253e

βρᾰχῠ-τράχηλος [τρᾰ], ον,

A short-necked, Pl.Phdr. 253e, Arist.HA 597b26.

γαργᾰλ-ισμός, ὁ,

A tickling (

γέλως διὰ κινήσεως τοῦ μορίου τοῦ περὶ τὴν μασχάλην Arist.PA 673a8

), Hp. Alim.26, Pl.Smp. 189a (pl.), Phdr. 253e, Epicur.Fr. 412 (pl.);

ἐν τῷ σώματι διέδραμε γ. Hegesipp.1.16

;

ἡδονὴ γαργαλισμοῦ ἐφίεται Ph.1.118

, cf. 212 (pl.), Plu.2.765c: [full] γάργαλος, ὁ (more [dialect] Att. acc. to Moer., cf. Ar. Th. 133), and [full] γαργάλη, ἡ, are cited by Erot. s.v. γαργαλισμός, fr. Ar.Fr. 175 and Diph.25.

γλαυκόμματος, ον,

A grey-eyed, Pl.Phdr. 253e.

διαλεκτ-ικός, ή, όν,

A conversational,

χορός Demetr.Eloc. 167

.

2 δ. ὄργανα organs of articulate speech, opp. φωνητικά, Gal.16.204.

II skilled in dialectic,

ὁ ἐρωτᾶν καὶ ἀποκρίνεσθαι ἐπιστάμενος Pl.Cra. 390c

;

ἦ καὶ δ. καλεῖς τὸν λόγον ἑκάστου λαμβάνοντα τῆς οὐσίας; Id.R. 534b

; dialectical, Arist. Metaph. 995b23;

δ. συλλογισμός Id.Top. 100a22

; πρὸς τοὺς δ., title of work by Metrodorus, D.L.10.24, cf. Phld.Rh.1.279 S., al.

III ἡ διαλεκτική (sc. τέχνη) dialectic, discussion by question and answer, invented by Zeno of Elea, Arist.Fr.65; philosophical method,

ὥσπερ θριγκὸς τοῖς μαθήμασιν ἡ δ. ἐπάνω κεῖται Pl.R. 534e

:

τὸ -κόν Id.Sph. 253e

; περὶ -κῆς, title of work by Cleanthes, D.L.7.174.

2 the logic of probabilities,

ἡ δ. πειραστικὴ περὶ ὧν ἡ φιλοσοφία γνωριστική Arist.Metaph. 1004b25

, cf. Rh. 1354a1.

IV Adv.

- κῶς

dialectically,

Pl.Phlb. 17a

, etc.; for the sake of argument, opp. κατ' ἀλήθειαν, Arist. Top. 105b31, cf. de An. 403a2; by argument on general principles, opp. scientifically, Phld.Rh.2.134 S., Mus.p.89 K.: [comp] Comp.

- ώτερον Pl.Men. 75d

; more logically, Dam.Pr.97.

κρᾰτερ-αύχην, ενος, ὁ, ἡ,

A strong-necked, Pl.Phdr. 253e: in form καρτ- (v.l. κρατ-), Hp.Epid.6.1.2.

λᾰσῐό-κωφος, ον,

A deaf from hair growing in the ears, cited from Pl. (Phdr. 253e) by Synes. 67d, Phot., Suid., from a false reading, found in cod. B.

λάσῐος [ᾰ], α, ον, later also ος, ον Luc.Prom.12, etc. (cf. λάσειος):—

A shaggy, woolly, of sheep, Il.24.125, Od.9.433; λ. θῆρες, of sheep and goats, opp. deer ([etym.] στικτοὶ θ.), S.Ph. 184 (lyr.);

μέλισσαι Theoc.22.42

; τὰ -ώτατα, of horses, X.Eq.2.4; in men, λ. κῆρ was in the heroic age a mark of strength, Il.2.851, 16.554, cf. Pl.Tht. 194e; ἐν.. στήθεσσιν λασίοισι, of Achilles, Il.1.189;

τὸ στῆθος ἐπαινεῖν χρὴ τετράγωνόν τε ἐὸν καὶ λ. Hp.Prorrh.2.7

; whereas afterwards a hairy breast was looked upon as a sign of dissoluteness or coarseness, Ar.Nu. 349; or of intrigue and cunning, Ἀγαθοκλεῖος λάσιαι φρένες ἤλασαν ἔξω πατρίδος Alex.Aetol.5; also

λ. κεφαλή Pl.Ti. 76c

;

περὶ ὦτα λ. Id.Phdr. 253e

;

λ. τὰ σκέλη Luc.DDeor.4.1

;

λ. ὀφρύς Theoc.11.31

;

μηρῶν τρίχες AP11.326

(Autom.); τὸ λ. hairiness, Luc.DMar.1.1. Adv.

τῶν ὀφρύων -ίως ἔχειν Philostr.VS2.1.7

.

II generally, bushy, overgrown,

αἴης λάσιον μένος Emp.27.2

;

χωρίον X.HG4.2.19

, cf. Pl.Cra. 420e;

δρυμός Theoc.25.134

;

δρῦς Id.26.3

;

ἐκ τῶν λ. τὰ θηρία ἐξελᾶν X.Cyr.1.4.16

;

διὰ τῶν λ. ἐπιγενόμενοι Id.An.6.4.26

: c. dat., overgrown with..,

γῆ ὕλαις λάσιος Luc.Prom.

l.c.

μελάγ-χροος, ον, [var] contr. [suff] μελάγ-χρους, ουν, heterocl. nom. pl.

A

μελάγχροες Hdt.2.104

:—black-skinned, swarthy, of sunburnt persons, Hp.Epid.6.2.19, PPetr.3pp.1,19 (iii B. C.), Plu.Arat.20, etc.;

μ. κόσσυφος Numen.

ap. Ath.7.315b:—also [full] μελαγχροιής, ές, of a hero's complexion, Od.16.175; [full] μέλαγχρος, ον, as pr. n., Alc.21; [full] μελάγχρως, ωτος, ὁ, ἡ, E.Or. 321 (lyr.), Hec. 1106 (lyr., v.l. μελανό-), Pl.Phdr. 253e, PPetr.3p.19,al. (iii B. C.), etc.:—Com. [full] μελαγχρής, ές, Cratin.425, Eup.430, Antiph.135, Men.974, Anon.Iamb. in Gerhard Phoinix p.7, also PCair.Zen.76.9 (iii B. C.);

μ. μᾶζα Polioch.2.2

.

