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as+the+19th+century

  • 81 llevar la voz cantante

    figurado to rule the roost
    ————————
    to sing the leading part 2 figurado to rule the roost
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > llevar la voz cantante

  • 82 tomar las decisiones

    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tomar las decisiones

  • 83 siglo

    m.
    century (cien años).
    el siglo XX the 20th century
    el siglo de las Luces the Age of Enlightenment
    * * *
    1 century
    \
    hace un siglo que... / hace siglos que... I (we, they, etc) haven't... for ages
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    el Siglo de las Luces the Age of Enlightenment
    el Siglo de Oro the Golden Age
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) age
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=cien años) century

    por los siglos de los siglos — world without end, for ever and ever

    siglo de oro — (Mit) golden age

    Siglo de Oro — (Literat) Golden Age

    2) (=largo tiempo)

    hace un siglo o hace siglos que no le veo — I haven't seen him for ages

    3) (Rel)
    * * *
    masculino ( período) century

    data del siglo XV — it dates from o is from the 15th century

    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo — (fam) I haven't written to her for ages (colloq)

    * * *
    Ex. Seymour Lubetzky is considered by many librarian to be the greatest theoretician of descriptive cataloging in this century.
    ----
    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * con el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de hace siglos = of yore.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * del siglo diecinueve = nineteenth-century.
    * del siglo diecisiete = seventeenth-century.
    * de mediados de siglo = mid-century.
    * de mitad de siglo = mid-century.
    * desde hace siglos = for yonks, for yonks and yonks.
    * desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * enfermedad del siglo viente = twentieth-century disease.
    * hace siglos = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonks.
    * hace siglos y siglos = yonks and yonks.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.
    * siglos = donkey's years.
    * siglo trece = thirteenth century.
    * siglo XIX, el = nineteenth century, the, 19th century, the.
    * siglo XV = fifteenth century.
    * siglo XVI = sixteenth-century.
    * siglo XVII = seventeenth century.
    * siglo XVIII = eighteenth century.
    * siglo XX = 20th century, twentieth century, the.
    * siglo XXI = 21st century.
    * * *
    masculino ( período) century

    data del siglo XV — it dates from o is from the 15th century

    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo — (fam) I haven't written to her for ages (colloq)

    * * *

    Ex: Seymour Lubetzky is considered by many librarian to be the greatest theoretician of descriptive cataloging in this century.

    * a finales del + Siglo = late + Siglo.
    * a través de los siglos = over the centuries.
    * con el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de hace siglos = of yore.
    * de hace varios siglos = centuries-old.
    * del siglo diecinueve = nineteenth-century.
    * del siglo diecisiete = seventeenth-century.
    * de mediados de siglo = mid-century.
    * de mitad de siglo = mid-century.
    * desde hace siglos = for yonks, for yonks and yonks.
    * desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.
    * durante siglos = for aeons, for centuries, over the centuries.
    * en el transcurso de los siglos = over the course of the centuries.
    * enfermedad del siglo viente = twentieth-century disease.
    * hace siglos = ages (and ages) ago, aeons ago, yonks.
    * hace siglos y siglos = yonks and yonks.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * Siglo de las Luces, el = Enlightenment, the, Age of Enlightenment, the.
    * siglos = donkey's years.
    * siglo trece = thirteenth century.
    * siglo XIX, el = nineteenth century, the, 19th century, the.
    * siglo XV = fifteenth century.
    * siglo XVI = sixteenth-century.
    * siglo XVII = seventeenth century.
    * siglo XVIII = eighteenth century.
    * siglo XX = 20th century, twentieth century, the.
    * siglo XXI = 21st century.

    * * *
    el siglo V después de Cristo the fifth century AD
    data del siglo XV it dates from o is from the 15th century
    mi madre es de otro siglo my mother's really old-fashioned o ( colloq) is still living in the last century
    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo ( fam); I haven't written to her for ages ( colloq)
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    Compuestos:
    Age of Enlightenment
    Golden Age Siglo de Oro (↑ siglo a1)
    B ( liter)
    (mundo): el siglo the world
    retirarse del siglo ( Relig) to withdraw from the world
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    s.    
    siglo
    s. sustantivo masculino (
    ◊ siglo) C;

    s.XX C20
    siglo sustantivo masculino ( período) century;
    hace siglos or un siglo que no le escribo (fam) I haven't written to her for ages (colloq)
    siglo sustantivo masculino century
    a comienzos del siglo XV, at the beginning of the 15th century
    este tapiz data del siglo IV, this tapestry dates from the fourth century
    Siglo de las Luces, Age of Enlightenment
    fam (mucho tiempo) hacía siglos que no la veía, I had not seen her for ages
    ♦ Locuciones: por los siglos de los siglos, for ever and ever
    el crimen del siglo, the crime of the century

    ' siglo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    apuntar
    - construcción
    - corta
    - corto
    - descubierta
    - descubierto
    - diecinueve
    - escatológico
    - mundialmente
    - realista
    - datar
    - s.
    English:
    century
    - decade
    - early
    - turn
    - date
    - Enlightenment
    - hundred
    - late
    - well
    * * *
    siglo nm
    1. [cien años] century;
    el siglo XX the 20th century
    el siglo de las Luces the Age of Enlightenment;
    el Siglo de Oro the Golden Age [of Spanish literature]
    2. Fam [mucho tiempo]
    hace siglos que no la veo I haven't seen her for ages;
    por los siglos de los siglos for ever and ever
    * * *
    m century;
    un siglo que no le veo fig I haven’t seen him in a long long time;
    el Siglo de Oro the Golden Age;
    el Siglo de las Luces HIST the (Age of) Enlightenment
    * * *
    siglo nm
    1) : century
    2) : age
    el Siglo de Oro: the Golden Age
    hace siglos que no te veo: I haven't seen you in ages
    3) : world, secular life
    * * *
    1. (cien años) century [pl. centuries]

