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21 control
1) управління ( діяльність); регулювання, нормування, контроль, нагляд ( за діяльністю тощо); контрольний орган; режим; стримування (в т. ч. злочинності, натовпу), боротьба ( із злочинністю тощо)2) керувати, розпоряджатися; контролювати, нормувати, регулювати; стримувати, обмежувати; спостерігати, здійснювати нагляд•control and verification of the fulfillment of adopted decisions — контроль и перевірка виконання прийнятих рішень
control of administrative action — = control of administrative actions контроль за адміністративними діями
control of administrative actions — = control of administrative action
control the lawful exercise of power — = control the lawful exercise of powers контролювати законність здійснення повноважень
- control a crowdcontrol the lawful exercise of powers — = control the lawful exercise of power
- control a question of law
- control agency
- control an operation
- control and auditing activity
- control and auditing agency
- control and auditing apparatus
- control and auditing body
- control-auditing
- control-auditing activity
- control-auditing agency
- control-auditing apparatus
- control-auditing body
- control-auditing inspectorate
- control authority
- control behavior
- control one's behavior
- control board
- control body
- control center
- control centre
- control committee
- control conduct
- control crime
- control crowd
- control directorate
- control functions
- control human conduct
- control law
- control machinery
- control measure
- control of civil disturbances
- control of property
- control of the observation
- control of the police
- control of the press
- control over cash flows
- control over natural resources
- control over nuclear exports
- control over organized crime
- control over the crime rate
- control pesticide use
- control police activities
- control prices
- control riot
- control riots
- control secret police
- control shot in the head
- control stamp
- control system -
22 band
1. noun1) Band, das3) (Radio)long/medium band — Langwellen-/Mittelwellenband, das
5) (of musicians) [Musik]kapelle, die; (pop group, jazz band) Band, die; Gruppe, die; (dance band) [Tanz]kapelle, die; (military band) Militärkapelle, die2. transitive verb1)band something — ein Band um etwas machen
2) (mark with stripes) bändern3. intransitive verbband together [with somebody] — sich [mit jemandem] zusammenschließen
* * *[bænd] I noun1) (a strip of material to put round something: a rubber band.) das Band2) (a stripe of a colour etc: a skirt with a band of red in it.) der Streifen3) (in radio etc, a group of frequencies or wavelengths: the medium waveband.) das FrequenzbandII 1. noun1) (a number of persons forming a group: a band of robbers.) die Bande2) (a body of musicians: a brass band; a dance band.) die Band2. verb(to unite or gather together for a purpose: They banded together to oppose the building of the garage.) sich zusammentun* * *band1[bænd]I. n1. of metal, cloth Band nt\band of cloud Wolkenband nta \band of light rain and showers ein zerrissenes [Wolken]band mit Regenschauernhat \band Hutband nthead \band Stirnband ntUHF \band UHF-Band ntin the 30-40 age \band in der Altersgruppe von 30-40 [Jahren]tax \band Steuerklasse fwedding \band Trauring m, Ehering mII. vt1. (put band on)2. BRIT SCH▪ to \band sb jdn einstufenband2[bænd]I. nbrass \band Blaskapelle f, Blasorchester nt\band practice Probe f\band of birds Vogelschwarm ma \band of wild dogs ein Rudel nt wilder Hunde* * *I [bnd]1. n1) (of cloth, iron) Band nt; (on barrel) Fassband nt, Reifen m; (over book jacket) (Einband)streifen m; (of leather) Band nt, Riemen m; (= waistband) Bund m; (on cigar) Banderole f, Bauchbinde f; (= ring on bird; US = wedding band) Ring m; (on machine) Riemen m2) (= stripe) Streifen m3) pl (ECCL, UNIV: collar) Beffchen plSee:→ frequency band, waveband2. vtbird beringen IIn1) Schar f; (of robbers etc) Bande f; (of workers) Trupp m, Kolonne f* * *band1 [bænd]A s1. Schar f, Gruppe f2. MUSa) (Musik-, besonders Blas) Kapelle f, (Tanz-, Unterhaltungs) Orchester n, (Jazz-, Rock- etc) Band fb) MIL Musikkorps nc) (Instrumenten)Gruppe f (im Orchester):big band Big Band (Jazz- od Tanzmusikensemble, in dem einzelne Instrumente der Melodiegruppe mehrfach besetzt sind); → academic.ru/6039/beat">beat1 C 84. ZOOL USa) Herde fb) (Insekten-, Vogel) Schwarm m5. fig US Reihe f, Anzahl fa) sich zusammentun,b) sich zusammenrottenband2 [bænd]A s3. (andersfarbiger oder andersartiger) Streifen4. ZOOL Querstreifen m (z. B. beim Zebra)5. ANAT (Gelenk)Band n:band of connective tissue Bindegewebsbrücke f7. RADIO (Frequenz-)Band n:band filter Bandfilter n/m8. Ring m (auch eines Vogels)9. TECHa) Treibriemen mb) Band n10. pl Beffchen n (der Richter, Geistlichen etc)11. ARCH Band n, Borte f, Leiste f12. Band n, Ring m (zur Verbindung oder Befestigung)13. TECH (Rad)Schiene f15. Bauchbinde f (einer Zigarre)16. meist pl fig Band n, Bande pl, Bindung f17. obs oder fig Fessel fB v/t2. mit (einem) Streifen versehen3. einen Vogel beringen* * *1. noun1) Band, dasa band of light/colour — ein Streifen Licht/Farbe
3) (Radio)long/medium band — Langwellen-/Mittelwellenband, das
5) (of musicians) [Musik]kapelle, die; (pop group, jazz band) Band, die; Gruppe, die; (dance band) [Tanz]kapelle, die; (military band) Militärkapelle, die2. transitive verb1)2) (mark with stripes) bändern3. intransitive verbband together [with somebody] — sich [mit jemandem] zusammenschließen
* * *(music) n.Kapelle -en f.Musikkapelle f. n.Band ¨-er f.Bande -n f.Schar nur sing. f.Trupp -s m. -
23 force
1.[fɔːs]noun1) no pl. (strength, power) Stärke, die; (of bomb, explosion, attack, storm) Wucht, die; (physical strength) Kraft, dieachieve something by brute force — etwas mit roher Gewalt erreichen
by force of — auf Grund (+ Gen.)
