabas,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 46, § 121;

so with a repetition of the same word: hostis et hostis,

id. ib. 2, 2, 21, §

51: tenetur, judices, et manifeste tenetur,

id. ib. 2, 3, 65, § 152; id. Cat. 3, 10; id. Deiot. 3; id. Mil. 23, 61 al.; Liv. 26, 13; Sen. de Clem. 15 et saep.:

haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemnimus,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 127; cf. id. ib. 2, 10, 32:

nulla enim nobis societas cum tyrannis, et potius summa distractio est,

id. Off. 3, 6, 32; cf.: cur eo non estis contenti? et cur id potius contenditis, quod? [p. 661] etc., id. Ac. 2, 17, 74:

si te ipse et tuas cogitationes et studia perspexeris,

id. Fin. 2, 21, 69:

omitto illa, quae relicta jam videntur, et Herillum, qui in cognitione et scientia summum bonum ponit,

id. Ac. 2, 42:

Romani, quibus Poeni et Hannibal in cervicibus erat,

Just. 29, 3, 7:

studiose ab his siderum magnitudines, intervalla, cursus anquirebantur et cuncta caelestia,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 4, 10:

valde a Xenocrate et Aristotele et ab illa Platonis familia discreparet,

id. Leg. 1, 21, 55 et saep.:

et appetendi et refugiendi et omnino rerum gerendarum initia proficiscuntur aut a voluptate aut a dolore,

Cic. Fin. 1, 12, 42. —

To connect things similar or dissimilar after the words aeque, par, idem, similis, alius, etc. (more commonly atque, v. atque, I. 2.), as, than, and:

nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67, v. aeque:

omnia fuisse in Themistocle paria et in Coriolano,

Cic. Brut. 11, 43; cf.:

nunc tu mihi es germanus pariter corpore et animo,

Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 34:

Clodius eadem hora Interamnae fuerat et Romae,

Cic. Mil. 17 fin.; cf. Sall. C. 58, 11:

haec eodem tempore Caesari referebantur, et legati veniebant, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 1, 37, 1:

similem sibi videri vitam hominum et mercatum eum, qui, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 3, 9; cf.:

neu simili forma et quom, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 416 and 420:

nec ratione alia, et cum,

id. 1, 280:

non enim alia causa est aequitatis in uno servo et in pluribus,

than, Cic. Caecin. 20, 57; id. Off. 2, 18; id. de Or. 3, 18, 66; id. Cael. 28 fin.; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 3:

aliter doctos (loqui) et indoctos?

Cic. Fin. 5, 29 fin. —

To connect two immediately successive points of time (only in poets and historians, esp. since the Aug. per.; cf. atque, II. C.), often to be rendered in English by when, and then: advenit, et navibu' complevit litora, Poeta ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31 fin.:

dixit, et extemplo... sensit medios delapsus in hostes,

Verg. A. 2, 376:

dixit (dixerat), et,

id. ib. 1, 402; 2, 705; 3, 258; Val. Fl. 1, 569; Stat. Th. 2, 120 al.; cf.:

nec plura effatus et,

Verg. A. 8, 443:

sic fatus et,

Stat. Th. 12, 773:

nec longum tempus et ingens exiit arbos,

Verg. G. 2, 80; cf. Stat. Th. 7, 300; Plin. Ep. 5, 14, 8; Tac. H. 2, 95:

vix prima inceperat aestas, Et pater Anchises dare fatis vela jubebat,

Verg. A. 3, 9; so,

vix... et,

id. ib. 5, 858; 6, 498; Stat. Th. 2, 293; cf.:

vixdum... et,

Liv. 43, 4, 10; cf.

also: simul haec effatur, et, etc.,

Luc. 6, 246.—

After an imperative, to subjoin the consequence of an action ( poet. and in postAug. prose), and then:

dic quibus in terris, et eris mihi magnus Apollo,

Verg. E. 3, 104; Ov. Am. 2, 14, 44; Phaedr. 3, 5, 7; Luc. 4, 487; 2, 515; Sen. de Clem. 1, 16; Plin. Pan. 43, 3; 45, 6: sit mihi, quod nunc est, etiam minus;

et mihi vivam Quod superest aevi,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 107.—

To subjoin the minor proposition (assumptio or propositio minor) in a syllogism, now, but (cf. atque, II.):

eorum, qui videntur, alia vera sunt, alia falsa: et quod falsum, id percipi non potest: nullum igitur est, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 13, 40; id. Tusc. 3, 4, 9; 5, 17; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33 al.—

With an accessory affirmative notion, and in fact, and indeed, and truly, and so:

multa me sollicitant... et sexcenta sunt, Cic. Att! 2, 19: et sunt illa sapientis,

id. Tusc. 3, 8 fin.; id. Leg. 2, 3, 7:

et erat, ut retuli, clementior,

Tac. A. 2, 57: jam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat;

Et faciet, quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra,

Verg. E. 2, 44 et saep.:

estne ille noster Parmeno? et certe ipsus est,

Ter. Eun. 5, 6, 4;

with certe,

id. Ad. 1, 1, 53;

with hercle,

Cic. Brut. 72; id. Fin. 2, 8; id. Fam. 2, 18, 2.—

To subjoin an emphatic question or exclamation:

et sunt qui de via Appia querantur, taceant de curia?

Cic. Mil. 33, 91; id. Sest. 39, 80; id. Clu. 40, 111; id. Phil. 1, 8 et saep.; Verg. G. 2, 433; id. A. 1, 48; Ov. M. 13, 338 al.:

et his tot criminibus testimoniisque convictus in eorum tabella spem sibi aliquam proponit, etc.,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16 fin.; id. Mil. 12 fin.; Plin. Pan. 28, 6; Flor. 4, 2, 89.—Esp. with quisquam:

et quisquam dubitabit quin, etc.,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 14, 42 Matthiae; Ov. Am. 3, 8, 1 al.—

To connect an idea as either homogeneous or complementary to that which precedes, and so too, and also, and moreover, and at the same time; too, also, likewise (hence, often in Liv., Curt., and late Lat., rarely in Cic., = etiam; cf. Anton. Stud. pp. 26-69;

Krebs, Antibarb. p. 420): Terentia te maxime diligit salutemque tibi plurimam ascribit, et Tulliola, deliciae nostrae,

Cic. Att. 1, 5 fin.: Ge. Salvus sis. Di. Et tu salve, Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 44; id. Trin. 1, 2, 11; id. Mil. 4, 8, 42; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 122;

for which: salve et tu,

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 42; v. the foll.:

haec ipsa mihi sunt voluptati: et erant illa Torquatis,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:

ubi tunc eras? Romae. Verum quid ad rem? et alii multi,

id. Rosc. Am. 33, 92; cf.

ib. § 94: et illud videndum quanto magis homines mala fugiant,

id. Part. 26:

et mihi sunt vires, et mihi facta tuba'st!

Tib. 2, 6, 10; cf. Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 83:

nihil verius. Probe et ille,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 34, 73; so,

et ille,

id. ib. 3, 13 fin.:

et ipse,

id. Caecin. 20 fin.; so id. de Or. 1, 46, 202; Liv. 1, 12; 6, 3; 41, 24 et saep.; cf.:

simul et ille,

Cic. Clu. 4, 10; 17, 48; 57, 155; id. Verr. 2, 5, 1:

simul et iste,

id. ib. 2, 1, 41; Sall. J. 20, 1 et saep.:

et nunc ego amore pereo,

Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 14; so,

et nunc,

id. Curc. 4, 2, 7; Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40; id. Fam. 13, 54, 2; Caes. B. G. 6, 13 fin.;

for which: nunc et,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 11; cf.:

nonnumquam et,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15, 3:

sunt et,

Cic. Top. 6; Verg. A. 9, 136:

meruit et,

Suet. Caes. 3 et saep.:

quoniam formam cepi hujus in me et statum, Decet et facta moresque hujus habere me similes item,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 111:

nam et qui parat pecus, necesse est constituat numerum, etc.,

Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 24: so,

nam et,

Cic. Leg. 1, 11; 2, 25, 63; id. de Or. 1, 25; id. Off. 1, 40, 142; Liv. 6, 19 al.; cf.:

at et,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 3:

sed et,

id. Att. 5, 10 fin.; Quint. 10, 1, 107;

and with a preceding non modo or non solum (post-Aug.),

Tac. G. 15, 35; id. A. 14, 39; Suet. Aug. 89 et saep.; cf.:

et... non = ne... quidem, ego vero et in ipsa suffocatione non desii, etc.,

Sen. Ep. 54, 3:

ergo et,

Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 27; id. Leg. 1, 12, 33; id. Div. 1, 50, 114:

itaque et,

id. Tusc. 3, 26, 63 et saep.—

When repeated, et... et, it serves, like the Gr. kai... kai or te kai, to connect two ideas partitively, both... and, as well... as, not only... but also:

hoc etiam ad malum accersebatur malum, Et discipulus et magister perhibebantur improbi,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 23; 4, 8, 45:

et audax et malus,

id. ib. 4, 9, 25:

eloquere utrumque nobis, et quid tibi est, et quid velis nostram operam,

id. Cist. 1, 1, 59:

ut et severitas adhibeatur et contumelia repellatur,

Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137:

dimitto (puerum), et ut a magistris ne abducam et quod mater discedit,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 9 fin.:

non et legatum argentum est et non est legata numerata pecunia,

id. Top. 13 et saep. More than twice:

quo facilius et hujus hominis innocentissimi miserias et illorum audaciam cognoscere possitis et rei publicae calamitatem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 5 fin.;

so three times,

id. Att. 12, 4, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 9 fin. et saep.;

six times,

Cic. Fam. 13, 25;

ten times,

id. de Or. 1, 20, 90.—With a subordinate que or atque:

nam et semper me coluit diligentissimeque observavit et a studiis nostris non abhorret,

Cic. Fam. 13, 22;

with atque,

id. de Or. 1, 21, 95.—Et... que are sometimes used for et... et (rarely in Cic.;

freq. in Liv. and post-Aug. writers): quis est quin intellegat et eos inmemores fuisse, nosque honestate duci?

