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101 to
1. [tu:] adv1. приведение в нужное состояние или положение, передаётся глагольными приставками при-, за-2. начало действия заwe turned to gladly /with a will/ - мы с воодушевлением взялись за работу
to bring smb. to with smelling salts - привести кого-л. в сознание нюхательной солью
a ship moored head to - корабль, пришвартованный против ветра
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to and fro см. to and froto and again уст. = to and fro
to and back = to and fro
we were close to when it happened - мы были рядом, когда это случилось
2. [tu:,tʋ,tə] prepkeep her to! - мор. держи к ветру ( команда)
1) направление к, в, наa flight to the Moon - полёт на Луну /в сторону Луны/
head to the sea [to the wind] - мор. против волны [ветра]
on one's way to the station - по дороге к станции /на станцию/
to go to town - ехать /отправляться/ в город
to go to the sea - ехать к морю, поехать на море
where will she go to? - куда она пойдёт?
to turn to the left [to the right] - повернуть налево [направо]
to point to smth. - указывать на что-л.
to see smb. to the station [to the corner] - проводить кого-л. на вокзал [до угла]
he wears his best clothes to church - он ходит в церковь в парадном костюме
2) движение до соприкосновения с чем-л. на, за, к3) расстояние доis it far to Moscow? - далеко ли до Москвы?
4) положение по отношению к чему-л. к, на; вместе с сущ. тж. передаётся наречиямиto lie to the south [to the north] of - лежать /быть расположенным/ к югу [к северу] от
the window looks to the north [to the south] - окно выходит на север [на юг]
placed at the right angle to the wall - поставленный под прямым углом к стене
a line tangent to a circle - мат. касательная к окружности
he has been to Volgograd twice this year - в этом году он дважды был в Волгограде
have you been to bed? - вы спали?
6) амер. разг., диал. пребывание в каком-л. месте в7) посещение какого-л. учреждения вto go to the theatre - ходить /идти/ в театр
2. указывает на1) лицо, реже предмет, к которому направлено действие к, перед; часто передаётся тж. дат. падежомgreetings to smb. - приветствие кому-л.
to listen to smb., smth. - слушать кого-л., что-л.
to speak to smb. - разговаривать с кем-л.
to send smth. to smb. - послать что-л. кому-л.
to explain smth. to smb. - объяснить что-л. кому-л.
to reveal a secret to smb. - открыть кому-л. секрет
to apologize to smb. - извиниться перед кем-л.
he showed the picture to all his friends - он показал картину всем своим друзьям
he spoke to the demonstration - он обратился с речью к участникам демонстрации
who(m) did you give the letter to? - кому вы отдали письмо?
2) лицо или предмет, воспринимающие какое-л. воздействие или впечатление или являющиеся объектом какого-л. отношения к, для; по отношению к; передаётся тж. дат. падежомattitude to smb., smth. - отношение к кому-л., чему-л.
his duty to his country - его долг по отношению к родине, его патриотический долг
known [unknown] to smb. - известный [неизвестный] кому-л.
clear to smb. - ясный кому-л. /для кого-л./
favourable [unfavourable] to smb. - благоприятный [неблагоприятный] для кого-л.
unjust to smb. - несправедливый к кому-л.
pleasing to smb. - приятный кому-л.
to be cruel to smb. - быть жестоким к кому-л.
injurious to smb., smth. - вредный для кого-л., чего-л.
it seems to me that - мне кажется, что
smth. has happened to him - с ним что-то случилось
3) лицо, эмоционально или интеллектуально заинтересованное в чём-л.; обычно передаётся дат. падежомwhat is that to you? - тебе-то какое до этого дело?; ты-то тут при чём?; почему это тебя интересует?
4) лицо, в честь которого что-л. совершается или провозглашается в честь, за; передаётся тж. дат. падежомto build a monument to smb. - воздвигнуть памятник кому-л. /в честь кого-л./
3. указывает на1) объект высказывания и т. п. в, о, на или придаточное предложениеto bear witness to smth. - давать показания о чём-л.
to testify to smth. - показывать, что; представлять доказательства о том, что
to swear to smth. - поклясться в чём-л.
to speak to smth. - высказываться в поддержку чего-л.
to confess to smth. - признаваться в чём-л.
to allude to smth. - сослаться или намекнуть на что-л.
2) объект права, претензии и т. п. наto have a right to smth. - иметь право на что-л.
to lay a claim to smth. - заявить претензию на что-л.
a document of title to land - документ, дающий право на владение землёй
(dis)obedience to smb.'s orders - (не)подчинение чьему-л. приказу
in answer /in reply/ to smth. - в ответ на что-л.
to reply to smb. - отвечать кому-л.
to come to smb.'s call - явиться по чьему-л. зову /на чей-л. зов/
what do you say to that? - что вы скажете по этому поводу?
what did he say to my suggestion? - как он отнёсся к моему предложению?
what do you say to a short walk? - как насчёт того, чтобы прогуляться?
4) эмоциональную реакцию на что-л. или оценку чего-л. кto his surprise [sorrow] - к его удивлению [огорчению]
to her horror, the beast approached - к её ужасу, зверь приближался
5) поэт. реакцию неодушевлённых предметов на что-л.:waves sparkling to the moonbeams - волны, сверкающие в лунном свете
flimsy houses that shake to the wind - лёгкие домики, которые дрожат от ветра
4. указывает на1) предел или степень доto the end, to the last - до конца
to a high degree - в высокой /в большой/ степени
to the exclusion of all others - и никто больше, и никто другой
stripped [naked] to the waist - раздетый [обнажённый] до пояса
rotten to the core - насквозь гнилой, прогнивший до сердцевины
to fight to the last drop of one's blood - биться до последней капли крови
to defend one's country to the death - стоять насмерть, защищая родину
to count up to ten [to a hundred] - считать до десяти [до ста]
to cut smth. down to a minimum - довести что-л. до минимума
the membership of the club increased to 350 - количество членов клуба достигло 350
2) временной предел доthe custom survives to this day - этот обычай сохранился до наших дней /существует и поныне/
I shall remember it to my dying day - я буду помнить это до (своего) смертного часа
3) степень точности доto guess the weight of smth. to within a kilo - угадать вес чего-л. почти до килограмма
4) пределы колебаний доthe weather over the period was moderate to cool - погода в этот период колебалась от умеренной до прохладной
5) изменение положения или достижение нового состояния и т. п. в, до, на; передаётся тж. глаголомto put smb. to flight - обратить кого-л. в бегство
to tear smth. to pieces /to bits/ - разорвать что-л. на куски
to beat smb. to death - избить кого-л. до смерти
to convert a warehouse to a dance-hall - превратить склад в зал для танцев
6) меру наказания кto sentence smb. to prison [to deportation] - приговорить кого-л. к тюремному заключению [к высылке]
to sentence smb. to death - приговорить кого-л. к смерти /к смертной казни/
5. указывает на1) переход к другой теме разговора, к другому занятию и т. п. кhe turned to the page he had marked - он вернулся к странице, которую отметил
2) начало действия заto fall /to set, to turn/ to smth. - приниматься за что-л.
he turned to eating [to reading] - он принялся за еду [за чтение]
6. указывает на1) цель на, к, для, с цельюto the end that - с (той) целью чтобы; для того чтобы
to no purpose - напрасно, безрезультатно
a means to an end - средство, ведущее к цели
to come to dinner [to tea] - прийти к обеду [к чаю] /пообедать [попить чаю]/
2) результат кto come to a conclusion [to a decision] - прийти к выводу [к решению]
3) тенденцию, склонность, намерение кa tendency to smth. - тенденция к чему-л.
to be given to smth. - быть склонным к чему-л.
4) предназначение для, подa horse bred to the plow - лошадь, приученная к плугу /приученная пахать/
a field planted to rice - поле, отведённое /пущенное/ под рис; поле, засеянное рисом
5) возможность воздействия, незащищённость против воздействия чего-л.; передаётся дат. падежом:exposed to the sunlight - подвергающийся действию солнца, незащищённый от солнца
1) сравнения или сопоставления в сравнении с, по сравнению с; передаётся тж. дат. падежомcompared to... - по сравнению с...
equal to smth. - равный чему-л.
superior to smth. - лучше, чем что-л.; превосходящий что-л.
inferior to smth. - хуже, чем что-л.
similar to smth. - подобный чему-л.; похожий на что-л.
he prefers listening to talking - он больше любит слушать, чем говорить
this is nothing to what it might be - это пустяки по сравнению с тем, что могло (бы) быть
2) соотношения или пропорции к, наthree goals to nil - три - ноль (в футболе и т. п.)
three parts flour to one part butter - три части муки на одну часть масла ( кулинарный рецепт)
four apples to a pound - четыре яблока на фунт, по фунту за четыре яблока
it's a hundred to one (that) it won't happen - вероятность того, что это не случится /не произойдёт/, не больше одной сотой
3) соответствия чему-л. по, на; передаётся тж. дат. падежомto my knowledge - насколько я знаю; насколько мне известно
to my mind /thinking/ - по-моему
(not) to one's liking /taste/ - (не) по вкусу кому-л.
made to order [to measure] - сделанный на заказ [по мерке]
words set to music - слова, положенные на музыку
what tune is it sung to? - на какой мотив это поётся?
4) ( музыкального) сопровождения подto write to smb.'s dictation - писать под чью-л. диктовку
8. указывает на1) составную часть чего-л. или принадлежность к чему-л. к, от, для; передаётся тж. род падежом2) фазу процесса, аспект явления:9. указывает на1) контакт, близость ( в адвербиальных оборотах с повторением существительного) кhand to hand - бок о бок, рядом
they stood man to man - они стояли тесно /один к одному/
2) близость, тесное соприкосновение, а также прикрепление кto be close to smb., smth. - быть близко к кому-л., чему-л.
to tie smth. to smth. - привязать что-л. к чему-л.
to fix smth. to smth. - прикрепить что-л. к чему-л.
to clasp smb. to one's heart - прижать кого-л. к сердцу
to fasten smth. to the wall - прикрепить что-л. к стене
3) добавление, прибавление или сложение к, сput it to what you already have - прибавьте /добавьте/ это к тому, что у вас уже есть
will you have sugar to your tea? - вы будете пить чай с сахаром?
10. указывает на родственные, служебные и др. отношения; передается род. падежомto be engaged to smb. - быть помолвленным с кем-л.
11. указывает на содержание или степень содержательности чего-л. вa book without much to it - не слишком интересная книга; книга так себе
there isn't much to it - а) в этом нет ничего особенного /мудрёного/; б) это немногого стоит
there's nothing to it - а) это проще простого, это проще пареной репы; в этом нет никакой премудрости; б) это яйца выеденного не стоит
that's all there is to it - вот и всё; вот и вся недолга; это очень просто
is there nothing more to civilization than a moral code? - неужто (вся) цивилизация сводится к морали?
12. указывает на1) время по часам без2) отнесение к какому-л. времени в прошлом кa ceremony dating to the first century - обряд, относящийся к первому веку
3) диал. точное время в13. бухг. указывает на отнесение суммы в дебет счёта:to goods £100 - 100 фунтов на товары /отнесение стоимости товаров в 100 фунтов/ в дебет счёта
14. уст. указывает на использование в каком-л. качестве как, вto call smb. to witness - ссылаться на кого-л., призывать кого-л. в свидетели
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from... to см. from 9from dawn to dusk - с восхода до заката, от зари до зари
to go from bad to worse - всё (время) ухудшаться, становиться всё хуже и хуже
to a T - полностью, совершенно
to oneself - в своё распоряжение, в своём распоряжении
to tell smth. to smb.'s face - сказать что-л. кому-л. (прямо) в лицо
to be used to smth. [to doing smth.] - привыкнуть к чему-л. [делать что-л.]
3. [tu:,tʋ,tə] partwould to God /to Heaven/! - о господи!