come into force — [Gesetz usw.:] in Kraft treten
put in[to] force — in Kraft setzen
use or employ force [against somebody] — Gewalt [gegen jemanden] anwenden
by force — gewaltsam; mit Gewalt
4) (organized group) (of workers) Kolonne, die; Trupp, der; (of police) Einheit, die; (Mil.) Armee, diethe forces — die Armee
there are forces in action/at work here... — hier walten Kräfte/sind Kräfte am Werk...
he is a force in the land (fig.)/a force to be reckoned with — er ist ein einflussreicher Mann im Land/eine Macht, die nicht zu unterschätzen ist
6) (meaning) Bedeutung, die7) (Phys.) Kraft, die2. transitive verb1) zwingenforce somebody/oneself [to do something] — jemanden/sich zwingen[, etwas zu tun]
be forced to do something — gezwungen sein od. sich gezwungen sehen, etwas zu tun
I was forced to accept/into accepting the offer — (felt obliged) ich fühlte mich verpflichtet, das Angebot anzunehmen
force somebody's hand — (fig.) jemanden zwingen zu handeln
2) (take by force)he forced it out of her hands — er riss es ihr aus der Hand
force a confession from somebody — (fig.) jemanden zu einem Geständnis zwingen
3) (push)force something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]zwängen
force something [up]on somebody — jemandem etwas aufzwingen od. aufnötigen
5) (break open)force [open] — aufbrechen
6) (effect by violent means) sich (Dat.) erzwingen [Zutritt]force one's way in[to a building] — sich (Dat.) mit Gewalt Zutritt [zu einem Gebäude] verschaffen
7) (produce with effort) sich zwingen zuPhrasal Verbs:- force up* * *[fo:s] 1. noun1) (strength or power that can be felt: the force of the wind.) die Kraft2) (a person or thing that has great power: the forces of Nature.) die Kraft3) ((sometimes with capital) a group of men prepared for action: the police force; the Royal Air Force.) die Truppe2. verb1) (to make (someone or something) do something, go somewhere etc, often against his etc will: He forced me to give him money.) zwingen2) (to achieve by strength or effort: He forced a smile despite his grief.) erzwingen•- forced- forceful
- forcefully
- forces
- in
- into force* * *[fɔ:s, AM fɔ:rs]I. nshe slapped his face with unexpected \force sie versetzte ihm eine unerwartet kräftige Ohrfeigeby \force of arms mit Waffengewaltthe \force of an earthquake/a hurricane die Stärke eines Erdbebens/Wirbelsturmswith full \force mit voller Wuchtto use \force Gewalt anwendenby \force gewaltsam, mit Gewaltunder the \force of circumstances unter dem Zwang der Verhältnisse\force of attraction Anziehungsvermögen nt\force of current Stromstärke f\force of gravity Schwerkraft f, Erdanziehungskraft f\force of inertia Trägheitskraft f▪ in \force in großer Zahlthe \force of sb's arguments jds Überzeugungskraft f\force of habit die Macht der Gewohnheitfrom \force of habit aus reiner Gewohnheithe was a powerful \force in politics er war ein einflussreicher Mann in der Politikthe \forces of evil die Mächte des Bösento have the \force of law rechtsverbindlich seinto be in/come [or be brought] into \force in Kraft sein/tretento put sth in[to] \force etw in Kraft setzenpolice \force Polizei fair \force Luftwaffe flabour \force Arbeitskräfte plarmed \forces Streitkräfte pl10.▶ to combine [or join] \forces zusammenhelfenwith combined \forces mit vereinten Kräften▶ by sheer \force of numbers aufgrund zahlenmäßiger ÜberlegenheitII. vt1. (compel)▪ to \force sb/oneself [to do sth] jdn/sich zwingen [etw zu tun]to \force sb out of the car jdn zwingen auszusteigento \force sb out of the house jdn zwingen das Haus zu verlassento \force sb to the floor jdn zu Boden zwingen▪ to be \forced to do sth gezwungen werden etw zu tun; (feel the necessity) gezwungen sein etw zu tun; (feel obliged) sich akk gezwungen sehen etw zu tun▪ to \force sb into doing sth jdn [dazu] zwingen, etw zu tunthe \forced us into the cellar sie zwangen uns in den Keller [zu gehen]to \force sb into the car jdn [dazu] zwingen, einzusteigen [o in den Wagen zu steigen]to \force sb into prostitution/resignation jdn zur Prostitution/zum Rücktritt zwingen2.▪ to \force sth etw erzwingenthe burglar \forced an entry der Einbrecher verschaffte sich mit Gewalt Zutrittto \force a confession out of sb jdn zu einem Geständnis zwingen, ein Geständnis von jdm erzwingento \force a smile gezwungen lächeln, sich akk zu einem Lächeln zwingento \force one's way into/through/out of sth sich dat seinen Weg in/durch etw akk /aus etw dat bahnento \force words out of sb jdm die Worte aus der Nase ziehen fam4. (make accept)▪ to \force sth on sb jdm etw aufzwingen5. (push, squeeze)to \force a nail into a wall einen Nagel in eine Wand treiben6. LAW7. (open)to \force a door/a lock eine Tür/ein Schloss aufbrechento \force a zip einen Reißverschluss mit Gewalt öffnen8. (make grow faster)to \force fruits/vegetables Früchte/Gemüse treiben fachspr\forced salad getriebener Salat fachspr9.