above

(+ acc.) above.

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

ab-sum, āfui (better than abfui), āfŭtārus (aforem, afore), v. n., in its most general signif., to be away from, be absent.

In gen.

Absol. without designating the distance (opp. adsum):

num ab domo absum?

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 16:

me absente atque insciente,

id. Trin. 1, 2, 130:

domini ubi absunt,

are not at home, not present, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 53: facile aerumnam ferre possum, si inde abest injuria, Caecil. ap. Non. 430, 18.—

With reference to the distance in space or time; which is expressed either by a definite number, or, in gen., by the advs. multum, paulum (not parum, v. below) longe, etc.:

edixit, ut ab urbe abesset milia pass. ducenta,

Cic. Sest. 12, 29:

castra, quae aberant bidui,

id. Att. 5, 16:

hic locus aequo fere spatio ab castris Ariovisti et Caesaris aberat,

Caes. B. G. 1, 43:

haud longe abesse oportet,

he ought not to be far hence, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 166:

legiones magnum spatium aberant,

Caes. B. G. 2, 17:

menses tres abest,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 66:

haud permultum a me aberit infortunium,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 2, 1; Cic. Fam. 2, 7.—With the simple abl. for ab:

paulumque cum ejus villa abessemus,

Cic. Ac. 1, 1 Görenz; but, ab ejus villa, B. and K.; cf.:

nuptā abesse tuā,

Ov. R. Am. 774.— With inter:

nec longis inter se passibus absunt,

Verg. A. 11, 907.—With prope, propius, proxime, to denote a short distance:

nunc nobis prope abest exitium,

is not far from, Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 8;

so with est: prope est a te Deus, tecum est,

Sen. Ep. 41:

loca, quae a Brundisio propius absunt, quam tu, biduum,

Cic. Att. 8, 14:

quoniam abes propius,

since you are nearer, id. ib. 1, 1:

existat aliquid, quod... absit longissime a vero,

id. Ac. 2, 11, 36; so id. Deiot. 13; Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 16 al.—Hence the phrase: tantum abest, ut—ut, so far from — that, etc. (Zumpt, §

779), the origin of which is evident from the following examples from Cic. (the first two of which have been unjustly assailed): id tantum abest ab officio, ut nihil magis officio possit esse contrarium, Off. 1, 14 (with which comp. the person. expression: equidem tantum absum ab ista sententia, ut non modo non arbitrer... sed, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 60, 255):

tantum abest ab eo, ut malum mors sit, ut verear, ne, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76: ego vero istos tantum abest ut ornem, ut effici non possit, quin eos oderim, so far am I from — that, id. Phil. 11, 14; sometimes etiam or quoque is added to the second clause, Lentul. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 15, 2; Suet. Tib. 50; more rarely contra, Liv. 6, 31, 4. Sometimes the second ut is left out:

tantum afuit, ut inflammares nostros animos: somnum isto loco vix tenebamus,

Cic. Brut. 80, 278; on the contrary, once in Cic. with a third ut: tantum abest ut nostra miremur, ut usque eo difficiles ac morosi simus, ut nobis non satisfaciat ipse Demosthenes, Or. 29, 104.

Hence,

To be away from any thing unpleasant, to be freed or free from:

a multis et magnis molestiis abes,

Cic. Fam. 4, 3:

a culpa,

id. Rosc. Am. 20: a reprehensione temeritatis, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23.

To be removed from a thing by will, inclination, etc.; to be disinclined to (syn. abhorreo)' a consilio fugiendi, Cic. Att. 7, 24:

ab istis studiis,

id. Planc. 25:

ceteri a periculis aberant,

kept aloof from, avoided, Sall. C. 6, 3. toto aberant bello, Caes. B. G. 7, 63.