    Spanish-English dictionary > siglo

  • 84 ausgehend

    I Part.Präs. ausgehen
    II Adj.
    1. zeitlich: late attr.; im ausgehenden 20. Jahrhundert towards the end ( oder close) of the 20th century, in the late 20th century
    2. Post: outgoing, outbound
    * * *
    aus|ge|hend
    adj attr

    im áúsgehenden Mittelalter — toward(s) the end of the Middle Ages

    das áúsgehende 20. Jahrhundert — the end or close of the 20th century

    * * *
    aus·ge·hend
    im \ausgehenden Mittelalter towards the end of the Middle Ages
    das \ausgehende 19. Jahrhundert the end [or close] of the 19th century
    * * *
    Adjektiv; nicht präd

    das ausgehende 19. Jahrhundert — the end of or closing years of the 19th century

    * * *
    A. ppr → ausgehen
    B. adj
    1. zeitlich: late attr;
    im ausgehenden 20. Jahrhundert towards the end ( oder close) of the 20th century, in the late 20th century
    2. Postwesen: outgoing, outbound
    * * *
    Adjektiv; nicht präd

    das ausgehende 19. Jahrhundert — the end of or closing years of the 19th century

    * * *
    adj.
    outgoing adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > ausgehend

  • 85 beginnend

    I Part. Präs. beginnen
    II Adj. förm. incipient; im beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert at the beginning of ( oder in the opening years of) the 20th century; bei beginnender Dunkelheit as it gets dark; mit beginnendem Frühling at the start of spring; eine beginnende Grippe the beginnings of flu; der beginnende Schneefall etc. the first of the snow etc.
    * * *
    be|gịn|nend
    adj attr
    incipient (form)

    bei beginnender Dämmerung/Nacht — at dusk/nightfall

    im beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert — in the early 19th century

    * * *
    be·gin·nend
    1. (sich ankündigend) incipient
    eine \beginnende Infektion the beginnings of an infection
    2. (einsetzend) beginning, starting
    bei \beginnender Nacht/Dämmerung as night/dusk was falling
    im \beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert in the early [or at the beginning of the] 20th century
    * * *
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. incipient

    mit der beginnenden Morgendämmerung — as dawn begins/began to break

    im beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert — at the beginning of the 19th century

    * * *
    A. ppr → beginnen
    B. adj form incipient;
    im beginnenden 20. Jahrhundert at the beginning of ( oder in the opening years of) the 20th century;
    bei beginnender Dunkelheit as it gets dark;
    mit beginnendem Frühling at the start of spring;
    eine beginnende Grippe the beginnings of flu;
    der beginnende Schneefall etc the first of the snow etc
    * * *
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. incipient

    mit der beginnenden Morgendämmerung — as dawn begins/began to break

    im beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert — at the beginning of the 19th century

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > beginnend

  • 86 remontarse a

    v.
    to go back to, to date back to, to date back from.
    * * *
    * * *
    (v.) = date back to + Expresión Temporal, trace back to, be traced to, go back to/for + Tiempo, date from + Expresión Temporal, go + (as/so) far back as + Expresión Temporal, trace + Nombre + as far back as + Expresión Temporal, date + as far back as + Expresión Temporal, extend + as far back as + Expresión Temporal, be traceable to, hark(en) back to, stretch back to
    Ex. The roots of these problems data back to the 60s' with a failure to establish an efficient centralised information system.
    Ex. The problem of inadequate citation of conference papers can usually be traced back to authors of papers or books who cite conference papers they have heard or read by somewhat laconic statements of the name of the author/presenter of the paper.
    Ex. The organizational structure of Spain's libraries can be traced to the 19th century and shows a strong French influence.
    Ex. The sound rule that the librarian must not dispense medical or legal advice goes back at least a hundred years, having been clearly prescribed in Samuel S Green's pioneer paper of 1876.
    Ex. Lithography as a printing process dates from the 19th century.
    Ex. This work is somewhat deceptively titled in that the only theses going as far back as 1716 are those few listed for Glasgow University.
    Ex. Modern abstracting can be traced at least as far back as the beginning of printing, and with a liberal definition of the term, much farther than that.
    Ex. Citation indexing originated with 'tables of cases cited', which date at least as far back as 1743.
    Ex. Interpretations of early Egyptian papyri, extending as far back as 1300 B.C., indicate that the bureaucratic states of antiquity recognized the importance of organization and administration.
    Ex. The tradition associating this rare medieval clerical undergarment with the English martyr is traceable to the late 14th or early 15th c.
    Ex. The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex. The story of disjointness stretches back to the dawn of communication complexity.
    * * *
    (v.) = date back to + Expresión Temporal, trace back to, be traced to, go back to/for + Tiempo, date from + Expresión Temporal, go + (as/so) far back as + Expresión Temporal, trace + Nombre + as far back as + Expresión Temporal, date + as far back as + Expresión Temporal, extend + as far back as + Expresión Temporal, be traceable to, hark(en) back to, stretch back to

    Ex: The roots of these problems data back to the 60s' with a failure to establish an efficient centralised information system.

