166

* * *

• A truly arduous task

someone, anyone, anything, (adv.) in any respect.

see Budae

NLD goudmuis

nŭmĕro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [numerus], to count, reckon, number (syn. recenseo).

Lit.:

si singulos numeremus in singulas (civitates),

Cic. Rep. 3, 4, 7: ea, si ex reis numeres, innumerabilia sunt;

si ex rebus, modica,

id. de Or. 2, 32, 137:

numerare per digitos,

Ov. F. 3, 123:

votaque pro dominā vix numeranda facit,

that can hardly be counted, almost innumerable, Tib. 4, 4, 12:

amores divūm numerare,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

pecus,

id. E. 3, 34:

viros,

Sil. 7, 51:

milites,

Luc. 3, 285:

aureos voce digitisque numerare,

Suet. Claud. 21:

numera sestertia qumque omnibus in rebus—numerentur deinde labores,

Juv. 9, 41 sq.: numera senatum, said to the consul by a senator opposed to a bill, and who considered that there was not a quorum of senators present; like the phrase to demand a call of the House, Paul. ex Fest. p. 170 Müll.:

ne quid ad senatum consule! aut numera,

Cic. Att. 5, 4, 2 Orell. N. cr.: posset rem impedire, si, ut numerarentur, postularet, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 2 (cf. also Plin. Pan. 76).—In law, of days granted for deliberation, etc.:

continui dies numerantur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 173; cf.:

tempus numeratur,

id. ib. 2, 172.—

In partic., of money, to count out, pay out, pay:

stipendium numerare militibus,

Cic. Pis. 36, 88:

pecuniam de suo,

id. Att. 16, 16, A, § 5; id. Fl. 19, 44; Nep. Ep. 3, 6:

talenta,

Suet. Caes. 4:

aliquid usurae nomine,

id. ib. 42:

alicui pensionem,

Liv. 29, 16:

magnam pecuniam numerare,

Caes. B. C. 3, 3.— Absol., Plaut. As. Perioch. 4.—

Trop.

To reckon, number as one's own, i. e. to have, possess (rare):

donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos,

Ov. Tr. 1, 9, 5:

triumphos,

Juv. 6, 169:

tum licet a Pico numeres genus,

id. 8, 131:

veterani tricena aut supra stipendia numerantes,

Tac. A. 1, 35.—

To account, reckon, esteem, consider as any thing.—With two acc.:

Sulpicium accusatorem suum numerabat, non competitorem,

Cic. Mur. 24, 49:

hos non numero consulares,

id. Fam. 12, 2, 3:

stellas singulas numeras deos,

id. N. D. 3, 16, 40; id. Phil. 13, 4, 7:

quae isti bona numerant,

id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; cf.:

sapientes cives, qualem me et esse et numerari volo,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 18:

is prope alter Timarchides numerabatur,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 169:

numerare aliquid beneficii loco,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 1:

mors in beneficii parte (al. partem) numeretur,

id. Phil. 11, 1, 3:

voluptatem nullo loco,

id. Fin. 2, 28, 90:

aliquid in bonis,

id. Leg. 2, 5, 12; id. Fin. 1, 9, 31:

aliquid in actis,

id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:

Herennius in mediocribus oratoribus numeratus est,

id. Brut. 45, 166:

aliquem in septem (sc. sapientibus),

id. Par. 1, 1, 8.—With inter:

ipse honestissimus inter suos numerabatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 16:

aliquem inter decemviros,

Liv. 3, 35, 3:

quae jactura inter damna numerata non est,

Just. 2, 5, 11; Lact. 2, 12, 4; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11:

numerabatur inter ostenta deminutus magistratuum numerus,

Tac. A. 12, 64; id. G. 29; id. Or. 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 15, 1; 5, 3, 6; Quint. 3, 7, 18 al.:

inter amicos,

Ov. P. 4, 9, 35:

aliquem post aliquem,

Tac. H. 1, 77:

Thucydides numquam est numeratus orator,

Cic. Brut. 45, 166.—Hence, nŭmĕrātus, a, um, P. a., counted out, paid down:

argentum,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 57; hence, in ready money, in cash:

hic sunt quinque argenti lectae numeratae minae,

id. Ps. 4, 7, 50:

duo talenta argenti numerata,

id. As. 1, 3, 41:

(vendidit aedis) praesentariis Argenti minis numeratis,

id. Trin. 4, 3, 75:

dos uxoris numerata,

Cic. Caecin. 4, 11:

pecunia,

id. Fl. 32, 80.—Hence, subst.: nŭmĕrātum, i, n., ready money, cash: quae tua est suavitas nolles a me hoc tempore aestimationem accipere;

nam numeratum, si cuperem, non haberem,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 9:

ut numerato malim quam aestimatione,

id. Att 12, 25, 1; Liv. 36, 21 fin.; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 166: in numerato, in ready money:

testamento edixit relinquere in numerato HS DC,

Plin. 33, 10, 47, § 135:

proferre in numerato,

id. 33, 3, 17, § 55; Gai. Inst. 2, 196; 3, 141.— Hence,

Trop.: in numerato habere, to have in readiness (a phrase of Augustus):

dictum est de actore facile dicente ex tempore, ingenium eum in numerato habere,

Quint. 6, 3, 111; cf. Sen. Contr. 2, 13 fin.

nŭmĕrō, adv., v. numerus fin.

nŭmĕro, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a. [numerus], to count, reckon, number (syn. recenseo).

Lit.:

si singulos numeremus in singulas (civitates),

Cic. Rep. 3, 4, 7: ea, si ex reis numeres, innumerabilia sunt;

si ex rebus, modica,

id. de Or. 2, 32, 137:

numerare per digitos,

Ov. F. 3, 123:

votaque pro dominā vix numeranda facit,

that can hardly be counted, almost innumerable, Tib. 4, 4, 12:

amores divūm numerare,

Verg. G. 4, 347:

pecus,

id. E. 3, 34:

viros,

Sil. 7, 51:

milites,

Luc. 3, 285:

aureos voce digitisque numerare,

Suet. Claud. 21:

numera sestertia qumque omnibus in rebus—numerentur deinde labores,

Juv. 9, 41 sq.: numera senatum, said to the consul by a senator opposed to a bill, and who considered that there was not a quorum of senators present; like the phrase to demand a call of the House, Paul. ex Fest. p. 170 Müll.:

ne quid ad senatum consule! aut numera,

Cic. Att. 5, 4, 2 Orell. N. cr.: posset rem impedire, si, ut numerarentur, postularet, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 11, 2 (cf. also Plin. Pan. 76).—In law, of days granted for deliberation, etc.:

continui dies numerantur,

Gai. Inst. 2, 173; cf.:

tempus numeratur,

id. ib. 2, 172.—

In partic., of money, to count out, pay out, pay:

stipendium numerare militibus,

Cic. Pis. 36, 88:

pecuniam de suo,

id. Att. 16, 16, A, § 5; id. Fl. 19, 44; Nep. Ep. 3, 6:

talenta,

Suet. Caes. 4:

aliquid usurae nomine,

id. ib. 42:

alicui pensionem,

Liv. 29, 16:

magnam pecuniam numerare,

Caes. B. C. 3, 3.— Absol., Plaut. As. Perioch. 4.—

Trop.