Cic. Fin. 5, 22, 64; id. Brut. 88, 302:

id et singulis universisque semper honori fuisse,

Liv. 4, 2; 5, 46 fin.; 24, 2 fin.; 32, 32 fin.; Tac. Agr. 2 fin.; Suet. Ner. 33 al.—Sometimes the second et subjoins a more weighty assertion; in which case et... et = cum... tum, not only... but also:

homo et in aliis causis exercitatus et in hac multum et saepe versatus,

Cic. Quint. 1, 3; id. Fat. 1, 2; id. de Or. 1, 9, 38; id. Off. 2, 11, 38.—

Et... neque or neque... et, when one clause is a negative (but et... et non, et non... et, when only one word is negatived):

ego vero et exspectabo ea quae polliceris neque exigam, nisi tuo commodo,

Cic. Brut. 4 fin.:

ego si et Silius is fuerit, quem tu putas nec Drusus facilem se praebuerit, Damasippum velim aggrediare,

id. Att. 12, 33:

cui quidem ita sunt Stoici assensi, ut et, quicquid honestum esset, id utile esse censerent, nec utile quicquam, quod non honestum,

id. Off. 3, 3, 11: pueris nobis Cn. Aufidius praetorius et in senatu sententiam dicebat nec amicis deliberantibus deerat et Graecam scribebat historiam et videbat in litteris, id. Tusc. 5, 38 fin.:

quia et consul aberat... nec, etc.,

Liv. 22, 8 et saep.:

nec miror et gaudeo,

Cic. Fam. 10, 1 fin.:

nam nec in eo jus cognationis servavit, cui ademit regnum, et eum, cui dedit, etc.,

Just. 8, 6 fin.:

id et nobis erit perjucundum et tibi non sane devium,

Cic. Att. 2, 4 fin.:

locus is melior, quem et non coquit sol et tangit ros,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14.—

Rarely neque... et = non quidem... sed: amicitias neque facile admisit et constantissime retinuit,

Suet. Aug. 66.—

Less freq., tum... et, et... tum, in the same sense:

omnis ejus oratio tum in virtute laudanda et in hominibus ad virtutis studium cohortandis consumebatur,

Cic. Ac. 1, 4, 16:

et in ceteris eloquentiae partibus, tum maxime in celeritate et continuatione verborum adhaerescens, etc.,

id. Brut. 93, 320. See Hand Turs. II. pp. 467-540.

F, f, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) f. The sign W is the Aeolic digamma, adopted by the Latins instead of 8, the form used by the Etruscans, Oscans, and Umbrians for this letter; in inscriptions, before A.U.C. 500, it is sometimes written. The ancient grammarians, misled by the shape, ascribed to F the power of the digamma; thus: W Aeolicum digamma, quod apud antiquissimos Latinorum eandem vim quam apud Aeolis habuit, eum autem prope sonum quem nunc habet, significabat p cum aspiratione; sicut etiam apud veteres Graecos pro ph, p, et h, Prisc. 1, 4, p. 12. But it is certain that Lat. F never represents the sound of digamma, and etymologically corresponds to it in but a single root (frango; Gr. rhêgnumi, Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 531; Corss. Ausspr. 1, 397 sq. Fick, however, denies any connection between these words, Vergl. Wört. p. 182; cf. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 511; rhigos, Lat. frigus, was never digammated). The sound of F was nearly that of the Gr. ph, but rougher, Quint. 1, 4, 14; 12, 10, 29; cf. Prisc. 1, 4, p. 14; Mar. Vict. p. 2455 P. Initial F in Latin corresponds to an original Indo-European bh, dh, and gh: 1. To bh, as in fari, fama, Sanscr. root bha-; Gr. pha-, phêmi: ferre, Sanscr. bhar-; Gr. pherô: fuga, Sanscr. bhug-, to bend; Gr. phugê; 2. To dh, as in firmus, Sanscr. dhar-, to support: ferus, Sanscr. dhvar-, to destroy; Gr. thêr (phêr): fumus, Sanscr. dhumas, smoke; Gr. thuein; 3. To gh, as in far, farina, Sanscr. gharsh-, to rub: formus, Sanscr. ghar-, to burn; Gr. thermos, etc. In situations not initial these original sounds commonly gave place in Latin to b, or were weakened to h (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 140 sqq.). In writing Greek words, ph was represented by p or b, the Latins having no means of expressing the aspiration ( p-h, not like Engl. ph or f) until the post-Aug. period; but in the later writings and inscr. ph is generally represented by f (Corss. Ausspr. 1, 173; Roby, Lat. Gram. 1, p. 33). Respecting the use of the reversed F (

As an abbreviation, F stands for fili, functus, faciundum. F. C., faciundum curavit. FF., fecerunt. F. I., fieri jussit. FL. P., flamen perpetuus. F. P. C., filius ponendum curavit. F. M., fecit monumentum. F.A., filio amantissimo. F. C. H., fieri curavit heres. FR. or FRU., frumentum, frumentarius.

F, f, indecl. n. or (sc. littera) f. The sign W is the Aeolic digamma, adopted by the Latins instead of 8, the form used by the Etruscans, Oscans, and Umbrians for this letter; in inscriptions, before A.U.C. 500, it is sometimes written. The ancient grammarians, misled by the shape, ascribed to F the power of the digamma; thus: W Aeolicum digamma, quod apud antiquissimos Latinorum eandem vim quam apud Aeolis habuit, eum autem prope sonum quem nunc habet, significabat p cum aspiratione; sicut etiam apud veteres Graecos pro ph, p, et h, Prisc. 1, 4, p. 12. But it is certain that Lat. F never represents the sound of digamma, and etymologically corresponds to it in but a single root (frango; Gr. rhêgnumi, Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 531; Corss. Ausspr. 1, 397 sq. Fick, however, denies any connection between these words, Vergl. Wört. p. 182; cf. Curt. Gr. Etym. p. 511; rhigos, Lat. frigus, was never digammated). The sound of F was nearly that of the Gr. ph, but rougher, Quint. 1, 4, 14; 12, 10, 29; cf. Prisc. 1, 4, p. 14; Mar. Vict. p. 2455 P. Initial F in Latin corresponds to an original Indo-European bh, dh, and gh: 1. To bh, as in fari, fama, Sanscr. root bha-; Gr. pha-, phêmi: ferre, Sanscr. bhar-; Gr. pherô: fuga, Sanscr. bhug-, to bend; Gr. phugê; 2. To dh, as in firmus, Sanscr. dhar-, to support: ferus, Sanscr. dhvar-, to destroy; Gr. thêr (phêr): fumus, Sanscr. dhumas, smoke; Gr. thuein; 3. To gh, as in far, farina, Sanscr. gharsh-, to rub: formus, Sanscr. ghar-, to burn; Gr. thermos, etc. In situations not initial these original sounds commonly gave place in Latin to b, or were weakened to h (v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 140 sqq.). In writing Greek words, ph was represented by p or b, the Latins having no means of expressing the aspiration ( p-h, not like Engl. ph or f) until the post-Aug. period; but in the later writings and inscr. ph is generally represented by f (Corss. Ausspr. 1, 173; Roby, Lat. Gram. 1, p. 33). Respecting the use of the reversed F (

As an abbreviation, F stands for fili, functus, faciundum. F. C., faciundum curavit. FF., fecerunt. F. I., fieri jussit. FL. P., flamen perpetuus. F. P. C., filius ponendum curavit. F. M., fecit monumentum. F.A., filio amantissimo. F. C. H., fieri curavit heres. FR. or FRU., frumentum, frumentarius.

făcĭo, feci, factum, 3, v. a. and n.; in pass.: fio, factus, fieri ( imper. usually fac, but the arch form face is freq., esp. in Plaut. and Ter., as Plaut. As. prol. 4; 1, 1, 77; id. Aul. 2, 1, 30; id. Cist. 2, 1, 28; id. Ep. 1, 1, 37; 2, 2, 117; id. Most. 3, 2, 167 et saep.; Ter. And. 4, 1, 57; 4, 2, 29; 5, 1, 2; 14; id. Eun. 1, 2, 10 al.; Cato, R. R. 23, 1; 26; 32 al.; Cat. 63, 78; 79; 82; Ov. Med. fac. 60; Val. Fl. 7, 179 al.; futur. facie for faciam, Cato ap. Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. dico, init., and the letter e:

faxo,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 199; 2, 1, 42; 3, 3, 17; 3, 4, 14; 5, 1, 55 et saep.; Ter. And. 5, 2, 13; id. Eun. 2, 2, 54; 4, 3, 21 al.; Verg. A. 9, 154; 12, 316; Ov. M. 3, 271; 12, 594: faxim, Enn. ap. Non. 507, 23; Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 13; id. Aul. 3, 2, 6; 3, 5, 20 al.; Ter. And. 4, 4, 14; id. Heaut. 1, 2, 13:

faxis,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 38; Sil. 15, 362: faxit, Lex Numae in Paul. ex Fest. s. v. ALIVTA, p. 6 Mull.; Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 12; Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 90; 3, 5, 54; id. Cas. 3, 5, 6 al.; Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 24; id. Phorm. 3, 3, 21:

faximus,

Plaut. Truc. 1, 1, 40: faxitis, an old form in Liv. 23, 11, 2; 25, 12, 10; 29, 27, 3:

faxint,

Plaut. Am. 2, 1, 85; id. Aul. 2, 1, 27; 2, 2, 79 al.; Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 109; id. Hec. 1, 2, 27; 3, 2, 19; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 35, § 81; id. Fam. 14, 3, 3.—In pass. imper.:

fi,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 87; Hor. S. 2, 5, 38; Pers. 1, 1, 39:

fite,

Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 89 al. — Indic.: facitur, Nigid. ap. Non. 507, 15: fitur, Cato ap. Prisc. p. 789:

fiebantur,

id. ib.: fitum est, Liv. Andron. ap. Non. 475, 16.— Subj.: faciatur, Titin. ib.— Inf.: fiere, Enn. ap. Charis. p. 75 P.; Ann. v. 15, ed. Vahl.; Laev. ap. Gell. 19, 7, 10.—On the long i of fit, v. Ritschl, prol. p. 184, and cf. Plaut. Capt. prol. 25: ut fit in bello) [prob. root bha-; Sanscr. bhasas, light; Gr. pha-, in phainô, phêmi; cf. fax, facetiae, facilis, Corss. Ausspr. 1, 423.—But Curt. refers facio to root the- (strengthened THEK), Griech. Etym. p. 64], to make in all senses, to do, perform, accomplish, prepare, produce, bring to pass, cause, effect, create, commit, perpetrate, form, fashion, etc. (cf. in gen.:

ago, factito, reddo, operor, tracto): verbum facere omnem omnino faciendi causam complectitur, donandi, solvendi, judicandi, ambulandi, numerandi,

Dig. 50, 16, 218.