To be removed from a thing in regard to condition or quality, i. e. to be different from, to differ = abhorrere abest a tua virtute et fide, Brut. et Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 2: istae kolakeiai non longe absunt a scelere, id. Att. 13, 30:

haec non absunt a consuetudine somniorum,

id. Divin. 1, 21, [p. 13] 42.—Since improvement, as well as deterioration, may constitute the ground of difference, so absum may, according to its connection, designate the one or the other:

nullā re longius absumus a naturā ferarum,

in nothing are we more elevated above the nature of the brute, Cic. Off. 1, 16, 50;

so also the much-contested passage,

Cic. Planc. 7, 17: longissime Plancius a te afuit, i. e. valde, plurimis suffragiis, te vicit, was far from you in the number of votes, i. e. had the majority; v. Wunder ad Planc. proleg. p. 83 sq.; on the other hand, to be less, inferior: longe te a pulchris abesse sensisti, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 339, 23:

multum ab eis aberat L. Fufius,

id. Brut. 62, 222; so Hor. A. P. 370.

Not to be suitable, proper, or fit for a thing:

quae absunt ab forensi contentione,

Cic. Or. 11, 37:

ab principis personā,

Nep. Ep. 1, 2.

To be wanting, = desum, Pac. ap. Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 31 (Trag. Rel. p. 122 Rib.):

unum a praeturā tuā abest,

one thing is wanting to your praetorship, Plaut. Ep. 1, 1, 25: quaeris id quod habes;

quod abest non quaeris,

Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 16; cf. Lucr. 3, 970 and 1095.—After Cicero, constr. in this signif. with dat.:

quid huic abesse poterit de maximarum rerum scientiā?

Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 48:

abest enim historia litteris nostris,

history is yet wanting to our literature, id. Leg. 2, 5.—So esp. in the poets:

donec virenti canities abest morosa,

Hor. C. 1, 9, 17; 3, 24, 64; Ov. M. 14, 371.—Hence the phrase non multum (neque multum), paulum, non (haud) procul, minimum, nihil abest, quin. not much, little, nothing is wanting that (Zumpt, Gr. § 540); but not parum, since parum in good classical authors does not correspond in meaning with non multum, but with non satis (v. parum):

neque multum abesse ab eo, quin, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 5, 2, 2; and absol.:

neque multum afuit quin,

id. B. C. 2, 35, 4:

paulumque afuit quin, ib. § 2: legatos nostros haud procul afuit quin violarent,

Liv. 5, 4 fin.:

minimum afuit quin periret,

was within a little of, Suet. Aug. 14:

nihil afore credunt quin,

Verg. A. 8, 147 al.

Abesse alicui or ab aliquo, to be wanting to any one, to be of no assistance or service to (opp. adsum):

ut mirari Torquatus desinat, me, qui Antonio afuerim, Sullam defendere,

Cic. Sull. 5: facile etiam absentibus nobis ( without our aid) veritas se ipsa defendet, id. Ac. 2, 11, 36:

longe iis fraternum nomen populi Romani afuturum,

Caes. B. G. 1, 36. So also Cic. Planc. 5, 13: et quo plus intererat, eo plus aberas a me, the more I needed your assistance, the more you neglected me, v. Wunder ad h. l.; cf. also Sall. C. 20 fin.

Cicero uses abesse to designate his banishment from Rome (which he would never acknowledge as such):

qui nullā lege abessem,

Cic. Sest. 34, 37; cf.: discessus. —Hence, absens, entis ( gen. plur. regul. absentium;

absentum,

Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 5), P. a., absent (opp. praesens).

In gen.:

vos et praesentem me curā levatis et absenti magna solatia dedistis,

Cic. Brut. 3, 11; so id. Off. 3, 33, 121; id. Verr. 2, 2, 17:

quocirca (amici) et absentes adsunt et egentes abundant,

id. Lael. 7, 23:

ut loquerer tecum absens, cum coram id non licet,

id. Att. 7, 15:

me absente,

id. Dom. 3; id. Cael. 50:

illo absente,

id. Tull. 17; id. Verr. 2, 60:

absente accusatore,

id. ib. 2, 99 al.— Sup.:

mente absentissimus,

Aug. Conf. 4, 4.—Of things (not thus in Cic.):

Romae rus optas, absentem rusticus urbem tollis ad astra,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 28; so,

Rhodus,

id. Ep. 1, 11, 21:

rogus,

Mart. 9, 77, 8:

venti,

Stat. Th. 5, 87:

imagines rerum absentium,

Quint. 6, 2, 29:

versus,

Gell. 20, 10.—

In partic.

