422d

δῠνᾰτ-ός, ή, όν, also ός, όν Pi.N.2.14, Apollon. Cit.2:—

A strong, mighty, in body or mind, ὅ τι ἦν αὐτῶν δυνατώτατον the ablest-bodied men, Hdt.9.31; sound in limb, opp. ἀδύνατος, Lys.24.12;

σῶμα δ. πρός τι X.Oec.7.23

;

χερσὶ καὶ ψυχᾷ δ. Pi.N.9.39

;

τοῖς σώμασι καὶ ταῖς ψυχαῖς X.Mem.2.1.19

;

εἴς τι Pl.Hp.Mi. 366a

; κατά τι ib. 366d ([comp] Sup.): c. acc., ibid. ([comp] Sup.); of ships, fit for service, Th.7.60; of things,

δυνατώτερον ἀδικία δικαιοσύνης Pl.R. 351a

; λόγος a powerful argument, Epicur.Ep. 1p.31U.;

δ. προτείχισμα Plb.10.31.8

.

2 c. inf., able to do, Hdt. 1.97, etc.; δ. λῦσαι mighty to loose, Pi.O.10(11).9;

λέγειν τε καὶ πράσσειν-ώτατος Th.1.139

, Pl.Prt. 319a; - ώτατοι καὶ τοῖς σώμασιν καὶ τοῖς χρήμασιν λῃτουργεῖν Decr. ap. Arist.Ath.29.5;

ἐᾶν τοὺς δ. ἄρχειν X.Ath.1.3

; ὅσονπερ δ. εἰμι, with inf. omitted, E.Or. 523.

3 of outward power, powerful, influential, S.El. 219;

τῶν Ἑλλήνων δυνατώτατοι Hdt.1.53

; οἱ δ. the chief men of rank and influence, Th.2.65;

χρήμασι δ. Id.1.13

, etc., cf. OGI669.13 (i A. D.).

4 able to produce, productive,

χώρα -ωτέρα εἰς τὴν καρπῶν ἔκφυσιν Gp.2.21.5

.

5 potential, Arist.Metaph. 1048a27.

II [voice] Pass., of things, possible,

οὐ δύνατον γένεσθαι Sapph.Supp.5.21

, cf. Hdt.9.111, A.Ag.97 (lyr.), etc.; ὁδὸς δυνατὴ καὶ τοῖς ὑποζυγίοις πορεύεσθαι practicable, X.An.4.1.24;

λόγου δ. κατανοῆσαι Pl.Phd. 90c

;

βίον τοῖς πλείστοις κοινωνῆσαι δ. Arist.Pol. 1295a30

; κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν, quantum fieri possit, Pl. Cra. 422d, D.3.6, etc.;

ἐς τὸ δ. Hdt.3.24

;

εἰς ὅσον ἀνθρώπῳ δ. μάλιστα Pl.Phdr. 277a

;

ἐκ τῶν δυνατῶν X.An.4.2.23

;

ἐπὶ τὸ δ. Id.Cyn. 5.8

;

ἐν δυνατῷ εἶναι BCH29.172

(Delos, ii B. C.); also

ὅσον δυνατόν E.IA 997

;

ὅσον καθ' ἡμᾶς δ. Id.Ba. 183

; esp. with [comp] Sup.,

ὡς δ. πλεῖστον Isoc.12.278

;

ὡς δ. κακίστους X.Mem.4.5.5

;

γνώμη ὡς δ. δικαιοτάτη D.24.13

; τὰ δ. things which are practicable, Th.5.89, cf. Arist. Rh. 1359b1.

III Adv.- τῶς strongly, powerfully,

εἰπεῖν δ. Aeschin. 2.48

: [comp] Sup. - ώτατα most ably, Pl.R. 516d.

2 δ. ἔχει it is possible, Hdt.7.11.

πολυ-πλᾰνής, ές, ([etym.] πλανάομαι)

A roaming far or long, ἐν ἁλὶ πολυπλανής (sc. Menelaus) E.Hel. 203 (lyr.); εἶδος κτημάτων π., opp. ἀπλανές, Pl.Plt. 288a; π. κισσός the straying ivy, AP6.154 (Leon. or Gaet.);

π. πορεία

devious,

Plu.Crass.29

;

π. ἐν γράμμασι Id.2.422d

. Adv.

