61b

ἵνα,

A Adv.,

I of Place,

1 in that place, there, once in Hom.,

ἵ. γάρ σφιν ἐπέφραδον ἠγερέθεσθαι Il.10.127

(acc.to Eust.).

2 elsewh. relat., in which place, where, 2.558, Od.9.136, Hdt.2.133,9.27,54, Pi.O.1.95, B.10.79, A.Pr.21, al., S.El.22, 855, Ar.Ra. 1231, etc.: rarely in [dialect] Att. Prose, Lys.13.72 (v. infr.), Pl.Ap. 17c, Phlb. 61b; ἵ. ἡ Νίκη (sc. ἐστίν) IG22.1407.13: rare in later Greek, Arr.An.1.3.2, Luc.Cont.22, Ind.3: with particles,

ἵ. τε Il.20.478

;

ἵ. περ 24.382

, Od.13.364, Lys. l.c.; ἵν' ἄν c. subj., wherever, S.OC 405, E. Ion 315; as indirect interrog., Hdt.1.179, 2.150, E.Hec. 1008.

b after Hom., like other Advs. of Place, c. gen.,

ἵ. τῆς χώρης Hdt.1.98

; ἔμαθε ἵ. ἦν κακοῦ in what a calamity, Id.1.213;

οὐδ' ὁρᾶν ἵν' ἐ̄ κακοῦ S.OT 367

; ἵν' ἕσταμεν χρείας ib. 1442;

ἵν' ἦμεν ἄτης Id.El. 936

;

ὁρᾷς ἵν' ἐσμὲν αὐτοῦ πέρι τῆς ἀπορίας Pl.Sph. 243b

.

c with Verbs of motion, whither, Od.4.821, al.;

ὁρᾷς ἵν' ἥκεις S.OT 687

, al., Din.2.10;

ιναπερ ὥρμητο Th. 4.74

.

II of circumstance, γάμος.., ἵ. χρή at which, when, Od.6.27; ἵ. μὲν ἐξῆν αὐτοῖς.., ἐνταῦθα.. when it was in their power, Antipho 6.9.

2 = ἐάν, dub. in Il.7.353 (v.l. ἵν' ἄν, cf. Sch.), Archil. 74.7 codd., v.l. in Din.1.1, and Pl.Chrm. 176b.

B Final Conj., that, in order that, from Hom. downwards, mostly first word in the clause, but sts. preceded by an emphatic word, Pl.Chrm. 169d;

ἵ. δή Il.7.26

, 23.207, Hdt.1.29, Pl.R. 420e, 610c: never with ἄν or κε (if found, these particles belong to the Verb, as in Od.12.156, E.IA 1579).

I general usage:

1 with subj.,

a after primary tenses of ind., also subj. and imper.: [tense] pres. ind., Il.3.252, Od.2.111, X.Mem.3.2.3, Cyr.1.2.11, Isoc.3.2: [tense] pf. ind., Il.1.203, Isoc.4.129: [tense] fut., Od.2.307,4.591, X.Cyr.1.2.15; subj., S.OT 364; imper., Il.19.348,al., A.Pr.61, S.Ph. 880, Ar.Ra. 297, Pl.R. 341b, Men. 71d.

b after historical tenses, in similes, where the [tense] aor. is gnomic, Od.5.490 ( αὔοι codd.); where [tense] aor. is treated as equiv. to [tense] pf., Il.9.99, Od.8.580, Hdt.5.91, Lys.1.4, D.9.26: when the purpose is regarded from the point of view of the speaker's present,

σὲ παῖδα ποιεύμην ἵ. μοι.. λοιγὸν ἀμύνῃς Il.9.495

, cf. Hdt.1.29, 6.100, Th.1.44, al., Lys.1.11,12,al.

c after opt. and ἄν, when opt. with οὐκ ἄν is used with sense of imper., Il.24.264, Od.6.58; after βουλοίμην ἄν.., Lys.7.12.

d after [tense] impf. with ἄν, D.23.7.

2 with opt.,

a after historical tenses, Il.5.3, Od.3.2, A. Th. 215, Lys.3.11, Pl.Prt. 314c, etc.: after the historical [tense] pres., E. Hec.11: sts. both moods, subj. and opt., follow in consecutive clauses, Od.3.77, Hdt.8.76,9.51, D.23.93,49.14.

b after opt., Od.18.369, S.Ph. 325;

βούλοιντ' ἂν ἡμᾶς ἐξολωλέναι, ἵνα.. λάβοιεν Ar. Pax 413

.

c rarely after primary tenses, by a shifting of the point of view, Od.17.250, Ar.Ra.24, Pl.R. 410c.

3 with past tenses of ind.,

a after unfulfilled wishes, Id.Cri. 44d.

b after ind. with ἄν, to express a consequence which has not followed or cannot follow, S.OT 1389, Pl.Men. 89b, D.29.17: esp. after ἐβουλόμην ἄν.., Ar. V. 961, Lys.4.3.

c after such Verbs as ἐχρῆν, ἔδει, E.Hipp. 647, Pl.Prt. 335c, Smp. 181e, Euthd. 304e, Isoc.9.5, D.24.48, Men.349.5, etc.: whenan unfulfilled obligation is implied, τεθαύμακα ὅτι οὐκ εἶπεν ( = ἔδει εἰπεῖν)

.. ἵ... Pl.Tht. 161c

; ἀντὶ τοῦ κοσμεῖν ( = δέον κοσμεῖν)

.. ἵ... D.36.47

.

d after [tense] pres. ind. in general statements (including the past),

οὐδὲ γὰρ τὸ εἶναι ἔχει ἡ ὕλη, ἱ. ἀγαθοῦ ταύτῃ μετεῖχεν Plot.1.8.5

.

