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1 bræîralag
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2 félagssamtök, regla
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3 BRÓÐIR
(gen., dat., and acc. bróður, pl. brœðr), m.1) brother;2) friar.* * *gen. dat. acc. bróður; pl. nom. acc. bræðr, gen. bræðra, dat. bræðrum: in mod. common usage irregular forms occur, as gen. sing. bróðurs; nom. sing., and gen. dat. acc. are also sometimes confounded, esp. in keeping the nom. form bróðir through all cases, or even the reverse (but rarely) in taking bróður as a nom.; another irregularity is acc. pl. with the article, bræður-nar instead of bræður-na, which latter form only survives in writing, the former in speaking. There is besides an obsolete poetical monosyllabic form brœðr, in nom. dat. acc. sing. and nom. acc. pl.; gen. sing. bræðrs; cp. such rhymes as brœðr—œðri, in a verse of Einar Skúlason (died about 1170); bræðr (dat.) Sinfjötla, Hkv. 2. 8, as nom. sing., Fagrsk. 54, v. l. (in a verse), etc., cp. Lex. Poët. This form is very rare in prose, vide however Nj., Lat. Vers. Johnsonius, 204, 333, v. 1., and a few times in Stj., e. g. síns bræðr, sinn bræðr, 160; it seems to be a Norse form, but occurs now and then in Icel. poetry even of the 15th century, e. g. bræðr nom. sing. rhymes with ræðr, Skáld H. 3. 11, G. H. M. ii. 482, but is quite strange to the spoken language: [Gr. φράτηρ; Lat. frāter; Goth. brôþar; A. S. brôðar; Engl. brother; Germ. bruder; Swed.-Dan. broder, pl. brödre]:—a brother: proverbs referring to this word—saman er bræðra eign bezt at sjá, Gísl. 17; einginn or annars bróðir í leik; móður-bræðrum verða menn líkastir, Bs. i. 134: a distinction is made between b. samfeðri or sammæðri, a brother having the same father or mother, Grág. i. 170 sqq.: in mod. usage more usual al-bróðir, brother on both sides; hálf-bróðir, a half-brother; b. skilgetinn, frater germanus móður-bróðir, a mother’s brother; föður-bróðir, a father’s brother, uncle; afa-bróðir, a grand-uncle on the father’s side; ömmu bróðir, a grand-uncle on the mother’s side; tengda-bróðir, a brother-in-law: in familiar talk an uncle is called ‘brother,’ and an aunt ‘sister.’ The ties of brotherhood were most sacred with the old Scandinavians; a brotherless man was a sort of orphan, cp. the proverb, berr er hverr á baki nema sér bróður eigi; to revenge a brother’s slaughter was a sacred duty; nú tóku þeir þetta fastmælum, at hvárr þeirra skal hefna annars eðr eptir mæla, svá sem þeir sé sambornir bræðr, Bjarn. 58: the word bróðurbani signifies a deadly foe, with whom there can be no truce, Hm. 88, Sdm. 35, Skm. 16, Hdl. 28; instances from the Sagas, Dropl. S. (in fine), Heiðarv. S. ch. 22 sqq., Grett. S. ch. 50. 