- νῶς

wandering in all directions,

Hp.Oss.12

.

II much-erring (or [voice] Act., leading much astray),

Ἐλπὶς καὶ Τύχη AP9.134

;

ἔπεα Musae.175

. [-πλᾱνης metri gr. in Opp.C.4.358.]

πρεσβ-εία, ἡ,

A age, seniority, right of the elder,

κατὰ πρεσβείαν A.Pers.4

(anap.), Arist.Pol. 1259b12: hence,

2 rank, dignity,

πρεσβείᾳ καὶ δυνάμει ὑπερέχειν Pl.R. 509b

.

II embassy, Ar.Lys. 570, Pl.R. 422d, al.

2 body of ambassadors, Ar.Ach. 647, Eq. 795, Th.1.72, 4.118, X.Cyr.2.4.1, Aeschin. 1.23 (pl.), etc.;

καλέσαι ἐπὶ ξένια τὴν π. IG12.19.14

, al.; καλέσαι τὴν π. ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ib.22.1.54.

III intercession, Phalar.Ep.33.

στερεός, ά, όν, also [full] στερρός (q.v.),

A firm, solid,

σ. λίθος ἠὲ σίδηρος Od.19.494

;

βοέαι Il.17.493

; αἰχμὴ σ. πᾶσα χρυσέη all of solid gold, Hdt.1.52, cf. 183;

ἕρμα σ. γῆς E.Hel. 854

, cf. X.Cyn.9.16;

γῆ σ. καὶ ἀδιάλυτος Epicur.Nat.14.2

; τὰ -ώτερα τῶν ὀστέων, opp. τὰ ἀραιότερα, Hp.Fract.33; τὸ ς., opp. κενόν, Democr. ap. Arist.Ph. 188a22, Metaph. 985b7; opp. μαλθακός, Pl.Phdr. 239c; κυσὶ σ. καὶ ἰσχνοῖς, opp. προβάτοις πίοσι καὶ ἁπαλοῖς, Id.R. 422d;

ἀθλητής D.L.2.132

;

βραχίονες Theoc.22.48

;

δέρματα Pl.Prt. 321a

;

νῆμα Id.Plt. 282e

; σ. κέρας solid, opp. κοῖλον, Arist.HA 500a6;

σ. κάλαμος Thphr.HP4.11.10

; στερεὰ τροφή solid food, D.S.2.4, Ep.Hebr.5.12, Arr.Epict.2.16.39 ([comp] Comp.); τὸ σ. σῶμα, opp. ὁ χυλός, Gal.15.463; σ. κοιλίη costive, Hp.Acut. (Sp.) 56. Adv. - ρεῶς firmly, fast,

κατέδησαν Od.14.346

;

ἐντέτατο Il.10.263

; νῶτα.. ἑλκόμενα ς., of wrestlers, 23.715.

b of money, standard, of full value,

ἀργυρίου στερεὰ τάλαντα SIG826

D 20 (Delph., ii B.C.); so perh. of sums due in kind,

πυροῦ στερεοῦ PRein.8.5

(ii B.C.), al.; and of linear and square measures, τῆς προσούσης αὐλῆς πηχῶν σ. ὀκτὼ τὸ ἐπιβάλλον αὐτῷ μέρος ἥμισυ πήχεις σ. τέσσερας eight (four) standard cubits, PStrassb.87 (ii B.C.), cf. PLond.3.1024.19 (ii B.C.); πόδες ς. standard feet, Milet.7p.59 ([place name] Didyma); μέτρημα ς. Supp.Epigr.4.446.11 (ibid, iii/ii B.C.).

c ὠρύγη ποταμὸς ἐπὶ τὰ τρία ς. the ditch was restored by digging to its three normal dimensions, OGI672 (Canopus, i A.D.), cf. 673, where the Latin version has at tria soldu (m).

2 metaph., stiff, stubborn, στερεοῖς ἐπέεσσι, opp. μειλιχίοις, Il.12.267;

κραδίη -ωτέρη ἐστὶ λίθοιο Od.23.103

. Adv.

-ρεῶς, ἀποειπεῖν Il.9.510

, cf. 23.42.