to go away would be to admit defeat - уйти означало бы признать себя побеждённым
he refused [agreed] to come - он отказался [согласился] прийти
he was seen to enter the house - видели, что он вошёл в дом
she would like it to be true - она бы хотела, чтобы это оказалось правдой
I'm ready [happy] to do it - я готов [счастлив] сделать это
you're foolish to believe it - глупо, что ты веришь этому
he was the first [the last] to come - он пришёл первым [последним]
that's good to eat - вкусная штука /вещь/
write down the address not to forget it - запишите адрес, чтобы не забыть его
we parted never to meet again - мы расстались, чтобы никогда больше не встречаться
to hear him talk you would imagine that he's somebody - послушать его - так можно подумать, что он важная персона
2. употребляется после ряда глаголов, чтобы избежать повторения инфинитива:tell him if you want to - скажите ему, если хотите
take the money, it would be absurd not to - возьмите деньги; было бы нелепо отказываться от них
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102 live
1. I1) an creatures have an equal right to live все живое имеет равные права на жизнь; life is worth living стоит жить; while my father lived когда был жив мой отец /при жизни моего отца/; she is very ill live the doctors do not think she will live она очень больна, врачи считают, что она не выживет; the doctor said the patient would live врач сказал, что больной будет жить; one lives and learns век живи, век учись; as long as I live пока я жив...; he'll be a fool as long as he lives он всю жизнь будет дураком; make a historical character live вдохнуть жизнь в историческое лицо, дать живое описание исторического лица; his name (her memory, the legend, hope, etc.) will live его имя и т. д. будет жить /не умрет/2) I don't want to spend all my days in a small village, I want to live я не хочу /не желаю/ прозябать всю жизнь в этой деревушке, я хочу жить; at 40 she was just beginning to live в сорок лет она только начинала жить /наслаждаться жизнью/; he knows how to live он знает, как надо жить || there lived a king жил-был король2. IIlive for some time live long (forever, etc.) долго и т. д. жить; he has not long to live ему недолго остается жить; а better man never lived на свете не было человека лучше; live in same manner live honestly (simply, happily, honourably, well, comfortably, fashionably, etc.) жить честно и т. д., вести честный и т. д. образ жизни; live hard вести трудную жизнь /жизнь, полную трудностей/; live fast вести легкомысленный образ жизни; live high жить богато /на широкую ногу/; they can barely live они едва сводят концы с концами; live from hand to mouth с трудом перебиваться, влачить жалкое существование; live from day to day кое-как перебиваться; live somewhere live near (far, out west, down south, up north, abroad, etc.) жить /проживать/ близко и т. д.; live in жить по месту службы; the nurses live in медсестры живут при больнице; live out жить /иметь квартиру/ отдельно от места службы; all her servants live out у нее вся прислуга приходящая; he lives next-door он живет рядом; he is living at home at present он сейчас живет дома; I expect to live here for two months я собираюсь прожить здесь два месяца3. III1) live so much time live fifty years (a short life, a long life, etc.) прожить пятьдесят лет и т. д.2) live a certain kind of life live a happy (good, bad, quiet, virtuous, etc.) life прожить счастливую и т. д. жизнь; live the life of a hermit жить отшельником; live an idle life вести праздную жизнь /праздный образ жизни/; live a double life веста двойную жизнь; жить двойной жизнью; live a saint жить как святой; live a bachelor жить холостяком, вести холостяцкую жизнь4. IVlive one's life at some place he lived most of his life abroad (at home, here, etc.) он провел большую часть жизни за границей и т. д.5. XIbe lived in the room doesn't seem to be lived in комната имеет нежилой вид; the house looks well lived in дом выглядит вполне обжитым6. XIIIlive to do smth. live to be eighty (to be old, to see the day, when..., to see one's grandchildren, etc.) дожить до восьмидесята лет и т. Л; he did not live to finish the work он не смог при жизни завершить эту работу; he did not live to see its success успех пришел уже после его смерти; you will live to repent it ты об этом еще пожалеешь7. XV|| live alone жить одиноко; he lives alone он живет один8. XVI1) live to a certain age live to a hundred (to a good old age, to a great ripe age, to the age of ninety-two, beyond seventy, etc.) дожить до ста лет и т. д., live through smth. live through two wars and three revolutions (through a political crisis, through financial difficulties, etc.) пережить две войны и три революции и т. д.; can he live through the night? переживет ли он эту ночь?; do you think I'll live through it, doctor? вы думаете, я выдержу /перенесу/ это, доктор?; live till some time live till May (till tomorrow, etc.) дожить до мая и т. д.; live in smth. no ship could live in such a rough sea ни один корабль не мог выдержать такого бурного моря не мог уцелеть в такой шторм/; live in smth. live in smb.'s memory жить в чьей-л. памяти, не быть забытым; the incident still lives in my memory я до сих пор ясно помню этот случай; his name (the speech, etc.) will live in history его имя и т. д. останется в истории2) live in some state live in poverty (in luxury, in peace with all the neighbours, in close friendship with smb., in retirement, in obscurity, in solitude, in sin, in hope, etc.) жить в бедности и т. д., live in [great /grand/] style жить на широкую ногу; live in a small way жить скромно; live in the shadow держаться в тени; live in one's trunks жить на колесах, переезжать с места на место; live in the present (in the past, in the future) жить настоящим ( прошлым, будущим); live on smth. live on one's pension (on one's income, on one's wife's income, on L 5 a month, on one's savings, etc.) жить /существовать/ на пенсию и т. д., schools which live on the fees of their students школы, которые существуют на средства, получаемые от платы за обучение; he has enough to live on он зарабатывает достаточно на жизнь, ему хватает на жизнь; how does he manage to live on that salary? как он умудряется прожить на такое жалованье?; live on rice (largely on fish, on fruit, on vegetables, on tea and soup, on bread and water, on a milk diet, etc.) питаться рисом и т. д., жить на рисе и т. д.; he is in the habit of living on plain food он привык к простой пище; live on air /on nothing/ жить неизвестно чем, питаться воздухом; live on one's past reputation (on one's name, on the memory of..., etc.) жить /существовать/ за счет былей репутации и т. д., live (up)on smb. live on his father (on one's relations, on a friend, upon woman, on its visitors, etc.) жить /существовать/ на средства своего отца и т. д.; he lives on his parents он сидит на шее у родителей; live out of smth. they live out of tins они питаются одними консервами, они живут на консервах; live out of suitcases веста кочевой образ жизни; live for smb., smth. live for others (for his work, for higher' aspirations, for one's fame, for one's pleasure, etc.) жить для /ради/ других и т.д.; she lives entirely for her children вся ее жизнь в детях; he lives for ballet он живет одним балетом; they live for /to/ no purpose они живут без всякой цели; he has nothing to live for у него нет цели в жизни, ему не для чего жить; this is an aim worth living for вот это цель, ради которой стоит жить; live by smth. live by one's hands (by toil, by the sweat of one's brow, by the /one's/ pen, by one's novels, by literature, etc.) зарабатывать себе на жизнь физическим трудом и т. д., live by brainwork зарабатывать на жизнь умственным трудом; live off smth. live off the country жить за счет страны; live within (above, beyond, to) smth., smb. live within (above /beyond/) one's means /income/ жить (не) по средствам; we are discovering more and more that the world is an interdependent world and that no country can live to itself мы все больше и больше убеждаемся, что в мире все взаимосвязано, и что ни одна страна не может жить сама по себе || live by /on/ one's wits а) изворачиваться; б) жить нечестным путем; live by oneself жить самостоятельно3) live In (on, at, etc.) some place live in France (in the capital, in London, in the country, at a small town, at a hotel, at No. 20, etc.) жить /проживать/ во Франции и т. д.; who lives in this house? кто живет в этом доме?; live at the seaside (at one's uncle, etc.) жить /проживать/ у моря и т. д., live in this street жить на этой улице; live upon a farm жить на ферме; live on the other side of the river жить по ту сторону реки; live across the street жить через улицу; live in the water (in a forest, in a cave, etc.) жить /обитать, водиться/ в воде и т.д., live near to (far from, etc.) smb., smth. who lives nearest to the school? кто живет ближе всех к школе?; live away from home жить не дома, жить отдельно; live apart from his wife жить отдельно от жены: live under the same roof жить под одной крышей (с кем-л.), live with (among, under) smb., smth. live with one's friends (with the Browns, with one's family, with relatives, etc.) жить у друзей и т.д., live among strangers жить среди чужих; live under an assumed name жить под вымышленным именем; we have to live with the situation приходится мириться с обстоятельствами; live at some time live in the9. XVII tth century (in the times of Queen Victoria, in our hectic age, etc.) жить в семнадцатом веке и т. д.10. XVIIlive by doing smth. live by writing (by teaching music, by swindling industry, etc.) жить /зарабатывать на жизнь/ литературным трудом и т. д.11. XIX1live like smb. live like a saint (like a brute, etc.) жить как святой и т. д.12. XXV11 you've never lived unless you've seen Paris тот ничего не видел в жизни, кто не бывал в Париже -
103 story
['stɔrɪ]n1) рассказ, повествованиеHe missed the point of the story. — До него не дошла сама суть/изюминка рассказа.
The story is full of humour. — Рассказ полон юмора.
The story gives a true picture of life. — Рассказ дает нам правдивую/реальную картину жизни.
- animal storiesIt follows from his story. — Это вытекает из его рассказа.
- historical story
- realistic stories
- witty story
- touching story
- swift-moving story
- legendary stories
- conflicting story
- day-to-day stories
- inside story
- cover story
- story in two chapters
- story in dialogue
- story on the subject
- contents of the story
- main idea of the story
- characters of the story
- main character of the story
- summary of the story
- point of the story
- message of the story
- at the beginning of the story
- begin the story with smth
- believe the story
- believe the story to be true
- break the story into parts
- change the story
- continues the story
- criticize the story
- cut the story
- develop the story
- draw out the story into three chapters
- end the story
- enjoy the story
- frame a story
- go on with the story
- make a story out of trivial events
- make a sweeping story
- place a story with a magazine
- recall the story
- bring one's story to 1941- think a story up- write a story
- story sounds strange
- story describes ancient times
- story lacks deep thought
- story will go down in history2) история, событие, предание, сказкаIt is a long story. — Это длинная история.
That's another story. — Это уже совсем другое дело.
The story is made up/is cooked up/is fabricated. — Эта история - сплошной вымысел.
The story remained untold. — Эта история так и не была поведана миру.
- strange story- unbiased story
- dirty story- involved story- spicy story
- funny story
- fairy story
- bedtime stories- story of the expedition- other side of the story
- challenge the story
- cook up a story
- credit the story
- doubt the story
- entertain children with stories
- get the whole story
- hush up the whole story
- invent up a story
- circulate scandalous stories
- tell stories
- tell smb the whole story of one's life
- so the story goes3) (газетный, печатный материал) репортаж, описание, сообщениеIt was the best story in yesterday's newspaper. — Это была лучшая статья во вчерашней газете.
The full story will be found on page five. — Полный отчет о событии напечатан на пятой странице.
The newspaper carried a detailed story of the fire. — Газета поместила подробное сообщение о пожаре.
- feature story- newspaper story
- lead story
- carry front-page stories
- keep a running story of the events
- make a good story out of this incident for the paper4) фабула, сюжетIt is not much of a story, but the acting is good. — Сюжет пьесы ничего собой не представляет, но артисты играют хорошо.
The story line centres on a well known event. — В центре сюжета лежит известное событие.
- film story- story line
- read the book only for the story•USAGE:(1.) Русское существительное история соответствует английскому существительному story 2. только в значении "событие, описание события/событий": it is a long story это длинная история; to remember the whole story вспомнить все обстоятельства этой истории; a detailed story of the expedition подробное описание/истори экспедиции. Русское существительное история в значении "случай, происшествие" часто передается в английском языке существительным thing: A very funny (strange, terrible) thing happened to me the other day. Со мной на днях произошел очень смешной (странный, ужасный) случай/смешная (странная, ужасная) история. Русское существительное "история" в значении "учебная дисциплина, наука, хроника событий" соответствует английскому существительному history: ancient (modern) history древняя (новая) история; to be interested in history интересоваться историей; to go down in history войти в историю; to teach history преподавать историю; a teacher of history учитель истории. Во всех этих случаях существительное history употребляется без артикля. Определенный артикль the употребляется в тех случаях, когда есть ограничивающее определение: the history of the 19th century история XIX века. (2.) See case, n (3.) See history, n -
104 Luso-Tropicalism
An anthropological and sociol ogical theory or complex of ideas allegedly showing a process of civilization relating to the significance of Portuguese activity in the tropics of Africa, Asia, and the Americas since 1415. As a theory and method of social science analysis, Luso-Tropicalism is a 20th-century phenomenon that has both academic and political (foreign and colonial policy) relevance. While the theory was based in part on French concepts of the "science of tropicology" in anthropology, it was Gilberto Freyre, an eminent Brazilian sociologist-anthropologist, who developed Luso-Tropicalism as an academic theory of the unique qualities of the Portuguese style of imperial activity in the tropics. In lectures, articles, and books during the period 1930-60, Freyre coined the term Luso-Tropicalism to describe Portuguese civilization in the tropics and to claim that the Portuguese, more than any other European colonizing people, successfully adapted their civilization to the tropics.From 1960 on, the academic theory was co-opted to lend credence to Portugal's colonial policy and determination to continue colonial rule in her large, remaining African empire. Freyre's Luso-Tropicalism theme was featured in the elaborate Fifth Centenary of the Death of Prince Henry the Navigator celebrations held in Lisbon in 1960 and in a massive series of publications produced in the 1960s to defend Portugal's policies in its empire, the first to be established and the last to decolonize in the Third World. Freyre's academic theory and his international prestige as a scholar who had put the sociology of Brazil on the world map were eagerly adopted and adapted by the Estado Novo. A major thesis of this interesting but somewhat disorganized mass of material was that the Portuguese were less racist and prejudiced toward the tropical peoples they encountered than were other Europeans.As African wars of insurgency began in Portugal's empire during 1961-64, and as the United Nations put pressures on Portugal, Luso-Tropicalism was tested and contested not only in academia and the press, but in international politics and diplomacy. Following the decolonization of Portugal's empire during 1974 and 1975 (although Macau remained the last colony to the late 1990s), debate over the notion of Luso-Tropicalism died down. With the onset of the 500-year anniversary celebrations of the Portuguese Age of Discoveries and Exploration, beginning in 1988, however, a whiff of the essence of Luso- Tropicalism reappeared in selected aspects of the commemorative literature. -