4 ἵ. μή as the neg. of ἵνα, that not, Il.19.348, etc.

II special usages:

1 like ὅπως, after Verbs of command and entreaty, is common only in later Gr. (but cf. Od.3.327 with ib.19), ἀξιοῦν ἵ... Decr. ap. D.18.155;

δεήσεσθαι ἵ... D.H.1.83

;

παρακαλεῖν ἵ... Arr.Epict.3.23.27

: freq. in NT,

ἐκήρυξαν ἵ. μετανοήσωσιν Ev.Marc.6.12

, al.; of will, ὅσα ἐὰν θέλητε ἵ. ποιῶσιν.. ib.25: hence ἵ. c. subj. stands for infin., ἐν τούτῳ ἵ. καρπὸν φέρητε ( = ἐν τῷ φέρειν) Ev.Jo.15.8, etc.;

πρῶτόν ἐστιν ἵ. κοιμηθῶ Arr.Epict.1.10.8

, cf. M.Ant.8.29; also for ὥστε, LXX Ge.22.14,al., Plu.2.333a, Porph.Abst.2.33, etc.

2 because, ἵ. ἀναγνῶ ἐτιμήθην I was honoured because I read, Anon. ap. A.D.Synt.266.5, cf. Conj.243.21, Choerob.in Theod.2.257, al.; not found in literature.

3 elliptical usages,

a where the purpose of the utterance is stated, Ζεὺς ἔσθ', ἵν' εἰδῇς 'tis Zeus,— [I tell thee this] that thou may'st know it, S.Ph. 989;

ἵ. μὴ εἴπω ὅτι οὐδεμιᾷ Pl.R. 507d

;

ἵ. συντέμω D.45.5

;

ἵν' ἐκ τούτων ἄρξωμαι Id.21.43

; ἵ. δῶμεν.. granted that.., S.E.P.2.34, cf. 1.79.

b in commands, introducing a principal sentence, ἵ. συντάξῃς order him.., PCair.Zen. 240.12 (iii B.C.);

ἵ. λαλήσῃς PSI4.412.1

(iii B.C.);

ἵ. ἐλθὼν ἐπιθῇς τὰς χεῖρας αὐτῇ Ev.Marc.5.23

,cf. 2 Ep.Cor.8.7, LXX 2 Ma.1.9, Arr.Epict.4.1.41, Did. ap. Sch.S.OC 156.

c ἵ. τί (sc. γένηται); to what end? either abs. or as a question, Ar.Ec. 719; or with a Verb following, Id. Pax 409, cf. Pl.Ap. 26d, etc.; ἵ. δὴ τί; Ar.Nu. 1192.

d in indignant exclamations, to think that.. !

Σωκράτης ἵ. πάθῃ ταῦτα Arr.Epict.1.29.16

.

III in later Gr. with ind., LXXEx.1.11,al., Ep.Gal.2.4, 4.17, etc.

ὅτῐ, [dialect] Ep. [full] ὅττῐ (both in Hom.): Conj., to introduce an objective clause,

A that, after Verbs of seeing or knowing, thinking or saying; in Hom. freq. strengthd. ὅτι ῥα, and ὅτι δή:—Usage:

I when ὅτι introduces a statement of fact:

a in Hom. always with ind., the tense following the same rules as in English,

ἤγγειλ' ὅττι ῥά οἱ πόσις ἔκτοθι μίμνε πυλάων Il.22.439

.

b in [dialect] Att., ὅτι takes ind. after primary tenses, ind. or opt. after secondary tenses, e.g.

ἐνδείκνυμαι ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι σοφός Pl.Ap. 23b

;

ᾔσθετο ὅτι τὸ Μένωνος στράτευμα ἤδη ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ἦν X.An.1.2.21

, cf. 2.2.15, al.;

ἔλεγον ὅτι οὐκ ὀρθῶς αἱ σπονδαὶ γένοιντο Th.5.61

, cf. Pl.Phd. 59e, etc.;

ἠπείλησ' ὅτι.. βαδιοίμην Ar.Pl. 88

: the ind. is freq. retained in the same tense which the speaker used or would have used, ἠγγέλθη.. ὅτι Μέγαρα ἀφέστηκε news came that Megara had (lit. has) revolted, Th.1.114; ἀποκρινάμενοι ὅτι πέμψουσι ib.90: sts. opt. and ind. are found in the same sentence,

ἔλεγον, ὅτι Κῦρος μὲν τέθνηκεν, Ἀριαῖος δὲ πεφευγὼς.. εἴη X.An. 2.1.3

;

Περικλῆς.. προηγόρευε.. ὅτι Ἀρχίδαμος μέν οἱ ξένος εἴη.., τοὺς δ' ἀγροὺς τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ καὶ οἰκίας.., ἀφίησιν αὐτὰ δημόσια εἶναι Th. 2.13

, cf. Pl.Phd. 61b, etc.: also ὅτι .. and the acc. with inf. are found together, Th.3.25, X.Cyr.1.3.13.

2 when ὅτι introduces a conditional sentence, the Constr. after ὅτι is the same as in independent conditional sentences, εἴ τις ἔροιτο, καθ' ὁποίους νόμους δεῖ πολιτεύεσθαι, δῆλον ὅτι ἀποκρίναισθ' ἄν .. it is manifest that you would answer.., D.46.12, cf. X.Mem.1.6.12.