πόθος, ὁ,

A longing, yearning, regret (for something absent or lost, cf. Pl.Cra. 420a), mostly c. gen. obj.,

ἡνιόχοιο π. Il.17.439

;

ἀλλά μ' Ὀδυσσῆος πόθος αἴνυται Od.14.144

;

γλυκὺν π. Ἀργοῦς Pi.P.4.184

;

ἀνδρῶν πόθῳ A.Pers. 133

(lyr.), cf. Ag. 414(lyr.);

τοῦ βίου δ' οὐδεὶς π. S.El. 822

;

ἔλαβε [αὐτοὺς] π... τῆς πόλιος Hdt.1.165

;

ἀποθανόντος αὐτοῦ π. ἔχειν πάντας Id.3.67

, cf. S.Ph. 646, Ar.Ra.66: with a possess. Pron., σὸς π. yearning after thee, Od.11.202, cf. Ar. Pax 585;

τὠμῷ π. S.OT 969

, cf. OC 419: less freq. abs.,

τίς ὁ π. αὐτοὺς ἵκετ'; Id.Ph. 601

; σὺν πόθῳ γὰρ ἡ χάρις desire to give, Id.OC 1106: pl., πότερα πόθοισι; was it by reason of longing? ib. 333;

τὰς ἐν τοῖς θρήνοις καὶ π. ἡδονάς Pl.Phlb. 48a

.

II love, desire, Hes.Sc.41 (who never uses ποθή), A.Pr. 654, S.Tr. 107(lyr.), 368, Men.Sam. 279, Theoc.2.143, etc.;

πόθου κέντρα Pl.Phdr. 253e

;

τὸν π. τὸν ἐξ ἐμοῦ S.Tr. 631

: generally, desire, πόθῳ θανεῖν (i.e. τοῦ θανεῖν) E.Andr. 824;

π. γυναικός Ar.Ra. 55

.

2 personified, A.Supp. 1039(lyr.), where Π. and Πειθώ are children of

Κύπρις; Ἔρως καὶ Ἵμερος καὶ Π. Paus.1.43.6

;

Κύπρι Πόθων μῆτερ AP10.21

(Phld.).

III name of two plants, larkspur, Delphinium Ajacis, and asphodel, Asphodelus ramosus (used at funerals), Thphr.HP6.8.3. (ποθέω, ποθή, πόθος are cogn. with θέσσασθαι, q.v.)

σῑμο-πρόσωπος, ον,

A snub-nosed, dish-faced,

ἵππος Pl.Phdr. 253e

;

μέλισσαι Lyr.Alex.Adesp.7.12

.

συμφορ-έω,

A = συμφέρω, in the primary sense, bring together, collect, heap up, Hdt. 5.92.

ή; τὰ ὀστέα ἐς ἕνα Χῶρον Id.9.83

; τὰ Χρήματα ib.81; τὰ γέρρα ib.99;

λίθους καὶ ξύλα Th.6.99

;

εἰς μίαν οἴκησιν πάντα Χρήματα Pl. Lg. 805e

;

πνεῦμα σ. τὴν Χιόνα X.Cyn.8.1

; αἰτίας καὶ σκώμματα καὶ λοιδορίας ς. D.18.15;

συμπτωμάτων πλῆθος οὐχ ὁμογενῶν Gal.16.811

; [ λόγους] Luc.Pisc.22:—[voice] Med., collect for oneself, Arist.Mir. 832a24 (perh. [voice] Pass.); of birds building nests, Id.HA 559a10:—[voice] Pass., to be collected, opp. διαφορεῖσθαι, Pl.Lg. 693a, cf. Epicur.Ep.1p.23U.; ἵππος εἰκῇ συμπεφορημένος put together anyhow, Pl.Phdr. 253e;

καλιὰν ἐκ δένδρων συμπεφορημένην Luc.VH2.40

; συμπεφορημένη jumbled together (with a play on συμφορά), Pl.Phlb. 64e; join streams, of rivers, A.R.1.39.

2 metaph., συμπεφορημένος, of a person whose philosophy is a jumble of opinions, Epicur.Nat.14.7; cf. συμπεφορημένως.

τράχηλος [pron. full] [ᾰ], ὁ, [dialect] Dor. [full] τράχᾱλος IG42(1).122.3, al. (Epid., iv B. C.): heterocl. pl.

A

τράχηλα Call.Fr.98

(= Iamb.1.147):—neck, throat, Hdt.2.40, Hp.Aph.4.35, E.Cyc. 608 (lyr.), Sor.1.84, Gal.6.151, etc.; distd. fr. αὐχήν by Pl.Phdr. 253e ( τράχηλος being, acc. to Gp.19.2.3, the whole neck and throat, αὐχήν the back part of the neck in human beings, the upper part in animals; this difference is observed in Sor.Fasc.37 (cf. αὐχήν in 38,39,40,41), Adam.2.21; but αὐχήν in Hp.Prog.23 is glossed τράχηλος by Gal.18(2).264, cf. Ruf. Onom.66, Poll.2.130; in LXX, NT, and Pap. τ. is more freq. than αὐχήν)

; τ. σώματος χωρὶς τεμών E.Ba. 241

, cf. Supp. 716; ἀποτεμεῖν, ἀποκόψαι, Plu.Art.29, Flam.18, etc.;

βρόχον δ' ἐνίαλλε τραχήλῳ Theoc.23.51

; ἐς τ. πεσεῖν break one's neck, E.Tr. 755; ἐπὶ τ. ὠθεῖν τινα thrust head-foremost, Luc.DMort.27.1, Merc.Cond.39;

εἰς τ. Poll.2.135

;

ἐπιπεσεῖν ἐπὶ τὸν τ. τινός LXX Ge.46.29

, Ev.Luc.15.20; ἐν βρόχῳ τὸν τ. ἔχων νομοθετεῖ with a halter round his neck, D.24.139; ἔδει σε ἐν τῷ σῷ τ. ἐμπαίζειν at the risk of your own neck, PTeb.758.2 (ii B. C.).