105 São Bento, Palace of
São Bento Palace in Estrela district of Lisbon in an earlier life was a convent (constructed 1598-1615). After 1834, Portugal's national legislature or Cortes was transferred to the old convent, which thereafter was adapted and renovated. In common usage, "São Bento" refers to the seat of national government, much the way "Whitehall" in London describes the location of the British government. In Portugal, however, São Bento houses not one but two branches of the national government: both the legislative branch and part of the executive. Since the foundation of the First Republic, then, São Bento has been the home of the legislature and of the residence and office of the prime minister (or president of the Council of Ministers).By the first decade of the 20th century, the legislative hall or chamber of São Bento was essentially the building of today. In a grand and imposing neoclassical style, the palace has housed all the legislative bodies whatever their names: in the constitutional monarchy, the House of Deputies and Peers; in the First Republic, the Senate and House of Deputies; in the Estado Novo dictatorship, the National Assembly and Corporate Chamber; in democratic (post-1974) Portugal, the Assembly of the Republic. While the building is largely pre-1910, the art and decorations are more recent. The halls, foyers, stairways, and chambers are decorated with murals, frescoes, and statuary, including the impressive oils of the 1920s in the murals by Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, which depict the pageant of Portugal's main legislators since 1821. Other art dates to the 1930s under the Estado Novo. Tellingly, the delegates' hall outside the main legislative chamber is known as the hall of "Wasted Time."Behind the legislative halls, in another part of São Bento, is situated residence and offices of the prime minister, the official home of all heads of government beginning in the First Republic. Until the late 1980s, too, São Bento housed the country's main national archives, the National Archive of Torre do Tombo. -
106 INTRODUCTION
For a small country perched on the edge of western Europe but with an early history that began more than 2,000 years ago, there is a vast bibliography extant in many languages. Since general reference works with bibliography on Portugal are few, both principal and minor works are included. In the first edition, works in English, and a variety of Portuguese language works that are counted as significant if not always classic, were included. In the second and third editions, more works in Portuguese are added.It is appropriate that most of the works cited in some sections of the bibliograpy are in English, but this pattern should be put in historical perspective. Since the late 1950s, the larger proportion of foreign-language works on Portugal and the Portuguese have been in English. But this was not the case before World War II. As a whole, there were more studies in French, with a smaller number in German, Italian, and Spanish, than in English. Most of the materials published today on all aspects of this topic continue to be in Portuguese, but English-language works have come to outnumber the other non-Portuguese language studies. In addition to books useful to a variety of students, a selection of classic works of use to the visitor, tourist, and foreign resident of Portugal, as well as to those interested in Portuguese communities overseas, have been included.Readers will note that publishers' names are omitted from some Portuguese citations as well as from a number of French works. There are several reasons for this. First, in many of the older sources, publishers no longer exist and are difficult to trace. Second, the names of the publishers have been changed in some cases and are also difficult to trace. Third, in many older books and periodicals, printers' names but not publishers were cited, and identifying the publishers is virtually impossible.Some recommended classic titles for beginners are in historical studies: José Hermano Saraiva, Portugal: A Companion History (1997); A. H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal (1976 ed.), general country studies in two different historical eras: Sarah Bradford, Portugal (1973) and Marion Kaplan, The Portuguese: The Land and Its People (2002 and later editions); political histories, Antônio de Figueiredo, Portugal: Fifty Years of Dictatorship (1975) and Douglas L. Wheeler, Republican Portugal: A Political History ( 1910-1926) (1978; 1998). On Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974 and contemporary history and politics: Kenneth Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (1995); Phil Mailer, The Impossible Revolution (1977); Richard A. H. Robinson, Contemporary Portugal: A History (1979); Lawrence S. Graham and Douglas L. Wheeler (eds.), In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences (1983); Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and its Antecedents (1979). On contemporary Portuguese society, see Antonio Costa Pinto (ed.), Contemporary Portugal: Politics, Society, Culture (2003).Enduring works on the history of Portugal's overseas empire include: C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825 (1969 and later editions); and Bailey W. Diffie and George Winius, The Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580 (1977); on Portugal and the Age of Discoveries: Charles Ley (ed.), Portuguese Voyages 1498-1663 (2003). For a new portrait of the country's most celebrated figure of the Age of Discoveries, see Peter Russell, Prince Henry 'The Navigator': A Life (2000). A still useful geographical study about a popular tourist region is Dan Stanislawski's Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve (1963). A fine introduction to a region of rural southern Portugal is José Cutileiro's A Portuguese Rural Society (1971).Early travel account classics are Almeida Garrett, Travels in My Homeland (1987) and William Beckford, Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcobaca and Batalha (1969 and later editions). On travel and living in Portugal, see Susan Lowndes Marques and Ann Bridge, The Selective Traveller in Portugal (1968 and later editions); David Wright and Patrick Swift, Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide (1968 and later editions); Sam Ballard and Jane Ballard, Pousadas of Portugal (1986); Richard Hewitt, A Cottage in Portugal (1996);Ian Robertson, Portugal: The Blue Guide (1988 and later editions); and Anne de Stoop, Living in Portugal (1995). Fine reads on some colorful, foreign travellers in Portugal are found in Rose Macauley, They Went to Portugal (1946 and later editions) and They Went to Portugal Too (1990). An attractive blend of historical musing and current Portugal is found in Paul Hyland's, Backing Out of the Big World: Voyage to Portugal (1996); Datus Proper's The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal (1992); and Portugal's 1998 Nobel Prize winner in Literature, José Sarmago, writes in Journey through Portugal (2001).For aspects of Portuguese literature in translation, see Aubrey F. G. Bell, The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse (1952 edition by B. Vidigal); José Maria Eça de Queirós, The Maias (2007 and earlier editions); and José Sara-mago's Baltasar and Blimunda (1985 and later editions), as well as many other novels by this, Portugal's most celebrated living novelist. See also Landeg White's recent translation of the national 16th century epic of Luis de Camóes, The Lusiads (1997). A classic portrait of the arts in Portugal during the country's imperial age is Robert C. Smith's The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800 (1968).For those who plan to conduct research in Portugal, the premier collection of printed books, periodicals, and manuscripts is housed in the country's national library, the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, in Lisbon. Other important collections are found in the libraries of the major universities in Coimbra, Lisbon, and Oporto, and in a number of foundations and societies. For the history of the former colonial empire, the best collection of printed materials remains in the library of Lisbon's historic Geography Society, the Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, Lisbon; and for documents there is the state-run colonial archives, the Arquivo Historico Ultramarino, in Restelo, near Lisbon. Other government records are deposited in official archives, such as those for foreign relations in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, housed in Necessidades Palace, Lisbon.For researchers in North America, the best collections of printed materials on Portugal are housed in the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.; New York Public Library, New York City; Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois; and in university libraries including those of Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, Brown, Indiana, Illinois, University of California at Los Angeles, University of California - Berkeley, University of California - Santa Barbara, Stanford, Florida State, Duke, University of New Hampshire, Durham, University of Toronto, University of Ottawa, McGill, and University of British Columbia. Records dealing with Portuguese affairs are found in U.S. government archives, including, for instance, those in the National Archives and Record Service (NARS), housed in Washington, D.C.BIBLIOGRAPHIES■ Academia Portuguesa de História. Guia Bibliográfica Histórica Portuguesa. Vol. I-?. Lisbon, 1954-.■ Anselmo, Antônio Joaquim. Bibliografia das bibliografias portuguesas. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional, 1923.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Portuguese Bibliography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.■ Borchardt, Paul. La Bibliographie de l'Angola, 1500-1900. Brussels, 1912. Chilcote, Ronald H., ed. and comp. The Portuguese Revolution of 25 April 1974. Annotated bibliography on the antecedents and aftermath. Coimbra: Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril, Universidade de Coimbra, 1987. Cintra, Maria Adelaide Valle. Bibliografia de textos medievais portugueses. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filolôgicos, 1960.■ Costa, Mário. Bibliografia Geral de Moçambique. Lisbon, 1945. Coutinho, Bernardo Xavier da Costa. Bibliographie franco-portugaise: Essai d'une bibliographie chronologique de livres français sur le Portugal. Oporto: Lopes da Silva, 1939.■ Diffie, Bailey W. "A Bibliography of the Principal Published Guides to Portuguese Archives and Libraries," Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Luso-Brazilian Studies. Nashville, Tenn., 1953. Gallagher, Tom. Dictatorial Portugal, 1926-1974: A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1979.■ Gibson, Mary Jane. Portuguese Africa: A Guide to Official Publications. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1967. Greenlee, William B. "A Descriptive Bibliography of the History of Portugal." Hispanic American Historical Review XX (August 1940): 491-516. Gulbenkian, Fundação Calouste. Boletim Internacional de Bibliografia Luso-Brasileira. Vol. 1-15. Lisbon, 1960-74.■ Instituto Camoes. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade De Coimbra. Repertorio Bibliografico da Historiografia Portuguesa ( 1974-1994). Coimbra:■ Instituto Camoes; Universidade de Coimbra, 1995. Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar. Bibliografia Da Junta De Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar Sobre Ciências Humanas E Sociais. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações Científicas Do Ultramar, 1975. Kettenring, Norman E., comp. A Bibliography of Theses and Dissertations on Portuguese Topics Completed in the United States and Canada, 1861-1983.■ Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1984. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Laidlar, John. Lisbon. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 199. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1997.. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71, rev. ed. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2000.■ Lomax, William. Revolution in Portugal: 1974-1976. A Bibliography. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1978.■ McCarthy, Joseph M. Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands: A Comprehensive Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1977.■ Moniz, Miguel. Azores. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 221. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 1999.■ Nunes, José Lúcio, and José Júlio Gonçalves. Bibliografia Histórico-Militar do Ultramar Portugües. Lisbon, 1956. Pélissier, René. Bibliographies sur l'Afrique Luso-Hispanophone 1800-1890.■ Orgeval, France: 1980. Portuguese Studies. London. 1984-. Annual.■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. No. 1-23 (1976-90). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semiannual.■ Portuguese Studies Review. Vols. 1-9 (1991-2001). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal. Semi-Annual.. Vols. 10- (2002-). Durham, N.H.: Trent University; Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.■ Rocha, Natércia. Bibliografia geral da Literatura Portuguesa para Crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.■ Rogers, Francis Millet, and David T. Haberly. Brazil, Portugal and Other Portuguese-Speaking Lands: A List of Books Primarily in English. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968.■ Santos, Manuel dos. Bibliografia geral ou descrição bibliográfica de livros tantos de autores portugueses como brasileiros e muitos outras nacionalidades, impressos desde o século XV até à actualidade, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1914-25.■ Silva, J. Donald. A Bibliography on the Madeira Islands. Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1987.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and G. Lavigne. Os portugueses no Canadá: Uma bibliografia ( 1953-1996). Lisbon: Direção-Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e Comunidades Portuguesas, 1998.■ University of Coimbra, Faculty of Letters. Bibliografia Anual de História de Portugal. Vol. 1. [sources published beginning in 1989- ] Coimbra: Grupo de História; Faculdade de Letras; Universidade de Coimbra, 1992-.■ Unwin, P. T. H., comp. Portugal. World Bibliographical Series, Vol. 71. Oxford, U.K.: ABC-Clio Press, 1987.■ Viera, David J., et al., comp. The Portuguese in the United States ( Supplement to the 1976 Leo Pap Bibliography). Durham, N.H.: International Conference Group on Portugal, 1990.