In gen.

With acc.: ut faber, cum quid aedificaturus est, non ipse facit materiam, sed ea utitur, quae sit parata, etc.... Quod si non est a deo materia facta, ne terra quidem et aqua et aer et ignis a deo factus est, Cic. N. D. Fragm. ap. Lact. 2, 8 (Cic. ed. Bait. 7, p. 121):

sphaera ab Archimede facta,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14:

fecitque idem et sepsit de manubiis comitium et curiam,

id. ib. 2, 17:

aedem,

id. ib. 2, 20:

pontem in Arari faciundum curat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 13, 1:

castra,

id. ib. 1, 48, 2; Cic. Fam. 15, 4, 4:

faber vasculum fecit,

Quint. 7, 10, 9:

classem,

Caes. B. G. 4, 21, 4:

cenas et facere et obire,

Cic. Att. 9, 13, 6:

ignem lignis viridibus,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 17, § 45:

poema,

to compose, id. Pis. 29, 70:

carmina,

Juv. 7, 28:

versus,

id. 7, 38:

sermonem,

Cic. Fam. 9, 8, 1; cf.

litteram,

id. Ac. 2, 2, 6: ludos, to celebrate, exhibit = edere, id. Rep. 2, 20; id. Att. 15, 10;

also i. q. ludificari,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 47:

sementes,

i. e. to sow, Caes. B. G. 1, 3, 1:

messem,

Col. 2, 10, 28:

pecuniam,

to make, acquire, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

manum (with parare copias),

to collect, prepare, id. Caecin. 12, 33; so,

cohortes,

Caes. B. C. 3, 87, 4:

exercitum,

Vell. 2, 109, 2; and:

auxilia mercede,

Tac. A. 6, 33:

iter,

Cic. Att. 3, 1; id. Planc. 26, 65; id. Div. 1, 33, 73 et saep.; cf.

also the phrases: aditum sibi ad aures,

Quint. 4, 1, 46:

admirationem alicujus rei alicui,

to excite, Liv. 25, 11, 18; Sen. Ep. 115:

aes alienum,

Cic. Att. 13, 46, 4; Liv. 2, 23, 5; Sen. Ep. 119, 1:

alienationem disjunctionemque,

Cic. Lael. 21, 76:

animum alicui,

Liv. 25, 11, 10:

arbitrium de aliquo,

to decide, Hor. C. 4, 7, 21;

opp. arbitrium alicui in aliqua re,

i. e. to leave the decision to one, Liv. 43, 15, 5:

audaciam hosti,

id. 29, 34, 10:

audientiam orationi,

Cic. Div. in Caecil. 13, 42:

auspicium alicui,

Liv. 1, 34, 9; Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 86:

auctoritatem,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 43:

bellum,

Cic. Off. 1, 11, 35; Caes. B. G. 3, 29, 2:

multa bona alicui,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 46:

castra,

to pitch, Tac. H. 5, 1:

caulem,

to form, Col. Arb. 54:

clamores,

to make, raise, Cic. Brut. 95, 326:

cognomen alicui,

to give, Liv. 1, 3, 9:

commercium sermonis,

id. 5, 15, 5:

concitationes,

Caes. B. C. 3, 106 fin.:

conjurationes,

to form, id. B. G. 4, 30 fin.:

consuetudinem alicui cum altero,

Cic. Fam. 13, 23, 1:

consilia alicui,

Liv. 35, 42, 8:

contentionem cum aliquo,

Cic. Off. 1, 38, 137:

controversiam,

to occasion, id. Or. 34, 121:

convicium magnum alicui,

id. Fam. 10, 16, 1:

copiam pugnandi militibus,

Liv. 7, 13, 10:

corpus,

to grow fat, corpulent, Cels. 7, 3 fin.; Phaedr. 3, 7, 5:

curam,

Tac. A. 3, 52:

damnum,

to suffer, Cic. Brut. 33, 125:

detrimentum,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 9, § 20:

desiderium alicujus, rei alicui,

Liv. 3, 34, 7; 7, 24, 10:

dicta,

Ov. F. 2, 375; 3, 515:

difficultatem,

Quint. 10, 3, 10 and 16:

discordiam,

to cause, Tac. H. 3, 48:

discrimen,

Quint. 7, 2, 14; 11, 1, 43:

disjunctionem (with alienationem),

Cic. Lael. 21, 76:

dolorem alicui,

id. Att. 11, 8, 2:

dulcedinem,

Sen. Ep. 111:

eloquentiam alicui (ira),

Quint. 6, 2, 26:

epigramma,

to write, Cic. Arch. 10, 25:

errorem,

Sen. Ep. 67:

eruptiones ex oppido,

Caes. B. C. 2, 2, 5:

exemplum,

Quint. 5, 2, 2: exempla = edere or statuere, Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 66. exercitum, to raise, muster, Tac. A. 6, 33:

exspectationem,

Quint. 9, 2, 23:

facinus,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 1; Cic. Fin. 2, 29, 95; Tac. A. 12, 31:

facultatem recte judicandi alicui,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 73, § 179:

fallaciam,

Ter. And. 1, 8, 7:

famam ingenii,

Quint. 11, 2, 46:

fastidium,

Liv. 3, 1, 7:

favorem alicui,

id. 42, 14, 10; Quint. 4, 1, 33:

fidem alicui,

Cic. Cat. 3, 2, 4; id. Att. 7, 8, 1; Quint. 6, 2, 18:

finem,

Cic. Att. 16, 16, 16; id. Rep. 2, 44:

formidinem,

to excite, Tac. H. 3, 10:

fortunam magnam (with parare),

Liv. 24, 22, 9:

fraudem,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 9; Cic. Att. 4, 12:

fugam fecerunt, stronger than fugerunt,

Liv. 8, 9, 12 Weissenb.; Sall. J. 53, 3;

but: cum fugam in regia fecisset (sc. ceterorum),

Liv. 1, 56, 4; so,

fugam facere = fugare,

id. 21, 5, 16; 21, 52, 10:

fugam hostium facere,

id. 22, 24, 8; 26, 4, 8 al.:

gestum vultu,

Quint. 11, 3, 71:

gradum,

Cic. de Or. 2, 61, 249; id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 3; Quint. 3, 6, 8:

gratiam alicujus rei,

Liv. 3, 56, 4; 8, 34, 3:

gratulationem alicui,

Cic. Fam. 11, 18, 3; Sen. Ep. 6:

gratum alicui,

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 56; Cic. Rep. 1, 21; cf.:

gratissimum alicui,

id. Fam. 7, 21 fin.:

histrioniam,

Plaut. Am. prol. 152:

homicidium,

to commit, Quint. 5, 9, 9:

hospitium cum aliquo,

Cic. Balb. 18, 42:

imperata,

Caes. B. G. 2, 3, 3:

impetum in hostem,

Cic. Fin. 1, 10, 34; Liv. 25, 11, 2:

incursionem,

Liv. 3, 38, 3:

indicium,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 57, § 150:

inducias,

id. Phil. 8, 7, 20:

initium,

to begin, id. Agr. 2, 29, 79; cf.:

initia ab aliquo,

id. Rep. 1, 19:

injuriam,

id. ib. 3, 14 (opp. accipere); Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 4; Quint. 3, 6, 49; 10, 1, 115:

insidias alicui,

Cic. Mil. 9, 23:

iram,

Quint. 6, 1, 14:

jacturam,

Cic. Off. 3, 23, 89; id. Fin. 2, 24, 79; Caes. B. G. 7, 77, 7:

judicium,

Cic. Att. 7, 23, 2:

judicatum,

to execute, id. Fl. 20, 48:

jus alicui,

Liv. 32, 13, 6:

jussa,

Ov. F. 1, 379:

laetitiam,

Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 25:

largitiones,

id. Tusc. 3, 20, 48:

locum poetarum mendacio,

Curt. 3, 1, 4:

locum alicui rei,

Cels. 2, 14 fin.; 7, 4, 3; Curt. 4, 11, 8; Sen. Ep. 91, 13 et saep.:

longius,

Cic. Leg. 1, 7, 22 al.:

valde magnum,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7:

medicinam alicui,

to administer, id. Fam. 14, 7:

memoriam,

Quint. 11, 2, 4:

mentionem,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 11, 2:

metum,

to excite, Tac. A. 6, 36:

turbida lux metum insidiarum faciebat,

suggested, Liv. 10, 33, 5:

metum alicui,

id. 9, 41, 11:

missum aliquem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 134:

modum irae,

Liv. 4, 50, 4:

moram,

Cic. Att. 16, 2, 1; Plaut. Most. 1, 1, 72:

morem alicujus rei sibi,

Liv. 35, 35, 13:

motus,

id. 28, 46, 8: multam alicui, Cato ap. Gell. 11, 1, 6:

munditias,

id. R. R. 2, 4:

mutationem,

Cic. Sest. 12, 27; id. Off. 1, 33, 120:

multa alicui,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 16:

naufragium,

to suffer, id. Fam. 16, 9, 1:

negotium alicui,

to give to do, make trouble for, Quint. 5, 12, 13; Just. 21, 4, 4:

nomen alicui,

Liv. 8, 15, 8; cf.