    Ex: The problem of inadequate citation of conference papers can usually be traced back to authors of papers or books who cite conference papers they have heard or read by somewhat laconic statements of the name of the author/presenter of the paper.
    Ex: The organizational structure of Spain's libraries can be traced to the 19th century and shows a strong French influence.
    Ex: The sound rule that the librarian must not dispense medical or legal advice goes back at least a hundred years, having been clearly prescribed in Samuel S Green's pioneer paper of 1876.
    Ex: Lithography as a printing process dates from the 19th century.
    Ex: This work is somewhat deceptively titled in that the only theses going as far back as 1716 are those few listed for Glasgow University.
    Ex: Modern abstracting can be traced at least as far back as the beginning of printing, and with a liberal definition of the term, much farther than that.
    Ex: Citation indexing originated with 'tables of cases cited', which date at least as far back as 1743.
    Ex: Interpretations of early Egyptian papyri, extending as far back as 1300 B.C., indicate that the bureaucratic states of antiquity recognized the importance of organization and administration.
    Ex: The tradition associating this rare medieval clerical undergarment with the English martyr is traceable to the late 14th or early 15th c.
    Ex: The third point is one that harks back to the chapter on peer influences.
    Ex: The story of disjointness stretches back to the dawn of communication complexity.

    Spanish-English dictionary > remontarse a

  • 87 Oporto, City of

       Known as Porto in Portuguese, it is the second largest city after Lisbon and a major commercial-industrial center of northern Portugal, as well as the outlet of the port wine industry. The capital of Oporto district, it is also "capital of the north," in effect. The current population of the city is approximately 240,000, with that of Greater Oporto over 2 million. Oporto lies on the right (north) bank of the Douro River, about three kilometers (two miles) from its mouth. Its harbor is Leixões. Several bridges connect the city to the south bank, including the famous Eiffel Bridge, built in the 19th century by the A. Gustave Eiffel, builder of the Eiffel Tower of Paris. Among the notable historic buildings are many churches, a Gothic medieval cathedral, a bishop's palace, and the Tower of the Clérigos. There are also interesting museums and libraries. Oporto's economy has been dominated for three centuries by the port wine shippers and industry; the wine, in fact, is named after the city itself. In recent decades, however, the local economy has become diversified, and industry and manufacturing have begun to surpass port wine in importance.
       The city of Oporto, proud of its hard-working reputation and its preeminence, has an ancient rivalry with the capital, Lisbon. Since 1820, when the first liberal, constitutional movement burst forth in Oporto, the city has often anticipated Lisbon in supporting liberal political causes. Other cases occurred in the 19th century, including the January 1891 republican revolt at Oporto, and in the 20th century, Oporto's fervent support of the presidential candidacy of the ill-fated general Humberto Delgado in 1958. It is noteworthy, too, that one of the most enduring critics of the Estado Novo in its middle and late years (1940s-1960s) was a bishop of Oporto, who was exiled and penalized by the regime.
       Whether it is in soccer ( futebol), liberal causes, hard work, or politics, Oporto and its inhabitants nurse a fierce local pride and claim superiority over Lisbon. In Portuguese tradition, Oporto residents are known as "tripe-eaters" ( tripeiros), as opposed to Lisbon residents, known as "lettuce-eaters" ( alfaçinhas). Despite Lisbon's dominance of the print media, starting in the 19th century, the city of Oporto has supported some of the country's more important daily newspapers.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Oporto, City of

  • 88 cortar el bacalao

    familiar to be the boss
    ————————
    to be the boss, give the orders, wear the trousers
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > cortar el bacalao

  • 89 decidir

    v.
    1 to decide, to choose.
    el juez decidirá si es inocente o no the judge will decide o determine whether or not he is innocent
    decidir hacer algo to decide to do something
    ¿a qué restaurante vamos? — tú decides which restaurant shall we go to? — you decide
    decidir entre dos cosas to choose between two things
    Ella decidió la forma de proceder She decided the way to proceed.
    Ella decide y no escucha She makes a decision and doesn't listen.
    2 to decide.
    el voto de la clase media decidió la elección the middle-class vote decided o swung the election
    3 to decide to, to resolve to.
    Ella decidió hacer una balsa She decided to make a raft.
    4 to determine, to ascertain, to pinpoint.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to decide; (asunto) to settle
    2 (convencer) to persuade, convince
    3 (resolver) to resolve, decide
    1 to decide, choose
    1 to make up one's mind
    \
    decidirse por to decide on
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=tomar una decisión) to decide

    ¿habéis decidido lo que vais a hacer? — have you decided what you are going to do?

    después de pensarlo mucho he decidido que sí — after giving it a lot of thought, I've decided to go ahead

    • decidir hacer algo — to decide to do sth

    2) (=determinar) [+ futuro, resultado] to decide; [+ asunto, disputa] to settle, resolve
    3) (=convencer)

    ¿qué fue lo que al final te decidió? — what finally made up your mind?, what finally decided you?, what finally made you decide?