▶ to \force sb's hand jdn zum Handeln zwingen▶ to \force an issue eine Entscheidung erzwingen▶ to \force the pace das Tempo forcieren* * *[fɔːs]1. n1) no pl (= physical strength, power) Kraft f; (of blow, impact, collision) Wucht f; (= physical coercion) Gewalt f; (PHYS) Kraft fthe force of the wind was so great he could hardly stand — der Wind war so stark, dass er kaum stehen konnte
they were there in force —
2) no pl (fig) (of argument) Überzeugungskraft f; (of music, phrase) Eindringlichkeit f; (of character) Stärke f; (of words) Macht fthe force of circumstances —
I see the force of what he is saying — ich sehe ein, was er sagt, ist zwingend
3) (= powerful thing, person) Macht fhe is a powerful force in the reform movement — er ist ein einflussreicher Mann in der Reformbewegung
See:→ life force4)See:5)to come into/be in force — in Kraft treten/sein
2. vt1) (= compel) zwingento force sb/oneself to do sth — jdn/sich zwingen, etw zu tun
he was forced to conclude that... — er sah sich zu der Folgerung gezwungen or gedrängt, dass...
2) (= extort, obtain by force) erzwingento force an error (Sport) — einen Fehler erzwingen, den Gegner ausspielen
3)to force sth ( up)on sb (present, one's company) — jdm etw aufdrängen; conditions, obedience jdm etw auferlegen; conditions, decision, war jdm etw aufzwingen
he forced himself on her (sexually) — er tat ihr Gewalt an
4) (= break open) aufbrechento force (an) entry — sich (dat) gewaltsam Zugang or Zutritt verschaffen
5)(= push, squeeze)
to force books into a box — Bücher in eine Kiste zwängenthe liquid is forced up the tube by a pump — die Flüssigkeit wird von einer Pumpe durch das Rohr nach oben gepresst
if it won't open/go in, don't force it — wenn es nicht aufgeht/passt, wende keine Gewalt an
to force one's way into sth — sich (dat) gewaltsam Zugang zu etw or in etw (acc)
to force one's way through — sich (dat) gewaltsam einen Weg bahnen
6) plants treiben7)(= produce with effort)
to force a smile — gezwungen lächeln* * *A s1. Stärke f, Kraft f, Wucht f (auch fig):force of gravity PHYS Schwerkraft;by force of arms mit Waffengewalt;a) sich zusammentun ( with mit),2. fig (auch politische etc) Kraft:forces of nature Naturkräfte, -gewalten3. Gewalt f:by force gewaltsam, mit Gewalt ( → A 4)by force zwangsweise ( → A 3);the force of circumstances der Zwang der Verhältnissebe in force in Kraft sein, gelten;6. Einfluss m, Macht f, Wirkung f, (Durchschlags-, Überzeugungs)Kraft f, Nachdruck m:lend force to Nachdruck verleihen (dat);the force of habit die Macht der Gewohnheit;from force of habit aus Gewohnheit7. (geistige oder moralische) Kraft9. umg Menge f:10. MILa) oft pl Streit-, Kriegsmacht fb) pl (Gesamt)Streitkräfte plc) pl Truppe f, Verband m11. Truppe f, Mannschaft f:a strong force of police ein starkes Polizeiaufgebot;B v/t1. zwingen, nötigen:force sb to resign jemanden zum Rücktritt zwingen;force sb’s hand jemanden zu handeln zwingen;we were forced to listen to their argument wir mussten uns (notgedrungen) ihren Streit mit anhören2. etwas erzwingen, durchsetzen, -drücken:force a smile gezwungen oder gequält lächeln, sich zu einem Lächeln zwingen, sich ein Lächeln abquälen;force sth from sb etwas von jemandem erzwingen;3. zwängen, drängen, drücken, pressen:force back (out, together) zurücktreiben (herausdrücken, zusammenpressen);she forced back her tears sie unterdrückte die Tränen;force down sein Essen hinunterwürgen;force one’s way into sich gewaltsam Zutritt verschaffen zu;force sb to the left jemanden nach links abdrängen;an idea forced itself into my mind ein Gedanke drängte sich mir auf6. aufzwingen, -drängen, -nötigen ( alle:sth [up]on sb jemandem etwas):force o.s. on sb sich jemandem aufdrängen7. überwältigen8. MIL erstürmen, erobern10. jemandem, auch einer Frau, auch fig dem Sinn etc Gewalt antun11. fig einen Ausdruck etc zu Tode reiten, zerreden12. das Tempo beschleunigen, forcieren14. (an)treibenF abk1. Fahrenheit3. French* * *1.[fɔːs]noun1) no pl. (strength, power) Stärke, die; (of bomb, explosion, attack, storm) Wucht, die; (physical strength) Kraft, diein force — (in large numbers) mit einem großen Aufgebot (see also b)
by force of — auf Grund (+ Gen.)