2 neck of animals, of the horse, X.Eq.1.8; the hare, Id.Cyn.5.30; the camel, Plu.2.1125b, BGU469.6 (ii A. D.); the neck as a joint of meat, Plu.Demetr. 11; of a fowl, Gal.6.788.

II of parts resembling the neck, e. g. upper part of the murex, Eub.66, Posidipp.14, cf. Arist.HA 547a16, Ath.3.87f; in the

κάραβος

the narrow part of the abdomen,

Arist. HA 526a3

; the neck of the grasshopper, ib. 556a2.

2 neck of a vessel, BCH35.286 ([place name] Delos), Hero Spir.1.19, al.; of a gourd, Arist.HA 616a23; of parts of the body,

τ. μήτρας Hp.Mul.2.169

, Poll.2.222;

ὑστέρας Sor.1.7

; κύστεως ibid., Gal.UP14.9, Poll.2.171;

καρδίας Placit.4.5.8

.

3 middle part of a mast, Asclep.Myrl. ap. Ath.11.475a.

φῐλοσοφ-έω, [tense] pf.

A

πεφιλοσόφηκα X.Cyr.6.1.41

, D.48.49:—love knowledge, pursue it, φιλοσοφέων γῆν πολλὴν.. ἐπελήλυθας (sc. Solon) Hdt. 1.30;

φιλοσοφοῦμεν ἄνευ μαλακίας Th.2.40

;

φιλοσοφήσετε καὶ σκέψεσθε τί.. Isoc.8.116

, cf. 12.236;

θεῶν οὐδεὶς φιλοσοφεῖ οὐδ' ἐπιθυμεῖ σοφὸς γενέσθαι, ἔστι γάρ Pl.Smp. 204a

; ὑπέλαβον φιλοσοφοῦντά με δεῖν ζῆν, says Socrates, Id.Ap. 28e;

φ. περὶ τῆς ἀληθείας Arist.Metaph. 983b2

;

περὶ τοὺς ποιητάς Isoc.15.45

, cf. Arist.Pol. 1279b13;

ὑπέρ τινος Luc. Am.31

;

διὰ τὸ θαυμάζειν οἱ ἄνθρωποι.. ἤρξαντο φιλοσοφεῖν Arist.Metaph. 982b12

;

φιλοσοφεῖν λέγεται καὶ τὸ ζητεῖν.. εἴτε χρὴ φιλοσοφεῖν εἴτε καὶ μή Id.Fr.51

;

φ. γνησίως τε καὶ ἱκανῶς Pl.R. 473d

;

ἀδόλως Id.Phdr. 249a

;

καθαρῶς τε καὶ δικαίως Id.Sph. 253e

;

ὀρθῶς Id.Phd. 67e

;

ὑγιῶς Id.R. 619d

.

b in bad sense, quibble,

περί τινος Lys.8.11

.

2 teach philosophy,

οἱ παιδεύοντες καὶ φιλοσοφοῦντες Isoc.3.9

, cf. Plu. 2.192a; νουθετεῖς καὶ φιλοσοφεῖς you are lecturing me, ib.69b.

3 lead a wellregulated life, Gal.5.462.

II c. acc., discuss, investigate, study,

μελετᾶν καὶ φ. τι Isoc.8.5

; φιλοσοφεῖν φιλοσοφίαν δι' ἧς .. pursue a philosophy.., X.Mem.4.2.23; φιλοσοφίαν καινὴν.. οὗτος φ. (sc. Zeno) Philem.85;

τὴν πολιτικὴν φ. Arist.EN 1152b2

;

πρὸς τὴν ὀλιγοσιτίαν πολλὰ πεφιλοσόφηκεν ὁ νομοθέτης Id.Pol. 1272a22

;

φ. τὰ Στωικά S.E.P. 1.235

;

τὰ τοῦ βίου πράγματα D.H.Rh.11.2

; treat scientifically,

θαλάσσας Philostr.VA4.24

; metaph., φ. ἡ γραφὴ τὰ τῶν μύθων σώματα painting represents truly, Philostr.Im.1.3:—[voice] Pass., to be examined scientifically, Plu.Caes.59;

τὰ φιλοσοφούμενα

subjects of speculation,

Cic.Fam.11.27.5

, Philostr.VS1 Prooem., D.L.4.49.

2 generally, study, work at a thing,

φ. λόγον Isoc.4.6

;

ὅσοι φιλοσοφοῦντες ἐκμοχθοῦσί τι Trag.Adesp.522

.

3 devise ingeniously, contrive, φ. τοῦτο, ὅπως .. Lys.24.10, Isoc.15.121, Men.242; οὕτω πεφιλοσόφηκεν ὥστε .. D. l. c.