II ὅτι is freq. inserted pleon. in introducing a quotation (where we use no Conj. and put inverted commas), λόγον τόνδε ἐκφαίνει ὁ Πρωτεύς, λέγων ὅτι ἐγὼ εἰ μὴ περὶ πολλοῦ ἡγεύμην .. Hdt.2.115; καὶ ἐγὼ εἶπον, ὅ. ἡ αὐτή μοι ἀρχή ἐστι .. Pl.Prt. 318a, cf. 356a, 361a, etc.; even where the quotation consists of one word, ib. 330c, Men. 74b, 74c.

2 ὅ. is also used pleon. with the inf. and acc. (cf.

ὡς B.

I.I), εἶπον ὅτι πρῶτον ἐμὲ χρῆναι πειραθῆναι κατ' ἐμαυτόν (which is in fact a mixture of two constrr.) Id.Lg. 892d, cf. Phd.63c, X.HG2.2.2, etc.; but ὅτι has freq. been wrongly inserted by the copyists, as if εἶπεν or λέγουσιν must be followed by it, as in Th.4.37 (om. Pap.), X.Cyr.5.4.1, etc.

III ὅτι in [dialect] Att. freq. represents a whole sentence, esp. in affirm. answers, οὐκοῦν.. τὸ ἀδικεῖν κάκιον ἂν εἴη τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι. Answ. δῆλον δὴ ὅτι (i.e. ὅτι κάκιον ἂν εἴη, or ὅτι ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχει) Pl.Grg. 475c; cf. οἶδ' ὅτι, ἴσθ' ὅτι, οἶσθ' ὅτι, S.Ant. 276, 758, Pl.Grg. 486a, etc.: hence arose the practice of using δηλονότι (q.v.) as Adv.

2 what we make the subject of the Verb which follows ὅτι freq. stands in the preceding clause, Αυκάονας δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ εἴδομεν, ὅτι.. καρποῦνται (for εἴδομεν, ὅτι Λυκάονες καρποῦνται) X.An.3.2.23, cf. 3.2.29, etc.

IV ὅτι sts.= with regard to the fact that,

ὅτι.. οὔ φησι.. ὄνομα εἶναι, ὑποπτεύω αὐτὸν σκώπτειν Pl.Cra. 384c

, cf. Prt. 330e, etc.

V οὐχ ὅ..., ἀλλὰ or

ἀλλὰ καὶ.., οὐχ ὅ. ὁ Κρίτων ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ ἦν, ἀλλὰ οἱ φίλοι αὐτοῦ

not only

Crito

.., but his friends, X.Mem.2.9.8; more fully,

οὐ μόνον ὅ. ἄνδρες, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες Pl.Smp. 179b

: so folld. by ἀλλ' οὐδὲ.., ταύτῃ ἀδύνατα ἐξισοῦσθαι οὐχ ὅ. τὰ ἐν τῇ Εὐρώπῃ, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἐν τῇ Ἀσίᾳ not only the powers in Europe, but.., Th.2.97: οὐχ ὅ., not folld. by a second clause, means although,

οὐχ ὅ. παίζει καί φησι Pl.Prt. 336d

, cf. Grg. 450e, Tht. 157b; cf.

ὅπως A.

II. 2.

2 for ὅτι μή, v. ὅ τι 11.

B as a causal Particle, for that, because, generally after Verbs of feeling, Il.1.56, 14.407, al.;

οὐδὲν ἐκπλαγείς, ὅτι.. εἶδες Jul.Or.1.31a

: but without such a Verb,

ὃν περὶ πάσης τῖεν ὁμηλικίης, ὅτι οἱ φρεσὶν ἄρτια ᾔδη Il.5.326

, cf. 9.76, al.;

μάλιστα δ' αὐτοὺς ἐπεκαλέσαντο ὅτι τειχομαχεῖν ἐδόκουν δυνατοὶ εἶναι Th.1.102

, cf. And.1.75, Aeschin.3.231; so

ὅτιπερ Th.4.14

.

b folld. by τί, ὅτι τί; why? (lit. because why?) D.23.214; ὅτι τί δή; Ar.Pl. 136, Luc.Dem.Enc.22; ὅτι δὴ τί μάλιστα; Pl.R. 343a; ὅτι δὴ τί γε; Id.Chrm. 161c; cf. ὁτιή.

2 seeing that, in giving the reason for saying what is said, γλαυκὴ δέ σε τίκτε θάλασσα.. ὅτι τοι νόος ἐστὶν ἀπηνής as is proved by the fact that.., Il.16.35, cf. 21.488, Od.22.36. [The last syll. is never elided in [dialect] Att., prob. to avoid confusion with ὅτε: in Hom. ὅτ' ([etym.] ὅ τ') prob. always represents ὅτε ([etym.] ὅ τε): there are no examples of ὅττ': hiatus after ὅτι is permitted in Com., Ar.Lys. 611, Ach. 516.]

ὕᾰλος or [full] ὕελος (v. infr.), ἡ, v. Ael.Dion.Fr. 217; but in Thphr. Lap.49, ὁ:—the form [full] ὕαλος is said to be [dialect] Att., [full] ὕελος Hellenic, Phryn.281, Id.PS p.118 B., Moer.p.373 P., Thom.Mag.p.365 R.; in Hdt. codd. vary between ὕελος and ὕαλος; ὕελος is read in Arist.APo. 88a14, Thphr. l.c., Ign.73, PHolm.10.7, but ὕαλος in LXX Jb. 28.17, Anon.Lond.39.18, Apoc.21.18; cf. ὑάλινος:—originally

A some kind of crystalline stone, such as that used by the Ethiopians to enclose their mummies in, Hdt.3.24;

ὕ. ἀργή Peripl.M.Rubr.49

;

ὕ. ὀρωρυγμένη

rock-crystal,

Ach.Tat.2.3

.