    2.

    tuvo que decidir entre varias opciones — she had to choose o decide from a number of options

    • decidir sobre algo — to decide on sth, make a decision on sth

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar una determinación) to decide

    decidir + inf — to decide to + inf

    b) < persona> to make... decide
    2) < asunto> to settle; < resultado> to decide
    2.
    decidir vi to decide

    no sé, decide tú — I don't know, you decide

    tiene que decidir entre dos opciones igualmente interesantes — she has to choose o decide between two equally attractive options

    3.
    decidirse v pron to decide, to make up one's mind

    decidirse a + inf — to decide to + inf

    * * *
    = decide, decision to the contrary, make + choices, opt (for), settle, sort out, take + viewpoint, adjudicate, resolve, take + view, take + Posesivo + pick, call + the shots, be the boss, rule + the roost.
    Ex. At the two extremes, the order may simply be decided for each topic as and when it arises, and followed thereafter.
    Ex. Unless a conscious decision has been made to the contrary, the abstractor should not introduce any new biases or emphases.
    Ex. Frequently it is necessary for the librarian or information worker to make choices concerning record size and field size.
    Ex. However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex. Once the name to be used in a heading and its form have been settled, it is time to decide upon the entry element, or in more general terms, to examine the preferred order of the components of a name as the name is to appear as a heading.
    Ex. It is true that assignments were being heaped upon him with immense rapidity, but he would be able to sort them out and contrive solutions.
    Ex. Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex. I know a large library catalog in this country where the person in charge of filing has to adjudicate on the average four times a day on where a particular card should go.
    Ex. Bogardus privately resolved that nothing would induce her to assent to this monstrous possibility.
    Ex. There are those, sometimes found in the corridors of power, who would take such a view.
    Ex. We can offer them both and let our users take their pick.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    ----
    * decidir Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * decidir hacer = spring for.
    * decidir + Infinitivo = choose to + Infinitivo, elect to + Infinitivo.
    * decidir no + Infinitivo = decide against + Gerundio, decide against + Nombre.
    * decidir no ser incluido en = opt out of.
    * decidir por cuenta propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * decidir qué hacer con = make + disposition of.
    * decidirse = make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, make + Posesivo + mind up.
    * decidirse por = marry, settle on/upon, go for, come down in + favour of, plump for.
    * decidirse por uno mismo = make up + Posesivo + (own) mind.
    * estar decidido a = be determined to.
    * por decidir = to be decided.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar una determinación) to decide

    decidir + inf — to decide to + inf

    b) < persona> to make... decide
    2) < asunto> to settle; < resultado> to decide
    2.
    decidir vi to decide

    no sé, decide tú — I don't know, you decide

    tiene que decidir entre dos opciones igualmente interesantes — she has to choose o decide between two equally attractive options

    3.
    decidirse v pron to decide, to make up one's mind

    decidirse a + inf — to decide to + inf

    * * *
    = decide, decision to the contrary, make + choices, opt (for), settle, sort out, take + viewpoint, adjudicate, resolve, take + view, take + Posesivo + pick, call + the shots, be the boss, rule + the roost.

    Ex: At the two extremes, the order may simply be decided for each topic as and when it arises, and followed thereafter.

    Ex: Unless a conscious decision has been made to the contrary, the abstractor should not introduce any new biases or emphases.
    Ex: Frequently it is necessary for the librarian or information worker to make choices concerning record size and field size.
    Ex: However, in 1983, Forest Press decided to opt for the concept of continuous revision.
    Ex: Once the name to be used in a heading and its form have been settled, it is time to decide upon the entry element, or in more general terms, to examine the preferred order of the components of a name as the name is to appear as a heading.
    Ex: It is true that assignments were being heaped upon him with immense rapidity, but he would be able to sort them out and contrive solutions.
    Ex: Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.
    Ex: I know a large library catalog in this country where the person in charge of filing has to adjudicate on the average four times a day on where a particular card should go.
    Ex: Bogardus privately resolved that nothing would induce her to assent to this monstrous possibility.
    Ex: There are those, sometimes found in the corridors of power, who would take such a view.
    Ex: We can offer them both and let our users take their pick.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * decidir Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * decidir hacer = spring for.
    * decidir + Infinitivo = choose to + Infinitivo, elect to + Infinitivo.
    * decidir no + Infinitivo = decide against + Gerundio, decide against + Nombre.
    * decidir no ser incluido en = opt out of.
    * decidir por cuenta propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * decidir qué hacer con = make + disposition of.
    * decidirse = make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, make + Posesivo + mind up.
    * decidirse por = marry, settle on/upon, go for, come down in + favour of, plump for.
    * decidirse por uno mismo = make up + Posesivo + (own) mind.
    * estar decidido a = be determined to.
    * por decidir = to be decided.

    * * *
    decidir [I1 ]
    vt
    todavía no han decidido nada they still haven't reached a decision o haven't decided anything
    iba a aceptar pero después decidí que no I was going to accept but then I decided against it o decided not to
    hemos decidido que no nos vamos a mudar we've decided that we're not going to move, we've decided not to move
    decidir + INF to decide to + INF
    decidieron prorrogarle el contrato they decided to extend his contract
    2 ‹persona›
    eso fue lo que me decidió that was what made up my mind for me, that was what decided me
    aquel incidente me decidió a actuar that incident made me decide to act
    3 ‹asunto› to settle; ‹resultado› to decide
    este contrato va a decidir el futuro de la empresa this contract is going to decide the future of the company
    el gol que decidió el partido the goal that decided the game
    ■ decidir
    vi
    to decide
    no sé, decide tú I don't know, you decide
    otra persona había decidido por él someone else had made the decision for him
    tiene que decidir entre dos opciones igualmente interesantes she has to choose o decide between two equally attractive options
    decidir SOBRE algo to make o take a decision ON sth, decide ON sth
    no es la persona más adecuada para decidir sobre este asunto she's not the best person to decide on o to make o to take a decision on this matter
    yo no tengo autoridad para decidir sobre su suerte I do not have the authority to decide (on) his fate
    to make up one's mind
    aún no me he decidido del todo I still haven't quite made up my mind o decided
    decídete, me tengo que ir make up your mind, I have to go
    ¿va a llover? — no sé, no se decide is it going to rain? — I don't know, it can't seem to make up its mind
    decidirse A + INF to decide to + INF decidirse POR algo to decide ON sth
    se decidió por el verde she decided on the green one
    * * *