ὄμμα, [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὄππα Sapph.2.11: τό:—

A eye, poet. word, rare in Prose (Th.2.11, Pl.Ti. 45c, al., X.Cyr.8.7.26, Mem.1.4.6, al., Thphr.Sens. 50, al., Polystr.Herc.346p.81V., BGU713.9 (i A.D.), IG42(1).121.121 (Epid.)): Hom. and Hes. only use pl.,

κατὰ χθονὸς ὄμματα πήξας Il.3.217

;

ὕπνον ἐπ' ὄμμασι χεῦε Od.5.492

, etc.: sg. in Pi.N.10.63 and Trag. (v. infr.):—Phrases: ὀρθοῖς ὄμμασιν ὁρᾶν τινα look straight at, S.OT 1385 ;

ἀναβλέψαι ὀρθ. ὄμμ. X.HG7.1.30

;

ἐξ ὀμμάτων ὀρθῶν S.OT 528

; also οὐκ οἶδ' ὄμμασιν ποίοις βλέπων πατέρα ποτ' ἂν προσεῖδον how I could have looked him in the face, ib. 1371, cf. Aeschin.3.121 ;

ὁρᾶν τινα ἐν ὄμμασι S.Tr. 241

; ποῖον ὄ. πατρὶ δηλώσω ; Id.Aj. 462 ; τέοισί με χρὴ ὄμμασι.. φαίνεσθαι; Hdt.1.37 ; λαμπρὸς ὄμματι radiant in look or expression, S.OT81 ;

ἄλλοσ' ὄ. θἀτέρᾳ δὲ νοῦν ἔχειν Id.Tr. 272

; προσέσχον ὄ. turned their eyes on him, E.HF 931 ; ἐς σὸν ἐλθεῖν ὄ. come within sight of thee, Id.Heracl. 887 ; κατ' ὄμματα before one's eyes, S.Ant. 760 ; κατ' ὄμμα ἐλθεῖν face to face, E.Andr. 1064 ; κατ' ὄμμα στῆναι in full sight, openly, ib. 1117 ; opp. νύκτωρ, Id.Ba. 469 ; κρατιστεύων κατ' ὄμμα in eye-sight, of the Sun, S.Tr. 102 (lyr.) (but λαμπρὰ καὶ κατ' ὄμμα καὶ φύσιν is dub. in 379) ; πρευμενοῦς ἀπ' ὄμματος ἰδέσθαι look kindly on, A.Supp. 210 ;

πεύθομαι δ' ἀπ' ὀμμάτων νόστον Id.Ag. 988

(lyr.) ; ὡς ἀπ' ὀμμάτων to judge by the eye, S.OC15, cf. E.Med. 216 ; ἐν ὄμμασι before one's eyes, A.Pers. 604 ;

ἐν τοῖς ὄ. Th.2.11

;

ἐπ' ὀμμάτων E. Supp. 1153

(lyr.) ; so παρ' ὄμμα, εἰ δ' ἦν παρ' ὄμμα θάνατος ib. 484 ; ἐξ ὀμμάτων out of sight, Id.IA 743 ;

ἄπειμ' ἐξ ὀ. Phryn.Trag.21

; πρὸ ὀμμάτων τίθεσθαι, ποιεῖν, Arist.Po. 1455a23, Rh. 1386a34 ; πρὸ ὀ. θέσις Polystr.l.c.

2 metaph.,

τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ὄ. Pl.R. 533d

, Iamb.Protr. 21.κδ'.

II the eye of heaven, i.e. the sun,

ὄ. αἰθέρος Ar.Nu. 285

, cf. E.IT 194 (anap.) ; but ὄ. νυκτός is a periphrasis for night (v. infr. v), ἕως.. νυκτὸς ὄμμ' ἀφείλετο (sc. τὴν μάχην) A.Pers. 428 ; ὅταν δὲ νυκτὸς ὄ. λυγαίας μόλῃ the dark night, E.IT 110 ;

νυκτὸς ὄ. τῆς μελαμπέπλου Alex.89

; cf.

ὀφθαλμός 111

,

βλέφαρον 11

.

III generally, light: hence, metaph., that which brings light, ὄμμα ξείνοισι a light to strangers, Pi.P.5.56 ;

ὄ. δόμων νομίζω δεσπότου παρουσίαν A.Pers. 169

;

ἄελπτον ὄμμ' ἐμοὶ φήμης ἀνασχὸν τῆσδε S.Tr. 203

.

2 metaph., anything dear or precious, as the apple of an eye,

ὄ. γὰρ πάσης χθονὸς.. ἐξίκοιτ' ἄν A.Eu. 1025

.

IV face or human form,

ὦ δυσθέατον ὄ. S.Aj. 1004

;

ἐμπαίει τί μοι ψυχῇ ξύνηθες ὄ. Id.El. 903

;

τὸ ἐρωτικὸν ὄ. Pl.Phdr. 253e

: as periphr. of the person, ὄ. πελείας, = πελεία, S.Aj. 140 (anap.) ; ὄ. νύμφας, = νύμφα, Id.Tr. 527 (lyr.) ; ξύναιμον ὄ., = ξυναίμων, Id.Aj. 977 ; ὦ ταυρόμορφον ὄ. Κηφισοῦ, = ὦ ταυρόμορφε Κηφισέ, E. Ion 1261 ; v. supr. 11 and cf. ὄνομα IV.

V ὄ. τυκτόν eye-hole in a helmet, Nonn.D.22.62.

ὑποπίμπλημι,

A fill,

φωτὸς τὰς διαστάσεις Ael.NA1.23

;

ὑ. τινὰ ἐλπίδος Philostr.Her.19.4

;

τὰς ψυχὰς ἡδονῆς Lib.Or.11.17

:—[voice] Pass., πώγωνος ἤδη ὑποπιμπλάμενος now beginning to have a beard, Pl. Prt. 309a;

γαργαλισμοῦ ὑποπλησθῆναι Id.Phdr. 253e

; ὑποπίμπλαμαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς δακρύων have my eyes filling with tears, Luc.DMar. 12.2: later also c. dat.,

ὑ. δάκρυσιν AP5.274

(Paul. Sil.).

II [voice] Pass., of women, τέκνων ὑποπλησθῆναι become mothers of many children, Hdt.6.138: abs., become pregnant, Ael.NA12.21, Poll.3.49.

ὕφαιμος, ον, ([etym.] αἷμα)

A suffused with blood, blood-shot, Hp.Aph.5.23; of the nails, Orib.Syn.7.18;

ὑγρασία Sor.1.19

;

ῥοῦς Id.2.43

;

οἱ βραχίονες καὶ οἱ καρποὶ τῶν χειρῶν D.47.59

; esp. of the eyes, S.E. P.1.44, Gal.18(2).301. Philostr.Gym.25, Philostr.Jun.Im.15;

βλέφαρα ὕ. Arist.Phgn. 807b29

;

ὕφαιμον βλέπειν Men.Epit. 479

, Ael.NA 3.21;

ῥίζα ὑ. τὴν χρόαν Dsc.4.23

.