92 sqq., E ch. 23, Ld. ch. 53 sqq., etc. The same feeling extended to foster-brotherhood, after the rite of blending blood has been performed; see the graphical descriptions in Fbr. S. (the latter part of the Saga), Gísl. ch. 14 sqq., etc. The universal peace of Fróði in the mythical age is thus described, that ‘no one will draw the sword even if he finds his brother’s slayer bound,’ Gs. verse 6; of the slaughter preceding and foreboding the Ragnarök ( the end of the world) it is said, that brothers will fight and put one another to death, Vsp. 46.II. metaph.:1. in a heathen sense; fóst-bróðir, foster-brother, q. v.; eið-bróðir, svara-bróðir, ‘oath-brother;’ leik-bróðir, play-brother, play-fellow: concerning foster-brothership, v. esp. Gísl. ii, Fbr., Fas. iii. 375 sqq., Hervar. S., Nj. 39, Ls. 9, the phrase, blanda blóði saman.2. in a Christian sense, brother, brethren, N. T., H. E., Bs.β. a brother, friar; Svörtu-bræðr, Blackfriars; Berfættu-bræðr, q. v.; Kórs-bræðr, Fratres Canonici, Bs., etc.COMPDS:I. sing., bróður-arfr, m. a brother’s inheritance, Orkn. 96, Fms. ix. 444. bróður-bani, a, m. a brother’s bane, fratricide, Ld. 236, Fms. iii. 21, vide above. bróðiir-baugr, m. weregild due to the brother, N. G. L. i. 74. bróður-blóð, n. a brother’s blood, Stj. 42. Gen. iv. 10. bróður-bætr, f. pl. weregild for a brother, Lv. 89. bróður-dauði, a, m. a brother’s death, Gísl. 24. bróður-deild, f. = bróðurhluti, Fr. bróður-dóttir, f. a brother’s daughter, niece, Grág. i. 170, Nj. 177; bróðurdóttur son, a brother’s son, N. G. L. i. 76. bróður-dráp, n. the slaying of a brother, Stj. 43, Fms. v. 290. bróður-gildr, adj. equal in right (inheritance) to a brother, Fr. bróður-gjöld, n. pl. = bróður-bætr, Eg. 312. bróður-hefnd, f. revenge for the slaying of a brother, Sturl. ii. 68. bróður-hluti, a, m. the share (as to weregild or inheritance) of a brother, Grág. ii. 175. bróður-kona, u, f. a brother’s wife, K. Á. 142. bróöur-kván, f. id., N. G. L. i. 170. bróður-lóð, n. a brother’s share of inheritance. bróður-son, m. a brother’s son, nephew, Nj. 122, Grág. i. 171, Gþl. 239, 240; bróðursona-baugr, Grág. ii. 179.II. pl., bræðra-bani, v. bróðurbani, Fbr. 165. bræðra-búr, n. a friar’s bower in a monastery, Dipl. v. 18. bræðra-börn, n. pl. cousins (agnate), Gþl. 245. bræðra-dætr, f. pl. nieces(of brothers), Gþl. 246. bræðra-eign, f. property of brothers, Gísl. 17. bræðra-garðr, m. a ‘brothers-yard,’ monastery, D. N. bræðra-lag, n. fellowship of brethren, in heathen sense = fóstbræðralag, Hkr. iii. 300; of friars, H. E., D. I.; brotherhood, Pass. 9. 6. bræðra-mark, n. astron., the Gemini, Pr. 477. bræðra-skáli, a, m. an apartment for friars, Vm. 109. bræðra-skipti, n. division of inheritance among brothers, Hkr. iii. 52, Fas. i. 512. bræðra-synir, m. pl. cousins (of brothers), Gþl. 53. -
4 bróðerni
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5 fóst-bróðir
m. a foster-brother:1. prop. of men brought up together, brothers in arms, and the like; Arinbjörn hersir var f. Eireks konungs, Eg. 401, Fs. 121, 139, Fms. x. 226, Ísl. ii. 219; frændr ok fóstbræðr, Fs. 120, 122; þeir vóru vænligir menn ok görðusk fóstbræðr ( brothers in arms) Ingimundar, 13, 15, 16, 19, 24, passim.2. a sworn brother, = eiðbróðir, pledged by the rite of blending blood together (vide bróðir), Gísl., Fbr., passim: hence Fóstbræðra-saga, u, f. the name of the history (but the name is mod.); fóstbræðra-lag, n. a foster-brotherhood, Eg. 116. 165, Fms. vii. 25, passim:—sworn brotherhood, sverjask í f., Fms. iii. 213, cp. esp. Gísl., Fbr. -
6 SVERJA