In conversat. lang.

Praesens absens, in one's presence or absence:

postulo ut mihi tua domus te praesente absente pateat,

Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 29.—

Absente nobis turbatumst, in our absence (so also:

praesente nobis, v. praesens),

Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 7; Afran. ap. Non. 76, 19 (Com. Rel. p. 165 Rib.).—

In polit. lang., not appearing in public canvassings as a competitor:

deligere (Scipio) iterum consul absens,

Cic. Rep. 6, 11; so Liv. 4, 42, 1; 10, 22, 9.—

= mortuus, deceased, Plaut. Cas. prol. 20; Vitr. 7, praef. § 8.—

Ellipt.: absens in Lucanis, absent in Lucania, i. e. absent and in Lucania, Nep. Hann. 5, 3; so id. Att. 8, 6.

ăb-undo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. n.

Lit., of a wave, to flow over and down, to overflow (while redundo signifies to flow over a thing with great abundance of water, to inundate): apud abundantem antiquam amnem, Att. ap. Non. 192, 4 (Trag. Rel. p. 175 Rib.):

flumina abundare ut facerent,

Lucr. 6, 267; cf. id. 1, 282; Verg. G. 3, 484; and in the beautiful figure in Plaut.: ripis superat mi atque abundat pectus laetitiā, for joy, my heart swells above its banks and overflows, Stich. 2, 1, 6:

ita abundavit Tiberis, ut, etc.,

Liv. 30, 38, 10; cf.:

quando aqua Albana abundāsset,

id. 5, 15, 11: so,

fons in omnem partem,

Plin. 18, 22, 51, § 188.

Transf.

Poet., of plants, to shoot up with great luxuriance:

de terris abundant herbarum genera ac fruges,

Lucr. 5, 920 (in Enn. ap. Macr. 6, 3, the better read. is obundantes, Enn. p. 65 Vahl.).

In gen., to abound, to be redundant:

sive deest naturae quippiam, sive abundat atque affluit,

Cic. Div. 1, 29, 61:

abundabant et praemia et operae vitae,

Plin. H. N. 14, prooem. § 4.—Once with dat.:

tenuioribus magis sanguis, plenioribus magis caro abundat,

Cels. 2, 10.

To overflow with any thing, to have an abundance or superabundance of, to abound in (the most usual signif.); constr. with abl., and once poet. with gen. (cf. Rudd. II. p. 189 n.).

With abl.:

divitiis,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 2, 17:

villa abundat porco, haedo, agno, etc.,

Cic. Sen. 16, 56:

praeceptis philosophiae,

id. Off. 1, 1:

ingenio, otio,

id. de Or. 1, 6, 22:

mulier abundat audaciā,

id. Clu. 84: cujus oratio omnibus [p. 14] ornamentis abundavit, id. Balb. 7:

equitatu,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14:

magna copiā frumenti,

id. ib. 8, 40:

aquā, Auct. B. Alex. 1: et aequalium familiaritatibus et consuetudine propinquorum,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 58:

clientibus,

Quint. 5, 10, 26.— Poet.: amore abundas, you are too fortunate in love (successu prospero affluis, Don.), Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 11; cf. Lucil.: ille abundans cum septem incolumis pinnis redit, ap. Don. Ter. l. c.—

With gen.: quarum et abundemus rerum et quarum indigeamus, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 498, 7.—Esp., to abound in wealth, to be rich (cf. abundantia, II.):

et absentes adsunt et egentes abundant,

Cic. Lael. 7, 23:

Caietam, si quando abundare coepero, ornabo,

id. Att. 1, 4, 3.—Hence, ăbun-dans, antis, P. a., overflowing.

Lit., of rivers, fluids, etc.:

fluvius abundantior aestate,

i. e. fuller, Plin. 2, 103, 106, § 227:

abundantissimus amnis,

Cic. Rep. 2, 19:

menses (mulierum),

Plin. 22, 25, 71, § 147. —

Transf.