■ Welsh, Doris Varner, comp. A Catalogue of the William B. Greenlee Collection of Portuguese History and Literature and the Portuguese Materials in the Newberry Library. Chicago: Newberry Library, 1953.■ Wiarda, Iêda Siqueira, ed. The Handbook of Portuguese Studies. Washington, D.C.: Xlibris, 2000.■ Wilgus, A. Curtis. Latin America, Spain & Portugal: A Selected & Annotated Bibliographical Guide to Books Published 1954-1974. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1977.■ Winius, George. "Bibliographical Essay: A Treasury of Printed Source Materials Pertaining to the XV and XVI Centuries." In George Winius, ed., Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World, 1300-ca. 1600, 373-401. Madison, Wis.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.■ PERIODICALS RELATING TO PORTUGAL■ Africana. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Africa Report. New York. Monthly or bimonthly.■ Africa Today. Denver, Colo. Quarterly.■ Agenda Cultural. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Almanaque do Exército. Lisbon, 1912-40.■ American Historical Review. Washington, D.C. Quarterly.■ Anais da Académia Portuguesa da História. Lisbon.■ Anais das Bibliotecas e Arquivos. Lisbon. Annual.■ Análise do sector público administrativo e empresarial. Lisbon. Quarterly. Análise Social. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Anglo-Portuguese News. Monte Estoril and Lisbon. 1937-2003. Biweekly and weekly.■ Antropológicas. Oporto. 1998-. Semiannual. Anuário Católico de Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.■ Archipélago. Revista do Instituto Universitário dos Açores. Punta Delgado. Semiannual. Architectural Digest. New York. Monthly. Archivum. Paris. Quarterly. Arqueologia. Oporto. Annual.■ Arqueólogo Portugües, O. Lisbon. 1958-. Semiannual Arquivo das Colónias. Lisbon. 1917-33. Arquivo de Beja. Beja. Annual. Arquivo Histórico Portuguez. Lisbon.■ Arquivos da Memória. Lisbon. 1997-. Semiannual.■ Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües [Fundação Gulbenkian, Paris]. Paris. Annual.■ Boletim da Academia Internacional da Cultura Portuguesa. Lisbon. Boletim da Agência Geral das Colónias. Lisbon.■ Boletim da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon Quarterly; Bimonthly.■ Boletim da Sociedade Geológica de Portugal. Oporto. Annual.■ Boletim de Estudos Operários. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Boletim do Arquivo Histórico Militar. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira, Azores Islands. Semiannual. Boletim Geral do Ultramar. Lisbon. Bracara Augusta. Braga. Brigantia. Lisbon. 1990-. Semiannual.■ British Bulletin of Publications on Latin America... Portugal and Spain. London. 1949-. Semiannual. British Historical Society of Portugal. Annual Report and Review. Lisbon. Brotéria. Lisbon. Quarterly. Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises. Paris. Quarterly.■ Bulletin des Etudes Portugaises et de l'Institut Français au Portugal. Lisbon. Annual.■ Cadernos de Arqueologia. Braga. Semiannual and annual. Monographs.■ Cadernos do Noroeste. Braga, University of Minho. Semiannual.■ Camões Center Quarterly. New York.■ Capital, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Clio. Lisbon. 1996-. Annual.■ Clio-Arqueologia. Lisbon. 1983-. Annual.■ Conimbriga. Coimbra.■ Cultura. London. Quarterly.■ Democracia e Liberdade. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Dia, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Diário da Assembleia Nacional e Constituente. Lisbon. 1911.■ Diário da Câmara de Deputados. Lisbon. 1911-26.■ Diário de Lisboa. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Diário de Notícias. Lisbon. Daily newspaper of record.■ Diário do Governo. Lisbon. 1910-74.■ Diário do Senado. Lisbon. 1911-26.■ Documentos. Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril. Coimbra. Quarterly.■ E-Journal of Portuguese History. Providence, R.I. Quarterly.■ Economia. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Economia e Finanças. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Economia e Sociologia. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Estratégia Internacional. Lisbon.■ Estudos Contemporâneos. Lisbon.■ Estudos de economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Estudos históricos e económicos. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Estudos Medievais. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Estudos Orientais. Lisbon, 1990. Semiannual.■ Ethnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Ethnologie Française. Paris. Quarterly.■ Ethnos. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ European History Quarterly. Lancaster, U.K., 1970-. Quarterly.■ Expresso. Lisbon. 1973-. Weekly newspaper.■ Facts and Reports. Amsterdam. Collected press clippings.■ Financial Times. London. Daily; special supplements on Portugal.■ Finisterra. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Flama. Lisbon. Monthly magazine.■ Garcia de Orta. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Gaya. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Geographica: Revista da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Hispania. USA. Quarterly.■ Hispania Antiqua. Madrid. Semiannual.■ Hispanic American Historical Review. Chapel Hill, N.C. Quarterly. História. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Iberian Studies. Nottingham, U.K. Quarterly or Semiannual.■ Indicadores económicos. Lisbon. Bank of Portugal. Monthly. Ingenium. Revista da Ordem dos Engenheiros. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ International Journal of Iberian Studies. London and Glasgow, 1987-. Semiannual.■ Illustração Portugueza. Lisbon. 1911-1930s. Magazine. Instituto, O. Coimbra. Annual.■ Itinerário. Leiden (Netherlands). 1976-. Semiannual. Jornal, O. Lisbon. Weekly newspaper. Jornal de Letras, O. Lisbon. Weekly culture supplement. Jornal do Fundão. Fundão, Beira Alta. Weekly newspaper. Journal of European Economic History. Quarterly.■ Journal of Modern History. Chicago, Ill. Quarterly.■ Journal of Southern European Society & Politics. Athens, Greece. 1995-. Quarterly.■ Journal of the American Portuguese Culture Society. New York. 1966-81. Semiannual or annual. Ler História. Lisbon. Quarterly. Lisboa: Revista Municipal. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Lusíada: Revista trimestral de ciência e cultura. Lisbon. 1989-. Three times a year.■ Lusitania Sacra. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Luso-Americano, O. Newark, N.J. Weekly newspaper.■ Luso-Brazilian Review. Madison, Wisc. 1964-. Semiannual.■ Lusotopie. Paris. 1995-. Annual.■ Nova economia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Numismática. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Oceanos. Lisbon. Bimonthly.■ Ocidente. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Olisipo. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Ordem do Exército. Lisbon. 1926-74. Monthly.■ Penélope. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Política Internacional. Lisbon. 1990-. Quarterly.■ Portugal. Annuário Estatístico do Ultramar. Lisbon. 1950-74.■ Portugal em Africa. Lisbon. 1894-1910. Bimonthly.■ Portugal socialista. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Portugália. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Portuguese & Colonial Bulletin. London. 1961-74. Quarterly. Portuguese Studies. London. 1985-. Annual.■ Portuguese Studies Newsletter. Durham, N.H. 1976-90. Semiannual.■ Portuguese Studies Review. Durham, N.H. 1991-2001; Trent, Ont. 2002-. Semiannual.■ Portuguese Times. New Bedford, Mass. Weekly newspaper.■ Povo Livre. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Primeiro do Janeiro. Oporto. Daily newspaper.■ Quaderni Portoghesi. Rome. 1974-. Semiannual.■ Race. A Journal of Race and Group Relations. London. Quarterly.■ Recherches en Anthropologie au Portugal. Paris. 1995-. Annual.■ República, A. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais. Coimbra. Quarterly.■ Revista da Biblioteca Nacional. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lisboa. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Lisbon. Quarterly. Revista da Faculdade de Letras. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra. Coimbra. Quarterly. Revista de Ciência Política. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Ciências Agrárias. Lisbon. Semiannual. Revista de Economia. Lisbon. 1953-. Three times a year. Revista de Estudos Anglo-Portugueses. Lisbon. Annual. Revista de Estudos Históricos. Rio de Janeiro. Semiannual. Revista de Guimarães. Guimarães. Semiannual. Revista de História. São Paulo, Brazil. Semiannual. Revista de História Económica e Social. Oporto. Semiannual. Revista de Infanteria. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Revista Lusitana. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista Militar. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Revista Portuguesa de História. Coimbra. Quarterly.■ Revue Geographique des Pyrenees et du Sud-Ouest. Paris. Semiannual.■ Sábado. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.■ Seara Nova. Lisbon. 1921-. Bimonthly.■ Século, O. Lisbon. Daily Newspaper.■ Selecções do Readers Digest. Lisbon. Monthly.■ Semanário económico. Lisbon. Weekly.■ Setúbal arqueologica. Setúbal. Semiannual.■ Sigila. Paris. 1998-. Semiannual.■ Sintria. Sintra. Annual.■ Sociedade e Território. Revista de estudos urbanos e regionais. Oporto. 1986-. Quarterly.■ Studia. Lisbon. Quarterly.■ Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes. New York. Quarterly.■ Studium Generale. Oporto. Quarterly.■ Tempo, O. Lisbon. Daily newspaper.■ Tempo e o Modo, O. Lisbon. 1968-74. Quarterly.■ Trabalhos da Sociedade Portuguesa de Antropologia. Oporto. Semiannual.■ Trabalhos de Antropologia E Etnologia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Trabalhos de Arqueologia. Lisbon. Annual.■ Translation. New York. Quarterly.■ Ultramar. Lisbon. 1960-71. Quarterly.■ Veja. São Paulo. Weekly news magazine.■ Veleia. Lisbon. Semiannual.■ Vida Mundial. Lisbon. Weekly news magazine.■ West European Politics. London. Quarterly. -
107 go
go ⇒ Usage note: go1 (move, travel) aller (from de ; to à, en) ; to go to London/Paris aller à Londres/Paris ; to go to Wales/to Ireland/to California aller au Pays de Galles/en Irlande/en Californie ; to go to town/to the country aller en ville/à la campagne ; they went home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; she's gone to Paris elle est allée à Paris ; to go up/down/across monter/descendre/traverser ; I went into the room je suis entré dans la pièce ; to go by bus/train/plane voyager en bus/train/avion ; we went there by bus nous y sommes allés en bus ; to go by ou past [person, vehicle] passer ; that car's going very fast! cette voiture roule très vite! ; there he goes again! ( that's him again) le revoilà! ; fig ( he's starting again) le voilà qui recommence!, c'est reparti! ; who goes there? Mil qui va là? ; where do we go from here? fig et maintenant qu'est-ce qu'on fait? ;2 (on specific errand, activity) aller ; to go shopping aller faire des courses ; to go swimming (in sea, river) aller se baigner ; ( in pool) aller à la piscine ; to go for a walk aller se promener ; to go on a journey/on holiday partir en voyage/en vacances ; to go for a drink aller prendre un verre ; he's gone to get some wine il est allé chercher du vin ; go and answer the phone va répondre au téléphone ; go and tell them that… va leur dire que… ; go after him! poursuivez-le! ;3 ( attend) aller ; to go to school/ church aller à l'école/l'église ; to go to work aller or se rendre au travail ; to go to the doctor's/dentist's aller chez le médecin/dentiste ;4 ( used as auxiliary with present participle) she went running up the stairs elle a monté l'escalier en courant ; she went complaining to the principal elle est allée se plaindre au directeur ;5 ( depart) partir ; I must go, I must be going il faut que je parte or que je m'en aille ; the train goes at six o'clock le train part à six heures ; a train goes every hour il y a un train toutes les heures ; to go on holiday partir en vacances ; be gone! va-t'en!, allez-vous en! ;6 euph ( die) mourir, disparaître ; when I am gone quand je ne serai plus là ; the doctors say she could go at any time d'après les médecins elle risque de mourir d'un instant à l'autre ;7 ( disappear) partir ; half the money goes on school fees la moitié de l'argent part en frais de scolarité ; the money/cake has all gone il ne reste plus d'argent/de gâteau ; I left my bike outside and now it's gone j'ai laissé mon vélo dehors et il n'est plus là or il a disparu ; there goes my chance of winning! c'en est fait de mes chances de gagner! ;8 (be sent, transmitted) it can't go by post on ne peut pas l'envoyer par la poste ; these proposals will go before parliament ces propositions seront soumises au parlement ;9 ( become) to go red rougir ; to go white blanchir ; his hair ou he is going grey il commençe à avoir les cheveux blancs ; to go mad devenir fou/folle ; to go bankrupt faire faillite ;10 ( change over to new system) to go Labour/Conservative Pol [country, constituency] voter travailliste/conservateur ; to go metric adopter le système métrique ; ⇒ private, public ;11 (be, remain) the people went hungry les gens n'avaient rien à manger ; we went for two days without food nous avons passé deux jours sans rien manger ; to go unnoticed passer inaperçu ; to go unpunished rester impuni ; the question went unanswered la question est restée sans réponse ; to go naked se promener tout nu ; he was allowed to go free il a été libéré or remis en liberté ;12 (weaken, become impaired) his memory/mind is going il perd la mémoire/l'esprit ; his hearing is going il devient sourd ; my voice is going je n'ai plus de voix ; the battery is going la batterie est presque à plat ; the engine is going le moteur a des ratés ;13 ( of time) ( elapse) s'écouler ; three hours went by before… trois heures se sont écoulées avant que… (+ subj) ; there are only three days to go before Christmas il ne reste plus que trois jours avant Noël ; how's the time going? quelle heure est-il? ; it's just gone seven o'clock il est un peu plus de sept heures ;14 ( be got rid of) he's totally inefficient, he'll have to go! il est complètement incapable, il va falloir qu'on se débarrasse de lui! ; that new lampshade is hideous, it'll have to go! ce nouvel abat-jour est affreux, il va falloir qu'on s'en débarrasse! ; the car will have to go il va falloir vendre la voiture ; either she goes or I do! c'est elle ou moi! ; six down and four to go! six de faits, et encore quatre à faire! ;15 (operate, function) [vehicle, machine, clock] marcher, fonctionner ; to set [sth] going mettre [qch] en marche ; to get going [engine, machine] se mettre en marche ; fig [business] démarrer ; to get the fire going allumer le feu ; to keep going [person, business, machine] tenir le coup ○, se maintenir ; we have several projects going at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets en route en ce moment ; ⇒ keep ;16 ( start) let's get going! allons-y!, allez, on commençe! ; we'll have to get going on that translation il va falloir qu'on se mette à faire cette traduction ; to get things going mettre les choses en train ; ready, steady, go! à vos marques, prêts, partez! ; here goes!, here we go! c'est parti! ; once he gets going, he never stops une fois lancé, il n'arrête pas ;17 ( lead) aller, conduire, mener (to à) ; that corridor goes to the kitchen le couloir va or conduit à la cuisine ; the road goes down to the sea/goes up the mountain la route descend vers la mer/monte au sommet de la montagne ; this road goes past the cemetery ce chemin passe à côté