* * *(sver; sór, svór or svarða; svarinn), v.1) to swear; s. við guðin, við höfuð sitt, to swear by the gods, by one’s head; s. e-m trúnaðareiða, to take the oaths of allegiance to one; s. e-m e-t, to swear a thing to one, promise upon oath (þeir svörðu Sveini land ok þegna); s. þess at, s. um, at, to swear that (viltu s. mér þess, at þú vildir eigi at mér fara? konungr sór um, at þat skyldi hann vel efna);2) recipr., sverjast í fóstbrœðralag, to swear brotherhood by mutual oath.* * *pres. sver, pl. sverjum; pret. sór, pl. sóru (also svór, Fas. iii. 393, Fms. x. 396; svóru, 416, Grág. ii. 410); subj. sœri; imperat. sver, sverða; part. svarinn. A weak pret. svarði, part. svarðr. also freq. occurs in old writers, thus, svarði, Hkr. i. 79, Fas. i. 178, Edda i. 136 (Cod. Reg., sór Cod. Worm. l. c.); þú svarðir, Gkv. 1. 21 (Bugge); svörðu, Landn. 154 (sóru, Hb. l. c.), Fms. xi. 67, Nj. 191, Grág. ii. 410 (twice); svörðusk, Mork. 207 (in a verse): but in mod. usage the strong form alone is used: [a common Teut. word; Ulf. swaran = ὀμνύναι; A. S. swerjan; Engl. swear; Germ. schwören; Dan. sværge; Swed. svärja.]B. To swear; allir menn virðu fé sitt, ok sóru at rétt væri virt, Íb. 16; sverja eið, to swear an oath; sverja rangan eið, to swear a false oath, K. Á. 150; s. eiða, Edda l. c.; þeir svörðu eiða til lífs sér, Landn. 154; at þú eið né sverir, nema þann er saðr sé. Sdm.; gangi nú allir til mín ok sveri eiða … þá gengu allir til Flosa ok svörðu honum eiða, Nj. 191; hann svarði honum trúnaðar-eiða, Hkr. i. 79: halda lög ó-svarit, without oath, Bs. i. 727.2. with acc. to confirm by oath; sór hann lög ok réttindi þegnum sínum, Fms. x. 80; flutti hann krossinn norðr … sem hann var svarinn, as he was sworn, bound by oath, 417; var hann á hverju þingi til konungs tekinn, ok svarit honum land, Fms. iii. 42, Ó. H. 181; þeir svörðu Sveini land ok þegna, Fms. xi. 67; svarit Hákoni ok Magnúsi Noregs-konungum land ok þegnar ok æfinligr skattr af Íslandi, etc., Ann. 1262.3. with gen.; þeir svóru þess ( they made oath that), at Ísleifr biskup ok menn með honum svörðu …, Grág. ii. 410; skal hverr þeirra taka bók í hönd sér ok sverja þess allir, at …, N. G. L. i. 68; viltú s. mér þess, at þú …, Nj. 137; sór konungr þess, at …, Hom. 106; ek sver þess við Palladem, at …, Bret. 90; s. þess ina styrkustu eiða, at …, Fms. i. 189; þeir svörðu til þessa réttar, at …, Grág. ii. 410; nema hann sveri til fjórðungi minna enn sé, … sem hann hefir til svarit, … er hann sverr til, K. Þ. K. 146; s. um, konungr sór um, at þat skyldi hann vel efna, Fms. i. 113.II. reflex. to swear oneself, get oneself sworn; sverjask e-m í bróður-stað, Mork. 207 (in a verse): recipr. to get oneself sworn in; sverjask í fóstbræðra-lag. to enter a brotherhood by mutual oath, Ó. H. 240. -
7 fóstbrœðralag
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8 FRÆNDI