     

    decidir ( conjugate decidir) verbo transitivo
    1


    b) ‹ persona› to make … decide;


    2 ‹ asunto› to settle;
    ‹ resultado› to decide
    verbo intransitivo
    to decide;
    ◊ tiene que decidir entre los dos she has to choose o decide between the two;

    decidir sobre algo to decide on sth
    decidirse verbo pronominal
    to decide, to make up one's mind;
    decidirse a hacer algo to decide to do sth;
    decidirse por algo to decide on sth
    decidir verbo transitivo & verbo intransitivo to decide: tú decides, it's up to you
    el penalty en el último minuto decidió el partido, the last-minute penalty decided the game

    ' decidir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acertar
    - indecisa
    - indeciso
    - mover
    - solucionar
    - vacilante
    - pensar
    - resolver
    - votación
    English:
    choose
    - conclude
    - decide
    - fix
    - heart
    - open
    - opt out
    - seal
    - settle
    - up to
    - adjudicate
    - agree
    - determine
    - for
    - opt
    - priority
    - resolve
    - spot
    - up
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [tomar una decisión sobre] to decide;
    el juez decidirá si es inocente o no the judge will decide o determine whether or not he is innocent;
    no hay nada decidido por el momento nothing has been decided for the moment;
    todo está aún por decidir everything's still up in the air, nothing's been decided yet;
    decidir hacer algo to decide to do sth;
    he decidido cambiar de apartamento I've decided to move Br flat o US apartment;
    decidió que no valía la pena arriesgarse she decided (that) it wasn't worth the risk;
    han decidido que no van a tener más hijos they've decided not to have any more children
    2. [determinar] to decide;
    el voto de la clase media decidió la elección the middle-class vote decided o swung the election;
    el gol de Márquez decidió el partido Márquez's goal decided o settled the game
    3. [persuadir] to persuade, to convince;
    lo decidí a quedarse I convinced him to stay;
    su madre le decidió a dejar de fumar his mother persuaded him to stop smoking;
    ¿qué te decidió a seguir con el negocio? what made you decide to carry on with the business?
    ♦ vi
    to decide, to choose;
    ¿a qué restaurante vamos? – tú decides which restaurant shall we go to? – you decide;
    decidir entre dos cosas to choose between two things;
    ellos decidieron por mí they decided for me, they took the decision for me;
    tenemos que decidir sobre la decoración del dormitorio we have to decide how we're going to decorate the bedroom, we have to take a decision on the décor for the bedroom
    * * *
    I v/t decide
    II v/i decide, make up one’s mind
    * * *
    1) : to decide, to determine
    no he decidido nada: I haven't made a decision
    2) : to persuade, to decide
    su padre lo decidió a estudiar: his father persuaded him to study
    : to decide
    * * *
    decidir vb to decide

    Spanish-English dictionary > decidir

  • 90 dirigir el cotarro

    to be the boss, rule the roost
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > dirigir el cotarro

  • 91 partir el bacalao

    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > partir el bacalao

  • 92 ser el jefe

    (v.) = be in charge, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. He stared coldly at her for a moment, then spat out: 'Bah! You're in charge'.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = be in charge, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: He stared coldly at her for a moment, then spat out: 'Bah! You're in charge'.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ser el jefe

  • 93 ser el mandamás

    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ser el mandamás

  • 94 tener el poder

    (v.) = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = be the boss, call + the shots, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tener el poder

  • 95 tener la sartén por el mango

    figurado to have the upper hand
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.

    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tener la sartén por el mango

  • 96 tener la última palabra

    * * *
    (v.) = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost
    Ex. The manager who has the ultimate say makes a decision that will affect a great many people, both staff and patrons.
    Ex. A good bookseller will know what sells well; but the school must, for its own protection, have the final say should disagreement arise in this area.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex. One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex. As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = have + the ultimate say, have + the final say, call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost

    Ex: The manager who has the ultimate say makes a decision that will affect a great many people, both staff and patrons.