II of complexion or temperament, sanguine, Hp.Epid.3.14;

ὕ. ἵππος

hot-blooded,

Pl.Phdr. 253e

;

θερμὸς καὶ ὕ. Arist.Phgn. 806b4

, cf. 807b32.

εἰρήνη, ης, ἡ (s. εἰρηνεύω; Hom.+; εἰρ. and related terms are common in astr. texts, e.g. Cat. Cod. Astr. IX/2 p. 173, 21; 175, 10)

① a state of concord, peace, harmony

ⓐ between governments opp. πόλεμος IEph 13:2. ἐρωτᾷ τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην asks for terms of peace Lk 14:32 (cp. TestJud 9:7 αἰτοῦσιν ἡμᾶς τὰ πρὸς εἰρήνην; Anna Comn., Alex. 8, 5 ed. R. II p. 12, 17 τὰ περὶ εἰρήνης ἐρωτῶντες.—It is also poss. to transl. inquires about his health like ἐρωτ. [τὰ] εἰς εἰρήνην=שָׁאַל לְשָׁלוֹם 2 Km 8:10; 11:7; s. HThackeray, JTS 14, 1913, 389–99; Helbing, Kasussyntax 40); ἐν εἰ. εἶναι (Aristot., Mirabilia 119, 842a 2) be in peace, out of danger Lk 11:21. λαμβάνειν τὴν εἰ. ἔκ τινος take peace away fr. someth.=plunge it into a state of war Rv 6:4.—Ac 24:2. Of those who are fighting αἰτεῖσθαι εἰ. ask for peace (Anonym. Alex.-gesch. [II B.C.]: 151 Fgm. 1, 5 Jac.) Ac 12:20.

ⓑ harmony in personal relationships peace, harmony w. ὁμόνοια (Chrysipp.: Stoic. II 1076; Diod S 16, 60, 3; Dio Chrys. 21 [38], 14; 22 [39], 2; SIG 685, 13 [139 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 4, 50) 1 Cl 60:4; 61:1; 63:2; w. πραΰτης 61:2; opp. ὀργή D 15:3; opp. μάχαιρα Mt 10:34, cp. Lk 12:51. συναλλάσσειν εἰς εἰ. pacify Ac 7:26; σύνδεσμος τῆς εἰ. Eph 4:3. βασιλεὺς εἰρήνης king of peace (as transl. of Salem; cp. Philo, Leg. All. 3, 79) Hb 7:2. Of the Christian community εἰ. ἔχειν have peace, rest (fr. persecution, as Ac 14:2 v.l.; for the phrase s. Diod S 11, 72, 1; cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 401) Ac 9:31; εἰ. βαθεῖα (Ath. 1, 3 [opp. διώκεσθαι]; s. βαθύς 3a) 1 Cl 2:2. ὁδὸς εἰρήνης the way of peace, that leads to peace Ro 3:17 (Ps 13:3; Is 59:8); Lk 1:79. μετʼ εἰρήνης peaceably (Diod S 3, 18, 7; Vi. Aesopi W 97 P. μετʼ εἰρήνης ζῆν; EpJer 2; 1 Esdr 5:2; 1 Macc 12:4, 52 al.; Jos., Ant. 1, 179; 8, 405) Hb 11:31; ποιεῖν εἰ. make peace (Hermocles [IV/III B.C.]: Anth. Lyr. II p. 250, 21 [p. 174, 21 Coll. Alex.=Athen. 6, 253e] πρῶτον μὲν εἰρήνην ποίησον, φίλτατε.—ἐπί τινα Iren. 4, 40, 1 [Harv. II 301, 9]) Ac 14:2 v.l.; Eph 2:15; οἱ ποιοῦντες εἰ. those who make peace Js 3:18. βούλεσθαι εἰ. (Pr 12:20) wish for peace 1 Cl 15:1. διώκειν strive toward peace (w. δικαιοσύνη, πίστις, ἀγάπη) 2 Ti 2:22; Gal 5:22; 1 Cl 22:5 (Ps 33:15). εἰ. διώκειν μετὰ πάντων strive to be at peace w. everyone Hb 12:14 (cp. Epict. 4, 5, 24 εἰ. ἄγεις πρὸς πάντας). τὰ τῆς εἰ. διώκειν strive after peace Ro 14:19; ζητεῖν εἰ. 1 Pt 3:11 (Ps 33:15); cp. 2 Cl 10:2. τὰ πρὸς εἰ. what makes for peace Lk 19:42. W. ἀσφάλεια 1 Th 5:3; w. ἀγάπη B 21:9; 1 Cl 62:2. ἀπέστη ἡ εἰ. peace has disappeared 1 Cl 3:4 (cp. δαίμονας … τὴν εἰ. ταράσσοντας Orig., C. Cels. 8, 73, 29). πρόσωπον εἰρήνης ἔχειν maintain a facade of peace Hv 3, 6, 3; εἰ. ἔχειν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς have peace within one’s group 3, 5, 1.

ⓒ good order opp. ἀκαταστασία 1 Cor 14:33; cp. 7:15, and 1 Cl 20:1, 9ff.