* * *(pl. frændr), m. kinsman (also used of a brother and a son); yðrir fyrri frændr, your ancestors.* * *an irreg. part. of the obsolete frjá, pl. frændr. gen. frænda, dat. frændum, [Ulf. renders φίλος by frijonds; A. S. freond; Engl. friend; Hel. friund; O. H. G. friunt; Germ. freund; all of them meaning friend = Lat. amicus; whereas in the Scandin. languages, Icel. as well as mod. Swed. and Dan., it is only used in a metaph. sense; Dan. frænde; Swed. frände]:—a kinsman; not a single instance is on record of the word having ever been used in another sense, unless an exception be allowed in the allit. phrase, sem frændr en eigi sem fjándr, in the old Griðamál, Grág. (Kb.) i. 170:—the same usage prevails in the oldest poems, e. g. Hm.,—deyr fé, deyja frændr, 75; sumr er af senum sæll sumr af frændum, 68; and Dags frændr, the kinsmen ( great grandsons) of Dag, Ýt. 10. This change in the sense of the word is very curious and characteristic of the Scandinavians, with whom the bonds of kinship and brotherhood were strong, and each family formed a kind of confederacy or fellowship equally bound in rights and in duties; cp. such phrases as, frænd-bálkr, frænd-garðr: frændr often denotes kinsmen in a narrower sense = brethren; yet sons and frændr are distinguished in Hm. 68; but generally frændr is a collective word, Nj. 4; of a brother, Fs. 57; frændi, my son, Nj. 143, cp. Fms. vii. 22, 315, the laws and Sagas passim; ná-frændi, a near kinsman.COMPDS: frændaafli, frændabálkr, frændagengi, frændagipta, frændalát, frændalið, frændaráð, frændaróg, frændaskömm, frændastyrkr, frændatjón. -
9 frænd-semi
(-symi, Stj. passim, Nj. 42, 213), f. kinship, brotherhood, Fms. xi. 7, Ld. 158, Grág. ii. 72, N. G. L. i. 187, the laws and Sagas passim; ganga við f. e-s, to acknowledge one as kinsman (e. g. as a son), Fms. ix. 418:—metaph. the kindness of a kinsman, var góð f. með þeim, there was good fellowship between them, Sturl. iii. 176, Fs. 45.COMPDS: frændsemislögmál, frændsemisspell, frændsemistala. -
10 GILDI
* * *n.1) payment, tribute (rare);3) repute, esteem (þegar þér komist í g. við höfðingja);4) feast banquet (þá gengu Æsir at g. sínu);5) guild, brotherhood.* * *n. [gjalda; Ulf. gild = tribute, Luke xx. 22, Mark xii. 14; A. S. gild; Hel. geld; Frank. chalta; Germ. geld = money; it remains in Old Engl. weregild]:—payment, tribute; this sense is very rare, as gjald (q. v.) is the common word; chiefly used in compds, as nef-gildi, head-tax; baug-gildi, q. v.; skatt-gildi, a tax; skulda-gildi, payment of debts, Grág. i. 302.2. recompense; in the saying, æ sér til gildis gjöf (mod. æ sér gjöf til gjalda), Hom. 146.3. value; al-gildi, full-g., hálf-g., whole, full, half value; ið-gilði or í-gildi, equivalence; hon er karlmanns-ígildi.β. worth, value, esteem; the phrase, vera í miklu, litlu, engu gildi, to be in great, small, no repute; án Drottins ráða er aðstoð manns í engu minsta gildi, Pass. 9. 2: freq. in mod. usage, but rare in old writers, þegar ér komizt í gildi við höfðingja eðr kærleika, Finnb. 