du cimetière ;18 ( extend in depth or scope) the roots of the plant go very deep les racines de la plante s'enfoncent très profondément ; the historical reasons for this conflict go very deep les raisons historiques de ce conflit remontent très loin ; these habits go very deep ces habitudes sont profondément ancrées or enracinées ; as far as that goes pour ce qui est de cela ; it's true as far as it goes c'est vrai dans un sens or dans une certaine mesure ; she'll go far! elle ira loin! ; this time he's gone too far! cette fois il est allé trop loin! ; a hundred pounds doesn't go far these days on ne va pas loin avec cent livres sterling de nos jours ; one leg of lamb doesn't go very far among twelve people un gigot d'agneau n'est pas suffisant pour douze personnes ; this goes a long way towards explaining his attitude ceci explique en grande partie son attitude ; you can make £5 go a long way on peut faire beaucoup de choses avec 5 livres sterling ;19 (belong, be placed) aller ; where do these plates go? où vont ces assiettes? ; that table goes beside the bed cette table va à côté du lit ; the suitcases will have to go in the back il va falloir mettre les valises derrière ;20 ( fit) gen rentrer ; it won't go into the box ça ne rentre pas dans la boîte ; five into four won't go quatre n'est pas divisible par cinq ; three into six goes twice six divisé par trois, ça fait deux ;21 (be expressed, sung etc in particular way) I can't remember how the poem goes je n'arrive pas à me rappeler le poème ; how does the song go? quel est l'air de la chanson? ; the song goes something like this la chanson ressemble à peu près à ça ; as the saying goes comme dit le proverbe ; the story goes that le bruit court que, on dit que ; her theory goes something like this… sa théorie consiste à peu près à dire que… ;22 ( be accepted) what he says goes c'est lui qui fait la loi ; it goes without saying that il va sans dire que ; that goes without saying cela va sans dire ; anything goes tout est permis ;23 ( be about to) to be going to do aller faire ; it's going to snow il va neiger ; I was just going to phone you j'étais justement sur le point de t'appeler, j'allais justement t'appeler ; I'm going to phone him right now je vais l'appeler tout de suite ; I'm not going to be treated like that! je ne vais pas me laisser faire comme ça! ; we were going to go to Italy, but we changed our plans nous devions aller en Italie, mais nous avons changé d'idée ;24 ( happen) the party went very well la soirée s'est très bien passée ; so far the campaign is going well jusqu'à maintenant la campagne a bien marché ; how did the evening go? comment s'est passée la soirée? ; the way things are going, I don't think we'll ever get finished vu la façon dont les choses se passent or si ça continue comme ça, je pense qu'on n'aura jamais fini ; how's it going ○ ?, how are things going? comment ça va ○ ? ; how goes it? hum comment ça va ○ ?, comment va ◑ ? ;25 ( be on average) it's old, as Australian towns go c'est une ville assez vieille pour une ville australienne ; it wasn't a bad party, as parties go c'était une soirée plutôt réussie par rapport à la moyenne ;26 ( be sold) the house went for over £100,000 la maison a été vendue à plus de 100 000 livres ; we won't let the house go for less than £100,000 nous ne voulons pas vendre la maison à moins de 100 000 livres ; those rugs are going cheap ces tapis ne sont pas chers ; the house will go to the highest bidder la maison sera vendue au plus offrant ; ‘going, going, gone!’ ( at auction) ‘une fois, deux fois, trois fois, adjugé!’ ;27 ( be on offer) I'll have some coffee, if there's any going je prendrai bien un café, s'il y en a ; are there any drinks going? est-ce qu'il y a quelque chose à boire? ; I'll have whatever's going je prendrai ce qu'il y a ; it's the best machine going c'est la meilleure machine sur le marché ; there's a job going at their London office il y a un poste libre dans leur bureau de Londres ;28 ( contribute) the money will go towards a new roof l'argent servira à payer un nouveau toit ; the elements that go to make a great film les éléments qui font un bon film ; everything that goes to make a good teacher toutes les qualités d'un bon enseignant ;29 ( be given) [award, prize] aller (to à) ; [estate, inheritance, title] passer (to à) ; the money will go to charity les bénéfices iront aux bonnes œuvres ; most of the credit should go to the author la plus grande partie du mérite revient à l'auteur ; the job went to a local man le poste a été donné à un homme de la région ;30 ( emphatic use) she's gone and told everybody! elle est allée le dire à tout le monde! ; why did he go and spoil it? pourquoi est-il allé tout gâcher ? ; you've gone and ruined everything! tu t'es débrouillé pour tout gâcher! ; he went and won the competition! il s'est débrouillé pour gagner le concours! ; you've really gone and done it now! tu peux être fier de toi! iron ; then he had to go and lose his wallet comme s'il ne manquait plus que ça, il a perdu son portefeuille ;31 ( of money) (be spent, used up) all his money goes on drink tout son argent passe dans l'alcool ; most of his salary goes on rent la plus grande partie de son salaire passe dans le loyer ; I don't know where all my money goes (to)! je ne sais pas ce que je fais de mon argent! ;32 (make sound, perform action or movement) gen faire ; [bell, alarm] sonner ; the cat went ‘miaow’ le chat a fait ‘miaou’ ; wait until the bell goes attends que la cloche sonne ( subj) ; she went like this with her fingers elle a fait comme ça avec ses doigts ; so he goes ‘what about my money ○ ?’ et puis il dit or il fait, ‘et mon argent?’ ;33 (resort to, have recourse to) to go to war [country] entrer en guerre ; [soldier] partir à la guerre ; to go to law GB ou to the law US aller en justice ;34 (break, collapse etc) [roof] s'effondrer ; [cable, rope] se rompre, céder ; ( fuse) [light bulb] griller ;35 (bid, bet) aller ; I'll go as high as £100 j'irai jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ; I went up to £100 je suis allé jusqu'à 100 livres sterling ;36 ( take one's turn) you go next c'est ton tour après, c'est à toi après ; you go first après vous ;37 ( be in harmony) those two colours don't go together ces deux couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ; the curtains don't go with the carpet les rideaux ne vont pas avec le tapis ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;38 ○ euph ( relieve oneself) aller aux toilettes ;1 ( travel) we had gone ten miles before we realized that… nous avions déjà fait dix kilomètres quand nous nous sommes rendu compte que… ; are you going my way? tu vas dans la même direction que moi? ; to go one's own way fig suivre son chemin ;2 ○ (bet, bid) I go two diamonds ( in cards) j'annonce deux carreaux ; he went £20 il a mis or parié 20 livres sterling.1 GB ( person's turn) tour m ; ( try) essai m ; it's your go ( in game) c'est ton tour, c'est à toi ; whose go is it? gen à qui le tour? ; ( in game) à qui de jouer? ; you've had two goes ( in game) tu as eu deux tours ; ( two attempts at mending sth) tu as déjà essayé deux fois ; to have a go at sth essayer de faire qch ; have another go! essaie encore une fois or un coup! ; she had several goes at the exam elle a repassé l'examen plusieurs fois ; I had to have several goes before passing j'ai dû m'y reprendre à plusieurs fois avant de réussir ;2 ○ ( energy) dynamisme m ; to be full of go, to be all go être très dynamique, avoir beaucoup d'allant ; he has no go in him il manque de dynamisme ;to have a go at sb s'en prendre à qn ; to make a go of sth réussir qch ; she's always on the go elle n'arrête jamais ; he's all go ○ ! il n'arrête pas! ; it's all the go ○ ! ça fait fureur! ; we have several different projects on the go at the moment nous avons plusieurs projets différents en chantier or en cours en ce moment ; (it's) no go! pas question! ; from the word go dès le départ ; that was a near go ○ ! on l'a échappé belle! ; in one go d'un seul coup ; to go one better than sb renchérir sur qn ; that's how it goes!, that's the way it goes! ainsi va le monde!, c'est la vie! ; there you go ○ ! voilà!■ go about:▶ go about1 = go around ;2 Naut virer de bord ; prepare to go about! parer à virer! ;▶ go about [sth]1 ( undertake) s'attaquer à [task] ; how do you go about writing a novel? comment est-ce que vous vous y prenez pour écrire un roman? ; he knows how to go about it il sait s'y prendre ;2 ( be busy with) to go about one's business vaquer à ses occupations ; she went about her work mechanically elle faisait son travail machinalement.■ go across:▶ go across traverser ; he's gone across to the shop/neighbour's il est allé au magasin en face/chez les voisins en face ;▶ go across [sth] traverser [street, river, bridge etc].■ go after:▶ go after [sth/sb]1 ( chase) poursuivre [person] ;2 fig ( try hard to get) he really went after that job il a fait tout son possible pour avoir ce travail.■ go against:▶ go against [sb/sth]1 ( prove unfavourable to) the vote/verdict/decision went against them le vote/le verdict/la décision leur a été défavorable or n'a pas été en leur faveur ; the war is going against them la guerre tourne à leur désavantage ;2 ( conflict with) être contraire à [rules, principles] ; to go against the trend aller à l'encontre de or être contraire à la tendance ; to go against the party line Pol ne pas être dans la ligne du parti ;3 (resist, oppose) s'opposer à, aller à l'inverse de [person, sb's wishes].■ go ahead1 ( go in front) go ahead, I'll follow you on partez devant, je vous suis ;2 fig ( proceed) go! ( in conversation) continue! ; go ahead and shoot! vas-y, tire! ; they are going ahead with the project ils ont décidé de mettre le projet en route ; we can go ahead without them nous pouvons continuer sans eux ; next week's strike is to go ahead la grève de la semaine prochaine va avoir lieu.■ go along1 ( move along) [person, vehicle] aller, avancer ; to make sth up as one goes along fig inventer qch au fur et à mesure ;2 ( attend) aller ; she went along as a witch elle y est allée déguisée en sorcière ; I went along as a witness j'y suis allé or je me suis présenté comme témoin.▶ go along with [sb/sth] être d'accord avec, accepter [plans, wishes] ; I can't go along with that je ne peux pas accepter ça ; I'll go along with you there je suis d'accord avec vous sur ce point.■ go around:1 (move, travel about) se promener, circuler ; to go around naked/barefoot se promener tout nu/pieds nus ; she goes around on a bicycle elle circule à bicyclette ; they go around everywhere together ils vont partout ensemble ;2 ( circulate) [rumour] courir ; there's a rumour going around that le bruit court que ; there's a virus going around il y a un virus qui traîne ; there isn't enough money to go around il n'y a pas assez d'argent pour tout le monde ;▶ go around [sth] faire le tour de [house, shops, area] ; to go around the world faire le tour du monde ; they went around the country looking for him ils l'ont cherché dans tout le pays.■ go at:▶ go at [sb] ( attack) attaquer, tomber sur ;▶ go at [sth] s'attaquer à, s'atteler à [task, activity].■ go away [person] partir ; to go away on holiday GB ou vacation US partir en vacances ; go away and leave me alone! va-t-en et laisse-moi tranquille! ; go away and think about it réfléchissez-y ; don't go away thinking that ne va pas croire que ; this cold/headache just won't go away! je n'arrive pas à me débarrasser de ce rhume/mal de tête! ; the problems aren't just going to go away! les problèmes ne vont pas disparaître tout seuls!■ go back1 ( return) retourner ; ( turn back) rebrousser chemin, faire demi-tour ; ( resume work) reprendre le travail ; (resume classes, studies) reprendre les cours ; as it was raining, they decided to go back comme il pleuvait, ils ont décidé de faire demi-tour or de rebrousser chemin ; they went back home ils sont rentrés chez eux ; let's go back to France rentrons en France ; to go back to the beginning recommencer ; to go back to sleep se rendormir ; to go back to work/writing se remettre au travail/à écrire ; go back! the path isn't safe reculez! le chemin est dangereux ; once you've committed yourself, there's no going back une fois que vous vous êtes engagé, vous ne pouvez plus reculer ;2 ( in time) remonter ; to go back in time remonter dans le temps ; to understand the problem we need to go back 20 years pour comprendre le problème il faut remonter 20 ans en arrière ; this tradition goes back a century cette tradition est vieille d'un siècle ; we go back a long way ça fait longtemps qu'on se connaît ;3 ( revert) revenir (to à) ; to go back to teaching revenir à l'enseignement ; to go back to being a student reprendre des études ; let's go back to what we were discussing yesterday revenons à ce que dont nous parlions hier.■ go back on:▶ go back on [sth] revenir sur [promise, decision].■ go before:▶ go before ( go in front) aller au devant ; fig ( in time) se passer avant ; all that had gone before tout ce qui s'était passé avant ;▶ go before [sb/sth] [person] comparaître devant [court, judge] ; the bill went before parliament le projet de loi a été soumis au parlement.■ go by:▶ go by [person] passer ; [time] passer, s'écouler ; as time goes by avec le temps ; don't let such opportunities go by il ne faut pas laisser passer de telles occasions ;▶ go by [sth]1 ( judge by) juger d'après ; to go by appearances juger d'après or sur les apparences ; going by her looks, I'd say she was about 30 à la voir, je lui donne 30 ans ; you mustn't go by what you read in the papers il ne faut pas croire tout ce que disent les journaux ; if the trailer is anything to go by, it should be a good film à en juger par la bande-annonce, ça doit être un bon film ; if the father is anything to go by, I wouldn't like to meet the son! quand on voit le père, on n'a pas envie de rencontrer le fils! ;2 ( proceed by) to go by the rules suivre or observer le règlement ; promotion goes by seniority la promotion se fait à l'ancienneté or en fonction de l'ancienneté.■ go down:▶ go down1 ( descend) gen descendre ; [diver] effectuer une plongée ; to go down to the cellar descendre à la cave ; to go down to the beach aller à la plage ; to go down to the pub aller au pub ; they've gone down to Brighton for a few days ils sont allés passer quelques jours à Brighton ; ‘going down!’ ( in elevator) ‘on descend!’ ; to go down on one's knees se mettre à genoux ;2 ( fall) [person, aircraft] tomber ; ( sink) [ship] couler, sombrer ; [person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ; most of the passengers went down with the ship la plupart des passagers ont coulé avec le navire ; the plane went down in flames l'avion s'est écrasé en flammes ; the plane went down over Normandy/the Channel l'avion s'est écrasé en Normandie/est tombé dans la Manche ; to go down for the third time [drowning person] disparaître sous les flots et se noyer ;3 [sun] se coucher ;4 ( be received) to go down well/badly être bien/mal reçu ; this remark didn't go down at all well cette remarque n'a pas été appréciée du tout ; his jokes went down well/didn't go down well with the audience le public a apprécié/n'a pas beaucoup apprécié ses plaisanteries ; another cup of coffee would go down nicely! une autre tasse de café serait la bienvenue! ;5 ( be swallowed) it went down the wrong way c'est passé de travers ;6 ( become lower) [water level, temperature] baisser ; [tide] descendre ; [price, standard] baisser ; ( abate) [storm, wind] se calmer ; [fire] s'éteindre ; the river has/the floods have gone down le niveau de la rivière/des inondations a baissé ; foodstuffs are going down (in price) les produits alimentaires deviennent moins chers ;8 GB Univ ( break up for holiday) terminer les cours ; ( leave university permanently) quitter l'université ; when do you go down? quand est-ce que vous êtes en vacances? ;9 gen, Sport (fail, be defeated) perdre ; ( be downgraded) redescendre ; Corby went down 6-1 to Oxford Corby a perdu 6-1 contre Oxford ; the team has gone down to the second division l'équipe est redescendue en deuxième division ;10 ( be remembered) he will go down as a great statesman on se souviendra de lui comme d'un grand homme d'État ;11 ( be recorded) être noté ; it all goes down in her diary elle note tout dans son journal ;12 ( continue) the book goes down to 1939 le livre va jusqu'en 1939 ; if you go down to the second last line you will see that si vous regardez à l'avant-dernière ligne, vous verrez que ;13 ( be stricken) to go down with flu/malaria attraper la grippe/la malaria ;14 ○ GB ( be sent to prison) être envoyé en prison ;15 Comput [computer, system] tomber en panne ;▶ go down [sth]■ go down on:▶ go down on [sth] ( set) [sun] se coucher sur ; when the sun went down on the Roman Empire fig quand l'empire romain commençait à décliner ;■ go for:▶ go for [sb/sth]1 ○ (favour, have liking for) craquer ○ pour [person, physical type] ; aimer [style of music, literature etc] ; he really goes for blondes il craque ○ pour or il adore les blondes ; I don't go much for modern art je ne suis pas emballé ○ par l'art moderne, je n'aime pas tellement l'art moderne ;2 ( apply to) être valable pour, s'appliquer à ; that goes for all of you! c'est valable pour tout le monde! ; the same goes for him c'est valable pour lui aussi!, ça s'applique à lui aussi! ;▶ go for [sb]1 ( attack) ( physically) attaquer, tomber sur ; ( verbally) attaquer, s'en prendre à [person] ; the two youths went for him les deux jeunes l'ont attaqué or lui ont sauté dessus ; to go for sb's throat [animal] attaquer qn à la gorge ; she really went for him! (in argument, row) elle l'a vraiment incendié!, elle s'en est prise violemment à lui! ;2 he has a lot going for him il a beaucoup de choses pour lui ;▶ go for [sth]1 ( attempt to achieve) essayer d'obtenir [honour, victory] ; she's going for the gold medal/world record elle vise la médaille d'or/le record mondial ; go for it ○ ! vas-y, fonce ○ ! ; the company is going for a new image l'entreprise cherche à se donner une nouvelle image ; the team is going for a win against Italy l'équipe compte bien gagner contre l'Italie ;2 ( choose) choisir, prendre ; I'll go for the blue one je prendrai le bleu.■ go forth sout [person] ( go out) sortir ; ( go forward) aller, avancer ; go forth and multiply allez et multipliez-vous.■ go forward(s) avancer.■ go in1 ( enter) entrer ; ( go back in) rentrer ;3 ( disappear) [sun, moon] se cacher.■ go in for:▶ go in for [sth]1 ( be keen on) aimer [sport, hobby etc] ; I don't go in for sports much je n'aime pas tellement le sport ; he goes in for opera in a big way il adore l'opéra, c'est un fou d'opéra ○ ; we don't go in for that sort of thing nous n'aimons pas ce genre de chose ; they don't go in much for foreign languages at Ben's school ils ne s'intéressent pas beaucoup aux langues étrangères dans l'école de Ben ;2 ( take up) to go in for teaching entrer dans l'enseignement ; to go in for politics se lancer dans la politique ;3 ( take part in) s'inscrire à [exam, competition].■ go into:▶ go into [sth]1 ( enter) entrer dans ; fig ( take up) se lancer dans ; to go into hospital entrer à l'hôpital ; to go into parliament entrer au parlement ; to go into politics/business se lancer dans la politique/les affaires ;2 (examine, investigate) étudier ; we need to go into the question of funding il faut que nous étudiions la question du financement ;3 (explain, describe) I won't go into why I did it je n'expliquerai pas pourquoi je l'ai fait ; let's not go into that now laissons cela de côté pour l'instant ;4 ( launch into) se lancer dans ; she went into a long explanation of what had happened elle s'est lancée dans une longue explication de ce qui s'était passé ;5 ( be expended) a lot of work/money went into this project beaucoup de travail/d'argent a été investi dans ce projet ; a lot of effort went into organizing the party l'organisation de la soirée a demandé beaucoup de travail ;6 ( hit) [car, driver] rentrer dans, heurter ; the car went into a lamp post la voiture est rentrée dans or a heurté un réverbère.■ go in with:▶ go in with [sb] se joindre à [person, ally, organization] ; he went in with us to buy the present il s'est mis avec nous pour acheter le cadeau.■ go off:▶ go off2 [alarm clock] sonner ; [fire alarm] se déclencher ;3 ( depart) partir, s'en aller ; he went off to work il est parti au travail ; she went off to find a spade elle est allée chercher une pelle ; they went off together ils sont partis ensemble ;4 GB ( go bad) [milk, cream] tourner ; [meat] s'avarier ; [butter] rancir ; ( deteriorate) [performer, athlete etc] perdre sa forme ; [work] se dégrader ; ( lose one's attractiveness) [person] être moins beau/belle qu'avant ; he used to be very handsome, but he's gone off a bit il était très beau, mais il est moins bien maintenant ; the first part of the film was good, but after that it went off la première partie du film était bien, mais après ça s'est dégradé ;5 ○ ( fall asleep) s'endormir ;6 ( cease to operate) [lights, heating] s'éteindre ;7 (happen, take place) [evening, organized event] se passer ; the concert went off very well le concert s'est très bien passé ;8 Theat quitter la scène ;▶ go off [sb/sth] GB I used to like him but I've gone off him je l'aimais bien avant, mais je ne l'aime plus tellement ; I've gone off opera/whisky je n'aime plus tellement l'opéra/le whisky ; I think she's gone off the idea je crois qu'elle a renoncé à l'idée.■ go off with:▶ go off with [sb/sth] partir avec [person, money] ; she went off with all his money elle est partie avec tout son argent ; who's gone off with my pen? qui a pris mon stylo?■ go on:▶ go on1 (happen, take place) se passer ; what's going on? qu'est-ce qui se passe? ; there's a party going on upstairs il y a une fête en haut ; how long has this been going on? depuis combien de temps est-ce que ça dure? ; a lot of stealing goes on il y a beaucoup de vols ; a lot of drinking goes on at Christmas time les gens boivent beaucoup à Noël ;2 ( continue on one's way) poursuivre son chemin ;3 ( continue) continuer ; go on with your work continuez votre travail, continuez de travailler ; go on looking continuez à or de chercher ; she went on speaking elle a continué de parler ; go on, we're all listening! continue, nous t'écoutons tous! ; ‘and another thing,’ she went on, ‘you're always late’ ‘et autre chose,’ a-t-elle ajouté, ‘vous êtes toujours en retard’ ; if he goes on like this, he'll get into trouble! s'il continue comme ça, il va s'attirer des ennuis ; we can't go on like this! nous ne pouvons pas continuer comme ça! ; life must go on la vie continue ; the meeting went on into the afternoon la réunion s'est prolongée jusque dans l'après-midi ; you can't go on being a pen pusher all your life! tu ne peux pas rester gratte-papier toute ta vie! ; the list goes on and on la liste est infinie or interminable ; that's enough to be going on with ça suffit pour le moment ; have you got enough work to be going on with? est-ce que tu as assez de travail pour le moment? ; here's £20 to be going on with voici 20 livres pour te dépanner ; go on (with you) ○ ! allons donc! ;4 ( of time) ( elapse) as time went on, they… avec le temps, ils… ; as the evening went on, he became more animated au fur et à mesure que la soirée avançait, il devenait plus animé ;5 ( keep talking) to go on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch, parler de qch à n'en plus finir ; he was going on about the war il parlait de la guerre à n'en plus finir ; don't go on about it! arrête de parler de ça!, change de disque! ; she went on and on about it elle en a fait toute une histoire ; he does tend to go on a bit! il a tendance à radoter ○ ! ; the way she goes on, you'd think she was an expert on the subject! à l'entendre, on croirait qu'elle est experte en la matière! ;6 ( proceed) passer ; let's go on to the next item passons au point suivant ; he went on to say that/describe how puis il a dit que/décrit comment ;7 ( go into operation) [heating, lights] s'allumer ;8 Theat entrer en scène ; what time do you go on? à quelle heure est-ce que vous entrez en scène? ;9 ( approach) it's going on three o'clock il est presque trois heures ; she's four going on five elle va sur ses cinq ans ; he's thirty going on three hum il a trente ans mais il pourrait bien en avoir trois ;10 ( fit) these gloves won't go on ces gants ne m'iront pas ; the lid won't go on properly le couvercle ne ferme pas bien ;▶ go on [sth] se fonder sur [piece of evidence, information] ; that's all we've got to go on tout ce que nous savons avec certitude ; we've got nothing else to go on nous n'avons pas d'autre point de départ ; the police haven't got much evidence to go on la police n'a pas beaucoup de preuves à l'appui.■ go on at:▶ go on at [sb] s'en prendre à [person] ; he's always going on at me for writing badly il s'en prend toujours à moi à cause de ma mauvaise écriture ; they're always going on at us about deadlines ils sont toujours sur notre dos pour des histoires de délais.■ go out1 (leave, depart) sortir ; she went out of the room elle a quitté la pièce, elle est sortie de la pièce ; to go out walking aller se promener ; to go out for a drink aller prendre un verre ; they go out a lot ils sortent beaucoup ; she likes going out elle aime sortir ; she had to go out to work at 14 il a fallu qu'elle aille travailler à 14 ans ;2 ( travel long distance) partir (to à, pour) ; she's gone out to Australia/Africa elle est partie pour l'Australie/l'Afrique ;3 ( have relationship) to go out with sb sortir avec qn ; they've been going out together for six weeks ils sortent ensemble depuis six semaines ;4 [tide] descendre ; the tide is going out la marée descend, la mer se retire ;5 Ind ( go on strike) se mettre en grève ;6 ( become unfashionable) passer de mode ; ( no longer be used) ne plus être utilisé ; mini-skirts went out in the 1970s les mini-jupes ont passé de mode dans les années 70 ; gas went out and electricity came in l'électricité a remplacé le gaz ;7 ( be extinguished) [fire, light] s'éteindre ;8 ( be sent) [invitation, summons] être envoyé ; ( be published) [journal, magazine] être publié ; Radio, TV ( be broadcast) être diffusé ;9 ( be announced) word went out that he was coming back le bruit a couru qu'il revenait ; the news went out from Washington that Washington a annoncé que ;10 ( be eliminated) gen, Sport être éliminé ; she went out in the early stages of the competition elle a été éliminée au début de la compétition ;11 (expressing compassion, sympathy) my heart goes out to them je les plains de tout mon cœur, je suis de tout cœur avec eux ; our thoughts go out to absent friends nos pensées vont vers nos amis absents ;12 ( disappear) all the spirit seemed to have gone out of her elle semblait avoir perdu tout son entrain ; the romance seemed to have gone out of their relationship leur relation semblait avoir perdu tout son charme ;13 ( end) [year, month] se terminer ;14 ( in cards) terminer.■ go over:▶ go over1 ( cross over) aller ; she went over to him/to the window elle est allée vers lui/vers la fenêtre, elle s'est approchée de lui/de la fenêtre ; to go over to Ireland/to America aller en Irlande/aux États-Unis ; we are now going over to Washington for more news Radio, TV nous passons maintenant l'antenne à Washington pour plus d'informations ;2 ( be received) how did his speech go over? comment est-ce que son discours a été reçu? ; his speech went over well son discours a été bien reçu ; to go over big ○ avoir un grand succès ;3 ( switch over) he went over to Labour from the Conservatives il est passé du parti des conservateurs au parti des travaillistes ; to go over to the other side fig passer dans l'autre camp ; we've gone over to gas (central heating) nous sommes passés au chauffage central au gaz ; to go over to Islam se convertir à l'Islam ;▶ go over [sth]1 ( review) passer [qch] en revue [details] ; she went over the events of the day in her mind elle a passé en revue les événements de la journée ; we've gone over the details again and again nous avons déjà passé les détails en revue mille fois ; to go over one's lines ( actor) répéter son texte ; there's no point in going over old ground il n'y a aucune raison de revenir là-dessus ;2 (check, inspect) vérifier [accounts, figures] ; revoir [facts, piece of work] ; I want to go over this article once more before I hand it in je veux relire cet article une dernière fois avant de le remettre ; to go over a house faire le tour d'une maison ;3 ( clean) he went over the room with a duster il a donné un coup de chiffon dans la pièce ; after cleaning, go over the surface with a dry cloth après l'avoir nettoyée, essuyez la surface avec un chiffon sec or passez un chiffon sec sur la surface ;4 to go over a sketch in ink repasser un dessin à l'encre ;5 ( exceed) dépasser ; don't go over £100 ne dépassez pas 100 livres sterling.■ go round GB:▶ go round1 ( turn) [wheel, propeller etc] tourner ; the wheels went round and round les roues n'ont pas arrêté de tourner ; my head's going round j'ai la tête qui tourne ;2 ( call round) to go round to see sb aller voir qn ; he's gone round to Anna's il est allé chez Anna ;3 ( suffice) there isn't enough food/money to go round il n'y a pas assez de nourriture/d'argent pour tout le monde ; there was barely enough to go round il y en avait à peine assez pour tout le monde ;4 ( circulate) there's a rumour going round that le bruit court que ;5 ( make detour) faire un détour ; we had to go round the long way ou the long way round il a fallu qu'on prenne un chemin plus long ; I had to go round by the bridge il a fallu que je passe par or que je fasse un détour par le pont ;■ go through:1 ( come in) entrer ; if you'll just go (on) through, I'll tell them you're here si vous voulez bien entrer, je vais leur dire que vous êtes arrivé ;2 ( be approved) [law, agreement] passer ; the law failed to go through la loi n'est pas passée ; the divorce hasn't gone through yet le divorce n'a pas encore été prononcé ;3 ( be successfully completed) [business deal] être conclu ;▶ go through [sth]1 ( undergo) endurer, subir [experience, ordeal] ; ( pass through) passer par [stage, phase] ; in spite of all he's gone through malgré tout ce qu'il a enduré ; we've all gone through it nous sommes tous passés par là ; she's gone through a lot elle a beaucoup souffert ; he went through the day in a kind of daze toute la journée il a été dans un état second ; the country has gone through two civil wars le pays a connu deux guerres civiles ; to go through a crisis traverser une crise ; as you go through life au fur et à mesure que tu vieillis, en vieillissant ; you have to go through the switchboard/right authorities il faut passer par le standard/les autorités compétentes ; it went through my mind that l'idée m'a traversé l'esprit que ;2 (check, inspect) examiner, étudier ; ( rapidly) parcourir [documents, files, list] ; to go through one's mail parcourir son courrier ; let's go through the points one by one étudions or examinons les problèmes un par un ;3 ( search) fouiller [person's belongings, baggage] ; to go through sb's pockets/drawers fouiller dans les poches/tiroirs de qn ; at customs they went through all my things à la douane ils ont fouillé toutes mes affaires ;4 (perform, rehearse) répéter [scene] ; expliquer [procedure] ; let's go through the whole scene once more répétons or reprenons toute la scène une dernière fois ; there are still a certain number of formalities to be gone through il y a encore un certain nombre de formalités à remplir ; I went through the whole procedure with him je lui ai expliqué comment il fallait procéder en détail ;5 (consume, use up) dépenser [money] ; we went through three bottles of wine nous avons bu or descendu ○ trois bouteilles de vin ; I've gone through the elbows of my jacket j'ai usé ma veste aux coudes.