② a state of well-being, peace

ⓐ corresp. to Hebr. שָׁלוֹם welfare, health (WCaspari, Vorstellung u. Wort ‘Friede’ im AT 1910, esp. p. 128ff) in a farewell greeting: ὑπάγειν ἐν εἰ. go in peace, approx. equiv. to ‘keep well’ Js 2:16; also πορεύεσθαι ἐν εἰ. (Judg 18:6 B; 2 Km 3:21) Ac 16:36; ὑπάγειν εἰς εἰρήνην Mk 5:34; πορεύεσθαι εἰς εἰ. (1 Km 1:17; 20:42; 29:7; Jdth 8:35) Lk 7:50; 8:48. προπέμπειν τινὰ ἐν εἰ. send someone on the way in peace 1 Cor 16:11 (cp. Vi. Aesopi I, 32 p. 297, 1 Eberh. ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἀπέστειλεν [αὐτόν]). ἐν εἰ. μετὰ χαρᾶς ἀναπέμψατε send back in peace w. joy 1 Cl 65:1. ἀπολύειν τινὰ μετὰ εἰρήνης send someone away w. a greeting of peace Ac 15:33 (cp. Gen 26:29; Jos., Ant. 1, 179). In the formula of greeting εἰ. ὑμῖν=שָׁלוֹם לָכֶם (cp. Judg 6:23; 19:20; Da 10:19 Theod.; Tob 12:17) Lk 24:36; J 20:19, 21, 26. εἰρήνη τῷ οἴκῳ τούτῳ peace to this house Lk 10:5; cp. vs. 6 (WKlassen, NTS 27, ’81, 488–506); Mt 10:12 v.l., 13 (on εἰ. ἐπί w. acc. cp. Is 9:7; Ps 84:9). In epistolary closure καὶ ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη peace be w. you AcPlCor 2:40.—A new and characteristic development is the combination of the Greek epistolary greeting χαίρειν with a Hebrew expression in the Pauline and post-Pauline letters χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη (s. χάρις 2c) Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1; 2 Th 1:2; Tit 1:4; Phlm 3; Rv 1:4. (χάρις, ἔλεος, εἰρήνη) 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; 2J 3. (χάρις καὶ εἰ.—or w. ἔλεος—πληθυνθείη, cp. Da 4:1; 4:37c LXX; 6:26 Theod.) 1 Pt 1:2; 2 Pt 1:2; Jd 2; 1 Cl ins; Pol ins; MPol ins; cp. Gal 6:16; Eph 6:23; 2 Th 3:16; 1 Pt 5:14; 3J 15; ISm 12:2; B 1:1 (χαίρετε ἐν εἰ.); to a degree, mng. 2b also is implied in this expr.

ⓑ Since, acc. to the prophets, peace will be an essential characteristic of the messianic kgdm. (εἰ. as summum bonum: Seneca, Ep. 66, 5), Christian thought also freq. regards εἰ. as nearly synonymous w. messianic salvation εὐαγγελίζεσθαι εἰ. proclaim peace, i.e. messianic salvation (Is 52:7) Ac 10:36; Ro 10:15 v.l.; Eph 2:17; τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς εἰ. 6:15. ἔχειν ἐν Χριστῷ εἰ. J 16:33; ἔχειν εἰ. πρὸς τὸν θεόν have peace w. God Ro 5:1 (on εἰ. πρός τινα cp. Pla., Rep. 5, 465b; X., Hiero 2, 11; Epict. 4, 5, 24; Jos., Ant. 8, 396). ἀφιέναι εἰ. leave peace τινί J 14:27a (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 8, 14, 20); same sense εἰ. διδόναι give or grant peace 14:27b; 2 Th 3:16b (so Is 26:12. Since Thu. 4, 19, 1; 21, 1 εἰ. διδόναι refers to granting of political peace). Hence εἰ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ the peace brought by Christ Col 3:15; εἰ. τοῦ θεοῦ Phil 4:7; ὁ θεὸς τῆς εἰ. (TestDan 5:2) Ro 15:33; 16:20; 2 Cor 13:11; Phil 4:9; 1 Th 5:23; Hb 13:20; ὁ κύριος τῆς εἰ. 2 Th 3:16a; αὐτός (i.e. ὁ Χριστός) ἐστιν ἡ εἰρήνη ἡμῶν Eph 2:14 (cp. POxy 41, 27, where an official is called εἰρήνη πόλεως; sim. ἐπὶ τῆς εἰρήνης PAchm 7, 8; 104.—FCoggan, ET 53, ’42, 242 [peace-offering]; but s. NSnaith, ibid. 325f). ἐπαναδράμωμεν ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς εἰ. σκοπόν let us run toward the goal of peace 1 Cl 19:2.—2 Pt 3:14; (w. ζωή) Ro 8:6; (w. δόξα and τιμή) 2:10; (w. δικαιοσύνη and χαρά.—W. χαρά En 5:9; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 45) 14:17; 15:13; (πίστις, φόβος, ὑπομονή, μακροθυμία) 1 Cl 64:1. παιδεία εἰηρήνης ἡμῶν ἐπʼ αὐτόν 16:5 (Is 53:5). In prayer εἰς ἀγαθὰ ἐν εἰ. 60:3. Also Lk 2:29 and the angelic greeting ἐπὶ γῆς εἰ. peace on earth 2:14 are prob. to be classed here; cp. 19:38.—On peace as a gift of God cp. Epict. 3, 13, 12 εἰρήνη ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κεκηρυγμένη διὰ τοῦ λόγου (=philosophy); Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 26, 5: it is the task of deities to establish and to promote εἰρήνη and φιλία; cp. the boasts of Isis in related terms, IAndrosIsis, Kyme.—HFuchs, Augustin u. d. antike Friedensgedanke 1926, 39–43; 167–223; WNestle, D. Friedensgedanke in d. antiken Welt: Philol. Suppl. 31, ’38; WvanLeeuwen, Eirene in het NT ’40; FBammel, Die Religionen der Welt und der Friede auf Erden ’57; on the word’s history, KBrugmann and BKeil, Εἰρήνη: Ber. d. Sächs. Ges. d. Wiss. 68, 1916 nos. 3 and 4; GKöstner, Εἰρήνη in d. Briefen des hl. Apostels, diss. Rome ’58; WEisenbeis, D. Wurzel שׁלם im AT, Beih. ZAW 113, ’69; RAC VIII 434–505 (lit.).—B. 1376. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