nomina,

to incur debts, Cic. Off. 3, 14, 59:

odium vitae,

Plin. 20, 18, 76, § 199:

officium suum,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 5, 12:

omnia amici causa,

Cic. Lael. 10, 35; id. Fam. 5, 11, 2:

opinionem alicui,

id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 45:

orationem,

id. de Or. 1, 14, 63; id. Brut. 8, 30; id. Or. 51, 172:

otia alicui,

to grant, Verg. E. 1, 6:

pacem,

to conclude, Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109:

pecuniam ex aliqua re,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

periculum,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 23; id. Heaut. 2, 1, 9; Tac. A. 13, 33; 16, 19; Sall. C. 33, 1: perniciem alicui, to cause, = parare, Tac. H. 2, 70:

planum,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54:

potestatem,

id. Cat. 3, 5, 11; id. Rep. 2, 28:

praedam,

Caes. B. G. 4, 34, 5; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 156; Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 8:

praedas ab aliquo,

Nep. Chabr. 2, 2:

proelium,

to join, Caes. B. G. 1, 13; Cic. Deiot. 5, 13; Liv. 25, 1, 5; Tac. H. 4, 79; id. A. 12, 40:

promissum,

Cic. Off. 3, 25, 95:

pudorem,

Liv. 3, 31, 3:

ratum,

id. 28, 39, 16:

rem,

Ter. Ad. 2, 2, 12:

reum,

to accuse, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38: risum, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 40; 48:

scelus,

to commit, Tac. H. 1, 40:

securitatem alicui,

Liv. 36, 41, 1:

sermonem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 26, § 66:

significationem ignibus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 33, 3:

silentium,

Liv. 24, 7, 12:

somnum,

to induce, Juv. 3, 282:

spem,

Cic. Att. 3, 16; Liv. 30, 3, 7:

spiritus,

id. 30, 11, 3:

stercus,

Col. 2, 15:

stipendia,

Sall. J. 63, 3; Liv. 3, 27, 1; 5, 7, 5:

stomachum alicui,

Cic. Att. 5, 11, 2; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10:

suavium alicui,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 53:

suspicionem,

Cic. Fl. 33, 83:

taedium alicujus rei,

Liv. 4, 57, 11:

terrorem iis,

to inflict, id. 10, 25, 8:

timorem,

to excite, id. 6, 28, 8:

mihi timorem,

Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2:

totum,

Dig. 28, 5, 35:

transitum alicui,

Liv. 26, 25, 3:

turbam,

Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 2:

urinam,

Col. 6, 19:

usum,

Quint. 10, 3, 28:

vadimonium,

Cic. Quint. 18, 57:

verbum, verba,

to speak, talk, id. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 147:

verbum,

to invent, id. Fin. 3, 15, 51:

versus,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 5:

vestigium,

id. Rab. Post. 17, 47: viam [p. 717] sibi, Liv. 3, 5, 6:

vim alicui or in aliquem,

id. 38, 24, 4; 3, 5, 5:

vires,

to get, acquire, Quint. 10, 3, 3:

vitium,

Cic. Top. 3, 15 al. —

With ut, ne, quin, or the simple subj.:

faciam, ut ejus diei locique meique semper meminerit,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 20:

facere ut remigret domum,

id. Pers. 4, 6, 3; id. Capt. 3, 4, 78; 4, 2, 77:

ea, quantum potui, feci, ut essent nota nostris,

Cic. Ac. 1, 2, 8:

facito, ut sciam,

id. Att. 2, 4, 4:

non potuisti ullo modo facere, ut mihi illam epistolam non mitteres,

id. ib. 11, 21, 1:

si facis ut patriae sit idoneus,

Juv. 14, 71:

ut nihil ad te dem litterarum facere non possum,

Cic. Ac. 8, 14, 1; for which, with quin:

facere non possum, quin ad te mittam,

I cannot forbear sending, id. ib. 12, 27, 2:

fecisti, ut ne cui maeror tuus calamitatem afferret,

id. Clu. 60, 168:

fac, ne quid aliud cures,

id. Fam. 16, 11, 1:

domi assitis, facite,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 53:

fac fidele sis fidelis,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 79:

fac cupidus mei videndi sis,

Cic. Fam. 5, 21, 5:

fac cogites,

id. ib. 11, 3, 4.—In pass.:

fieri potest, ut recte quis sentiat, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 3, 6: potest fieri, ut iratus dixerit, etc., Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 285:

nec fieri possit, ut non statim alienatio facienda sit,

id. Lael. 21, 76; so with ut non, id. Verr. 2, 2, 77, § 190 (Zumpt, Gram. § 539).—

With inf. = efficere, curare, to cause (rare):

nulla res magis talis oratores videri facit,

Cic. Brut. 38, 142; Pall. 6, 12:

aspectus arborum macrescere facit volucres inclusas,

Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 3; Sall. Fragm. ap. Sen. Ep. 114:

qui nati coram me cernere letum Fecisti,

Verg. A. 2, 539; Ov. H. 17, 174:

mel ter infervere facito,

Col. 12, 38, 5 (perh. also in Ov. H. 6, 100, instead of favet, v. Loers. ad h. l.; cf. infra, B. 4.).—

Absol.:

ego plus, quam feci, facere non possum,

Cic. Fam. 11, 14, 3:

faciam, ut potero, Laeli,

id. de Sen. 3, 7; cf. id. Rep. 1, 24:

noli putare, pigritia me facere, quod non mea manu scribam,

id. Att. 16, 15, 1; so,

facere = hoc or id facere,

Lucr. 4, 1112 (cf. Munro ad loc.); 1153: vereor ne a te rursus dissentiam. M. Non facies, Quinte, Cic. Leg. 3, 15, 33;

so after scribam,

id. Att. 16, 16, 15:

nominaverunt,

id. Rep. 2, 28, 50;

after disserere: tu mihi videris utrumque facturus,

id. ib. 2, 11, 22;

after fingere: ut facit apud Platonem Socrates,

id. ib.:

necesse erit uti epilogis, ut in Verrem Cicero fecit,

Quint. 6, 1, 54:

qui dicere ac facere doceat,

id. 2, 3, 11:

faciant equites,

Juv. 7, 14; Liv. 42, 37, 6:

petis ut libellos meos recognoscendos curem. Faciam,

Plin. Ep. 4, 26, 1; 5, 1, 4 et saep. (cf. the use of facio, as neutr., to resume or recall the meaning of another verb, v. II. E. infra; between that use and this no line can be drawn).

In partic.

With a double object, to make a thing into something, to render it something:

senatum bene firmum firmiorem vestra auctoritate fecistis,

Cic. Phil. 6, 7, 18:

te disertum,

id. ib. 2, 39 fin.:

iratum adversario judicem,

id. de Or. 1, 51, 220:

heredem filiam,

to appoint, constitute, id. Verr. 2, 1, 43, § 111:

aliquem regem,

Just. 9, 6:

aliquem ludos,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 75:

aliquem absentem rei capitalis reum,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 38, § 93:

animum dubium,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 27:

injurias irritas,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 26, § 63:

vectigalia sibi deteriora,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36, 4:

hi consules facti sunt,

Cic. de Sen. 5, 14:

disciplina doctior facta civitas,

id. Rep. 2, 19:

di ex hominibus facti,

id. ib. 2, 10; cf.:

tua virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis amicissimos fecisti,

Sall. J. 10, 2.—In pass.:

quo tibi sumere depositum clavum fierique tribuno?

to become a tribune, Hor. S. 1, 6, 25.—

to value, esteem, regard a person or thing in any manner (like the Engl. make, in the phrase to make much of).—Esp. with gen. pretii:

in quo perspicere posses, quanti te, quanti Pompeium, quem unum ex omnibus facio, ut debeo, plurimi, quanti Brutum facerem,

Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 2:

te quotidie pluris feci,

id. ib. 3, 4, 2:

voluptatem virtus minimi facit,

id. Fin. 2, 13, 42:

dolorem nihili facere,

to care nothing for, to despise, id. ib. 27, 88:

nihili facio scire,

Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 42:

negat se magni facere, utrum, etc.,

Quint. 11, 1, 38:

parum id facio,

Sall. J. 85, 31: si illi aliter nos faciant quam aequum sit. Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 43.—

With gen., to make a thing the property of a person, subject it to him: omnia, quae mulieris fuerunt, viri fiunt, Cic. Top. 4, 23.—Esp.: facere aliquid dicionis alicujus, to reduce to subjection under a person or power:

omnem oram Romanae dicionis fecit,

Liv. 21, 60, 3:

dicionis alienae facti,

id. 1, 25, 13; 5, 27, 14; cf.: ut munus imperii beneficii sui faceret, to make it ( seem) his own bounty, Just. 13, 4, 9:

ne delecto imperatore alio sui muneris rempublicam faceret,

Tac. A. 15, 52.—

To represent a thing in any manner, to feign, assert, say. —Constr. with acc. and adj. or part., or with acc. and inf.