    Ex: A good bookseller will know what sells well; but the school must, for its own protection, have the final say should disagreement arise in this area.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Who's calling the shots in the semiconductor industry'.
    Ex: One of the hardest things about being the boss is that no one tells you what you're doing wrong.
    Ex: As long as we allow other people to pay the piper, they will continue calling the tune in Africa.
    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > tener la última palabra

  • 97 Art

       Portugal did not produce an artist of sufficient ability to gain recognition outside the country until the 19th century. Domingos Antônio Segueira (1768-1837) became well known in Europe for his allegorical religious and historical paintings in a neoclassical style. Portuguese painting during the 19th century emphasized naturalism and did not keep abreast of artistic innovations being made in other European countries. Portugal's best painters lived abroad especially in France. The most successful was Amadeo Souza- Cardoso who, while living in Paris, worked with the modernists Modigliani, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris. Souza-Cardoso introduced modernism into Portuguese painting in the early 20th century. A sustained modernist movement did not develop in Portugal, however. Naturalism remained the dominant school, and Portugal remained isolated from international artistic trends, owing to Portugal's conservative artistic climate, which prevented new forms of art from taking root, and the lack of support from an artistically sophisticated, art-buying elite supported by a system of galleries and foundations.
       Interestingly, it was during the conservative Estado Novo that modernism began to take root in Portugal. As Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar's secretary for national propaganda, Antônio Ferro, a writer, journalist, and cultural leader who admired Mussolini, encouraged the government to allow modern artists to create the heroic imagery of the Estado Novo following the Italian model that linked fascism with futurism. The most important Portuguese artist of this period was Almada Negreiros, who did the murals on the walls of the legendary café A Brasileira in the Chiado district of Lisbon, the paintings at the Exposition of the Portuguese World (1940), and murals at the Lisbon docks. Other artists of note during this period included Mário Eloy (1900-51), who was trained in Germany and influenced by George Grosz and Otto Dix; Domingos Alvarez (1906-42); and Antônio Pedro (1909-66).
       During the 1950s, the Estado Novo ceased to encourage artists to collaborate, as Portuguese artists became more critical of the regime. The return to Portugal of Antônio Pedro in 1947 led to the emergence of a school of geometric abstract painting in Oporto and the reawakening of surrealism. The art deco styles of the 1930s gave way to surrealism and abstract expression.
       In the 1960s, links between Portugal's artistic community and the international art world strengthened. Conscription for the wars against the nationalist insurgencies in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-75) resulted in a massive exodus of Portugal's avante-garde artists to Europe to avoid military service. While abroad, artists such as Joaquin Rodrigo (1912-93), Paula Rego (1935-), João Cutileiro (1947-), and others forged links with British, French, Italian, and Spanish artistic communities.
       The Revolution of 25 April 1974 created a crisis for Portugal's artists. The market for works of art collapsed as left-wing governments, claiming that they had more important things to do (eliminate poverty, improve education), withdrew support for the arts. Artists declared their talents to be at the "service of the people," and a brief period of socialist realism prevailed. With the return of political stability and moderate governments during the 1980s, Portugal's commercial art scene revived, and a new period of creativity began. Disenchantment with the socialist realism (utopianism) of the Revolution and a deepening of individualism began to be expressed by Portuguese artists. Investment in the arts became a means of demonstrating one's wealth and social status, and an unprecedented number of art galleries opened, art auctions were held, and a new generation of artists became internationally recognized. In 1984, a museum of modern art was built by the Gulbenkian Foundation adjacent to its offices on the Avenida de Berna in Lisbon. A national museum of modern art was finally built in Oporto in 1988.
       In the 1980s, Portugal's new generation of painters blended post-conceptualism and subjectivism, as well as a tendency toward decon-structionism/reconstructionism, in their work. Artists such as Cabrita Reis (1956-), Pedro Calapez (1953-), José Pedro Croft (1957-), Rui Sanches (1955-), and José de Guimarães (1949-) gained international recognition during this period. Guimarães crosses African art themes with Western art; Sarmento invokes images of film, culture, photography, American erotica, and pulp fiction toward sex, violence, and pleasure; Reis evolved from a painter to a maker of installation artist using chipboard, plaster, cloth, glass, and electrical and plumbing materials.
       From the end of the 20th century and during the early years of the 21st century, Portugal's art scene has been in a state of crisis brought on by a declining art trade and a withdrawal of financial support by conservative governments. Although not as serious as the collapse of the 1970s, the current situation has divided the Portuguese artistic community between those, such as Cerveira Pito and Leonel Moura, who advocate a return to using primitive, strongly textured techniques and others such as João Paulo Feliciano (1963-), who paint constructivist works that poke fun at the relationship between art, money, society, and the creative process. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, the factors that have prevented Portuguese art from achieving and sustaining international recognition (the absence of a strong art market, depending too much on official state support, and the individualistic nature of Portuguese art production) are still to be overcome.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Art

  • 98 bezeugen

    v/t
    1. JUR. und fig. testify (to); (bestätigen) vouch for; (bescheinigen) certify; vor Gericht bezeugen testify before the court; der Angeklagte bezeugte unter Eid, dass... the defendant deposed that...
    2. (historisch nachgewiesen): die Siedlung ist für das ausgehende 11. Jahrhundert ( sicher) bezeugt there is (firm) evidence for ( oder of) the settlement’s existence in the late 11th century, the settlement is known to have existed in the late 11th century; das Wort ist für das 19. Jahrhundert bezeugt the word is recorded ( oder attested) in the 19th century
    3. bezeigen
    * * *
    to bear witness to; to bear witness of; to testify; to attest; to witness
    * * *
    be|zeu|gen ptp bezeugt
    vt
    1) (Sache) to attest; (Person auch) to testify to

    bezéúgen, dass... — to attest the fact that...; to testify that...