3 later, hard, stubborn, cruel,

πῦρ Pi.O.10(11).36

;

ὀδύναι Id.P.4.221

;

ἀπειλαί A.Pr. 174

(anap.);

ἁμαρτήματα S.Ant. 1262

(lyr.);

ἦθος Pl.Plt. 309b

;

οὕτω σ. <τι> πρᾶγμα θερμόν ἐσθ' ὕδωρ Antiph.245

;

σ. φωνή Tryph.490

; τοῦτο ἤδη -ώτερον harder, more difficult, Pl.R. 348e.

4 of language, τὸ εὔτονον καὶ ς. solidity, D.H.Din.8;

ποιήματα Phld.Po.5.5

, cf. 4 ([comp] Sup.).

5 σ. ζῴδια, i.e. productive of settled conditions, Serapio in Cat.Cod.Astr.1.100.17, Ptol.Tetr.32, PMag.Lond.46.47.

II of bodies and quantities, solid, cubic, opp. ἐπίπεδος (plane), Pl.Phlb. 51c; σ. γωνία a solid angle, Id.Ti. 54e sq., cf. Euc. 11 Def.11;

σ. πῆχυς POxy.669.7

(iii A.D.); σ. ἀριθμός a cubic number, Arist.Pol. 1316a8; τὰ ς. cubic numbers, representing bodies of three dimensions, Pl.Tht. 148b: dat. sg.

στερεῷ

in the third power,

Theol.Ar.4

. (Cf. Skt. sthirás 'firm, hard, solid', OHG. star 'rigid', OE. starian 'stare fixedly'.)

συμπολεμέω,

A join in war, Th.1.18, 8.46, And.3.24, X.HG6.5.28, etc.;

Κύρῳ πρὸς αὐτόν Id.An.1.4.2

;

μεθ' ἡμῶν Pl.R. 422d

;

σ. τὸν πόλεμον D.18.87

, SIG529.7 (Dyme, iii B.C.).

συναθρ-οίζω, [tense] pf. - ήθροικα (- υκα Pap.) POxy.1253.5 (iv A.D.):—

A gather together, assemble, esp. of soldiers, X.An.7.2.8, etc.;

τὸ ναυτικόν Lys.2.34

;

ἀγέλην Babr.124.8

;

σ. ἐπὶ τὴν πόλιν.. Ἕλληνάς τε καὶ βαρβάρους Pl.Mx. 243b

:—[voice] Pass., X.An.6.5.30, Act.Ap.12.12.

2 of things, gather into one mass,

τὸ κάταγμα εἰς ἕν Ar.Lys. 585

(anap.); τὸ σῶμα ς. bring the body together, Pl.Ti. 44d:—[voice] Pass.,

ἐὰν εἰς μίαν.. πόλιν.. συναθροισθῇ τὰ.. Χρήματα Id.R. 422d

; τούτων συνηθροισμένων to sum up, therefore, ib. 563d;

σ. εἰς ἕν Id.Ti. 25b

;

εἰς ταὐτό Arist.HA 546b18

;

συνηθροισμένη τῇ πόλει δόξα Lycurg.110

;

συνηθροισμένον πᾶν ἰσχυρόν Thphr.Ign.12

, cf. Vent.26;

Χρόνῳ τὸ μῖσος -ηθροίσθη Phld.Piet.30

.

3 of a single person, οὐ συνήθροισται στρατῷ has not joined the main army, E.Rh. 613.

ὑπόκειμαι, used as [voice] Pass. of ὑποτίθημι, [tense] fut. ὑποκείσομαι Pi.O.1.85, etc., but [tense] aor. ὑπετέθην:—

A lie under,

ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα κεῖται Il.21.364

;

θεμέλιοι ὑ. Th.1.93

;

τὸν μηρὸν ὑποκείμενον ἔχειν Arist.IA 712b32

, cf. PA 686a13, 689b18: c. dat.,

τοιαύτης τῆς κρηπῖδος ὑποκειμένης ταῖς πολιτείαις Pl.Plt. 301e

: τὰ ὑποκείμενα, opp. τὰ ὑπερκείμενα, Sor.1.8.