2 a convex lens of crystal, used as a burning-glass,

λίθος διαφανὴς ἀφ' ἧς τὸ πῦρ ἅπτουσι Ar.Nu. 768

, cf. Thphr.Ign.73.

II glass, first in Pl.Ti. 61b, cf. Arist.Mete. 389a8, and

ὑαλῖτις;

glass-ware,

PFay.134.4

(iv A. D.).

III ὕαλος χνοώδης, in Paul.Aeg.6.22, is an absorbent of some kind:— ὕαλος is also expld. by βόρβορος in Hsch. and Theognost.Can.18. [ ῠᾰλος, as appears from Ar.Nu. 768:—but late Poets make [pron. full] ῡ in some derivs. to bring them into dactylic verses, ῡάλεος AP6.33, 12.249; ῡέλινος ib. 14.52; ῡαλόεις ib.5.47; ῡαλοειδής Orph.L. 280; in iambic metre, ῡαλόχροα AP6.211.]

ῥώννῡμι, Hp.Alim.2; [full] ῥωννύω, Ti.Locr.103e, Gal.6.581: [tense] fut. ῥώσω ([etym.] ἐπιρ-) Plu.2.9e: [tense] aor.

A

ἔρρωσα Arat.335

, Plu.Pomp.76, ([etym.] ἐπ-) Hdt.8.14, Th.4.36:—[voice] Pass.,

ῥώννῠμαι Plu.Rom.25

, Cor.24, etc.: [tense] fut.

ῥωσθήσομαι Apollod.1.6.3

, ([etym.] ἐπιρ-) Luc.Somn.18: [tense] aor.

ἐρρώσθην Th.4.72

, Pl.Phdr. 238c, ([etym.] ἐπ-) S.OC 661: [tense] pf. ἔρρωμαι (v. infr.):— strengthen,

τροφὴ ῥώννυσι Hp.

l.c.; ῥ. τὰν ψυχὰν ποτ' ([etym.] πρὸς)

ἀλκάν Ti.Locr. 103b

; ὁρμάν ib.e;

τὰς πόλεις Plu.Per.19

: but

II mostly in [tense] pf. [voice] Pass. (with [tense] pres. sense) ἔρρωμαι, and [tense] plpf. ἐρρώμην (as [tense] impf.):— have strength or might,

γέροντές ἐσμεν κοὐδαμῶς ἐρρώμεθα E.Heracl. 636

;

ἐρρῶσθαι τὴν ψυχήν X.HG3.4.29

; so

ἐρρώσθη χρήμασιν Plu.Publ. 23

.

2 to be eager, enthusiastic, glossed by προθυμεῖσθαι, Cratin. 411;

ἔρρωντο ἐς τὸν πόλεμον Th.2.8

, cf. 8.78, 4.72: c. inf., to be eager to do,

ἔρρωτο πᾶς ξυνεπιλαμβάνειν Id.2.8

, cf. Lys.13.31, Pl.Smp. 176b.

3 to be in good health, Th.7.15: freq. in imper. ἔρρωσο, farewell, the usual way of ending a letter, as in X.Cyr.4.5.33, and at the close of Pl.Ep.1, 2, and 10;

ἔρρωσο πολλά Men.Georg.84

;

ἔρρωσθε Id.Pk.50

; also

φράζειν τινὶ ἐρρῶσθαι Pl.Phd. 61b

, D.18.152, 19.248;

εἰ ἔρρωσαι.. καλῶς ἂν ἔχοι, ἐρρώμεθα δὲ καὶ αὐτοί PPetr.2p.27

(iii B.C.);

εἰ ἔρρωσθε εὖ ἂν ἔχοι IG7.413

(Oropus, Senatus consultum, i B.C.), cf. SIG768 (Epist. Aug.).

4 freq. in part. ἐρρωμένος (q.v.).

κρατέω impf. ἐκράτουν; fut. κρατήσω; 1 aor. ἐκράτησα; pf. 1 pl. κεκρατήκαμεν 1 Macc 15:33, inf. κεκρατηκέναι; plpf. 3 sg. κεκρατήκει 4 Macc 6:32. Pass.: impf. ἐκρατούμην; fut. 3 pl. κρατηθήσονται; aor. ἐκρατήθην Eccl 9:12 v.l.; pf. κεκράτημαι, 3 pl. κεκράτηνται (Hom.+). The primary signification is exercise of power, then by transference

① to accomplish someth. by overcoming obstacles, attain (Diod S 3, 54, 7 κ. τῆς ἐπιβολῆς=attain the purpose; likew. 17, 77, 4 and 20, 25, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 61 §249 οὐ … ἐκράτησε) τῆς προθέσεως the purpose Ac 27:13 (s. Field, Notes 144).

② to use one’s hands to establish a close contact, hold

ⓐ hold τινά someone (fast) w. the hand (TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 19 [Stone p. 30]), so that the pers. cannot go away Ac 3:11.

ⓑ hold in the hand (SibOr 3, 49; TestAbr A 10 p. 87, 29 [Stone p. 22]; A 12 p. 91, 5 [Stone p. 30] al.; GrBar 11:8) τὶ ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ Rv 2:1 (Polemo Perieg. [c. 200 B.C.] in Athen. 11, 67, 484c ἐν τῇ δεξιᾷ κώθωνα κ.; cp. Plut., Mor. 99d).