    2) (geh)

    jdm etw bezéúgen — to show sb sth

    * * *
    1) (to declare formally (eg that something is true): I certify that I witnessed the signing of his will.) certify
    2) (to show or give evidence of; to state that (something) is so: I will testify to her kindness.) testify
    3) (to give evidence: She will bear witness to his honesty.) bear witness
    * * *
    be·zeu·gen *
    vt
    1. JUR
    ▪ etw \bezeugen (als Zeuge bestätigen) to testify to sth; (bestätigen) to attest sth
    ▪ \bezeugen, dass... to testify [or show] [or prove] that...
    2. (geh: nachweisen)
    ▪ jdm etw \bezeugen to prove sth to sb
    * * *
    transitives Verb testify to

    bezeugen, dass... — testify that...

    * * *
    1. JUR etc fig testify (to); (bestätigen) vouch for; (bescheinigen) certify;
    vor Gericht bezeugen testify before the court;
    der Angeklagte bezeugte unter Eid, dass … the defendant deposed that …
    2. (historisch nachgewiesen):
    die Siedlung ist für das ausgehende 11. Jahrhundert (sicher) bezeugt there is (firm) evidence for ( oder of) the settlement’s existence in the late 11th century, the settlement is known to have existed in the late 11th century;
    das Wort ist für das 19. Jahrhundert bezeugt the word is recorded ( oder attested) in the 19th century
    3. → bezeigen
    * * *
    transitives Verb testify to

    bezeugen, dass... — testify that...

    * * *
    adj.
    testified adj. v.
    to testify v.
    to witness v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bezeugen