Acc. and part.:

in eo libro, ubi se exeuntem e senatu et cum Pansa colloquentem facit,

id. Brut. 60, 218:

Xenophon facit... Socratem disputantem,

id. N. D. 1, 12, 31; cf.:

ejus (Socratis) oratio, qua facit eum Plato usum apud judices,

id. Tusc. 1, 40 fin. al.—

Acc. and inf.:

qui nuper fecit servo currenti in via decesse populum,

Ter. Heaut. prol. 31:

fecerat et fetam procubuisse lupam,

Verg. A. 8, 630; cf. Ov. M. 6, 109, v. Bach ad h. l.:

poetae impendere apud inferos saxum Tantalo faciunt,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 16, 35:

quem (Herculem) Homerus apud inferos conveniri facit ab Ulixe,

id. N. D. 3, 16, 41:

Plato construi a deo mundum facit,

id. ib. 1, 8, 19:

Plato Isocratem laudari fecit a Socrate,

id. Opt. Gen. 6, 17; id. Brut. 38, 142:

M. Cicero dicere facit C. Laelium,

Gell. 17, 5, 1:

caput esse faciunt ea, quae perspicua dicunt,

Cic. Fia. 4, 4, 8, v. Madv. ad h. l.—

In double construction:

Polyphemum Homerus cum ariete colloquentem facit ejusque laudare fortunas,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39 fin. —

To make believe, to pretend:

facio me alias res agere,

Cic. Fam. 15, 18:

cum verbis se locupletem faceret,

id. Fl. 20:

me unum ex iis feci, qui, etc.,

id. Planc. 27, 65.—

Hypothetically in the imper. fac, suppose, assume:

fac, quaeso, qui ego sum, esse te,

Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1; cf.:

fac potuisse,

id. Phil. 2, 3, 5:

fac animos non remanere post mortem,

id. Tusc. 1, 34, 82; 1, 29, 70:

fac velit,

Stat. Ach. 2, 241:

fac velle,

Verg. A. 4, 540.—

In mercant. lang., to practise, exercise, follow any trade or profession:

cum mercaturas facerent,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 28, § 72:

naviculariam,

id. ib. 2, 5, 18, §

46: argentariam,

id. ib. 2, 5, 49, § 155; id. Caecin. 4, 10:

topiariam,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 2, § 5:

haruspicinam,

id. Fam. 6, 18, 1:

praeconium,

id. ib.; so,

piraticam,

id. Post. Red. in Sen. 5, 11:

medicinam,

Phaedr. 1, 14, 2.—

In relig. lang., like the Gr. rhezein, to perform or celebrate a religious rite; to offer sacrifice, make an offering, to sacrifice:

res illum divinas apud eos deos in suo sacrario quotidie facere vidisti,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 8, § 18:

sacra pro civibus,

id. Balb. 24, 55:

sacrificium publicum,

id. Brut. 14, 56.— Absol.:

a sacris patriis Junonis Sospitae, cui omnes consules facere necesse est, consulem avellere,

Cic. Mur. 41, 90.—With abl.:

cum faciam vitula pro frugibus,

Verg. E. 3, 77:

catulo,

Col. 2, 22, 4.— Pass. impers.:

cum pro populo fieret,

Cic. Att. 1, 13, 3:

quibus diis decemviri ex libris ut fieret, ediderunt,

Liv. 37, 3, 5.—

In gram., to make, form in inflecting:

cur aper apri et pater patris faciat?

Quint. 1, 6, 13; so id. 14; 15; 27; cf.:

sic genitivus Achilli et Ulixi fecit,

id. 1, 5, 63; 1, 6, 26:

eadem (littera) fecit ex duello bellum,

id. 1, 4, 15.—

In late Lat., (se) facere aliquo, to betake one's self to any place:

intra limen sese facit,

App. 5, p. 159, 25;

without se: homo meus coepit ad stelas facere,

Petr. 62:

ad illum ex Libya Hammon facit,

Tert. Pall. 3.—

Peculiar phrases.

Quid faciam (facias, fiet, etc.), with abl., dat., or (rare) with de, what is to be done with a person or thing? quid hoc homine facias? Cic. Sest. 13, 29; id. Verr. 2, 2, 16, § 40:

nescit quid faciat auro,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 100:

quid tu huic homini facias?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 30; cf.:

quid enim tibi faciam,

id. Att. 7, 3, 2: quid faceret huic conclusioni, i. e. how should he refute, etc., id. Ac. 2, 30, 96:

quid facias illi?

Hor. S. 1, 1, 63:

miserunt Delphos consultum quidnam facerent de rebus suis,

Nep. Them. 2: quid fecisti scipione? what have you done with the stick? or, what has become of it? Plaut. Cas. 5, 4, 6; cf. id. ib. 5, 4, 9.—In pass.:

quid Tulliola mea fiet?

Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 3:

quid illo fiet? quid me?

id. Att. 6, 1, 14:

quid fiet artibus?

id. Ac. 2, 33, 107:

quid mihi fiet?

Ov. A. A. 1, 536:

quid de illa fiet fidicina igitur?

Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 48: de fratre quid fiet? Ter. Ad. 5, 9, 39.— Absol.:

quid faciat Philomela? fugam custodia claudit?

Ov. M. 6, 572:

quid facerem? neque servitio me exire licebat, etc.,

Verg. E. 1, 41 al. —

Fit, factum est aliquo or aliqua re, it happens to, becomes of a person or thing:

volo Erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum filio,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 1, 32:

nec quid deinde iis (elephantis) factum sit, auctores explicant,

Plin. 8, 6, 6, § 17:

quid eo est argento factum?

Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 106.—Hence,

Esp., si quid factum sit aliquo, if any thing should happen to one (i. q. si quid acciderit humanitus), euphemistically for if one should die:

si quid eo factum esset, in quo spem essetis habituri?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 20, 59; cf.:

eum fecisse aiunt, sibi quod faciendum fuit,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 1, 23. —

Ut fit, as it usually happens, as is commonly the case:

praesertim cum, ut fit, fortuito saepe aliquid concluse apteque dicerent,

Cic. Or. 53, 177:

queri, ut fit, incipiunt,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 23, § 56:

dum se uxor, ut fit, comparat,

id. Mil. 10, 28:

fecit statim, ut fit, fastidium copia,

Liv. 3, 1, 7.—

Fiat, an expression of assent, so be it! very good! fiat, geratur mos tibi, Plaut. Ps. 1, 5, 146; id. As. 1, 1, 27; id. Am. 2, 2, 138; id. Most. 4, 3, 44 al.—

Dictum ac factum, no sooner said than done, without delay, at once; v. dictum under dico, A. d.—

In certain phrases the ellipsis of facere is common, e. g. finem facere:

Quae cum dixisset, Cotta finem,

Cic. N. D. 3, 40, 94; id. Fin. 4, 1 init. —With nihil aliud quam, quid alium quam, nihil praeterquam, which often = an emphatic Engl. only (but not in Cic.):

Tissaphernes nihil aliud quam bellum comparavit,

Nep. Ages. 2:

per biduum nihil aliud quam steterunt parati,

Liv. 34, 46; Suet. Caes. 20; id. Aug. 83; Liv. 2, 63; 4, 3; 3, 26.—So with nihil amplius quam, nihil prius quam, nihil minus quam, Liv. 26, 20; 35, 11; Suet. Dom. 3.

With adverbs, to do, deal, or act in any manner:

recta et vera loquere, sed neque vere neque recte adhuc Fecisti umquam,

Plaut. Capt. 5, 2, 7;

v. recte under rego: bene fecit Silius, qui transegerit,

Cic. Att. 12, 24, 1:

seu recte seu perperam,

to do right or wrong, id. Quint. 8, 31:

Dalmatis di male faciant,

id. Fam. 5, 11 fin.:

facis amice,

in a friendly manner, id. Lael. 2, 9; cf.:

per malitiam,

maliciously, id. Rosc. Com. 7, 21:

humaniter,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 1, 1:

imperite,

id. Leg. 1, 1, 4:

tutius,

Quint. 5, 10, 68:

voluit facere contra huic aegre,

Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10: bene facere, to profit, benefit (opp. male facere, to hurt, injure), Ter. Ad. 5, 8, 25; 5, 7, 19; Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 22; id. Capt. 5, 2, 23; v. also under benefacio and benefactum.—

Facere cum or ab aliquo, to take part with one, to side with one; and opp. contra (or adversus) aliquem, to take part against one:

si respondisset, idem sentire et secum facere Sullam,

Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf.:

cum illo consulem facere,

id. Att. 6, 8, 2; and:

secum consules facere,

id. Planc. 35, 86:

auctoritatem sapientissimorum hominum facere nobiscum,

id. Caecin. 36, 104; cf.:

rem et sententiam interdicti mecum facere fatebatur,

id. ib. 28, 79:

cum veritas cum hoc faciat,

is on his side, id. Quint. 30, 91:

commune est, quod nihilo magis ab adversariis quam a nobis facit,

id. Inv. 1, 48, 90:

omnes damnatos, omnes ignominia affectos illac (a or cum Caesare) facere,

id. Att. 7, 3, 5:

quae res in civitate duae plurimum possunt, eae contra nos ambae faciunt in hoc tempore,

id. Quint. 1, 1:

neque minus eos cum quibus steterint quam adversus quos fecerint,

Nep. Eum. 8, 2:

cum aliquo non male facere,

to be on good terms with, Ov. Am. 3, 762.—

In late Lat. facere cum aliqua = vivere cum aliqua, to live in matrimony, to be married, Inscr. Orell. 4646. —

Ad aliquid, alicui, or absol., to be good or of use for any thing; to be useful, of service:

chamaeleon facit ad difficultatem urinae,

Plin. 22, 18, 21, § 46; Scrib. Comp. 122:

ad talem formam non facit iste locus,

Ov. H. 16, 190; cf. id. ib. 6, 128; id. Am. 1, 2, 16 al.:

radix coronopi coeliacis praeclare facit,

Plin. 22, 19, 22, § 48; so with dat., Plin. Val. 2, 1; Prop. 3 (4), 1, 20:

facit autem commode ea compositio, quam, etc.,

Col. 7, 5, 7; 8, 17, 13:

nec caelum, nec aquae faciunt, nec terra, nec aurae,

do not benefit me, Ov. Tr. 3, 8, 23:

mire facit in peroratione confessio,

Quint. 11, 3, 173; 171; cf. with a subject-clause: plurimum facit, totas diligenter [p. 718] nosse causas, id. 6, 4, 8: ad aliquid or alicui signifies also to suit, fit:

non faciet capiti dura corona meo,

Prop. 3, 1, 19; cf. Ov. H. 16, 189.—

Like the Gr. poiein or dran, and the Engl. to do, instead of another verb (also for esse and pati):

factum cupio (sc. id esse),

Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 24:

factum volo,

id. Bacch. 3, 3, 91; id. Most. 3, 2, 104:

an Scythes Anacharsis potuit pro nihilo pecuniam ducere, nostrates philosophi facere non potuerunt?