③ to take control of someone or someth., seize, control

ⓐ of taking into custody arrest, apprehend τινά someone (cp. Ps 136:9; AscIs 3:12) Mt 14:3; 21:46; 26:4, 48, 50, 55, 57 (on the arrest of Jesus s. Feigel, Weidel, Finegan s.v. Ἰούδας 6); Mk 6:17; 12:12; 14:1, 44, 46, 49, 51; Ac 24:6; Rv 20:2.

ⓑ of taking hold of forcibly and also without the use of force take hold of, grasp, seize (cp. 2 Km 6:6; SSol 3:4; TestSol 22:10); w. acc. of pers. or thing Mt 12:11; 18:28; 22:6; 28:9; κρατῆσαι αὐτόν take control of (Jesus) Mk 3:21. κ. ῥάβδον τῇ χειρί take hold of a staff w. the hand Hs 9, 6, 3 (cp. PGM 5, 451 κράτει τῇ ἀριστερᾷ σου τὸν δακτύλιον; Synes., Ep. 58 p. 202 πόδα). τῆς χειρός (τινος) take hold of (someone’s) hand (B-D-F §170, 2; Rob. 475; 1391; Ps 72:23; Gen 19:16; JosAs 29:3; ParJer 6:2; Jos., Bell. 1, 352) Mt 9:25; Mk 1:31; 5:41; 9:27; Lk 8:54; B 14:7 (Is 42:6). τινὰ τῆς χειρός take someone by the hand Mk 9:27 v.l.; cp. B 12:11 (Is 45:1).

④ to hold up or serve as a foundation for someth., hold upright, support τὶ someth. Hs 9, 8, 5. τὰς χεῖρας v 3, 8, 3 (s. MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.). Pass. be supported ὑπό τινος by someth. Hv 3, 3, 5. W. ἀπό instead of ὑπό: κρατοῦνται ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων receive support fr. one another (here w. focus on mutuality) 3, 8, 7. W. διά: ὁ κόσμος διὰ τεσσάρων στοιχείων κρατεῖται the world is supported by four elements 3, 13, 3.

⑤ to control in such a way that someth. does not happen, hold back or restrain from, hinder in an action: w. acc. (so TestJob 35:1), foll. by ἵνα μή Rv 7:1. Pass. be prevented foll. by τοῦ μή and inf. (TestSol 10:43 C; B-D-F §400, 4; Rob. 1061; 1425) their eyes ἐκρατοῦντο τοῦ μὴ ἐπιγνῶναι Lk 24:16, prob. w. a suggestion of both physical and inward sight (cp. 4 Km 6:15–23; s. διανοίγω 1b).—Hold in one’s power (PTebt 61b, 229; POxy 237 VIII, 34; TestSol 6:3; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 84; Mel., P. 100, 769) pass. οὐκ ἦν δυνατὸν κρατεῖσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ it was impossible for him (Christ) to be held in its (death’s) power Ac 2:24.

⑥ to adhere strongly to, hold

ⓐ of commitment to someone or someth. hold fast (to) someone or someth., and hence remain closely united. W. acc. τὴν κεφαλήν hold fast to the Head (i.e. to Christ) Col 2:19 (cp. SSol 3:4 ἐκράτησα αὐτὸν καὶ οὐκ ἀφήσω [ἀφῆκα BS] αὐτόν). τί to someth. (TestNapht 3:1 τὸ θέλημα τ. θεοῦ) τὴν παράδοσιν Mk 7:3; cp. vss. 4, 8; 2 Th 2:15. τὴν διδαχήν Rv 2:14f. τὸ ὄνομά μου vs. 13.—W. gen. of thing (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Γυναικόπολις: in the absence of the men τὰς γυναῖκας κρατῆσαι τοῦ πολέμου=the women kept the war going; Pr 14:18; Jos., Ant. 6, 116 τοῦ λογισμοῦ) τῆς ὁμολογίας hold fast to our confession Hb 4:14. τῆς ἐλπίδος 6:18. τῶν ἔργων τινός Hv 3, 8, 8.

ⓑ hold fast, keep hold of someth. that belongs to oneself, so that it cannot be taken away Rv 2:25; 3:11.

ⓒ keep to oneself a saying, in order to occupy oneself w. it later Mk 9:10.

⑦ to cause a condition to continue, hold in place κ. τὰς ἁμαρτίας pronounce the sins unforgiven (opp. ἀφιέναι) J 20:23.—B. 746. DELG s.v. κράτος. M-M. TW.