in force — (in effect) in Kraft
come into force — [Gesetz usw.:] in Kraft treten
put in[to] force — in Kraft setzen
3) (coercion, violence) Gewalt, dieuse or employ force [against somebody] — Gewalt [gegen jemanden] anwenden
by force — gewaltsam; mit Gewalt
4) (organized group) (of workers) Kolonne, die; Trupp, der; (of police) Einheit, die; (Mil.) Armee, diethere are forces in action/at work here... — hier walten Kräfte/sind Kräfte am Werk...
he is a force in the land (fig.)/a force to be reckoned with — er ist ein einflussreicher Mann im Land/eine Macht, die nicht zu unterschätzen ist
6) (meaning) Bedeutung, die7) (Phys.) Kraft, die2. transitive verb1) zwingenforce somebody/oneself [to do something] — jemanden/sich zwingen[, etwas zu tun]
be forced to do something — gezwungen sein od. sich gezwungen sehen, etwas zu tun
I was forced to accept/into accepting the offer — (felt obliged) ich fühlte mich verpflichtet, das Angebot anzunehmen
force somebody's hand — (fig.) jemanden zwingen zu handeln
force a confession from somebody — (fig.) jemanden zu einem Geständnis zwingen
3) (push)force something into something — etwas in etwas (Akk.) [hinein]zwängen
4) (impose, inflict)force something [up]on somebody — jemandem etwas aufzwingen od. aufnötigen
5) (break open)force [open] — aufbrechen
6) (effect by violent means) sich (Dat.) erzwingen [Zutritt]force one's way in[to a building] — sich (Dat.) mit Gewalt Zutritt [zu einem Gebäude] verschaffen
7) (produce with effort) sich zwingen zuPhrasal Verbs:- force up* * *n.Gewalt -en f.Kraft ¨-e f.Macht ¨-e f.Stärke -n f.Wirkung -en f.Zwang ¨-e m. v.erzwingen v.forcieren v.zwingen v.(§ p.,pp.: zwang, gezwungen) -
24 church
1. n преим. церковь; храм, христианский2. n церковь; вероисповеданиеChurch of England, English Church — англиканская церковь
Broad Church — «широкая церковь»
High Church — «высокая церковь»
Low Church — «низкая церковь»
3. n разг. англиканская церковь; государственная церковь4. n разг. богослужение5. n духовенство6. a церковныйchurch member — верующий; принадлежащий к одному из вероисповеданий
7. a принадлежащий к государственной, англиканской церквиchurch folk — сторонники государственной церкви, англиканцы
8. v приводить или приносить в церковьPrince of the Church — кардинал, князь церкви
9. v совершать церковный обряд; давать молитвуСинонимический ряд:1. religious (adj.) churchly; churchmanly; ecclesiastical; religious; spiritual2. Christendom (noun) Catholicism; Christendom; Christianity; followers of Christ; pope3. house of worship (noun) basilica; cathedral; chapel; house of god; house of prayer; house of worship; mosque; place of worship; shrine; synagogue; tabernacle; temple4. organized religion (noun) affiliation; communion; congregation; connection; creed; cult; denomination; faith; organised religion; organized religion; persuasion; religion; religious order; sect5. religious rite (noun) mass; meeting; oratory; prayer; prayer meeting; religious rite; rite; ritual; sermon; service; Sunday school; worship -
25 organization
1) (a group of people working together for a purpose: a business organization.) organización2) (the act of organizing: Efficiency depends on the organization of one's work.) organización3) (the state of being organized: This report lacks organization.) organizaciónorganization n organizacióntr[ɔːgənaɪ'zeɪʃən]1 organización nombre femeninoorganization [.ɔrgənə'zeɪʃən] n1) organizing: organización f2) body: organización f, organismo morganization (US/UK)n.• entidad s.f.• organismo s.m.• organización s.f.• sociedad s.f.'ɔːrgənə'zeɪʃən, ˌɔːgənaɪ'zeɪʃəna) c ( group) organización f; (before n)b) u ( organizing) organización fc) u (order, system) método m, sistema m[ˌɔːɡǝnaɪ'zeɪʃǝn]1. N1) (=act) organización f2) (=body) organización f, organismo m2.CPD* * *['ɔːrgənə'zeɪʃən, ˌɔːgənaɪ'zeɪʃən]a) c ( group) organización f; (before n)b) u ( organizing) organización fc) u (order, system) método m, sistema m -
26 motion
движение; перемещениеmotion due to turbulencemotion of the atmosphere1/rev motionaft motionair motionaircraft motionaircraft rigid-body motionairplane motionangular motionaperiodic motionattitude motionbending motionchordwise motionconstrained motioncontrol-surface motioncoupled motiondamper motiondecoupled motiondirect lift motiondirect sideforce motiondirectional decoupled motiondisturbance motiondisturbed motiondual-frequency motionfeather motionfeathering motionflap motionflapping motionflutter motiongyroscopically coupled motionharmonic motionheave motionheaving motionhigh-acceleration motionin-plane motioninertial motioninterface motionirrotational motionjet motionjoint motionlag motionlarge-amplitude motionlateral motionlateral-directional motionlead-lag motionlimit cycle motionlinear motionlong-period motionlongitudinal motionlongitudinal decoupled motionlow-amplitude motionnatural motionnozzle motionorganized motionoscillatory motionout-of-plane motionpeak-to-peak motionperiodic motionperturbational motionperturbed motionphugoid motionpilot-generated motionpitch motionpitching motionplanar motionplatform motionplunge motionplunging motionpointing motionprogram motionramp motionreference motionrigid body motionroll motionrotational motionrunway-induced motionsaw-tooth motionself-excited motionself-induced motionshock motionshort-period motionsideslipping motionsimulator motionsingle-frequency motionsinusoidal motionsix-axis motionsliding motionsmall-angle motionsmall-perturbation motionsnap-through motionspatial motionspiral motionstabilator motionsteady motionsteady-state motionstick motionstructural motionsubharmonic motionteetering motiontorsion motiontorsional motiontranslation motiontranslational motionuncommanded motionunperturbed motionunsteady motionvertical decoupled motionvisually induced motionvortex motionwing rock motionyaw motionyawing motion -