λίθινος, ίνη, ον (Pind., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; En 99:7 [cj.]; TestSol 11:8 C; Jos., Ant. 14, 57; 15, 401; Just., D. 9, 3) (made of) stone. εἴδωλα Rv 9:20; θεοί AcPl Ha 1, 19; cp. Dg 2:7 (s. Da 5:4, 23 Theod.; Hermocles [IV/III B.C.] p. 174, 19 Coll. Alex. [=Athen. 6, 63, 253e] in contrast to a ξύλινος or λίθινος θεός, Demetrius Poliorcetes is an ἀληθινός.—Diod S 22, 9, 4 ἀγάλματα [= θεοί] λίθινα κ. ξύλινα). ὑδρίαι water-jars J 2:6 (Athen. 13 p. 589 B ὑδρία λιθίνη; cp. POxy 937, 13 τῆς φιάλης τῆς λιθίνης). Of the tables of the law πλάκες λ. (LXX) 2 Cor 3:3; B 4:7 (Ex 31:18).—Fig. (Herodas 7, 109; Dio Chrys. 71 [21], 13; Ps.-Aeschin., Ep. 10, 10; Alciphron 4, 16, 7; Libanius, Or. 25, 47 vol. II 559, 12f.; Philo, Mos. 2, 202 λ. ψυχή) of the heart καρδία λ. a stony heart, i.e. one without feeling B 6:14 (Ezk 11:19; 36:26).—DELG s.v. λίθος. M-M. TW.

οὖς, ὠτός, τό (Hom.+)

① the auditory organ, ear Mk 7:33. δεξιόν Lk 22:50 (MRostovzeff, ZNW 33, ’34, 196–99 after PTebt 793 XI, 1ff [183 B.C.] Ἡσίοδος … τὸν Δωρίωνος δεξιὸν ὦτα εἰς τέλος ἐξέτεμεν. Also Leo Gramm. 118, 10 IBekker [1842] ἀπετμήθη τὸ δεξιὸν ὦς [=οὖς]; s. JDoeve, Die Gefangennahme Jesu, Studia Evangelica 73, ’59, 457–80: connects w. Am 3:12; for another view s. SHall, ibid. 501f); 1 Cor 12:16. ἃ οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσεν in the apocr. saying of unknown origin (s. Hdb. z. NT6 [J]³ ’33, 4f) 1 Cor 2:9; 1 Cl 34:8; 2 Cl 11:7; MPol 2:3. πρὸς τὸ οὖς λαλεῖν τι say someth. into someone’s ear, i.e. secretly or in confidence, whisper (Plut., Demetr. 895 [14, 3]; Jos., Ant. 6, 165; cp. Diog. L. 9, 26 εἰπεῖν πρὸς τὸ οὖς; JosAs 24:2 εἶπον … εἰς τὸ οὖς αὐτοῦ) Lk 12:3. εἰς τὸ οὖς ἀκούειν (Eur., Or. 616, Andr. 1091) Mt 10:27. Differently λαλεῖν εἰς τὰ ὦτα τῶν ἁγίων, where there is no suggestion of secrecy (cp. 2 Km 3:19) Hv 3, 8, 11; 4, 3, 6. ὦτα κυρίου εἰς δέησιν αὐτῶν the ears of the Lord are open to their prayer 1 Pt 3:12; cp. 1 Cl 22:6 (both Ps 33:16; cp. GrBar 1:5). συνέχειν τὰ ὦτα αὐτῶν hold their ears shut Ac 7:57. βύειν τὰ ὦτα stop the ears IEph 9:1 (s. βύω). εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὰ ὦτά τινος come to someone’s ears (Paroem. Gr.: Zenob. [II A.D.] 3, 49 εἰς θεῶν ὦτα ἦλθεν; Ps 17:7; GrBar 1:5) Js 5:4 (cp. Is 5:9); also γίνεσθαι Lk 1:44. ἠκούσθη τι εἰς τὰ ὦτά τινος someth. came to someone’s ears (Is 5:9) Ac 11:22. ἐν τοῖς ὠσί τινος in someone’s hearing (Dt 5:1; 2 Km 3:19; Bar 1:3f) Lk 4:21. If Mt 13:16 is to be interpreted fr. the vantage point of vs. 17, it belongs here. If, on the other hand, it is to be explained on the basis of what precedes, it belongs under 2.

② mental and spiritual understanding, ear, hearing, transference fr. οὖς as sense perception (cp. Just., A I, 53, 1 τοῖς τὰ ἀκουστικὰ καὶ νοερὰ ὦτα ἔχουσιν): τοῖς ὠσὶ βαρέως ἀκούειν be hard of hearing=comprehend slowly (or, rather, not at all) Mt 13:15a; Ac 28:27a (both Is 6:10a); cp. Mt 13:15b; Ac 28:27b (both Is 6:10b). θέσθε ὑμεῖς εἰς τὰ ὦτα ὑμῶν τοὺς λόγους τούτους receive the following words into your ears, i.e. take them to heart Lk 9:44 (cp. Ex 17:14 δὸς εἰς τὰ ὦτα Ἰησοῖ); ὦτα τοῦ μὴ ἀκούειν Ro 11:8 (cp. Dt 29:3). W. ἔχειν (Hermocles [IV/III B.C.] p. 174, 16 Coll. Alex. [=Athen. 6, 63, 253e] images of the gods οὐκ ἔχουσιν ὦτα) ὦτα ἔχοντες οὐκ ἀκούετε; Mk 8:18 (cp. Jer 5:21; Ezk 12:2). ὁ ἔχων οὖς ἀκουσάτω Rv 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; cp. 13:9. ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκουέτω Mt 11:15; 13:9, 43. ὸ̔ς (εἴ τις) ἔχει ὦτα ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω Mk 4:9, 23; 7:16. ὁ ἔχων ὦτα ἀκούειν ἀκουέτω Lk 8:8; 14:35; Ox 1081, 35f, sim. 6–8f=Otero p. 83 (SJCh 90, 13f, sim. 89, 4–6) (MDibelius, ‘Wer Ohren hat zu hören, der höre’: StKr 83, 1910, 461–71. Cp. Heraclitus [Vorsokrat.⁵ 22b 34] ἀξύνετοι ἀκούσαντες κωφοῖσιν ἐοίκασιν). ἀπερίτμητοι καρδίαις καὶ τοῖς ὠσίν uncircumcised in hearts and ears i.e. impervious to moral instruction Ac 7:51 (ἀπερίτμητος 2).—B. 226. DELG. M-M. TW.