μῦθος, ου, ὁ (Hom. et al.; ins; Sir 20:19; TestJud 23:1 v.l.) prim. ‘speech, conversation,’ also of ‘narrative’ or ‘story’ without distinction of fact or fiction, then of fictional narrative (as opposed to λόγος, the truth of history) such as tale, story, legend, myth (so Pind., Hdt. et al.; Pla., Tim. 26e μὴ πλασθέντα μῦθον, ἀλλʼ ἀληθινὸν λόγον ‘not some contrived tale, but a true account’, Phd. 61b; Epict. 3, 24, 18; SIG 382, 7; Philo, Congr. Erud. Grat. 61 al.; Joseph.; apolog. exc. Mel.) w. πλάνη 2 Cl 13:3. Pl. (cp. Diod S 1, 93, 3; 2, 46, 6; 23, 13 [all three μῦθοι πεπλασμένοι]; Philo, Exsecr. 162 τοὺς ἄπλαστον ἀλήθειαν ἀντὶ πεπλασμένων μύθων μεταδιώκοντας; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 256) σεσοφισμένοις μ. ἐξακολουθεῖν follow cleverly devised tales 2 Pt 1:16 (Jos., Ant. 1, 22 τ. μύθοις ἐξακολουθεῖν; cp the contrast between the πράξεις ἐναργεῖς [‘manifest performance’] of Isis in Egypt and the inferior Hellenic μυθολογία Diod. Sic. 1, 25, 4; New Docs 4, 80; on Gr-Rom. historians’ concern for the truth of history as opposed to mythography s. Spicq 2, 532–33). Of erroneous instruction Ἰουδαϊκοὶ μ. Tit 1:14. βέβηλοι καὶ γραώδεις μ. frivolous old wives’ tales 1 Ti 4:7 (cp. Lucian, Philops. 9 γραῶν μῦθοι; Ael. Aristid. 45 p. 133 D. As early as Pla., Gorg. 527a μ. ὥσπερ γραός; Ps-Xenophon, Ep. 7). W. γενεαλογίαι (q.v.) 1:4. ἐπὶ τοὺς μ. ἐκτρέπεσθαι turn to legends 2 Ti 4:4.—EHoffmann, Qua ratione ἔπος, μῦθος, αἶνος λόγος … adhibita sint, diss. Gött. 1922; LMueller, Wort u. Begriff Mythos im kl. Griech., diss. Hamburg, ’54; KGoldammer, ZNW 48, ’57, 93–100; CBarrett, ET 68, ’57, 345–48; 359–62.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TRE XXIII 597–661. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ποιητής, οῦ, ὁ (ποιέω)

① one who does someth. by producing someth., maker (of God Pla., Tim. 28c; Just., D. 56, 4 al. ὁ τῶν ὅλων ποιητής; Tat., Ath.), then specif. poet (so Aristoph., Ran. 96; 1030; Pla., Phd. 61b al.; oft. ins [SIG IV 510b index; OGI II 694b ind.]; PHerm 125 B, 6; POsl 189, 13 [III A.D.]; TestSol; EpArist 31; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 38; 110 al.; Just., A I, 4, 9 al.; Tat., Ath.) Ac 17:28.

② one who does what is prescribed, a doer w. obj. gen. (cp. 1 Macc 2:67) Ro 2:13; Js 4:11. (Opp. ἀκροατής) π. λόγου 1:22f. π. ἔργου a doer that acts (opp.: a forgetful hearer) vs. 25.—B. 1299. DELG s.v. ποιέω. M-M. TW.

πρό prep. w. gen. (Hom.+—S. the lit. s.v. ἀνά, beg.; also Rydbeck 62–77) ‘before’.

① marker of a position in front of an object, before, in front of, at πρὸ τῆς θύρας at the door Ac 12:6; cp. 5:23 v.l.; πρὸ τοῦ πυλῶνος 12:14; perh. J 10:8 belongs here (Jesus is the door, vs. 7). πρὸ τῆς πόλεως (Jos., Bell. 1, 234, Ant. 10, 44): ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ ὄντος πρὸ τῆς πόλεως the priest of (the temple of) Zeus just outside the city (gate) 14:13 (CIG 2963c τῆς μεγάλης Ἀρτέμιδος πρὸ πόλεως ἱερεῖς [restored]. Cp. the sim. inscriptions w. πρὸ πόλεως 2796; 3194; 3211; BCH 11, 1887 p. 464 no. 29 ὁ πρὸ πόλεως Ἀπόλλων [Thyatira]; TWiegand, SBBerlAk 1906, 259 Ἀσκληπιοῦ πρὸ πόλεως [Miletus]; cp. αἱ προκαθήμεναι θεαῖ τῆς πόλεως SIG 694, 50f; lit. s.v. Λύστρα).—In vivid imagery ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν Js 5:9. Fig. πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν ἔχειν, λαμβάνειν and πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τινος εἶναι; on these s. ὀφθαλμός 2.—πρὸ προσώπου τινός (=לִפְנֵי פ׳; s. Johannessohn, Präp. 184f) before or ahead of someone Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27 (on all three cp. Mal 3:1; Ex 23:20; TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 4 [Stone p. 30]; GrBar 1:4); 1:76 v.l.; 9:52; 10:1; 1 Cl 34:3 (cp. Is 62:11); in front of someone IEph 15:3 (JosAs 24:6 πρόκειται πρὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν). W. transition to a temporal mng. prior to προκηρύξαντος Ἰωάννου πρὸ προσώπου τῆς εἰσόδου αὐτοῦ after John had preached as his forerunner before his (i.e. Jesus’) appearance Ac 13:24.