27 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1 June 1796 Paris, Franced. 24 August 1831 Paris, France[br]French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.[br]Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.[br]Bibliography1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).Further ReadingDictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).RLHBiographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
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28 structure
1) сооружение; конструкция2) конструкция; устройство; схема3) структура; строение4) система6) форма; вид7) эл. опора•- accordion stitch structure -
acicular structure
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active substrate structure
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air-inflated structure
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air structure
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aligned structure
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alignment structure
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all-metal structure
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angle structure
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antiavalanche structure
-
appurtenant structure
-
Aran structure
-
arborescent structure
-
aromatic structure
-
array structure
-
as-hardened structure
-
atlas structure
-
atomic structure
-
austenitic structure
-
automatically erectable structure
-
avalanche injection structure
-
backbone structure
-
backward-wave structure
-
balanced atlas structure
-
balloon structure
-
band structure
-
barrier injection structure
-
base-coupled structure
-
basic structure
-
bearing structure
-
bearing-wall structure
-
benzene-like structure
-
bipolar diffused structure
-
bipolar junction structure
-
bird's eye backing jacquard structure
-
blackberry stitch structure
-
blister structure
-
block structure
-
block-graft structure
-
body structure
-
boundary structure
-
bourrelet structure
-
box-like space structure
-
braced structure
-
branched structure
-
bubble stitch structure
-
building structure
-
bulk structure
-
buried structure
-
buried-collector structure
-
buried-gate structure
-
buried-oxide MOS structure
-
bus-organized structure
-
bus structure
-
cable stitch structure
-
cable-stayed structure
-
camera structure
-
catenary suspension structure
-
cellular structure
-
chain structure
-
chain-packed structure
-
charge injection structure
-
charge transfer structure
-
charge-coupled structure
-
check structure
-
chemical structure
-
cholesteric structure
-
circus-support structure
-
closed structure
-
close-grained structure
-
close-packed structure
-
clustered structure
-
coagulation structure
-
coast-protecting structure
-
collector-coupled structure
-
columnar structure
-
complementary MOS structure
-
compliance structure
-
condensation structure
-
continuous structure
-
control structure
-
controlled eutectic structure
-
core support structure
-
course structure
-
crest structure
-
cross plating structure
-
cross-armless structure
-
cross-linked structure
-
cross-miss structure
-
cross-rope suspension structure
-
cross-tuck structure
-
crystalline structure
-
crystal structure
-
cubic structure
-
cutting structure
-
daisy-chain structure
-
dangerous structure
-
data structure
-
dead-end structure
-
debris retaining structure
-
deep structure
-
delay-line structure
-
dendrite structure
-
determinate structure
-
diffused-gate structure
-
disordered structure
-
docking module launch support structure
-
domain structure
-
dotted structure
-
double epitaxial structure
-
double-avalanche structure
-
double-diffused MOS structure
-
double-implanted structure
-
double-polysilicon structure
-
double-poly structure
-
drawing file structure
-
drilling bit bearing structure
-
drill bit bearing structure
-
drop structure
-
dropped stitch structure
-
duplex structure
-
earth structure
-
earthquake-proof structure
-
earth-retaining structure
-
eightlock structure
-
embroidery plating structure
-
emitter-coupled structure
-
energy-band structure
-
engineering structure
-
epitaxial structure
-
evermonte structure
-
exterior structure
-
eyelet structure
-
fabric structure
-
fabricated structure
-
fail-safe structure
-
fancy stitch structure
-
faulted structure
-
fendering structure
-
fibrous structure
-
field structure
-
field-interleaved structure
-
file structure
-
filiform molecule structure
-
filler structure
-
film guiding structure
-
film handling structure
-
film structure
-
fine structure
-
fine-grain structure
-
fire-tree structure
-
fish protection structure
-
flaky structure
-
flexible structure
-
float plated fishnet structure
-
float plated structure
-
float stitch structure
-
floated-in structure
-
floating dock structure
-
floating gate MOS structure
-
floating gate structure
-
flood-regulating structure
-
floor structure
-
flow-measuring structure
-
folded-plate structure
-
frame structure
-
framed structure
-
frame-like structure
-
French pique structure
-
fringe structure
-
full cardigan rib structure
-
full cardigan structure
-
full tricot structure
-
full-jacquard structure
-
functional structure
-
gate-operation structure
-
gel structure
-
geological structure
-
glass structure
-
glass-like structure
-
grade separation structure
-
graded structure
-
graphoepitaxial structure
-
gravity-dependent structure
-
gravity structure
-
grid structure
-
groundwater intake structure
-
guard-ring structure
-
guide structure
-
hairpin structure
-
half-cardigan structure
-
half-transfer stitch structure
-
herringbone twill structure
-
heteroepitaxial structure
-
heterogeneous structure
-
heterojunction structure
-
H-frame structure
-
hierarchical sensory-control structure
-
hierarchical structure
-
highly refined structure
-
high-performance MOS structure
-
homogeneous structure
-