  • 99 Empire, Portuguese overseas

    (1415-1975)
       Portugal was the first Western European state to establish an early modern overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean and perhaps the last colonial power to decolonize. A vast subject of complexity that is full of myth as well as debatable theories, the history of the Portuguese overseas empire involves the story of more than one empire, the question of imperial motives, the nature of Portuguese rule, and the results and consequences of empire, including the impact on subject peoples as well as on the mother country and its society, Here, only the briefest account of a few such issues can be attempted.
       There were various empires or phases of empire after the capture of the Moroccan city of Ceuta in 1415. There were at least three Portuguese empires in history: the First empire (1415-1580), the Second empire (1580-1640 and 1640-1822), and the Third empire (1822-1975).
       With regard to the second empire, the so-called Phillipine period (1580-1640), when Portugal's empire was under Spanish domination, could almost be counted as a separate era. During that period, Portugal lost important parts of its Asian holdings to England and also sections of its colonies of Brazil, Angola, and West Africa to Holland's conquests. These various empires could be characterized by the geography of where Lisbon invested its greatest efforts and resources to develop territories and ward off enemies.
       The first empire (1415-1580) had two phases. First came the African coastal phase (1415-97), when the Portuguese sought a foothold in various Moroccan cities but then explored the African coast from Morocco to past the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. While colonization and sugar farming were pursued in the Atlantic islands, as well as in the islands in the Gulf of Guinea like São Tomé and Príncipe, for the most part the Portuguese strategy was to avoid commitments to defending or peopling lands on the African continent. Rather, Lisbon sought a seaborne trade empire, in which the Portuguese could profit from exploiting trade and resources (such as gold) along the coasts and continue exploring southward to seek a sea route to Portuguese India. The second phase of the first empire (1498-1580) began with the discovery of the sea route to Asia, thanks to Vasco da Gama's first voyage in 1497-99, and the capture of strong points, ports, and trading posts in order to enforce a trade monopoly between Asia and Europe. This Asian phase produced the greatest revenues of empire Portugal had garnered, yet ended when Spain conquered Portugal and commanded her empire as of 1580.
       Portugal's second overseas empire began with Spanish domination and ran to 1822, when Brazil won her independence from Portugal. This phase was characterized largely by Brazilian dominance of imperial commitment, wealth in minerals and other raw materials from Brazil, and the loss of a significant portion of her African and Asian coastal empire to Holland and Great Britain. A sketch of Portugal's imperial losses either to native rebellions or to imperial rivals like Britain and Holland follows:
       • Morocco (North Africa) (sample only)
       Arzila—Taken in 1471; evacuated in 1550s; lost to Spain in 1580, which returned city to a sultan.
       Ceuta—Taken in 1415; lost to Spain in 1640 (loss confirmed in 1668 treaty with Spain).
       • Tangiers—Taken in 15th century; handed over to England in 1661 as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to King Charles II.
       • West Africa
       • Fort/Castle of São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (in what is now Ghana)—Taken in 1480s; lost to Holland in 1630s.
       • Middle East
       Socotra-isle—Conquered in 1507; fort abandoned in 1511; used as water resupply stop for India fleet.
       Muscat—Conquered in 1501; lost to Persians in 1650.
       Ormuz—Taken, 1505-15 under Albuquerque; lost to England, which gave it to Persia in the 17th century.
       Aden (entry to Red Sea) — Unsuccessfully attacked by Portugal (1513-30); taken by Turks in 1538.
       • India
       • Ceylon (Sri Lanka)—Taken by 1516; lost to Dutch after 1600.
       • Bombay—Taken in 16th century; given to England in 1661 treaty as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry for Charles II.
       • East Indies
       • Moluccas—Taken by 1520; possession confirmed in 1529 Saragossa treaty with Spain; lost to Dutch after 1600; only East Timor remaining.
       After the restoration of Portuguese independence from Spain in 1640, Portugal proceeded to revive and strengthen the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, with international aid to fight off further Spanish threats to Portugal and drive the Dutch invaders out of Brazil and Angola. While Portugal lost its foothold in West Africa at Mina to the Dutch, dominion in Angola was consolidated. The most vital part of the imperial economy was a triangular trade: slaves from West Africa and from the coasts of Congo and Angola were shipped to plantations in Brazil; raw materials (sugar, tobacco, gold, diamonds, dyes) were sent to Lisbon; Lisbon shipped Brazil colonists and hardware. Part of Portugal's War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68) and its reclaiming of Brazil and Angola from Dutch intrusions was financed by the New Christians (Jews converted to Christianity after the 1496 Manueline order of expulsion of Jews) who lived in Portugal, Holland and other low countries, France, and Brazil. If the first empire was mainly an African coastal and Asian empire, the second empire was primarily a Brazilian empire.
       Portugal's third overseas empire began upon the traumatic independence of Brazil, the keystone of the Lusitanian enterprise, in 1822. The loss of Brazil greatly weakened Portugal both as a European power and as an imperial state, for the scattered remainder of largely coastal, poor, and uncolonized territories that stretched from the bulge of West Africa to East Timor in the East Indies and Macau in south China were more of a financial liability than an asset. Only two small territories balanced their budgets occasionally or made profits: the cocoa islands of São Tomé and Príncipe in the Gulf of Guinea and tiny Macau, which lost much of its advantage as an entrepot between the West and the East when the British annexed neighboring Hong Kong in 1842. The others were largely burdens on the treasury. The African colonies were strapped by a chronic economic problem: at a time when the slave trade and then slavery were being abolished under pressures from Britain and other Western powers, the economies of Guinea- Bissau, São Tomé/Príncipe, Angola, and Mozambique were totally dependent on revenues from the slave trade and slavery. During the course of the 19th century, Lisbon began a program to reform colonial administration in a newly rejuvenated African empire, where most of the imperial efforts were expended, by means of replacing the slave trade and slavery, with legitimate economic activities.
       Portugal participated in its own early version of the "Scramble" for Africa's interior during 1850-69, but discovered that the costs of imperial expansion were too high to allow effective occupation of the hinterlands. After 1875, Portugal participated in the international "Scramble for Africa" and consolidated its holdings in west and southern Africa, despite the failure of the contra-costa (to the opposite coast) plan, which sought to link up the interiors of Angola and Mozambique with a corridor in central Africa. Portugal's expansion into what is now Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (eastern section) in 1885-90 was thwarted by its oldest ally, Britain, under pressure from interest groups in South Africa, Scotland, and England. All things considered, Portugal's colonizing resources and energies were overwhelmed by the African empire it possessed after the frontier-marking treaties of 1891-1906. Lisbon could barely administer the massive area of five African colonies, whose total area comprised about 8 percent of the area of the colossal continent. The African territories alone were many times the size of tiny Portugal and, as of 1914, Portugal was the third colonial power in terms of size of area possessed in the world.
       The politics of Portugal's empire were deceptive. Lisbon remained obsessed with the fear that rival colonial powers, especially Germany and Britain, would undermine and then dismantle her African empire. This fear endured well into World War II. In developing and keeping her potentially rich African territories (especially mineral-rich Angola and strategically located Mozambique), however, the race against time was with herself and her subject peoples. Two major problems, both chronic, prevented Portugal from effective colonization (i.e., settling) and development of her African empire: the economic weakness and underdevelopment of the mother country and the fact that the bulk of Portuguese emigration after 1822 went to Brazil, Venezuela, the United States, and France, not to the colonies. These factors made it difficult to consolidate imperial control until it was too late; that is, until local African nationalist movements had organized and taken the field in insurgency wars that began in three of the colonies during the years 1961-64.
       Portugal's belated effort to revitalize control and to develop, in the truest sense of the word, Angola and Mozambique after 1961 had to be set against contemporary events in Europe, Africa, and Asia. While Portugal held on to a backward empire, other European countries like Britain, France, and Belgium were rapidly decolonizing their empires. Portugal's failure or unwillingness to divert the large streams of emigrants to her empire after 1850 remained a constant factor in this question. Prophetic were the words of the 19th-century economist Joaquim Oliveira Martins, who wrote in 1880 that Brazil was a better colony for Portugal than Africa and that the best colony of all would have been Portugal itself. As of the day of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, which sparked the final process of decolonization of the remainder of Portugal's third overseas empire, the results of the colonization program could be seen to be modest compared to the numbers of Portuguese emigrants outside the empire. Moreover, within a year, of some 600,000 Portuguese residing permanently in Angola and Mozambique, all but a few thousand had fled to South Africa or returned to Portugal.
       In 1974 and 1975, most of the Portuguese empire was decolonized or, in the case of East Timor, invaded and annexed by a foreign power before it could consolidate its independence. Only historic Macau, scheduled for transfer to the People's Republic of China in 1999, remained nominally under Portuguese control as a kind of footnote to imperial history. If Portugal now lacked a conventional overseas empire and was occupied with the challenges of integration in the European Union (EU), Lisbon retained another sort of informal dependency that was a new kind of empire: the empire of her scattered overseas Portuguese communities from North America to South America. Their numbers were at least six times greater than that of the last settlers of the third empire.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Empire, Portuguese overseas

  • 100 llevar el mando

    (v.) = rule + the roost
    Ex. Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.
    * * *
    (v.) = rule + the roost

    Ex: Just as the 19th century belonged to England and the 20th century to America, so the 21st century will be China's turn to set the agenda and rule the roost.

    Spanish-English dictionary > llevar el mando

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