Existing in abundance, copious, abundant:

non adesā jam, sed abundanti etiam pecuniā sic dissolutus,

Cic. Quint. 12, 40.—

Containing abundance, abounding, rich, full; constr. with abl., gen., or absol.

With abl.:

vir abundans bellicis laudibus, Cn. Pompeius,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 78:

abundantior consilio, ingenio, sapientiā,

id. Pis. 26, 62:

rerum copiā et sententiarum varietate abundantissimus,

id. de Or. 2, 14, 58.—

With gen.:

(via) copiosa omniumque rerum abundans,

Nep. Eum. 8, 5:

lactis,

Verg. E. 2, 20:

corporis, Claud. ap. Eutrop. 2, 380: pietatis,

id. IV. Cons. Hon. 113.—

Absol.:

non erat abundans, non inops tamen oratio,

Cic. Brut. 67, 238:

abundantior atque ultra quam oportet fusa materia,

Quint. 2, 4, 7:

abundantissima cena,

Suet. Ner. 42; cf. id. Calig. 17.—Also in a bad sense, of discourse, pleonastic, superabundant, Quint. 12, 10, 18; 8, 3, 56.— Hence, adv.:

ex abundanti,

superabundantly, Quint. 4, 5, 15; 5, 6, 2; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 46 al.—

Esp., abounding in wealth, rich (syn. dives, opp. egens):

(supellex) non illa quidem luxuriosi hominis, sed tamen abundantis,

Cic. Phil. 2, 27, 66:

haec utrum abundantis an egentis signa sunt?

id. Par. 6, 1, § 43.—Hence, adv.: ăbundanter, abundantly, copiously:

loqui,

Cic. de Or. 2, 35:

ferre fructum,

Plin. 24, 9, 42.— Comp., Cic. Trop. 10.— Sup., Suet. Aug. 74.

accendo, ōnis, m. [2. accendo], an inciter, instigator; read by Salmasius in Tert. de Pall. 6, where the old reading cerdo is to be preferred.

ac-cendo, ndi, nsum, 3, v. a. [cf. candeo], prop. to kindle any thing above, so that it may burn downwards (on the contr., succendere, to kindle underneath, so that it may burn upwards; and incendere, to set fire to on every side) (class., esp. in the trop. signif., very freq.).

Lit., to set on fire, to kindle, light: ut Pergama accensa est, Liv. Andr. ap. Non. 512, 31 (Rib. Trag. Rel. p. 1):

faces accensae,

Cic. Pis. 5: lumen de suo lumine, to kindle, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. v. 388 ed. Vahl.); cf.:

ita res accendent lumina rebus,

Lucr. 1 fin.; and:

Deus solem quasi lumen accendit,

Cic. Univ. 9, 28; so,

ignem,

Verg. A. 5, 4 al.

Meton., to light up, to illuminate:

luna radiis solis accensa,

Cic. Rep. 6, 17 (cf. id. N. D. 1, 31, 87);

so of the lustre of gold: et gemmis galeam clypeumque accenderat auro,

Sil. 15, 681 (but in Cic. Arch. 6, 14, the correct read. is accederet, v. Halm a. h. l.).

Fig., to inflame a person or thing (by any thing), to set on fire, to kindle, to incite, rouse up; aliquem or aliquid aliqua re: placare hostem ferocem inimiciterque accensum, Att. ap. Non. 514, 22:

quos meritā accendit Mezentius irā,

Verg. A. 8, 50:

nunc prece nunc dictis virtutem accendit amaris,

id. ib. 10, 368 (7, 482, bello animos accendit, is more properly dat.). That to which one is excited is denoted by ad:

ad dominationem accensi sunt,

Sall. Jug. 31, 16; the person against whom one is excited, by in or contra:

in maritum accendebat,

Tac. A. 1, 53:

quae res Marium contra Metellum vehementer accenderat,

Sall. J. 64, 4; with quare c. subj.:

accendis quare cupiam magis illi proximus esse,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 53. The historians use this word very often, esp. with abstract substt.:

certamen,

Liv. 35, 10:

discordiam,

id. 2, 29:

spem,

Tac. Ann. 12, 34 (cf. Verg. A. 5, 183):

dolorem,

id. ib. 15, 1 al. In Cic. de Or. 1, 25, 114, praeclare enim se res habeat, si haec accendi aut commoveri arte possint, accendi is obviously the first enkindling, rousing, of talent (syn. with commoveri); cf. id. de Or. 2, 47; id. Phil. 3, 7. And so perhaps Sen. Ben. 7, 9: crystallina... quorum accendit fragilitas pretium, signifies vessels of crystal, whose fragility gives them value (in the eyes of luxurious men).

ac-commŏdo, āvi, ātum (better, adc.), 1, v. a., to fit or adapt one thing to another, to lay, put, or hang on (in good prose, esp. in Cic., very freq.), constr. with ad, dat., or absol.

Lit.:

coronam sibi ad caput,

Cic. de Or. 2, 61, 250:

clupeum ad dorsum,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 93: gladium dextrae, Lucil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 21, 48; so,

hastam dextrae,

Sil. 5, 146:

calauticam capiti,

Cic. Fragm. Or. in Clod. 5; so,

lateri ensem,

Verg. A. 2, 393; absol.:

insignia,

Caes. B. G. 2, 21, 5.—

In gen., to prepare for any use:

Arabus lapis dentifriciis adcommodatur crematus,

Plin. 36, 21, 41, § 153.

Trop., to adjust or adapt to, to accommodate to:

meum consilium adcommodabo ad tuum,

Cic. Fam. 9, 7; so id. Att. 10, 7; 12, 32; id. Leg. 3, 2 al.—Hence, with se, to adapt one's self to another's opinion, wishes, etc., to conform to, to comply with:

omnes qui probari volunt, ad eorum qui audiunt arbitrium et nutum totos se fingunt et adcommodant,

Cic. Or. 8, 24: alicui de aliqua re, to be compliant to one in any thing:

peto a te... ut ei de habitatione adcommodes,

id. Fam. 13, 2. —

In gen., to bring a person or thing to something, to apply:

testes ad crimen,

Cic. Verr. 1, 18, 55:

vim ad eloquentiam,

id. Or. 7:

curam pratis, etc.,

to apply, Quint. 1, 12, 7:

nonnullam operam his studiis,

id. 1, 10, 15; cf.

1, 8, 19: verba alicui (equival. to dare),

id. 6, 1, 27; cf.

11, 1, 39 al.: intentionem his,

Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 2 al. — Hence, with se (in a more general sense than above), to apply or devote one's self to, to undertake:

se ad rem publicam et ad res magnas gerendas,

Cic. Off. 1, 21; of property, to lend it to one for use:

si quid iste suorum aedilibus adcommodavit,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 57.—Hence, accommŏdātus, a, um, P. a., fitted or adapted to, suitable, conformable, or appropriate to (only in prose; in poetry, accommodus is used), with ad or dat.:

puppes ad magnitudinem fluctuum adcommodatae,

Caes. B. G. 3, 13:

oratio ad persuadendum adcommodata,

Cic. Ac. 1, 8:

quae mihi intelligis esse adcommodata,

conformable to my interest, id. Fam. 3, 3. — Comp.:

oratio contionibus concitatis adcommodatior,

id. Clu. 1; so Caes. B. G. 3, 13:

nobis accommodatior,

Quint. 4, 1, 5; Suet. Ner. 8.— Sup.:

exemplum temporibus suis adcommodatissimum,

Cic. Fragm. Corn. 7; so Plin. 13, 3, 6, § 26; Plin. Ep. 5, 19, 7; Quint. 12, 10, 63 al.— Adv.: accommŏ-dāte, fitly, suitably, agreeably:

dicere quam maxime adc. ad veritatem,

Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 149.— Comp., id. Or. 33, 117.— Sup., id. Fin. 5, 9, 24.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.