2 of places, lie close to,

ὑποκειμένης τῆς Εὐβοίας ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀττικήν Isoc. 4.108

;

ὑ. τὸ πεδίον τῷ ἱερῷ Aeschin.3.118

;

λόφος ὑποκείμενος τοῖς Σιννάκοις Plu.Crass.29

;

τὸ τὴν οἰκουμένην ὑποκεῖσθαι πρὸς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον Arist.Mete. 364a7

, cf.Pr. 941b39;

<τὰ> πρὸς βορρᾶν καὶ ἄρκτον ὑποκείμενα μέρη τῶν ὀρέων Gp.2.5.1

; τὰ ὑποκείμενα ἐδάφη the adjacent soil, D.S.3.50; ἡ-κειμένη χώρα the adjacent country, ibid. (but, the adjacent low lands, Id.2.37, Plu.Sert.17);

ὄρος ὑπόκειται Plb.5.59.4

codd. ( ἐπίκ- Schweigh.);

ὁ ὑποκείμενος ποταμός Id.3.74.2

; ὑποκεῖσθαι πρὸς τὴν ο?ὑπόκειμαιXψιν to be presented to the sight, Demetr.Lac.Herc.1013.17.

3 to be given below in the text,

κατὰ τὴν.. συγγραφήν, ἧς τὸ ἀντίγραφον ὑπόκειται PCair.Zen.355.122

(iii B. C.); γράψον.. τοὺς χαρακτῆρας ὡς ὑπόκειται as below, PMag.Par.1.408; λέγε τὸν λόγον τὸν ὑποκείμενον ib.230; ὡς ὑπόκειται as below, Sammelb.5231.11 (i A. D.), etc.; also, as set forth, PKlein.Form.78 (v/vi A. D.).

II in various metaph. senses,

1 to be established, set before one (by oneself or another) as an aim or principle, ἐμοὶ μὲν οὗτος ἄεθλος ὑποκείσεται shall be my appointed task, Pi. l. c.; δυοῖν ὑποκειμένοιν ὀνομάτοιν two phrases being prescribed, having legal sanction, D.23.36; ὑπόκειται πρῶτον μὲν διωμοσία, δεύτερον δὲ λόγος the prescribed course is.., ib.71; μένειν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑποκειμένων to abide by one's resolves, Plb.1.19.6, 2.51.1;

μένειν ἐπὶ τῆς ὑ. γνώμης Id.1.40.5

; ἐμοὶ ὑπόκειται ὅτι .. for me it is a fixed principle that.., Hdt.2.123, cf. Arist.Oec. 1343b9;

νομίζω συμφέρειν.. τοῦθ' ὑποκεῖσθαι D.14.3

; τῶν πραγμάτων ἐν οἷς τὰ ὑποκείμενα διαφέρει τῷ εἴδει things of which the principles differ in kind, Arist.Pol. 1275a35; τὰς ὑποκειμένας μοίρας τξ the conventional 3600, Ptol.Alm.5.1.

2 to be assumed as a hypothesis (cf.

ὑπόθεσις 111

), Pl.Cra. 436d, al.; ὑπέκειτο μὴ οἷόν τε εἶναι .. Id.Erx. 404b;

τούτων ὑποκειμένων Id.Prt. 359a

, R. 478e; τὴν ἐκ τῶν -κειμένων ἀρίστην [πολιτείαν] the best (possible) in the circumstances, opp. to τὴν κρατίστην ἁπλῶς and to τὴν ἐξ ὑποθέσεως, Arist. Pol. 1288b26;

ὑποκείσθω τι

let it be taken for granted,

Id.EN 1103b32

, cf. 1129a11, al., Gal.15.175; ὑποκείσθω ὅτι .. let it be taken for granted that.., Arist.Pol. 1323b40;

ὑ. εἶναι τὴν ἡδονὴν κίνησιν Id.Rh. 1369b33

: so with a nom., ὑ. ἡ ἀρετὴ εἶναι .. Id.EN 1104b27, cf. Rh. 1357a11: c. part.,

τοιόνδε ζῷον ὑ. ὄν Id.GA 778b17

: without any Verb, ἡ τοῦ δέρματος φύσις ὑ. γεώδης (sc. εἶναι or οὖσα) ib. 782a29, etc.: cf. ὑποτίθημι IV. 1.

3 to be suggested,

τρόπῳ τῷ ἐξ ἐμεῦ -κειμένῳ Hdt.3.40

.