266.II. a banquet, feast, [cp. Dan. gilde; so called from the fee paid?], Eg. 20 sqq., Edda 45, 57, Fb. i. 283, Gþl. 178, freq. in old poems; the poetical mead is called Gauta g., Kormak; or gildi Grjótaldar, the cheer of the Giants; gefa úlfum gildi, to feast the wolves, Lex. Poët.; to this seems to belong the passage in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldi Æsir afrað gjalda eðr skyldi goðin öll gildi eiga, where the eiga gildi means to hold a feast, with the notion of making a league or peaceful agreement, as opp. to gjalda afrað (q. v.), to pay tribute as a badge of submission.III. in a technical sense, a guild, throughout England and Scandinavia during the Middle Ages; the first guilds in Norway were instituted by king Olave (1066–1093), Ólafr konungr lét setja Mikla-gildi í Níðarósi, ok mörg önnur í kaupstöðum, en áðr vóru hvirfings-drykkjur ( but before there were drinking-bouts), Fms. vi. 440: the guilds were secular brotherhoods or trades’ unions (and often became political clubs); they assumed the names of saints or sacred things, as Kross-g., Cross-guild; Ólafs-g., St. Olave’s guild (in Norway); Knúts-g., St. Canute’s guild (in Denmark), and so on: in Icel. this sense rarely occurs, mælti at einhverr vildis-manna ætti at hefja gildit, Sturl. i. 20; ok var gildit at Ólafs messu hvert sumar, 23; cp. also gildis-fundr, m. a guild-meeting, mentioned in Sturl. i. 58; and gildis-bændr, m. pl. guild-franklins, guild-brothers, 23, (about the middle of the 12th century); but guilds never took root in Icel.: gildis-skáli, a, m. a guild-hall, Fms. viii. 160, ix. 22, D. N. passim: gildis-tíð, n. a guild-term, Fms. viii. 151. -
11 SPOR
* * *n. track, footprint (þeir rekja s. sem hundar); ganga (stíga) í s. e-m, to walk in one’s footsteps, follow one’s example (víst hefir þú vel fram gengit, en þó hefir þú eigi gengit mér í s.); ekki spor, not a step.* * *n. [Ulf. spaurds = στάδιον; A. S. spyrd, spor, = a track, footstep; O. H. G. spurt; Germ. spur; Dan. spor; these last having, like the Icel., dropped a d]:—a track, footprint; eptir þetta sté Froði í bergit … til þessa spors mun ek koma hvern dag, ok vita hvat í sporinu er, Fas. i. 63; manns-sporin í snjónum … heim munu liggja spor hans, Fs. 41; mátti eigi hrærask ór þeim sporum, Bs. i. 357; standa í þeim sporum, Sturl. ii. 63; þeir rekja spor sem hundar, Fms. i. 8; standa í sömum sporum. to stand still, Clem. 32, Fas. i. 63; hann stóð í spori er hann hafði gört sér, Grett. 89: ganga í spor e-m, to go in a man’s footsteps, go behind him, Nj. 26 vist hefir þá vel fram gengit, en þó hefir þú eigi gengit mér í spor, not followed in my steps, 108; hvetja sporit, to quicken one’s steps: spretta úr spori, to question the pace of a rider; fót-spor, q. v.: metaphorical phrases, þótti synir hans vel stíga í spor honum, his sons stepped well in his footprints, were like him, Fs. 61; blístra í spor e-m, Korm.; sjá ben markar spjóti spor, Sd.: the phrase, renna blóði í spor, Bkv. 17, referring to a heathen rite of making foster-brotherhood by blending blood in one’s footprints (vestigia sua mutui sanguinis aspersione perfundere, Saxo 12), cp. Gísl., Fbr. S.: at vörmu spori (adverbial), on the warm track, instantly, in return; ‘fote-hot,’ Chaucer; poët. usages, sverða spor, a’sword’s prints’ i. e. wounds, Úlf. 11. 16; eggja spor, an ‘edge-print,’ Lex. Poët.: dólg-spor = dólk-spor, dirk-prints., Hkv. 2. 40. spora-drjúgr, adj. fast pacing. -
12 bróðurleikr
m. brotherhood. -
13 brœðralag
n.2) brotherhood, religious fraternity.
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