honeycomb structure
-
horizontal striped backing jacquard structure
-
hydraulic structure
-
hydrodynamic dissipative structure
-
hyperfine structure
-
hyperstatic structure
-
image structure
-
indeterminate structure
-
industrial structure
-
inflatable structure
-
ingot structure
-
inlay lap stitch structure
-
in-line structure
-
instruction structure
-
insulated gate structure
-
insulated substrate structure
-
intake structure
-
interdigital structure
-
interior structure
-
interlock stitch structure
-
ionic gating structures
-
ion gating structures
-
ion-implanted structure
-
ion-selective field-effect structure
-
isle structure
-
jacquard structure
-
jersey structure
-
jointless structure
-
jumbo structure
-
junction field-effect structure
-
junction-isolated structure
-
knitted structure
-
knock-off lap stitch structure
-
lace stitch structure
-
ladder structure
-
ladderproof structure
-
lamellar structure
-
laminated structure
-
lateral structure
-
lattice structure
-
layer-like structure
-
light-trapping structure
-
line structure
-
linear structure
-
line-interleaved structure
-
line-locked structure
-
line-quincunx structure
-
linked structure
-
links-links structure
-
liquid-like structure
-
list structure
-
locknit structure
-
logical structure
-
logic structure
-
looped plush structure
-
looped tuck structure
-
loosely packed structure
-
macromolecular structure
-
magnetic structure
-
mammoth structure
-
manipulator erectable structure
-
manually erectable structure
-
marine structure
-
marquisette structure
-
mat structure
-
mesa strip structure
-
mesa structure
-
mesh structure
-
metal-insulator-semiconductor structure
-
metallized semiconductor gate structure
-
metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor structure
-
metal-nitride-semiconductor structure
-
metal-oxide-metal structure
-
metal-oxide-semiconductor structure
-
microgel structure
-
micromesh structure
-
Milano rib structure
-
mock rib structure
-
mode structure
-
modular structure
-
mosaic structure
-
moss stitch structure
-
multicollector structure
-
multiemitter structure
-
multilayer structure
-
multilevel structure
-
multi-microprocessor structure
-
multispan structure
-
multituck structure
-
n-channel structure
-
nematic structure
-
net structure
-
netting structure
-
network structure
-
nipple stitch structure
-
n-MOS structure
-
nonbearing structure
-
n-p-n structure
-
nuclear structure
-
ocean structure
-
ocean thermal structure
-
offshore marine structure
-
offshore structure
-
open stitch structure
-
open structure
-
open-neck structure
-
open-pile braced structure
-
orbiting structure
-
ordered structure
-
orthogonal structure
-
orthorhombic structure
-
ottoman structure
-
overaged structure
-
pattern purl stitch structure
-
patterned structure
-
p-channel structure
-
pelerine structure
-
periodic structure
-
permanent structure
-
photovoltaic equipped parking and shade structure
-
p-i-n structure
-
pin tuck structure
-
planar structure
-
p-MOS structure
-
p-n-p structure
-
polycrystalline structure
-
polycrystal structure
-
ponte di Roma structure
-
popcorn stitch structure
-
portal structure
-
power system structure
-
pressurized structure
-
prestressed structure
-
primary structure
-
protecting structure
-
purification structure
-
purl structure
-
quarternary structure
-
queenscord structure
-
quenched-and-tempered structure
-
rack stitch structure
-
racked full-cardigan structure
-
racked half-cardigan structure
-
racked rib structure
-
random structure
-
reactor top structure
-
redundant structure
-
reflecting structure
-
regular crystal structure
-
regular structure
-
reticular structure
-
reverse locknit structure
-
reversed mesa structure
-
reversible jacquard structure
-
reversible racked rib structure
-
rhombic structure
-
rhombohedral structure
-
rib structure
-
rib transfer stitch structure
-
rib-jacquard structure
-
rigid structure
-
ring structure
-
ring-like structure
-
ripple stitch structure
-
rod-like structure
-
rotorcraft flight structure
-
rugged structure
-
run-resist structure
-
sandwich structure
-
satin stripe structure
-
Schottky-gate structure
-
screwdown structure
-
seam structure
-
secondary structure
-
segregation-free structure
-
selected backing jacquara structure
-
self-aligned gate structure
-
self-floating structure
-
self-registered gate structure
-
semiconductor structure
-
semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structure
-
separation structure
-
shaft structure
-
sharkskin structure
-
shell stitch structure
-
shell structure
-
shutter structure
-
silicon-on-insulator structure
-
silicon-on-sapphire structure
-
simple structure
-
single Lacoste structure
-
single-crystal structure
-
single-layer structure
-
single-level structure
-
single-pique structure
-
sinker mesh structure
-
skeleton structure
-
skin-core structure
-
slaty structure
-
slowing structure
-
sluiceway structure
-
smectic structure
-
soil structure
-
solar animal structure
-
solid-state structure
-
solid structure
-
space structure
-
spiral cloud structure
-
stable structure
-
stacked structure
-
star-type structure
-
star structure
-
statically determinate structure
-
statically indeterminate structure
-
stockinette structure
-
streaky structure
-
stressed-skin structure
-
stress-relieved structure
-
subgrain structure
-
submerged structure
-
submicrometer structure
-
substatic structure
-
subsurface ingot structure
-
superlattice structure
-
supporting structure
-
surface structure
-
suspension structure
-
Swiss pique structure
-
tailrace structure
-
tangent structure
-
tank supporting structure
-
temporary structure
-
terry stitch structure
-
tertiary structure
-
test structure
-
tetragonal structure
-
texipique structure
-
thin-slab structure
-
three-dimensional structure
-
tidal regulating structure
-
tied-in floats structure
-
torsion box structure