4 to be in prospect,

ἐλπὶς ὑπόκειται σφαλεῖσι κἂν αὐτοὺς διασῴζεσθαι Th.3.84

;

αἱ ὑποκείμεναι προσδοκίαι καὶ αἱ ἐλπίδες D.19.24

; παρ' ὑμῖν ὀργὴ μεγάλη καὶ τιμωρία ὑπόκειται τοῖς τὰ ψευδῆ μαρτυροῦσι is reserved for them, Id.34.19, cf. Lycurg.130; δυοῖν κινδύνοιν -κειμένοιν ibid.;

ὁρᾶν τὸν θάνατον ὑποκείμενον PPetr.3p.73

(iii B. C.);

φόβου ὑποκειμένου ὅτι οἴσει τι βέβαιον παρὰ σοῦ PSI4.380.3

(iii B. C.);

τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς μηθὲν ἀσεβὲς ἐπιτελεσαμένοις κατὰ τοὺς τοῦ πολέμου νόμους ὑπόκειται παθεῖν Plb.2.58.10

.

5 to be subject to, submit to,

τῷ ἄρχοντι Pl.Grg. 510c

;

βασιλεῖ Philostr. VA3.20

;

πατράσιν POxy. 237 vii 16

(ii A. D.);

ἐξετάσεσιν PFlor.33.14

(iv A. D.);

βασάνοις POxy.58.25

(iii A. D.): abs., pay court to one,

ὑποκείσονται δεόμενοι καὶ τιμῶντες Pl.R. 494c

; τῷ λόγῳ to be captivated by the story, Philostr.VA6.14;

θρῆνοι -κείμενοι

subdued,

Id.VS2.4.2

.

6 to be subject to, liable to a penalty, Supp.Epigr.6.424, cf. 415,421, al. ([place name] Iconium), PLond.1.77.53 (vi A. D.): also c. acc.,

ὑποκείσεται τῷ φίσκῳ δηνάρια πεντακόσια Rev.Phil.36.61

([place name] Iconium).

7 to be pledged or mortgaged, c. gen., for a certain sum, Is.6.33, D.49.11,35;

ναῦς ὑποκειμένη ἡμῖν Id.56.4

; τὰ ὑποκείμενα the articles pledged, Syngr. ap.D.35.12; the mortgaged property, SIG1044.28 (Halic., iv/iii B. C.);

ἐνέχυρα-κείμενα IG12(7).58

([place name] Amorgos); ὑποκείμενοι, of slaves pledged for a sum of money, D.27.9.

b of payments, to have been granted or allocated, ἀποφαίνουσιν ὑποκεῖσθαι ἐν τῇ γραφῇ τῶν εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ (sc. ὑποκειμένων)

δίδοσθαι κτλ. UPZ21.4

(ii B. C.), cf. 23.21 (ii B. C.), BGU 1197.4, 1200.28 (both i B. C.): Subst. ὑποκείμενα, τά, = φιλάνθρωπα, salary ( ear-marked proceeds of taxes),

τὰ ἐπιβάλλοντά μοι ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ὑ. PLond.2.357.9

, cf. 5 (i A. D.);

ὑ. αἰτεῖ ἀπὸ τῶν κωμῶν BGU23.12

(ii/iii A. D.), cf. OGI665.19,26 (Egypt, i A. D.): c. dat., as part of name of specific taxes,

ὑ. βασιλικῇ γραμματείᾳ

ear-marked for the benefit of..,

PPar.17.22

(ii A. D.);

ὑ. τοπογραμματείᾳ PSI1.101.18

(ii A. D.), cf. POxy.1436.23 (ii A. D.), etc.: also in sg.,

ὑποκείμενον ἐπιστρατηγία BGU 199.14

(ii A. D.), cf. PFlor.375.22 (ii A. D.), etc.: also c. gen.,

ὑ. ἐννομίου PRyl.213.72

, al. (ii A. D.); τοπαρχίας ib.73, etc.