Cic. Tusc. 5, 32, 90:

nihil his in locis nisi saxa et montes cogitabam: idque ut facerem, orationibus inducebar tuis,

id. Leg. 2, 1, 2; cf.:

Demosthenem, si illa pronuntiare voluisset, ornate splendideque facere potuisse,

id. Off. 1, 1 fin.; and:

cur Cassandra furens futura prospiciat, Priamus sapiens hoc idem facere nequeat?

id. Div. 1, 39, 85; so id. Ac. 2, 33, 107; id. Att. 1, 16, 13; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 18, 2; Nep. Chabr. 3, 4; 4, 3 al.:

vadem te ad mortem tyranno dabis pro amico, ut Pythagoreus ille Siculo fecit tyranno (here also with the case of the preceding verb),

Cic. Fin. 2, 24 fin. (v. Madv. ad h. l. p. 278):

jubeas (eum) miserum esse, libenter quatenus id facit (i. e. miser est),

what he is doing, Hor. S. 1, 1, 64:

in hominibus solum existunt: nam bestiae simile quiddam faciunt (i. q. patiuntur or habent),

Cic. Tusc. 4, 14; so,

ne facias quod Ummidius quidam (= ne idem experiaris, ne idem tibi eveniat),

Hor. S. 1, 1, 94. —

Facere omitted, especially in short sentences expressing a judgment upon conduct, etc.:

at stulte, qui non modo non censuerit, etc.,

Cic. Off. 3, 27, 101.—Hence,

factus, a, um, P. a.

As adjective ante-class. and very rare:

factius nihilo facit, sc. id, i. e. nihilo magis effectum reddit,

is no nearer bringing it about, Plaut. Trin. 2, 3, 6; cf. Lorenz ad loc.—Far more freq.,

In the neutr. as subst.: factum, i ( gen. plur. factum, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 31, 66 Trag. 81), that which is done, a deed, act, exploit, achievement (syn.: res gestae, facinus).

In gen.:

depingere,

Ter. Phorm. 1, 5, 38:

facere factum,

Plaut. Truc. 2, 7, 5; id. Mil. 3, 1, 139:

dicta et facta,

Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 19; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 12:

opus facto est,

id. Phorm. 4, 5, 4:

ecquod hujus factum aut commissum non dicam audacius, sed, etc.,

Cic. Sull. 26, 72: meum factum probari abs te triumpho gaudio, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16, A. 1;

14, 9, 2: quod umquam eorum in re publica forte factum exstitit?

id. ib. 8, 14, 2:

praeclarum atque divinum,

id. Phil. 2, 44, 114:

egregium,

id. Fam. 10, 16, 2; id. Cael. 10, 23:

factum per se improbabile,

Quint. 7, 4, 7; 6, 1, 22:

illustre,

Nep. Arist. 2, 2; cf.:

illustria et gloriosa,

Cic. Fin. 1, 11, 37:

forte,

id. Att. 8, 14, 2:

dira,

Ov. M. 6, 533:

nefanda,

id. H. 14, 16 al.; but also with the adv.:

recte ac turpiter factum,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 5; cf.:

multa huius (Timothei) sunt praeclare facta sed haec maxime illustria,

Nep. Timoth. 1, 2;

v. Zumpt, Gram. § 722, 2: dimidium facti, qui coepit, habet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 40:

quo facto aut dicto adest opus,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 15 et saep.:

famam extendere factis,

Verg. A. 10, 468: non hominum video. non ego facta boum, doings, i. e. works, Ov. H. 10, 60.—

In partic., bonum factum, like the Gr. agathê tuchê, a good deed, i. e. well done, fortunate (ante-class. and post-Aug.):

bonum factum'st, edicta ut servetis mea,

Plaut. Poen. prol. 16; cf. id. ib. 44; cf.:

hoc factum est optimum, ut, etc.,

id. Ps. 1, 2, 52:

majorum bona facta,

Tac. A. 3, 40; cf. id. ib. 3, 65. —At the commencement of edicts, Suet. Caesar, 80; id. Vit. 14; Aur. Vict. Vir. Ill. 49, 17; Tert. Pudic. 1.—(But in the class. per. factum in this sense is a participle, and is construed with an adv.:

bene facta,

Sall. C. 8, 5; id. J. 85, 5; Cic. Tusc. 2, 26, 64:

recte, male facta,

id. Off. 2, 18, 62:

male facto exigua laus proponitur,

id. Leg. Agr. 2, 2, 5; id. Brut. 43, 322; Quint. 3, 7, 13; cf. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 460).—

facteon, a word jestingly formed by Cicero, after the analogy of the Greek, for faciendum: quare, ut opinor, philosophêteon, id quod tu facis, et istos consulatus non flocci facteon, Cic. Att. 1, 16, 13 Orell. N. cr. (for facteon, Ernesti has eateon).

fastus, a, um, adj. [perh. root PHA, phaskô, phêmi, fari; lit., in which it is allowed to speak], fasti dies; and more commonly absol.: fasti, ōrum, m. (acc. to the 4th decl. acc. fastus, Varr. ap. Prisc. p. 711 P.; Col. 9, 14, 12; Sil. 2, 10; Sen. Tranq. An. 14, 2; Hor. C. 4, 14, 4 Bentley (dub.); abl. fastibus, Luc. 10, 187), a publicists' t. t., a day on which judgment could be pronounced. on which courts could be held, a court-day (opp. nefasti, v. nefastus; cf. also: feriae, justitium, otium).

Prop.:

ille (dies) nefastus erit, per quem tria verba (DO, DICO, ADDICO) silentur: Fastus erit, per quem lege licebit agi,

Ov. F. 1, 48; Varr. L. L. 6, 4, § 29 sq. Müll. The register of these legal court-days, which for a long time existed only in the archives of the pontifices, was kept from the knowledge of the people, until Cn. Flavius, scribe to the Pontifex Maximus Appius Caecus, posted up a copy in the Forum:

posset agi lege necne, pauci quondam sciebant, fastos enim volgo non habebant,

Cic. Mur. 11, 25; cf.:

(Cn. Flavius) fastos circa forum in albo proposuit, ut, quando lege agi posset, sciretur,

Liv. 9, 46, 5; Plin. 33, 1, 6, § 17; Val. Max. 2, 5, 2.—

Transf.

In gen., an enumeration of all the days of the year, with their festivals, magistrates, events, etc., a calendar, almanac (syn.: annales, historia, res gestae, narratio, fabula): fastorum libri appellantur, in quibus totius anni fit descriptio: fasti enim dies festi sunt, Paul. ex Fest. p. 87, 19 Mull. N. cr.:

ordo ipse annalium mediocriter nos retinet quasi enumeratione fastorum,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 5:

cum diem festum ludorum de fastis suis sustulissent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 67, § 151:

fastos correxit (Caesar),

Suet. Caes. 40:

ut omne tempus... ita in fastos referretur,

id. Aug. 100; cf. id. Tib. 5.—

Esp.

The Fasti consulares, or registers of the higher magistrates, according to their years of service (v. Orelli, Onomast. Tullian. P. III.):

quae (tempora) semel Notis condita fastis Inclusit volucris dies (i. e. fastis consularibus),

Hor. C. 4, 13, 15:

per titulos memoresque fastos,

id. ib. 4, 14, 4; so,

memores,

id. ib. 3, 17, 4:

tempora si fastosque velis evolvere mundi,

id. S. 1, 3, 112:

qui redit in fastos et virtutem aestimat annis, etc.,

id. Ep. 2, 1, 48:

in codicillorum fastis,

Cic. Att. 4, 8, 3:

paginas in annalibus magistratuum fastisque percurrere,

Liv. 9, 18, 12:

ex fastis evellere,

Cic. Sest. 14, 33:

hos consules fasti ulli ferre possunt,

id. Pis. 13, 30.—

Fasti Praenestini a Verrio Flacco ordinati et marmoreo parieti incisi, Suet. Gram. 17; cf. Inscr. Orell. II. p. 379 sq., and the authors there cited; v. also Anthon's Dict. of Antiq. p. 432 sq.—

Fasti, the title of a poem of Ovid, on the Roman festivals, the festival-calendar; which, however, he completed for but six months of the year.

fastus, ūs ( gen. fasti, Coripp. 4, 137), m. [Sanscr. dharshati, to be bold; Gr. thrasus, tharsos; full form farstus], scornful contempt or disdain of others, haughtiness, arrogance, pride ( poet., and in post-Aug. prose; syn.: fastidium, clatio, superbia, arrogantia, insolentia).