-
tower-base structure
-
track structure
-
training structure
-
transferred sinker stitch structure
-
trashrack structure
-
tree-type structure
-
tree structure
-
triclinic structure
-
trigonal structure
-
tuck purl structure
-
tuck rib honeycomb structure
-
tuck ripple structure
-
tuck-interlock structure
-
tunnel access structure
-
turnout structure
-
twill backing jacquard structure
-
twin structure
-
twist nematic structure
-
two-needle overlap stitch structure
-
underground structure
-
underlying structure
-
unipolar structure
-
unstable structure
-
variable-gap structure
-
vesicular structure
-
V-groove MOS structure
-
void structure
-
warp knit meshes structure
-
water conveyance structure
-
water-diverting structure
-
waterflow retarding structure
-
waterfront structure
-
water-retaining structure
-
waterside structure
-
weft insertion structure
-
welt structure
-
woody structure
-
wrap embroidery structure
-
wrought structure -
29 hierarchy
['haɪ(ə)rɑːkɪ]1) Общая лексика: инстанция, священноначалие, иерархия, вертикаль2) Церковный термин: теократия3) Техника: иерархическая лестница, иерархический уровень, соподчинённость4) Математика: иерархический, шкала (кардинальных чисел)5) Религия: ангелы, мир ангелов, церковная власть, (A ruling body of clergy organized into orders or ranks each subordinate to the one above it) церковная иерархия, (Church government by a hierarchy) священноначалие6) Экономика: иерархия (напр. в структуре управления), механизм, структура7) Дипломатический термин: церковная иерархия -
30 brigade
bri'ɡeid1) (a body of troops.) brigada2) (a uniformed group of people organized for a particular purpose: Call the fire brigade!) cuerpo, brigada•tr[brɪ'geɪd]1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL brigada1 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL formar una brigada conbrigade [brɪ'geɪd] n: brigada fn.• brigada s.f.brɪ'geɪdnoun brigada fthe brown rice brigade — (colloq) los fanáticos de la cocina macrobiótica
[brɪ'ɡeɪd]N (Mil) brigada f ; (fire etc) cuerpo m* * *[brɪ'geɪd]noun brigada fthe brown rice brigade — (colloq) los fanáticos de la cocina macrobiótica
-
31 structure
1) (the way in which something is arranged or organized: A flower has quite a complicated structure; the structure of a human body.) estructura2) (a building, or something that is built or constructed: The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world.) construcción•- structurally
1. estructura2. construcción / edificiotr['strʌkʧəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (organization, composition) estructura1 (arguemnt, essay, report, etc) estructurar; (event) planificar1) building: construcción f2) arrangement, framework: estructura fn.• bastimento s.m.• construcción s.f.• contextura s.f.• edificio s.m.• estructura s.f.• forma s.f.• fábrica s.f.• mecanismo s.m.• textura s.f.
I 'strʌktʃər, 'strʌktʃə(r)1) u c (composition, organization) estructura f2) c ( thing constructed) construcción f
II
transitive verb \<\<argument/novel/speech\>\> estructurar['strʌktʃǝ(r)]1. N1) (=organization, make-up) estructura f2) (=thing constructed) construcción f2.VT [+ essay, argument] estructurar* * *
I ['strʌktʃər, 'strʌktʃə(r)]1) u c (composition, organization) estructura f2) c ( thing constructed) construcción f
II
transitive verb \<\<argument/novel/speech\>\> estructurar -
32 brigade
noun(Mil.) Brigade, die* * *[bri'ɡeid]1) (a body of troops.) die Brigade2) (a uniformed group of people organized for a particular purpose: Call the fire brigade!) Feuerwehr•- academic.ru/8990/brigadier">brigadier* * *bri·gaden[brɪˈgeɪd]the anti-smoking/animal rights \brigade die Antiraucherfront/Tierschutzbewegung* * *[brI'geɪd]n (MIL)Brigade f* * *brigade [brıˈɡeıd]A s (auch als pl konstruiert)1. MIL Brigade f2. (zu einem bestimmten Zweck gebildete) Organisation, ( meist uniformierte) Vereinigung: → fire brigadeB v/t1. MIL eine Brigade formieren aus2. zu einer Gruppe vereinigen* * *noun(Mil.) Brigade, diethe old brigade — (fig.) die alte Garde
-
33 efficient
[ɪ'fɪʃənt] adjective fähig [Person]; tüchtig [Arbeiter, Sekretärin]; leistungsfähig [Maschine, Motor, Fabrik]; gut funktionierend [Methode, Organisation]* * *[i'fiʃənt]2) ((of an action, tool etc) producing (quick and) satisfactory results: The new lawn mower is much more efficient than the old one.) tauglich•- academic.ru/86575/efficiently">efficiently- efficiency* * *ef·fi·cient[ɪˈfɪʃənt]\efficient person fähige [o tüchtige] Person[ɪˈfɪʃəntli]* * *[I'fISənt]adjperson fähig, tüchtig; system, machine, company, organization leistungsfähig; car, engine (= powerful) leistungsfähig; (= economical) sparsam, verbrauchsarm; service gut, effizient (geh); method wirksam; way, use rationellwork is organized in the most logical and efficient way — die Arbeit wird so logisch und rationell wie möglich organisiert
she's efficient at dealing with difficult customers — sie kann gut mit schwierigen Kunden umgehen
the body is remarkably efficient at dealing with such things — der Körper wird mit diesen Dingen bemerkenswert gut fertig
they are less efficient at turning sunlight into electricity — bei der Umwandlung von Sonnenlicht in elektrischen Strom sind sie weniger effektiv
* * *efficient adj (adv efficiently)1. effizient, tüchtig, (leistungs)fähig2. effizient, wirksam3. zügig, rasch und sicher, gewandt4. gründlich5. effizient, rationell, wirtschaftlich7. (be)wirkend:efficient cause wirkende Ursache* * *[ɪ'fɪʃənt] adjective fähig [Person]; tüchtig [Arbeiter, Sekretärin]; leistungsfähig [Maschine, Motor, Fabrik]; gut funktionierend [Methode, Organisation]* * *adj.effizient adj.geschäftstüchtig adj.leistungsfähig adj.wirkungsvoll adj.wirtschaftlich adj. -
34 opposition
1. nпротиводействие; сопротивление; оппозиция; возражениеto be adamant in one's opposition to smth — быть непреклонным в своих возражениях против чего-л.