▶ go through with [sth] réaliser, mettre [qch] à exécution [plan] ; in the end they decided to go through with the wedding finalement ils ont décidé de se marier ; I can't go through with it je ne peux pas le faire ; you'll have to go through with it now il va falloir que tu le fasses maintenant.1 ( harmonize) [colours, pieces of furniture etc] aller ensemble ; these colours don't go together ces couleurs ne vont pas ensemble ;2 ( entail each other) aller de pair ; poverty and crime often go together la pauvreté et le crime vont souvent de pair ;3 ○ †( have relationship) [couple] sortir ensemble.■ go under1 [boat, ship] couler, sombrer ; [drowning person] couler, disparaître sous les flots ;■ go up:▶ go up1 ( ascend) monter ; to go up to bed monter se coucher ; they've gone up to London ils sont allés or montés à Londres ; they've gone up to Scotland ils sont allés en Écosse ; ‘going up!’ ( in elevator) ‘on monte!’ ;2 ( rise) [price, temperature] monter ; Theat [curtain] se lever (on sur) ; petrol has gone up (in price) (le prix de) l'essence a augmenté ; unemployment is going up le chômage augmente or est en hausse ; our membership has gone up le nombre de nos adhérents a augmenté ; a cry went up from the crowd un cri est monté or s'est élevé de la foule ;3 ( be erected) [building] être construit ; [poster] être affiché ; new office blocks are going up all over the place on construit de nouveaux immeubles un peu partout ;4 (be destroyed, blown up) [building] sauter, exploser ;6 ( be upgraded) the team has gone up to the first division l'équipe est passée en première division ;7 ( continue) the book/series goes up to 1990 le livre/la série va jusqu'en 1990 ;▶ go up [sth]1 ( mount) monter, gravir [hill, mountain] ;2 to go up a class Sch passer dans une classe supérieure.■ go with:▶ go with [sth]1 (match, suit) aller avec ; your shirt goes with your blue eyes ta chemise va bien avec tes yeux bleus ; white wine goes better with fish than red wine le vin blanc va mieux avec le poisson que le rouge ;2 ( accompany) aller de pair avec ; the car goes with the job la voiture va de pair avec la situation ; the responsibilities that go with parenthood les responsabilités qui vont de pair avec le fait d'être parent ;■ go without:▶ go without s'en passer ; you'll just have to go without! il va falloir que tu t'en passes!, il va falloir que tu fasses sans! ;▶ go without [sth] se passer de [food, luxuries]. -
108 Albert, Wilhelm August Julius
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 24 January 1787 Hannover, Germanyd. 4 July 1846 Clausthal, Harz, Germany[br]German mining official, successful applier of wire cable.[br]After studying law at the University of Göttingen, Albert turned to the mining industry and in 1806 started his career in mining administration in the Harz district, where he became Chief Inspector of mines thirty years later. His influence on the organization of the mining industry was considerable and he contributed valuable ideas for the development of mining technology. For example, he initiated experiments with Reichenbach's water-column pump in Harz when it had been working successfully in the transportation of brine in Bavaria, and he encouraged Dörell to work on his miner's elevator.The increasing depths of shafts in the Harz district brought problems with hoisting as the ropes became too heavy and tended to break. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, iron link chains replaced the hempen ropes which were expensive and wore out too quickly, especially in the wet conditions in the shafts. After he had experimented for six years using counterbalancing iron link chains, which broke too easily, in 1834 he conceived the idea of producing stranded cables from iron wires. Their breaking strength and flexibility depended greatly on the softness of the iron and the way of laying the strands. Albert produced the cable by attaching the wires to strings which he turned evenly; this method became known as "Albert lay". He was not the first to conceive the idea of metal cables: there exists evidence for such cables as far back as Pompeii; Leonardo da Vinci made sketches of cables made from brass wires; and in 1780 the French engineer Reignier applied iron cables for lightning conductors. The idea also developed in various other mining areas, but Albert cables were the first to gain rapidly direct common usage worldwide.[br]Bibliography1835, "Die Anfertigung von Treibseilen aus geflochtenem Eisendraht", Karstens Archiv 8: 418–28.Further ReadingK.Karmarsch, "W.A.J.Albert", Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 1:212–3.W.Bornhardt, 1934, W.A.J.Albert und die Erfindung der Eisendrahtseile, Berlin (a detailed description of his inventions, based on source material).C.Bartels, 1992, Vom frühneuzeitlichen Montangewerbe zur Bergbauindustrie, Bochum: Deut sches Bergbau-Museum (evaluates his achievements within the framework of technological development in the Harz mining industry).WKBiographical history of technology > Albert, Wilhelm August Julius
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109 Brinell, Johann August
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1849 Småland, Swedend. 17 November 1925 Stockholm, Sweden[br]Swedish metallurgist, inventor of the well-known method of hardness measurement which uses a steel-ball indenter.[br]Brinell graduated as an engineer from Boräs Technical School, and his interest in metallurgy began to develop in 1875 when he became an engineer at the ironworks of Lesjöfors and came under the influence of Gustaf Ekman. In 1882 he was appointed Chief Engineer at the Fagersta Ironworks, where he became one of Sweden's leading experts in the manufacture and heat treatment of tool steels.His reputation in this field was established in 1885 when he published a paper on the structural changes which occurred in steels when they were heated and cooled, and he was among the first to recognize and define the critical points of steel and their importance in heat treatment. Some of these preliminary findings were first exhibited at Stockholm in 1897. His exhibit at the World Exhibition at Paris in 1900 was far more detailed and there he displayed for the first time his method of hardness determination using a steel-ball indenter. For these contributions he was awarded the French Grand Prix and also the Polhem Prize of the Swedish Technical Society.He was later concerned with evaluating and developing the iron-ore deposits of north Sweden and was one of the pioneers of the electric blast-furnace. In 1903 he became Chief Engineer of the Jernkontoret and remained there until 1914. In this capacity and as Editor of the Jernkontorets Annaler he made significant contributions to Swedish metallurgy. His pioneer work on abrasion resistance, undertaken long before the term tribology had been invented, gained him the Rinman Medal, awarded by the Jernkontoret in 1920.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the Swedish Academy of Science 1902. Dr Honoris Causa, University of Upsala 1907. French Grand Prix, Paris World Exhibition 1900; Swedish Technical Society Polhem Prize 1900; Iron and Steel Institute Bessemer Medal 1907; Jernkontorets Rinman Medal 1920.Further ReadingAxel Wahlberg, 1901, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 59:243 (the first English-language description of the Brinell Hardness Test).Machinery's Encyclopedia, 1917, Vol. III, New York: Industrial Press, pp. 527–40 (a very readable account of the Brinell test in relation to the other hardness tests available at the beginning of the twentieth century).Hardness Test Research Committee, 1916, Bibliography on hardness testing, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.ASD -
110 Drake, Edwin Laurentine
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 29 March 1819 Greenville, New York, USAd. 8 November 1880 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American pioneer oil driller.[br]He worked on his father's farm, was a clerk in a hotel and a store, and then became an express agent at a railway company in Springfield, Massachusetts, c.1845. After he had been working as a railway conductor in New Haven, Connecticut, for eight years, he resigned because of ill health. Owning some stocks in a Pennsylvania rock-oil company, which gathered oil from ground-level seepages mainly for medicinal use, he was engaged by this company and moved to Titusville, Pennsylvania, at the age of almost 40. After studying salt-well drilling by cable tool, which was still percussive, he became enthusiastic about the idea of using the same method to drill for oil, especially after researches in chemistry had revealed this new sort of fossil energy some years before.As a manager of the Seneca Oil Company, which referred to him as "Colonel" in letters of introduction simply to impress people with such titles, Drake began drilling in 1858, almost at the same time as pole-tool drilling for oil was started in Germany. His main contribution to the technology was the use of an iron pipe driven through the quicksand and the bedrock to prevent the bore-hole from filling. After nineteen months he struck oil at a depth of 21 m (69 ft) in August 1859. This was the first time that petroleum was struck at its source and the first proof of the presence of oil reservoirs within the earth's surface. Drake inaugurated the search for and the exploitation of the deep oil resources of the world and he initiated the science of petroleum engineering which became established at the beginning of the twentieth century.Drake failed to patent his drilling method; he was content being an oil commission merchant and Justice of the Peace in Titusville, which like other places in Pennsylvania became a boom town. Four years later he went to New York, where he lost all his money in oil speculations. He became very ill again and lived in poverty in Vermont and New Jersey until 1873, when he moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where he was pensioned by the state of Pennsylvania. The city of Titusville erected a monument to him and founded the Drake Museum.[br]Further ReadingDictionary of American Biography, Vol. III, pp. 427–8.Ida M.Tarbell, 1904, "The birth of industry", History of the Standard Oil Company, Vol. I, New York (gives a lively description of the booming years in Pennsylvania caused by Drake's successful drilling).H.F.Williamson and A.R.Daum, 1959, The American Petroleum Industry. The Age of Illumination, Evans ton, Ill.WKBiographical history of technology > Drake, Edwin Laurentine
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111 at
[æt (полная форма); ət (редуцированная форма)] prep1) нахождение около какого-л. предмета у, околоat the door [the window, the sea] - у двери [у окна, у моря]
at the table - за столом, у стола [ср. тж. 4]
2) нахождение в каком-л. месте на, вat my aunt's [at Robinson's] - (в доме) у моей тётки [у Робинсона]
at the factory [station] - на фабрике [на станции]
3) нахождение в каком-л. географическом пункте, особ. небольшом в, наat St. Helena - на острове Св. Елены
4) достижение места назначения к, на, в, доto arrive at one's destination - прибыть к месту /на место/ назначения
to arrive at Manchester - прибыть /приехать/ в Манчестер
5) проникновение через дверь, калитку и т. п. через, сквозь1) какой-л. момент или период времени в, на, при, по; передается тж. наречиямиat an appointed [set] date - в назначенный [установленный] срок
2) возраст вat the age of 70, at 70 years of age - в возрасте 70 лет
3. указывает на деятельность или процесс, часто связанные с нахождением в определённом месте в, на, у, заat the wheel - за рулём; за штурвалом
at dinner [lunch, supper] - за обедом [завтраком, ужином]
4. указывает на состояние в, за, на; передаётся тж. наречиямиat rest - а) в покое; б) без движения; неподвижный; в) мёртвый
at table - за едой, за обедом, ужином и т. п. [ср. тж. 1, 1)]
5. указывает на направленность действия на, в, заto point at smb., smth. - указывать на кого-л., на что-л.
to look [to stare, to gaze] at smb., smth. - смотреть [глядеть, уставиться] на кого-л., на что-л.
to throw smth. at smb. - бросать что-л. в кого-л.
to shoot at smb., smth. - стрелять в кого-л., во что-л. ( но промахнуться)
to talk at smb. - разговаривать с кем-л. агрессивно
up and at them, boys! - вперёд, ребята, бей их!
6. указывает на образ действия в, с, на; передаётся тж. твор. падежом и наречиямиat intervals - с промежутками, с перерывами; время от времени
7. указывает на причину при, по, на; передаётся тж. твор. падежомat smb.'s request - по чьей-л. просьбе
to be angry at smth. - злиться на что-л.
surprise at smth. - удивление по поводу чего-л.
he was pleased at hearing the news - он обрадовался, услышав новость
8. указывает на количество, меру, цену при, на, по, с, в9. указывает на1) предмет занятий над; вto work /to toil, to labour/ at smth. - трудиться над чем-л.; заниматься чем-л.
what are you at? - разг. чем вы занимаетесь?; что вы делаете?
he is hard at it - он за это взялся серьёзно; он усиленно работает над этим
10. в сочетаниях:at that - а) к тому же; he lost his umbrella and a new one at that - он потерял зонт, да ещё новый к тому же; б) на том; let it go at that - на том мы и покончим; в) даже так; at that you can make good profit - даже так /при этих условиях/ вы можете выиграть /выгадать/
другие сочетания см. под соответствующими словами -
112 at
[æt (полная форма); ət (редуцированная форма)] prep1) нахождение около какого-л. предмета у, околоat the door [the window, the sea] - у двери [у окна, у моря]
at the table - за столом, у стола [ср. тж. 4]
2) нахождение в каком-л. месте на, вat my aunt's [at Robinson's] - (в доме) у моей тётки [у Робинсона]
at the factory [station] - на фабрике [на станции]
3) нахождение в каком-л. географическом пункте, особ. небольшом в, наat St. Helena - на острове Св. Елены
4) достижение места назначения к, на, в, доto arrive at one's destination - прибыть к месту /на место/ назначения
to arrive at Manchester - прибыть /приехать/ в Манчестер
5) проникновение через дверь, калитку и т. п. через, сквозь1) какой-л. момент или период времени в, на, при, по; передается тж. наречиямиat an appointed [set] date - в назначенный [установленный] срок
2) возраст вat the age of 70, at 70 years of age - в возрасте 70 лет
3. указывает на деятельность или процесс, часто связанные с нахождением в определённом месте в, на, у, заat the wheel - за рулём; за штурвалом
at dinner [lunch, supper] - за обедом [завтраком, ужином]
4. указывает на состояние в, за, на; передаётся тж. наречиямиat rest - а) в покое; б) без движения; неподвижный; в) мёртвый
at table - за едой, за обедом, ужином и т. п. [ср. тж. 1, 1)]
5. указывает на направленность действия на, в, заto point at smb., smth. - указывать на кого-л., на что-л.
to look [to stare, to gaze] at smb., smth. - смотреть [глядеть, уставиться] на кого-л., на что-л.
to throw smth. at smb. - бросать что-л. в кого-л.
to shoot at smb., smth. - стрелять в кого-л., во что-л. ( но промахнуться)
to talk at smb. - разговаривать с кем-л. агрессивно
up and at them, boys! - вперёд, ребята, бей их!