Sing.:

tu cave nostra tuo contemnas carmina fastu,

Prop. 1, 7, 25; cf.:

fastus inest pulchris sequiturque superbia formam,

Ov. F. 1, 419:

superbo simul ac procaci fastu,

Plin. 9, 35, 58, § 119:

aspice primum, Quanto cum fastu, quanto molimine circum Spectemus,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 93:

tanto te in fastu negas, amice,

i. e. thou withdrawest thyself with so much pride from my society, Cat. 55, 14:

fastus erga patrias epulas,

Tac. A. 2, 2 fin. —

Plur.:

fastus superbi,

Prop. 3 (4), 25, 15; Tib. 1, 8, 75; Ov. M. 14, 762.

fastūs, uum, m., calendar; v. 1. fastus init.

fŭrĭa, ae, f., and, more commonly, plur.: fŭrĭae, ārum, f. [furo], violent passion, rage, madness, fury.

Appellatively (only poet. for furor or rabies):

unius ob noxam et furias Ajacis Oï_lei,

Verg. A. 1, 41:

ubi concepit furias,

i. e. became furious, id. ib. 4, 474:

tauri,

Mart. 2, 43, 5:

canum,

Grat. Cyneg. 392:

in furias agitantur equae,

i. e. furious, ardent desire, Ov. A. A. 2, 478; Verg. G. 3, 244; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 68:

auri,

the fierce greediness for gold, Sil. 2, 500:

ergo omnis furiis surrexit Etruria justis,

in just fury, just wrath, Verg. A. 8, 494:

honestae (Sagunti),

Stat. S. 4, 6, 84.—

Of things: tranare sonoras Torrentum furias,

the wild raging, roaring, Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 45.—

As a nom. prop.: Fŭrĭae, the three goddesses of vengeance (Allecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone), the Furies (syn.: Dirae, Eumenides).

Prop.:

Furiae deae sunt speculatrices, credo, et vindices facinorum et scelerum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 46:

ut eos agitent insectenturque Furiae, non ardentibus taedis, sicut in fabulis sed angore conscientiae,

id. Leg. 1, 14, 40; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66 sq.; id. Pis. 20, 46; Auct. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 47; Verg. A. 3, 331; Hor. S. 2, 3, 135; 1, 8, 45 al.—

Transf., in gen., avenging spirits, tormenting spirits.

Plur.:

itaque eos non ad perficiendum scelus sed ad luendas rei publicae poenas furiae quaedam incitaverunt,

Cic. Sull. 27, 76:

Furiae Catilinae,

id. Par. 4, 1, 27:

sceleratum vicum vocant, quo amens, agitantibus furiis sororis ac viri, Tullia per patris corpus carpentum egisse fertur,

Liv. 1, 48, 7; cf. id. 1, 59 fin.; 40, 10, 1:

his muliebribus instinctus furiis Tarquinius circumire et prensare patres, etc.,

urged on by this female tormenting spiril, this fury of a woman, id. 1, 47, 7.—

Sing., applied to persons who are furious or who are plotting mischief, a fury. —So of Clodius:

illa furia ac pestis patriae,

Cic. Sest. 14, 33;

of the same,

id. ib. 17, 39; cf.

also: illa furia muliebrium religionum, qui non pluris fecerat Bonam Deam quam tres sorores,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 4; Hor. S. 2, 3, 141:

hunc juvenem (i. e. Hannibalem) tamquam furiam facemque hujus belli odi ac detestor,

Liv. 21, 10, 11.

fŭrĭa, ae, f., and, more commonly, plur.: fŭrĭae, ārum, f. [furo], violent passion, rage, madness, fury.

Appellatively (only poet. for furor or rabies):

unius ob noxam et furias Ajacis Oï_lei,

Verg. A. 1, 41:

ubi concepit furias,

i. e. became furious, id. ib. 4, 474:

tauri,

Mart. 2, 43, 5:

canum,

Grat. Cyneg. 392:

in furias agitantur equae,

i. e. furious, ardent desire, Ov. A. A. 2, 478; Verg. G. 3, 244; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 68:

auri,

the fierce greediness for gold, Sil. 2, 500:

ergo omnis furiis surrexit Etruria justis,

in just fury, just wrath, Verg. A. 8, 494:

honestae (Sagunti),

Stat. S. 4, 6, 84.—

Of things: tranare sonoras Torrentum furias,

the wild raging, roaring, Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 45.—

As a nom. prop.: Fŭrĭae, the three goddesses of vengeance (Allecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone), the Furies (syn.: Dirae, Eumenides).

Prop.:

Furiae deae sunt speculatrices, credo, et vindices facinorum et scelerum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 46:

ut eos agitent insectenturque Furiae, non ardentibus taedis, sicut in fabulis sed angore conscientiae,

id. Leg. 1, 14, 40; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66 sq.; id. Pis. 20, 46; Auct. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 47; Verg. A. 3, 331; Hor. S. 2, 3, 135; 1, 8, 45 al.—

Transf., in gen., avenging spirits, tormenting spirits.

Plur.:

itaque eos non ad perficiendum scelus sed ad luendas rei publicae poenas furiae quaedam incitaverunt,

Cic. Sull. 27, 76:

Furiae Catilinae,

id. Par. 4, 1, 27:

sceleratum vicum vocant, quo amens, agitantibus furiis sororis ac viri, Tullia per patris corpus carpentum egisse fertur,

Liv. 1, 48, 7; cf. id. 1, 59 fin.; 40, 10, 1:

his muliebribus instinctus furiis Tarquinius circumire et prensare patres, etc.,

urged on by this female tormenting spiril, this fury of a woman, id. 1, 47, 7.—

Sing., applied to persons who are furious or who are plotting mischief, a fury. —So of Clodius:

illa furia ac pestis patriae,

Cic. Sest. 14, 33;

of the same,

id. ib. 17, 39; cf.

also: illa furia muliebrium religionum, qui non pluris fecerat Bonam Deam quam tres sorores,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 4; Hor. S. 2, 3, 141:

hunc juvenem (i. e. Hannibalem) tamquam furiam facemque hujus belli odi ac detestor,

Liv. 21, 10, 11.

fŭrĭa, ae, f., and, more commonly, plur.: fŭrĭae, ārum, f. [furo], violent passion, rage, madness, fury.

Appellatively (only poet. for furor or rabies):

unius ob noxam et furias Ajacis Oï_lei,

Verg. A. 1, 41:

ubi concepit furias,

i. e. became furious, id. ib. 4, 474:

tauri,

Mart. 2, 43, 5:

canum,

Grat. Cyneg. 392:

in furias agitantur equae,

i. e. furious, ardent desire, Ov. A. A. 2, 478; Verg. G. 3, 244; Prop. 4 (5), 4, 68:

auri,

the fierce greediness for gold, Sil. 2, 500:

ergo omnis furiis surrexit Etruria justis,

in just fury, just wrath, Verg. A. 8, 494:

honestae (Sagunti),

Stat. S. 4, 6, 84.—

Of things: tranare sonoras Torrentum furias,

the wild raging, roaring, Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 45.—

As a nom. prop.: Fŭrĭae, the three goddesses of vengeance (Allecto, Megaera, and Tisiphone), the Furies (syn.: Dirae, Eumenides).

Prop.:

Furiae deae sunt speculatrices, credo, et vindices facinorum et scelerum,

Cic. N. D. 3, 18, 46:

ut eos agitent insectenturque Furiae, non ardentibus taedis, sicut in fabulis sed angore conscientiae,

id. Leg. 1, 14, 40; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 24, 66 sq.; id. Pis. 20, 46; Auct. ap. Quint. 9, 3, 47; Verg. A. 3, 331; Hor. S. 2, 3, 135; 1, 8, 45 al.—

Transf., in gen., avenging spirits, tormenting spirits.

Plur.:

itaque eos non ad perficiendum scelus sed ad luendas rei publicae poenas furiae quaedam incitaverunt,

Cic. Sull. 27, 76:

Furiae Catilinae,

id. Par. 4, 1, 27:

sceleratum vicum vocant, quo amens, agitantibus furiis sororis ac viri, Tullia per patris corpus carpentum egisse fertur,

Liv. 1, 48, 7; cf. id. 1, 59 fin.; 40, 10, 1:

his muliebribus instinctus furiis Tarquinius circumire et prensare patres, etc.,

urged on by this female tormenting spiril, this fury of a woman, id. 1, 47, 7.—

Sing., applied to persons who are furious or who are plotting mischief, a fury. —So of Clodius:

illa furia ac pestis patriae,

Cic. Sest. 14, 33;

of the same,

id. ib. 17, 39; cf.

also: illa furia muliebrium religionum, qui non pluris fecerat Bonam Deam quam tres sorores,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 15; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 4; Hor. S. 2, 3, 141:

hunc juvenem (i. e. Hannibalem) tamquam furiam facemque hujus belli odi ac detestor,