to be in opposition to smth — быть / находиться в оппозиции к чему-л.
to drop one's opposition to smth — отказываться от своих возражений против чего-л.
to encounter strong opposition on the part of smth — встречать сильное сопротивление со стороны кого-л.
to express opposition against / to smth — выражать свое отрицательное отношение к чему-л.
to face opposition — сталкиваться с оппозицией / сопротивлением
to live up in opposition — находиться в оппозиции; выступать против (чего-л.)
to provoke the opposition into street demonstrations — провоцировать оппозицию на проведение уличных демонстраций
to reaffirm one's opposition to smth — подтверждать свои возражения против чего-л.
to register one's opposition to smth — демонстрировать свое противодействие чему-л.
to reverse one's opposition to smth — отказываться от своих возражений против чего-л.
to run into opposition from smb — сталкиваться с сопротивлением с чьей-л. стороны
to soften one's opposition to smth — уменьшать свое сопротивление чему-л.
- blanket oppositionto state one's opposition to smth — заявлять о своей оппозиции чему-л.
- Centre-Right opposition
- chronically splintered opposition
- conservative opposition
- crushing of opposition
- die-hard opposition
- external opposition
- fragmented opposition
- grass-roots opposition
- growing body of opposition
- hard-line opposition
- Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition
- implacable opposition
- in the teeth of heavy opposition
- inner-party opposition
- internal opposition
- intractable opposition
- leader of the opposition
- left-wing opposition
- mighty boost for the opposition
- militant opposition
- moderate opposition
- mounting opposition
- nonconfrontationist opposition
- official opposition
- opposition could come to a head
- opposition crumbled
- opposition fractures
- opposition from smb
- opposition had won by 12 percent
- opposition in exile
- opposition is fading
- opposition is fragmented
- opposition is regrouping
- opposition to the government troops is in its third day
- opposition was very divided
- organized opposition
- parliamentary opposition
- party opposition
- political opposition
- potent opposition
- realignment of the opposition
- religious opposition
- resolute opposition
- splintering of the opposition
- stiff opposition
- stronghold of opposition
- the project ran into heavy opposition
- token opposition
- united opposition
- unyielding opposition
- vigorous opposition
- violent opposition
- vociferous opposition
- widespread opposition
- workers' opposition 2. a, = oppositional -
35 brigade
bri'ɡeid1) (a body of troops.) brigade2) (a uniformed group of people organized for a particular purpose: Call the fire brigade!) -korps, -vesen•Isubst. \/brɪˈɡeɪd\/1) ( militærvesen) brigade2) korpsIIverb \/brɪˈɡeɪd\/gruppere i brigade(r), slå sammen -
36 structure
1) (the way in which something is arranged or organized: A flower has quite a complicated structure; the structure of a human body.) oppbygning, struktur2) (a building, or something that is built or constructed: The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world.) bygning, konstruksjon•- structurallybyggverk--------oppbygning--------strukturIsubst. \/ˈstrʌktʃə\/1) struktur, (opp)bygning2) konstruksjon, bygningsmåte, byggemåte, sammensetning3) byggverk4) bygningIIverb \/ˈstrʌktʃə\/1) strukturere, organisere2) konstruere, sette sammen -
37 brigade
[bri'ɡeid]1) (a body of troops.) sveit, flokkur, lið2) (a uniformed group of people organized for a particular purpose: Call the fire brigade!) sveit• -
38 structure
1) (the way in which something is arranged or organized: A flower has quite a complicated structure; the structure of a human body.) bygging, byggingarlag2) (a building, or something that is built or constructed: The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world.) bygging, mannvirki•- structurally -
39 brigade
brigád, dandár* * *[bri'ɡeid]1) (a body of troops.) dandár2) (a uniformed group of people organized for a particular purpose: Call the fire brigade!) brigád• -
40 structure
szerkezet* * *1) (the way in which something is arranged or organized: A flower has quite a complicated structure; the structure of a human body.) szerkezet2) (a building, or something that is built or constructed: The Eiffel Tower is one of the most famous structures in the world.) épület•- structurally
См. также в других словарях:
organized body — index federation Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
organized body for charity — index foundation (organization) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
body politic — noun a politically organized body of people under a single government the state has elected a new president African nations students who had come to the nation s capitol the country s largest manufacturer an industrialized land • Syn: ↑state, ↑ … Useful english dictionary
Body — Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Body cavity — Body Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Body cloth — Body Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Body clothes — Body Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Body cloths — Body Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Body coat — Body Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Body color — Body Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Body louse — Body Bod y, n.; pl. {Bodies}. [OE. bodi, AS. bodig; akin to OHG. botah. [root]257. Cf. {Bodice}.] [1913 Webster] 1. The material organized substance of an animal, whether living or dead, as distinguished from the spirit, or vital principle; the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English