8 in Philosophy, to underlie, as the foundation in which something else inheres, to be implied or presupposed by something else,

ἑκάστῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων.. ὑ. τις ἴδιος οὐσία Pl.Prt. 349b

, cf. Cra. 422d, R. 581c, Ti.Locr.97e: τὸ ὑποκείμενον has three main applications: (1) to the matter which underlies the form, opp. εἶδος, ἐντελέχεια, Arist.Metaph. 983a30; (2) to the substance (matter + form) which underlies the accidents, opp. πάθη, συμβεβηκότα, Id.Cat. 1a20,27, Metaph. 1037b16, 983b16; (3) to the logical subject to which attributes are ascribed, opp. τὸ κατηγορούμενον, Id.Cat. 1b10,21, Ph. 189a31: applications (1 ) and (2 ) are distinguished in Id.Metaph. 1038b5, 1029a1-5, 1042a26-31: τὸ ὑ. is occasionally used of what underlies or is presupposed in some other way, e. g. of the positive termini presupposed by change, Id.Ph. 225a3-7.

b exist, τὸ ἐκτὸς ὑποκείμενον the external reality, Stoic.2.48, cf. Epicur.Ep.1pp.12,24 U.;

φῶς εἶναι τὸ χρῶμα τοῖς ὑ. ἐπιπῖπτον Aristarch.

Sam. ap. Placit.1.15.5;

τὸ κρῖνον τί τε φαίνεται μόνον καὶ τί σὺν τῷ φαίνεσθαι ἔτι καὶ κατ' ἀλήθειαν ὑπόκειται S.E.M.7.143

, cf. 83,90,91, 10.240; = ὑπάρχω, τὰ ὑποκείμενα πράγματα the existing state of affairs, Plb.11.28.2, cf. 11.29.1, 15.8.11,13, 3.31.6, Eun.VSp.474 B.;

Τίτος ἐξ ὑποκειμένων ἐνίκα, χρώμενος ὁπλις μοῖς καὶ τάξεσιν αἷς παρέλαβε Plu.Comp.Phil.Flam.2

;

τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως ὑποκειμένης Id.2.336b

;

ἐχομένου τοῦ προσιόντος λόγου ὡς πρὸς τὸν ὑποκείμενον A.D.Synt.122.17

.

c ὁ ὑ. ἐνιαυτός the year in question, D.S.11.75; οἱ ὑ. καιροί the time in question, Id.16.40, Plb.2.63.6, cf. Plu.Comp.Sol.Publ.4; τοῦ ὑ. μηνός the current month, PTeb.14.14 (ii B. C.), al.; ἐκ τοῦ ὑ. φόρου in return for a reduction from the said rent, PCair.Zen.649.18 (iii B. C.); πρὸς τὸ ὑ. νόει according to the context, Gp.6.11.7.

9 in logical arrangement, to be subject or subordinate,

τῇ.. ἰατρικῇ.. ἡ ὀψοποιικὴ.. ὑ. Pl. Grg. 465b

;

ὁ τὴν καθόλου ἐπιστήμην ἔχων οἶδέ πως πάντα τὰ ὑποκείμενα Arist.Metaph. 982a23

, cf. APo. 91a11;

ἑκάστη [τέχνη] περὶ τὸ αὐτῇ ὑ. ἐστι διδασκαλική Id.Rh. 1355b28

.

b ἡ ὑ. ὕλη the subject-matter of a science or treatise, Id.EN 1094b12, 1098a28, Phld.Po.Herc.1676.3 (pl.); τὸ ὑ. the part affected by a disease, Plb.1.81.6.

III trans., = ὑποτέθειμαι, I have appended,

ὧν τὸ καθ' ἓν ὑπόκειμαι PTeb. 140

(i B. C.); cf. παράκειμαι ([place name] Addenda).