Liv. 21, 10, 11.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

G, g, indecl. n. or (on account of littera) f., had originally no place in the Latin alphabet: both the sharp and the flat guttural mutes, our k and g sounds, being represented by C; hence on the Columna Rostrata LECIONES, MACISTRATOS, EXFOCIONT, (pu)CNANDOD, PVCN(ad), CARTACINIENSIS, for legiones, etc.; hence, too, the archaic form ACETARE for agitare (v. Paul. ex Fest. p. 23 Müll. N. cr.), and the still common abbreviation of the names Gaius and Gneus in C and Cn.—At a later period (acc. to Plut. Qu. Rom. p. 277 D and 278 E, by means of a freedman of Spurius Carvilius Ruga, about the beginning of the second Punic war) a slight graphic alteration was made in the C, which introduced into the Roman orthography the letter G (on the old monuments C); thus we have in the S. C. de Bacchanal.: MAGISTER, MAGISTRATVM, FIGIER, GNOSCIER, AGRO; on the other hand, the orthography GNAIVOD PATRE PROGNATVS on the first Epitaph of the Scipios, which dates before that time, indicates either incorrectness in the copying or a later erection of the monument. When Greek words are written in Latin letters and vice versa, G always corresponds to G. Its sound was always hard, like Engl. g in gate, at least until the sixth century A. D.As an initial, g, in pure Latin words, enters into consonantal combination only with l and r; and therefore in words which, from their etymology, had the combination gn, the g was rejected in the classical period, and thus arose the class. forms nascor, natus, nosco, novi, notus, narus, navus, from the original gnascor, gnatus, gnosco, etc. (cf. the English gnaw, gnat, gnarr, etc., where the g has become silent); whereas in compounds the g again is often retained: cognatus, cognosco, ignarus, ignavus.—An initial g is dropped in lac (kindred to GALACT, gala), likewise in anser (kindred to Germ. Gans; Sanscr. hansa; Greek chên).As a medial, g combines with l, m, n, r, although it is sometimes elided before m in the course of formation; so in examen for exagmen from agmen; in contamino for contagmino (from con-TAG, tango). Before s the soft sound of g passes into the hard sound of c, and becomes blended with the s into x (v. the letter X); though sometimes the g (or c) is elided altogether, as in mulsi from mulgeo, indulsi from indulgeo; cf.: sparsus, mersus, tersus, etc. So too before t, as indultum from indulgeo. The medial g is often dropped between two vowels, and compensated for by lengthening the preced. vowel: māior from măgior, pulēium from pulēgium, āio from ăgio (root AG, Sanscr. ah, to say; cf. nego). Likewise the medial g is dropped in lēvis for legvis, Sanscr. laghn, fava for fagva, fruor for frugvor, flamma for flagma, stimulus for stigmulus, examen for exagmen; jumentum, from root jug-: sumen from sug-; cf.: umor, flamen, etc.As a final, g was only paragogic, acc. to Quint. 1, 7, 13, in the obsolete VESPERVG (for vesperu, analogous with noctu; v. Spald. ad loc.). Etymologically, g corresponds to an original Indo - European g or gh, or is weakened from c, k. Thus it stands where in Greek we have:

g, as ago, agô; ager, agros; argentum, arguros; genus, genos; fulgeo, phlegô, and so very commonly;

ch (usually before r, or in the middle of a word): ango, anchô; rigo, brechô; gratus, chairô, etc.;

k: viginti, eikosi; gubernator, kubernêtês; gummi, kommi, etc.—By assimilation, g was produced from b and d in oggero, suggero, aggero, etc., from obgero, sub-gero, ad-gero, etc.As an abbreviation, G denotes Galliarum, Gallica, gemina, Germania, genius, etc.; and sometimes Gaius (instead of the usual C); v. Inscr. Orell. 467; 1660; 4680:

G.P.R.F. genio populi Romani feliciter,

Inscr. Orell. 4957; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 76 sqq.; Roby, Lat. Gr. 1, 38 sqq.

ĭdōnĕus, a, um, adj. [Sanscr. root indh-, idh-, to kindle; prop. bright, conspicuous; cf. Idus], fit for something (esp. for an action), meet, proper, becoming, suitable, apt, capable, convenient, sufficient (of persons and things; class. and very freq. in prose and poetry; syn.: aptus, opportunus); constr. most commonly with ad, qui, the dat., or absol.; less freq. with in aliquid, the abl., or the inf.

With ad:

tot quidem non potuisti adducere homines magis ad hanc rem idoneos, etc.,

Plaut. Poen. 3, 2, 6:

non essem ad ullam causam idoneus, judices, si hoc non viderem,

Cic. Clu. 6, 17:

ad amicitiam esse idoneus,

id. Lael. 17, 62:

loco pro castris ad aciem instruendam opportuno atque idoneo,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8, 3:

cum statim auditoris animum nobis idoneum reddimus ad audiendum,

Auct. Her. 1, 4, 6:

est enim (lex) ratio mensque sapientis, ad jubendum et ad deterrendum idonea,

Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 8:

scientia opportunitatis idoneorum ad agendum temporum,

id. Off. 1, 40, 142:

ad captandos lacertos tempestates non sunt idoneae,

id. Att. 2, 6, 1:

consilia idonea ad hoc nostrum negotium,

id. ib. 5, 6, 1 al.—

With qui, or a rel. adverb:

video hercle ego te me arbitrari, Euclio, hominem idoneum, Quem senecta aetate ludos facias,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 74; cf. Ter. And. 3, 2, 12; 4, 4, 18:

utrum ille (Pompeius) idoneus non est, qui impetret, etc.,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 19, 57:

tibi fortasse idoneus fuit nemo, quem imitarere,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 41:

idonea mihi Laelii persona visa est, quae de amicitia dissereret,

id. Lael. 1, 4:

et rem idoneam, de qua quaeratur, et homines dignos, quibuscum disseratur, putant,

id. Ac. 2, 6, 18:

nequeo mearum rerum initium ullum invenire idoneum, Unde exordiar narrare, quae, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 1.—

With dat.:

erit alius (discipulus) historiae magis idoneus,

Quint. 2, 8, 7; 12, 10, 49:

idoneus arti Cuilibet,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 8:

non sat idoneus Pugnae ferebaris,

id. C. 2, 19, 26:

vixi puellis nuper idoneus,

id. ib. 3, 26, 1:

cum idoneos rhetori pueros putaverunt,

Quint. 2, 3, 1:

Falernum mihi semper idoneum visum est deversorio,

Cic. Fam. 6, 19, 1:

castris idoneum locum deligit,

Caes. B. G. 6, 10, 2; 7, 35, 4:

ad cibos viribus conservandis idoneos redeunt,

Quint. 2, 10, 6:

(volunt poëtae) simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitae,

Hor. A. P. 334: metuensque futuri In pace, ut sapiens, aptarit idonea bello, id. S. 2, 2, 111:

ut patriae sit idoneus,

serviceable, Juv. 14, 71.—With dat. gerundi (post-Aug.):

Julius, qui perferendis militum mandatis habebatur idoneus,

Tac. A. 1, 23 fin. —

Absol.:

cujus (Cethegi) eloquentiae est auctor, et idoneus quidem mea sententia, Q. Ennius, etc.,

a proper, sufficient voucher, Cic. Brut. 15, 57:

auctor,

Quint. 1, 4, 20; 2, 4, 42:

qui si adductus gratia minus idoneum hominem praemio affecisset, etc.,

i. e. deserving, worthy, Cic. Balb. 3, 7; cf. id. Off. 2, 15, 54:

idoneus suae rei quisque defensor,

Quint. 4, 1, 46:

imperator,

id. 12, 3, 5:

juvenis,

id. 10, 5, 21: debitor, safe, able to pay (opp. inops), Dig. 4, 4, 27 fin.; so,

tutor,

ib. 26, 1, 9; 27, 8, 1:

homines,

ib. 35, 2, 88; cf. Sen. Ben. 4, 39:

servi conscii, tempus idoneum, locus opportune captus ad eam rem,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 68:

tempora,

Quint. 12, 11, 18; cf.:

lex promulgata idoneo die,

id. 2, 4, 35:

minus idoneis (verbis) uti,

Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 154; cf.:

aptum atque idoneum verbum,

Quint. 9, 4, 144:

vox actoris,

id. 12, 7, 1:

lectio,

id. ib. 8 praef. §

28: cautio,

Dig. 40, 4, 50:

paries,

safe, sound, ib. 39, 2, 36:

navis,

ib. 19, 2, 13:

pignora,

sufficient, satisfactory, ib. 22, 1, 33.— Comp. (post-class.):

si persona idoneior accedat ad emptionem,

Dig. 18, 2, 4, § 6; cf. ib. 47, 23, 2; 43, 29, 3; 50, 6, 5 fin.; Tert. adv. Herm. 18; Anim. 18 (al. idonior or idoneor). — Subst.:

in deligendis idoneis judicium et diligentiam adhibere,

Cic. Off. 2, 18, 62:

cum idoneis collocutus,

Liv. 34, 25, 7:

nullo idoneo respondente,

Suet. Ner. 44; Quint. 7, 4, 39:

novum illud exemplum a dignis et idoneis ad indignos et non idoneos transfertur,

Sall. C. 51, 27:

per idoneos et secreti ejus socios,

Tac. A. 2, 39:

apud idonea provinciarum,

i. e. at proper stations, id. ib. 4, 5.—

With in and acc.:

infirmi et in nullam spem idonei,

Sen. Contr. 5, 33:

componere materias in hoc idoneas, ut, etc.,

Quint. 6, 3, 15.—

With abl. (like dignus):

res idoneas dignitate suā judicare,

Auct. Her. 3, 3, 5.—

With inf. ( poet. and postclass.):

fons etiam rivo dare nomen idoneus,

i. e. large enough, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 12:

si torrere jecur quaeris idoneum,

id. C. 4, 1, 12:

accendi idonea,

Sen. N. Q. 1, 15, 1.— Comp.:

idoneor (late Lat.),

Dig. 18, 2, 4, § 6; 47, 23, 2; Tert. adv. Herm. 18; id. de Anim. 18.—Hence, adv.: ĭdōnĕē, fitly, suitably, properly, duly, sufficiently (very rare):

exordium est oratio animum auditoris idonee comparans ad reliquam dictionem,

Cic. Inv. 1, 15, 20:

ergo cavendum est idonee. Quid est idonee? Satisdato utique aut pignoribus datis,

enough, Dig. 40, 5, 4:

cavere,

ib. 5, 3, 41; 27, 8, 1:

magis idonee reficere parietem,

more safely, solidly, ib. 39, 2, 41.— Comp.:

idonius,

Tert. Pall. 3 med.