6. указывает на образ действия в, с, на; передаётся тж. твор. падежом и наречиямиat intervals - с промежутками, с перерывами; время от времени
7. указывает на причину при, по, на; передаётся тж. твор. падежомat smb.'s request - по чьей-л. просьбе
to be angry at smth. - злиться на что-л.
surprise at smth. - удивление по поводу чего-л.
he was pleased at hearing the news - он обрадовался, услышав новость
8. указывает на количество, меру, цену при, на, по, с, в9. указывает на1) предмет занятий над; вto work /to toil, to labour/ at smth. - трудиться над чем-л.; заниматься чем-л.
what are you at? - разг. чем вы занимаетесь?; что вы делаете?
he is hard at it - он за это взялся серьёзно; он усиленно работает над этим
10. в сочетаниях:at that - а) к тому же; he lost his umbrella and a new one at that - он потерял зонт, да ещё новый к тому же; б) на том; let it go at that - на том мы и покончим; в) даже так; at that you can make good profit - даже так /при этих условиях/ вы можете выиграть /выгадать/
другие сочетания см. под соответствующими словами -
113 from
[frɒm (полная форма); frəm (редуцированная форма)] prep1) исходный пункт действия или движения из, сthey started from Moscow - они выехали /отправились/ из Москвы
to go (away) from home - уехать /уйти/ из дому
from where? - откуда?
a handkerchief was sticking from his pocket - из кармана у него высовывался носовой платок
1) начальный момент процесса с, начиная сI knew him from a boy /a child/ - я знаю его с детства
2) дату и т. п. к; передаётся тж. твор. падежомthe monument dates from the 16th century - этот памятник относится к XVI в.
3. указывает на1) источник или происхождение от, из; передаётся тж. род. падежомfacts learned from reading - факты, известные из книг
to write from smb.'s dictation - писать под чью-л. диктовку
2) лицо, у которого что-л. получают, приобретают уto buy [to borrow] smth. from smb. - купить [занять] что-л. у кого-л.
3) воспроизведение оригинала или образца, а тж. язык, с которого делается перевод сto translate from one language into another - переводить с одного языка на другой
4. указывает на1) причину, побуждение от, из, поto be weak [to die] from an illness [hunger] - быть слабым [умереть] от болезни [голода]
2) основание по, сto judge from smb.'s conduct - судить по чьему-л. поведению
from smb.'s point of view - с чьей-л. точки зрения
from what I can see - по тому, что я вижу
to draw a conclusion from smth. - сделать вывод из /на основании/ чего-л.
5. указывает на1) предохранение или воздержание от чего-л. отto prevent smb. from doing smth. - помешать /не дать/ кому-л. сделать что-л.
to refrain [to abstain] from smth. - воздерживаться от чего-л.
2) освобождение, избавление кого-л., реже чего-л. от от, из3) сокрытие чего-л. от кого-л. отto hide /to conceal/ smth. from smb. - прятать /скрывать/ что-л. от кого-л.
4) расставание с5) вычитание из, отto take /to subtract/ six from ten - отнять шесть от десяти, вычесть шесть из десяти
to differ /to be different, to be distinct/ from others - отличаться /быть отличным/ от других
7. указывает на материал, из которого что-л. сделано из8. указывает на лицо или предмет, по которому что-л. называют поthe library was named from the founder - библиотека была названа в честь её основателя
9. в сочетаниях:from afar - издалека, издали
from among, from amongst - из
he came forth from amongst the crowd - он вышел из толпы, он отделился от толпы
from below - из-под; снизу
from beneath - книжн. см. from under
from between - из, из-за
from L to R, from left to right - слева направо (о людях на фотографии и т. п.)
from off - книжн. с
he looked at her from over his spectacles - он посмотрел на неё поверх очков
from... till - с... до, от... до, с... по
from... to - а) из... в, от... до; from London to Paris - из Лондона в Париж; from (the) beginning to (the) end - от начала до конца
from five to six - с пяти до шести; б) от... до, с... до; this bird lays from four to six eggs - эта птица откладывает от четырёх до шести яиц; the price has been increased from sixpence to a shilling - цена была увеличена с шести пенсов до шиллинга
from under, from underneath - из-под
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114 early
1. a ранний, раннеспелый, скороспелыйearly fruit — скороспелка, скороспелый сорт
2. a сравнит. ст. в предыдущий3. a начальный4. a заблаговременный, своевременный5. a близкий, ожидаемый в ближайшем будущем, скорейший6. a преждевременный, досрочный7. a старинный, древний8. a тех. происходящий ранее заданного момента времени9. a геол. нижний; древний10. adv рано11. adv в началеearly on — вначале, на раннем этапе
early next — в начале; будущий
12. adv своевременно, заблаговременно13. adv скоро, в ближайшее времяСинонимический ряд:1. ancient (adj.) ancient; antediluvian; primal; primitive2. first (adj.) beginning; first; initial3. premature (adj.) advanced; beforehand; in advance; overearly; oversoon; precocious; premature; soon; untimely4. prematurely (adj.) prematurely; too soon5. previous (adj.) former; preexistent; previous; primordial6. recent (adj.) budding; fresh; new; prime; recent7. prematurely (other) ahead of time; before; beforehand; betimes; prematurely; sooner8. seasonably (other) oversoon; precipitously; precociously; presently; promptly; punctually; seasonably; soon; timelyАнтонимический ряд:belated; final; late; modern; punctual -
115 Caterpillar Lace
At the beginning of the 19th century, fabrics under this name were made for ladles' veils. They were devised by an officer of engineers at Munich. He made a paste of leaves of the plant on which a certain caterpillar fed. This was spread over a flat surface of the required size, with a camel-hair brush dipped in olive oil. A pattern was drawn on the paste. The flat surface object was placed in an inclined position and a large number of the insects placed at the bottom. The species chosen spun a strong web and commencing at the bottom they began eating and spinning their way to the top, avoiding every part touched by the oil, and devouring every other part of the paste. These veils were extremely light, one of them measuring 261/2-in.,weighed only 1.51 grains (Charles Babbage, " on the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures ") -
116 Cotton (Sea Islands)
Sea Islands is of the famous Gossypium Barbadense variety and is the finest cotton grown, having a staple of 11/2-in. to 21/4-in. in length, fine in diameter, and regular in natural twist and length. It is clean, strong and elastic, and has a silkiness possessed by no other cotton. It was formerly grown in the islands off the coast of South Carolina, in Georgia and Florida, and the crop varied from 60,000 to 100,000 bales. Since the beginning of the present century it has declined in those districts and finally ceased in 1925. Today the British West Indies are almost the sole source of supply - A small quantity being grown in Fiji from seed procured from the West Indies. The crop now averages 4,000 to 5,000 bales per annum and is slowly increasing. The islands producing the cotton now are St. Vincent, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Nevis, Barbados, Anguilla, Antigua and the Virgin Islands.Dictionary of the English textile terms > Cotton (Sea Islands)
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117 India, Portuguese
Formerly a Portuguese colony, and all that remained of Portugal's Indian holdings of the 16th and 17th centuries, Goa, Damão, and Diu are located on the western coast of the Indian subcontinent. These three enclaves, comprising an area of about 2,473 square kilometers (1,537 square miles), were acquired by Portugal during the 16th century after the initial voyage of Vasco da Gama (1497-99), which discovered the sea route to the Indies from Portugal. Beginning in 1510, Goa was the capital of the Portuguese State of India, which had jurisdiction over Portugal's holdings in eastern Africa as well as in Asia. Goa became not only an administrative capital but a center for religion and education. Various Catholic religious orders, such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits, used Goa as a base for missionary efforts in Asia. Most notable among them was St. Francis Xavier. Goa had a colonial golden age in the 16th and 17th centuries, as churches, seminaries, and colleges flourished. In time, Goa was bypassed, and the capital of Portuguese India was transferred first to Mormugao and then to Pangim.For religious and political reasons, not economic, Portugal held on to Portuguese India when confronted after World War II with Indian nationalism. Pressures to leave Goa, Damão, and Diu mounted throughout the 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947. In December 1961, after numerous alarms and efforts by Indian and Goan nationalists to employ passive resistance to oust Portuguese control, India's Nehru ordered the Indian army to invade, conquer, and annex Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporate them as part of the Indian Union. With most of its armed forces in the African territories at the time and with Britain refusing to allow the use of British bases to reinforce Portugal's small garrison in Portuguese India, Portuguese armed forces resisted only briefly. Salazar's government dealt harshly with the forces that surrendered in India and were made prisoners of war. Lisbon negotiated their release without enthusiasm. Lisbon affected to ignore the facts of India's conquest, annexation, and absorption of former Portuguese India; refused to recognize the action's legality internationally; and continued to seat "deputies" from "Portuguese India" in the National Assembly of Portugal until the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Resentment against Salazar's treatment of the army in India was one of the stated reasons later for the military conspiracy and 1974 coup of the Armed Forces Movement. -
118 Maria da Fonte
A 19th-century rural uprising of peasants against the central government, as well as the legendary name of a peasant woman rebel. Beginning in northern Portugal in a village called Vieira do Minho, women led supposedly by one called "Maria of the Fountain" were provoked to rebellion by new laws regarding health regulations (burial customs) and tax assessments. Mobs raided the village administrative center, burned records, and attacked officials. The insurrection spread throughout Minho province into Trás-os-Montes in 1846. The Costa Cabrai government was in office in Lisbon and failed to get the legislative chambers to support suppression of the rural uprising. The Maria da Fonte affair led to pressures to dismiss the Costa Cabrai government in order to mollify the rural insurgents. Queen Maria II consented to the resignation of the government and the appointment of a successor. The Costa Cabrai brothers then fled to exile in Spain. The name and concept of "Maria da Fonte" in folklore, songs, and tradition came to symbolize the idea of justified rural discontent and direct action against arbitrary action by the central government embodied by Lisbon. Following the end of the Maria da Fonte uprising in northern Portugal, a great deal of mythology attached to the original events. -
119 Misericórdia
Historic, Catholic charitable institution, formally, Holy Houses of Mercy, which ministered welfare, medical, and other types of assistance to the poor and to prisoners beginning in the Middle Ages in Portugal. Although its origins lay in Christian charitable brotherhoods in medieval Portugal, the Hospitals of Mercy (Misericórdia) began in the late 15th century under royal patronage of Queen Leonor (1458-1525), wife of King João II, who founded the first Misericórdia in Lisbon. From the capital, this institution spread into other towns and regions of Portugal. She also founded the Misericórdia at Caldas da Rainha, a town north of Lisbon, where reputedly it became the world's first thermal (waters) treatment hospital, with more than 100 beds for patients. The Holy Houses of Mercy were responsible also for assisting orphans, invalids, and foundlings, as well as for feeding prisoners in jails and burying the executed. The administration of clerical brotherhood staff of these institutions increasingly was composed of persons of high social and professional standing in their communities.After 1500, the Misericórdias spread beyond continental Portugal to the Atlantic islands of Portugal, as well as to the overseas empire in Brazil, Cape Verdes, Angola, Mozambique, Portuguese India, Macau, and Japan. In Brazil alone, for example, there were more than 300 such places. Their activities went beyond hospital and other charity work and extended into education, learning, the founding of convents and presses, and patronage of the arts. More secular than religious today, the Houses of Mercy still function in Portugal by means of dispensing private welfare and mutual aid. -
120 Pedro of Avis, prince
(1392-1449)One of the many talented sons of King João I and Philippa of Lancaster, regent and older brother of Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator). Pedro's life and work were important in consolidating an independent Portuguese monarchy and in promoting the maritime discoveries and explorations down the coast of Africa. Well-educated for a member of royalty in his day, Infante Dom Pedro was present as a warrior at the auspicious conquest of Ceuta in Morocco in 1415, and was named Duke of Coimbra that same year. From 1425 to 1428, he traveled and studied in Europe, including in England, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Aragon and Castile. He returned from his travels with a copy of Marco Polo's famous book and introduced this to his country.Among royalty and nobility, Prince Pedro's views were cautious regarding further Portuguese expansion in Morocco, and during the troubled times of 1436-38, he opposed the planned but ill-fated attack on the Moroccan city of Tangier; he called for the surrender later of Ceuta, in order to ransom the life of Prince Fernando, a prisoner in Moroccan hands. Following the death of King Duarte in 1438 and the subsequent succession crisis, including a civil war among factions, Prince Pedro acted as regent until 1446, when Prince Afonso reached his majority and was acclaimed King Afonso V, called "The African" (r. 1446-81).After Prince Pedro's powers were given up finally in 1448, his formerly exiled enemies returned to Portugal and vowed vengeance against him. Warfare ensued and, with the defeat of his army at the battle of Alfarrobeira in 1449, Prince Pedro was killed. His many accomplishments and talents off the battlefields were forgotten over the generations. Beginning in the late 19th century, the memory of his distinction and greatness was increasingly obscured by the growing fame, legend, and myth of his younger brother, Prince Henry of Aviz (Prince Henry the Navigator). An effort to rehabilitate the memory and public knowledge of Prince Pedro began in the early 1960s among a handful of foreign scholars, and was carried on by Portuguese scholars in the 1990s, but it appeared to have little effect against the pervasive cult of Prince Henry the Navigator.
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