② marker of a point of time prior to another point of time, earlier than, before πρὸ τοῦ ἀρίστου before the meal (X., Cyr. 6, 2, 21) Lk 11:38. πρὸ τοῦ βαπτίσματος D 7:4a. πρὸ χειμῶνος 2 Ti 4:21. πρὸ τοῦ πάσχα J 11:55. πρὸ τῆς ἑορτῆς τοῦ πάσχα 13:1. πρὸ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ Mt 24:38. πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου J 17:24; Eph 1:4; 1 Pt 1:20. πρὸ ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης 2 Cl 14:1 (s. ἥλιος). πρὸ πάντων Col 1:17; cp. πρὸ τούτων πάντων Lk 21:12. πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων (Ps 54:20) 1 Cor 2:7; cp. IEph ins; IMg 6:1. πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 1:2. πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος Jd 25. πρὸ καιροῦ before the proper time or the last times (καιρός 3b; cp. Sir 51:30; Theodor. Prodr. 1, 281 H.) Mt 8:29; 1 Cor 4:5. πρὸ τούτων τῶν ἡμερῶν Ac 5:36; 21:38; Hm 4, 3, 4. πρὸ ἐτῶν 2 Cor 12:2. πρὸ τῆς μεταθέσεως Hb 11:5. Latinizing (on the use of the Rom. calendar among the Gks. s. Hahn 245; EBickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World², ’80, 47–51; on calculation of a date, 43–44) πρὸ ἐννέα καλανδῶν Σεπτεμβρίων on August twenty-fourth IRo 10:3. πρὸ ἑπτὰ καλανδῶν Μαρτίων on February twenty-third MPol 21 (cp. IPriene 105, 23 πρὸ ἐννέα καλανδῶν Ὀκτωβρίων).—On the expr. πρὸ ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα J 12:1 s. ἡμέρα 2c and cp. Am 1:1; 4:7. πρὸ τριῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ συλληφθῆναι αὐτόν three days before he was arrested MPol 5:2. πρὸ μιᾶς τῶν ἀζύμων one day before the feast of unleavened bread GPt 2:5 (Plut., Lucull. 510 [27, 9] πρὸ μιᾶς νωνῶν Ὀκτωβρίων, Publ. 101 [9, 8]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 115 §479 πρὸ μιᾶς τοῦδε τοῦ βουλευτηρίου). πρὸ μιᾶς (sc. ἡμέρας [Polyaenus 7, 10 and Just., D. 27, 5 πρὸ μιᾶς ἡμέρας]; cp. Lucian, Alex. 46; Dositheus 40, 2; PGM 13, 350) one day before D 7:4b; the day before Hs 6, 5, 3.—Rydbeck 62–77; Mlt-Turner 260.—W. gen. of the personal pron. (PsSol 1:8 τὰ πρὸ αὐτῶν ἔθνη; Just., D. 16, 4 πρὸ αὐτοῦ; PTebt 61b, 384 [118/117 B.C.]) πρὸ ὑμῶν (Lev 18:28) Mt 5:12; cp. Ac 7:4 D. πρὸ ἐμοῦ (1 Macc 15:5) J 5:7; 10:8 (s. also 1 above); Ro 16:7; Gal 1:17 (s. AcPlCor 2:4). Cp. 1 Cl 19:1.—πρὸ τοῦ w. acc. and inf. (En 9:11; TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 10 [Stone p. 22]; ParJer 7:31; Just., D. 92, 3. Cp. B-D-F §403; Rob. 1074f) πρὸ τοῦ ὑμᾶς αἰτῆσαι Mt 6:8. Cp. Lk 2:21; 22:15; J 1:48; 13:19 (here the acc. is missing, but can easily be supplied); 17:5; Ac 23:15; Gal 2:12; 3:23; B 16:7.

③ marker of precedence in importance or rank (Pind. et al.; pap; Jos., Ant. 16, 187 πρὸ ἐκείνων; Just., A I, 2, 1 πρὸ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ψυχῆς) πρὸ παντός above all, especially Pol 5:3. Also πρὸ πάντων (Ar. 9, 2; Just., D. 7, 3; POxy 292, 11; 294, 30) Js 5:12; 1 Pt 4:8; D 10:4.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

χερσόω (χέρσος ‘dry land’; Hom. et al.) make dry and barren (BGU 195, 21 [II A.D.]) in our lit. (Hermas) only pass. χερσόομαι (Strabo 17, 1, 36; IGR IV, 147; PTebt 5, 94 [118 B.C.]; 61b, 30; 75, 40; LXX) 1 aor. ἐχερσώθην; pf. ptc. κεχερσωμένος become barren or wild, lit. of untended vineyards Hm 10, 1, 5. Fig. of Christians who are entangled w. the world 10, 1, 4 or who deny their Lord Hs 9, 26, 3.—DELG s.v. χέρσος.

ἀνεπίλη(μ)πτος, ον (s. ἐπιλαμβάνω; Eur., Thu. et al.; Lucian, Pisc. 8; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 81; Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 66; Ath. 31, 2 ἄνθρωπος; PTebt 5, 48; 61b, 237f; 72, 176; IPontEux II 52, 9) irreproachable 1 Ti 3:2; 5:7; w. ἄσπιλος 6:14. ἀ. πολιτεία irrepr. conduct (Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 24; cp. PGiss 55, 10 ἀ. βίον ἔχειν; on the moral requirement cp. PTebt 27, 27: ἀξιολόγος) MPol 17:1.—DELG s.v. λαμβάνω. M-M. TW.

ἀνεπίλη(μ)πτος, ον (s. ἐπιλαμβάνω; Eur., Thu. et al.; Lucian, Pisc. 8; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 81; Dio Chrys. 11 [12], 66; Ath. 31, 2 ἄνθρωπος; PTebt 5, 48; 61b, 237f; 72, 176; IPontEux II 52, 9) irreproachable 1 Ti 3:2; 5:7; w. ἄσπιλος 6:14. ἀ. πολιτεία irrepr. conduct (Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 24; cp. PGiss 55, 10 ἀ. βίον ἔχειν; on the moral requirement cp. PTebt 27, 27: ἀξιολόγος) MPol 17:1.—DELG s.v. λαμβάνω. M-M. TW.

ὑπόστασις, εως, ἡ (ὑφίστημι; Hippocr.+; Polyb. 4, 50, 10; 6, 55, 2; Diod S 16, 32, 3; 16, 33, 1; M. Ant. 10, 5; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 15:5; 17:24; TestReub 2:7; TestZeb 2:4; Tat.; Ath. 21, 3; Iren. 5, 36, 1 [Harv. II 426, 1]; Hippol., Ref. 10, 17, 2; Did., Gen. 128, 11 in widely different meanings. See Dörrie 4 below.)