ἀληθινός, ή, όν (Heraclitus, X., Pla. et al.; ins, pap, LXX, En; TestSol 13:8 C [-ῶς]; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 4 [Stone p. 10]; TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 11 [cod. A p. 54, 6 Bat. and cod. Pal. 364]; ParJer 9:3; ApcSed 1:4; Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 15, 7; Just.) ‘true’.

① pert. to being in accord with what is true, true, trustworthy (X., An. 1, 9, 17; LXX) of God (Ex 34:6; Num 14:18; 1 Esdr 8:86; 3 Macc 2:11; Jos., Ant. 11, 55) (w. ἅγιος) Rv 6:10 (v.l. ἀληθής); (w. ἀψευδής) MPol 14:2. More exactly defined ὁ κύριος ἀ. ἐν παντὶ ῥήματι Hm 3:1 (opp. ψεῦδος). Of Christ, the judge of the world, w. ἅγιος Rv 3:7; w. πιστός 3:14; 19:11. Of Job 1 Cl 17:3 (Job 1:1). ἀ. καρδία (Is 38:3; TestDan 5:3) Hb 10:22. ὁ πέμψας με=‘the one who sent me can guarantee my credentials’ J 7:28 (difft. 3 below).

② pert. to being in accordance with fact, true Hm 3:5. λόγος (Pla., Rep. 7, 522a et al.; 3 Km 10:6; 2 Ch 9:5; Da 6:13 and 10:1 Theod.) J 4:37. λόγοι (2 Km 7:28; En 99:2) Rv 19:9; (w. πιστός) 21:5; 22:6. μαρτυρία reliable J 19:35; κρίσις ἀ. (Tob 3:2 BA; Is 59:4; En 27:3) judgment, by which the truth is brought to light 8:16 (ἀληθής v.l.); pl. (w. δίκαιος) Rv 16:7; 19:2. ὁδοί 15:3; cp. Hv 3, 7, 1.

③ pert. to being real, genuine, authentic, real

ⓐ gener. (Socrates 6 p. 232, 27 Malherbe; X., Oec. 10, 3; Pla., Rep. 6, 499c; Dio Chrys. 47 [64], 21 αἷμα ἀ.; POxy 465, 108 ἄγαλμα κυάνου ἀ.=a statue of genuine lapis lazuli; PGM 8, 20; 41; 43 οἶδά σου καὶ τ. βαρβαρικὰ ὀνόματα … τὸ δὲ ἀ. ὄνομά σου; also IDefixWünsch p. 19f; PGM 4, 278; 5, 115) ἀ. πορφύρα GJs 10:1. Of Jesus’ deeds Qua.

ⓑ freq. of Christian perspectives ἀ. φῶς (ParJer.; Ael. Aristid. 23, 15 K.=42 p. 772 D. [Asclep.]; Plotinus, Enn. 6, 9, 4) J 1:9; 1J 2:8; ἀ. τ. θεοῦ δύναμις (an emendation for ἀλήθειαν) ending of Mk in the Freer ms. 3f; ἄμπελος J 15:1. ἄρτος the real bread of the Eucharist 6:32. ζωή (Philo, Leg. All. 1, 32) IEph 7:2; cp. 11:1; ITr 9:2; ISm 4:1. Of God in contrast to other deities, who are not real (PGM 7, 634f πέμψον μοι τὸν ἀ. Ἀσκληπιὸν δίχα τινὸς ἀντιθέου πλανοδαίμονος; Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 366; SibOr Fgm. 1, 20; Is 65:16; 3 Macc 6:18; Just., A I, 53, 6) J 17:3 (s. μόνος 1aδ); 1J 5:20 (s. AHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 538f=Studien I ’31, 110f); 1 Th 1:9 (only ref. in Paul); 1 Cl 43:6; ἀ. ὁ πέμψας με someone who is very real has sent me (Goodsp.; but s. 1 above) J 7:28. Of human beings (Demosth. 9, 12; 53, 8; 12 ἀ. φίλος; Polyb. 1, 6, 5; 1, 80, 2; 3, 12, 6; Epict. 4, 1, 154; 172; Ar. 15, 7 ἐπὶ ἀδελφῷ ἀ.; Just., A II, 2, 14 τῷ ἀ. χριστιανῷ; PHamb 37, 6 ὁ ἀ. φιλόσοφος; PGiss 40 II, 27 ἀ. Αἰγύπτιοι) προσκυνηταί J 4:23. προφῆται in contrast to false prophets D 11:11; cp. 13:1. διδάσκαλος in contrast to false teachers D 13:2.—πάθος the real suffering (opp. Docetism) IEph ins; true in the sense of the reality possessed only by the archetype, not by its copies (X., Mem. 3, 10, 7; Pla., Leg. 1 p. 643c of toys ὄργανα σμικρά, τῶν ἀ. μιμήματα. Of the real body in contrast to its artistic representation: Alcidamas [IV B.C.], Soph. 28 Blass; Theocr., Epigr. no. 18 Gow=Anth. Pal. 9, 600; Athen. 6, 253e): σκηνὴ ἀ. the true tabernacle, the heavenly sanctuary Hb 8:2; the temple ἀντίτυπα τῶν ἀ. copy of the true sanctuary 9:24.—τὸ ἀ. what is really good (contrasted w. the supposed good, the ἄδικος μαμωνᾶς) πιστεύειν τὸ ἀ. entrust the true (riches) Lk 16:11 (cp. Philo, Praem. 104 ὁ ἀ. πλοῦτος ἐν οὐρανῷ).—DELG s.v. λανθάνω. M-M. TW. Spicq.