Πέτρος, ου, ὁ (ὁ πέτρος=‘stone’ Hom.+; Jos., Bell. 3, 240, Ant. 7, 142.—Π. as a name can scarcely be pre-Christian, as AMerx, D. vier kanon. Ev. II/1, 1902, 160ff, referring to Jos., Ant. 18, 156 [Niese did not accept the v.l. Πέτρος for Πρῶτος], would have it. But s. ADell [πέτρα 1b] esp. 14–17. Fr. the beginning it was prob. thought of as the Gk. equivalent of the Aram. כֵּיפָא= Κηφᾶς: J 1:42; cp. Mt 16:18 and JWackernagel, Syntax II² 1928, 14f, perh. formed on the analogy of the Gk. male proper name Πέτρων: UPZ 149, 8 [III B.C.]; 135 [78 B.C.]; Plut., Mor. 422d.—A gentile named Πέτρος in Damasc., Vi. Isid. 170. S. also the Praeses Arabiae of 278/79 A.D. Aurelius P.: Publ. Princeton Univ. Arch. Expedition to Syria III A, 1913, 4 no. 546) Peter, surname of the head of the circle of Twelve Disciples, whose name was orig. Simon. His father was a certain John (s. Ἰωάννης 4) or Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2). Acc. to J 1:44 he himself was from Bethsaida, but, at any rate, when he met Jesus he lived in Capernaum (Mk 1:21, 29). Fr. that city he and his brother Andrew made their living as fishers (Mk 1:16). He was married (Mk 1:30; cp. 1 Cor 9:5), but left his home and occupation, when Jesus called, to follow him (Mk 1:18; 10:28). He belonged to the three or four most intimate of the Master’s companions (Mk 5:37; 9:2; 13:3; 14:33). He stands at the head of the lists of the apostles (Mt 10:2; Mk 3:16; Lk 6:14; Ac 1:13). Not all the problems connected w. the conferring of the name Cephas-Peter upon Simon (s. Σίμων 1) have yet been solved (the giving of a new name and the reason for it: Plato [s. ὀνομάζω 1] and Theophrastus [Vi. Platonis 2 ln. 21 in Biog. p. 388 W.= Prolegom. 1 in CHermann, Pla. VI 196 Θεόφραστος, Τύρταμος καλούμενος πάλαι, διὰ τὸ θεῖον τῆς φράσεως Θ. μετεκλήθη]; CRoth, Simon-Peter HTR 54, ’61, 91–97). He was at least not always a model of rock-like (πέτρος is a symbol of imperturbability Soph., Oed. Rex 334; Eur., Med. 28 al.) firmness (note Gethsemane, the denial, the unsuccessful attempt at walking on water; his conduct at Antioch Gal 2:11ff which, though, is fr. time to time referred to another Cephas; s. KLake, HTR 14, 1921, 95ff; AVöllmecke, Jahrbuch d. Missionshauses St. Gabriel 2, 1925, 69–104; 3, 1926, 31–75; DRiddle, JBL 59, ’40, 169–80; NHuffman, ibid. 64, ’45, 205f; PGaechter, ZKT 72, ’50, 177–212; but s. HBetz, Gal [Hermeneia] p. 105f w. n. 442). Despite all this he was the leader of Jesus’ disciples, was spokesman for the Twelve (e.g. Mt 18:21; 19:27; Mk 8:27ff; Lk 12:41; 18:28) and for the three who were closest to Jesus (Mk 9:5); he was recognized as leader even by those on the outside (Mt 17:24). He is especially prominent in the pronouncement made Mt 16:18. Only in the Fourth Gospel does Peter have a place less prominent than another, in this case the ‘disciple whom Jesus loved’ (s. Hdb. exc. on J 13:23). In connection w. the miraculous events after Jesus’ death (on this ELohmeyer, Galiläa u. Jerusalem ’36; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen d. Auferstanden-en ’44; MWerner, D. ntl. Berichte üb. d. Erscheinungen d. Auferstandenen: Schweiz. Theol. Umschau ’44) Pt. played a unique role: 1 Cor 15:5; Lk 24:34; Mk 16:7. He was one of the pillars of the early church (Gal 2:9 [Κηφᾶς]). Three years after Paul was converted, on his first journey to Jerusalem as a Christian, he established a significant contact w. Peter: Gal 1:18. At least until the time described in Gal 2:1–10 (cp. Ac 15:7) he was prob. the head of the early Christian community/church. He was also active as a missionary to Israel Gal 2:8; cp. 1 Cor 9:5 (Κηφᾶς).