① the essential or basic structure/nature of an entity, substantial nature, essence, actual being, reality (underlying structure, oft. in contrast to what merely seems to be: Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 395a, 29f; Plut., Mor. 894b; Diog. L., Pyrrh. 9, 91; Artem. 3, 14; Ps 38:6; Wsd 16:21; TestReub 2:7; SJCh 78, 30; Philo, Aet. M. 88; 92; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1; Tat. 6, 2; Ath. 21, 3; cp. the answer of a certain Secundus, who, when asked ‘Quid fides?’, answered: ‘ignotae rei mira certitudo’=a marvelous certainty about someth. otherwise unknown [FPhGr I 516]; s. also Lexicon Sabbaiticum: Lexica Graeca Minora ’65, 53)

ⓐ of the Son of God as χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ a(n) exact representation of (God’s) real being (i.e. as one who is in charge of the universe) Hb 1:3. Sim. of polytheists’ deities, whose basic reality is someth. material like stone, metal etc. Dg 2:1.

ⓑ of things: among the meanings that can be authenticated for Hb 11:1 a strong claim can be made for realization (Diod S 1, 3, 2 of the realization of a plan; Cornutus 9 p. 9, 3 of the realization of humanity; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1 that of the Jewish people, both by a divine act; Tat. 5, 1 of God τοῦ παντὸς ἡ ὑπόστασις): ἔστιν πίστις ἐλπιζομένων ὑπ.=in faith things hoped for become realized, or things hoped for take on (but s. 3 and 4 below) reality. Conversely, ‘without faith things hoped for would have no reality’. HKöster (s. bibliog. 4 below) argues for this sense also in 3:14, but s. 2. Cp. the rendering ‘substance’ (e.g. KJV, REB).

② a plan that one devises for action, plan, project, undertaking, endeavor (Diod. Sic 15, 70, 2; 16, 32, 3; 16, 82, 6; 17, 69, 7; Ezk 19:5) ἐν τῇ ὑποστάσει ταύτῃ in connection with this undertaking i.e. the collection for Jerusalem 2 Cor 9:4. The fact that meeting a financial obligation is the main theme (vss. 1–2) might well suggest association of ὑπ. with its use e.g. as a t.t. of expectation of rent due PTebt 61b, 194. To emphasize the importance of steadfast commitment to professed obligation (opp. καρδία πονηρὰ ἀπιστίας ἐν τῷ ἀποστῆναι), the author of Hb 3:14 uses ὑπ. in a way that invites an addressee to draw on the semantic component of obligation familiar in commercial usage of the term (s. PTebt above), an association that is invited by use of μέτοχος, a standard term for a business partner (PHib 109, 3; PCairZen 176, 102 [both III B.C.]), μέχρι τέλους (s.v. τέλος 2bβ), and βέβαιος (s. M-M s.v.). S. Köster 1b above for focus of ὑπ. on ‘reality’.—Satirically, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ὑποστάσει τῆς καυχήσεως in this boasting project of mine 2 Cor 11:17.

③ The interp. situation, condition (Cicero, Ad Attic. 2, 3, 3 ὑπόστασιν nostram=our situation), also specif. frame of mind (Dio Cass. 49, 9; Themist., Or. 13 p. 178b; Jos., Ant. 18, 24 of determination in desperate circumstances; sim. Polyb. 6, 55, 2) has been suggested for some of the passages cited in 1 and 2 above: 2 Cor 9:4 (explained in a v.l. via the epexegetical gen. καυχήσεως); 11:17; Hb 3:14 (s. Dörrie [bibliog. 4 below], p. 39: the frame of mind described in Hb 3:6). The sense ‘confidence’, ‘assurance’ (based on LXX [Ruth 1:12; Ps 38:8; Ezk 19:5], where it renders תִּקְוָה etc.) favored by Melanchthon and Luther (also Tyndale, NRSV, but not KJV) for Hb 11:1 has enjoyed much favor but must be eliminated, since examples of it cannot be found (s. Dörrie and Köster [4 below]). More prob. for Hb 4:11 is

④ guarantee of ownership/entitlement, title deed (Sb 9086 III, 1–11 [104 A.D.]; Spicq III 423 n. 14; cp. M-M s.v.) Hb 11:1 (cp. 2 above for commercial use of ὕπ.).—ASchlatter, Der Glaube im NT⁴ 1927, 614ff; MMathis, The Pauline πίστισ-ὑπόστασις acc. to Hb 11:1, diss. Cath. Univ. of Amer., Washington, D.C. 1920, also Biblica 3, 1922, 79–87; RWitt, Hypostasis: ‘Amicitiae Corolla’ (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 319–43; MSchumpp, D. Glaubensbegriff des Hb: Divus Thomas 11, ’34, 397–410; FErdin, D. Wort Hypostasis, diss. Freiburg ’39; CArpe, Philologus 94, ’41, 65–78; HDörrie, Ὑπόστασις, Wort-u. Bedeutungsgeschichte: NAWG 1955, no. 3, ZNW 46, ’55, 196–202; HKöster, TW VIII 571–88 (Köster prefers plan, project [Vorhaben] for the passages in 2 Cor, and reality [Wirklichkeit] for all 3 occurrences in Hb, contrasting the reality of God with the transitory character of the visible world). S. also the lit. s.v. πίστις 2a.—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.