—MGoguel, L’apôtre Pierre a-t-il joué un role personnel dans les crises de Grèce et de Galatie?: RHPR 14, ’34, 461–500.—In 1 Pt 1:1 and 2 Pt 1:1 he appears as author of an epistle. On Paul’s journey to Rome: Ἀρτέμων ὁ κυβερνήτης τοῦ πλοίου ἦν λελουμένος ὑπὸ Πέτρου Artemon, the ship’s captain, was baptized by Peter AcPl Ha 7, 20. It is probable that he died at Rome under Nero, about 64 A.D..—In the NT he is somet. called Σίμων (q.v. 1; in Ac 15:14 and 2 Pt 1:1 more exactly Συμεών=שִׁמְעוֹן); except for Gal 2:7f Paul always calls him Κηφᾶς (q.v.). Both names Σίμων Π. Mt 16:16; Lk 5:8; J 1:40; 6:8, 68; 13:6, 9, 24, 36; 18:10, 15, 25; 20:2, 6; 21:2f, 7b, 11, 15. Σίμων ὁ λεγόμενος Π. Mt 4:18; 10:2. Σίμων ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Π. Ac 10:18; 11:13. Σίμων ὸ̔ς ἐπικαλεῖται Π. 10:5, 32.—Outside the NT it is found in our lit. GEb 34, 59; GPt 14:60 (Σίμων Πέτρος); ApcPt Rainer; GMary 463 (2 times); AcPt Ox 849 (4 times); 1 Cl 5:4 (Paul follows in 5:5); 2 Cl 5:3f (a piece fr. an apocr. gosp.); IRo 4:3 (Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος); ISm 3:2=GHb 356, 39; Papias (2:4, w. other disciples; 15, w. Mark as his ἑρμηνευτής).—Zahn, Einl. II §38–44; KErbes, Petrus nicht in Rom, sondern in Jerusalem gestorben: ZKG 22, 1901, 1ff; 161ff (against him AKneller, ZKT 26, 1902, 33ff; 225ff; 351ff); PSchmiedel, War der Ap. Petrus in Rom?: PM 13, 1909, 59–81; HLietzmann, Petrus u. Pls in Rom² 1927; GEsser, Der hl. Ap. Petrus 1902; CGuignebert, La primauté de St. Pierre et la venue de Pierre à Rome 1909; FFoakes-Jackson, Peter, Prince of Apostles 1927; HDannenbauer, D. röm. Pt-Legende: Hist. Ztschr. 146, ’32, 239–62; 159, ’38, 81–88; KHeussi, War Pt. in Rom? ’36, War Pt. wirklich röm. Märtyrer? ’37, Neues z. Pt.-frage ’39, TLZ 77, ’52, 67–72; HLietzmann, Pt. röm. Märt.: SBBerlAk ’36, XXIX; DRobinson, JBL 64, ’45, 255–67; HSchmutz, Pt. war dennoch in Rom: Benedikt. Monatsschr. 22, ’46, 128–41.—On Mt 16:17–19 s., in addition to the lit. on κλείς 1 and πέτρα 1b: JSchnitzer, Hat Jesus das Papsttum gestiftet? 1910, Das Papsttum eine Stiftung Jesu? 1910; FTillmann, Jesus u. das Papsttum 1910; AKneller, ZKT 44, 1920, 147–69; OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche ’32, 157–83; KPieper, Jes. u. d. Kirche ’32; AEhrhard, Urkirche u. Frühkatholizismus I 1, ’36.—JMunck, Pt. u. Pls in der Offenb. Joh. ’50 (Rv 11:3–13).—OCullmann, Petrus², ’60 (Eng. tr. Peter, FFilson², ’62), L’apôtre Pierre: NT Essays (TManson memorial vol.), ’59, 94–105; OKarrer, Peter and the Church: an examination of the Cullmann thesis, ’63; RO’Callaghan, Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter: BA 16, ’53, 70–87; AvGerkan, D. Forschung nach dem Grab Petri, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 196–205, Zu den Problemen des Petrusgrabes: JAC ’58, 79–93; GSnyder, BA 32, ’69, 2–24; JGwynGriffiths, Hibbert Journal 55, ’56/57, 140–49; TBarnes, JTS 21, ’70, 175–79; GSchulze-Kadelbach, D. Stellung des P. in der Urchristenheit: TLZ 81, ’56, 1–18 (lit.); PGaechter, Petrus u. seine Zeit, ’58; EKirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul (transl. JMurray) ’59; EHaenchen, Petrus-Probleme, NTS 7, ’60/61, 187–97; SAgourides, Πέτρος καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ Εὐαγγελίῳ, Thessalonike, ’66; DGewalt, Petrus, diss. Hdlbg, ’66; RBrown, KDonfried, JReumann edd., Peter in the NT, ’73; CCaragounis, Peter and the Rock (BZNW 58) ’89.—Pauly-W. XIX ’38, 1335–61; Kl. Pauly IV 674–76; BHHW III 1430f. LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.