To reckon, number as one's own, i. e. to have, possess (rare):

donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos,

Ov. Tr. 1, 9, 5:

triumphos,

Juv. 6, 169:

tum licet a Pico numeres genus,

id. 8, 131:

veterani tricena aut supra stipendia numerantes,

Tac. A. 1, 35.—

To account, reckon, esteem, consider as any thing.—With two acc.:

Sulpicium accusatorem suum numerabat, non competitorem,

Cic. Mur. 24, 49:

hos non numero consulares,

id. Fam. 12, 2, 3:

stellas singulas numeras deos,

id. N. D. 3, 16, 40; id. Phil. 13, 4, 7:

quae isti bona numerant,

id. Tusc. 5, 15, 44; cf.:

sapientes cives, qualem me et esse et numerari volo,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 18:

is prope alter Timarchides numerabatur,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 169:

numerare aliquid beneficii loco,

id. Fam. 2, 6, 1:

mors in beneficii parte (al. partem) numeretur,

id. Phil. 11, 1, 3:

voluptatem nullo loco,

id. Fin. 2, 28, 90:

aliquid in bonis,

id. Leg. 2, 5, 12; id. Fin. 1, 9, 31:

aliquid in actis,

id. Phil. 1, 8, 19:

Herennius in mediocribus oratoribus numeratus est,

id. Brut. 45, 166:

aliquem in septem (sc. sapientibus),

id. Par. 1, 1, 8.—With inter:

ipse honestissimus inter suos numerabatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 6, 16:

aliquem inter decemviros,

Liv. 3, 35, 3:

quae jactura inter damna numerata non est,

Just. 2, 5, 11; Lact. 2, 12, 4; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11:

numerabatur inter ostenta deminutus magistratuum numerus,

Tac. A. 12, 64; id. G. 29; id. Or. 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 15, 1; 5, 3, 6; Quint. 3, 7, 18 al.:

inter amicos,

Ov. P. 4, 9, 35:

aliquem post aliquem,

Tac. H. 1, 77:

Thucydides numquam est numeratus orator,

Cic. Brut. 45, 166.—Hence, nŭmĕrātus, a, um, P. a., counted out, paid down:

argentum,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 57; hence, in ready money, in cash:

hic sunt quinque argenti lectae numeratae minae,

id. Ps. 4, 7, 50:

duo talenta argenti numerata,

id. As. 1, 3, 41:

(vendidit aedis) praesentariis Argenti minis numeratis,

id. Trin. 4, 3, 75:

dos uxoris numerata,

Cic. Caecin. 4, 11:

pecunia,

id. Fl. 32, 80.—Hence, subst.: nŭmĕrātum, i, n., ready money, cash: quae tua est suavitas nolles a me hoc tempore aestimationem accipere;

nam numeratum, si cuperem, non haberem,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 9:

ut numerato malim quam aestimatione,

id. Att 12, 25, 1; Liv. 36, 21 fin.; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 166: in numerato, in ready money:

testamento edixit relinquere in numerato HS DC,

Plin. 33, 10, 47, § 135:

proferre in numerato,

id. 33, 3, 17, § 55; Gai. Inst. 2, 196; 3, 141.— Hence,

Trop.: in numerato habere, to have in readiness (a phrase of Augustus):

dictum est de actore facile dicente ex tempore, ingenium eum in numerato habere,

Quint. 6, 3, 111; cf. Sen. Contr. 2, 13 fin.

nŭmĕrō, adv., v. numerus fin.

circŭlus, i, m. (contr. circlus, like vinclum = vinculum, Verg. G. 3, 166) [kindred with kirkos, kuklos, circinus], a circular figure, a circle: circulus aut orbis, qui kuklos Graece dicitur, Cic. N. D. 2, 18, 47:

muri exterior,

Liv. 36, 9, 12:

circulus ad speciem caelestis arcūs orbem solis ambiit,

Suet. Aug. 95.—

Esp.

In astronomy, a circular course, orbit:

stellae circulos suos orbesque conficiunt celeritate mirabili,

Cic. Rep. 6, 15, 15:

aequinoctialis, solstitialis, septentrionalis,

Varr. L. L. 9, § 24; Ov. M. 2, 516:

lacteus,

the Milky Way, Plin. 2, 25, 23, § 91; 18, 29, 69, § 230:

signifer,

Vitr. 6, 1, 1; 9, 8, 8.—

In geog., a zone or belt of the eartb's surface:

plura sunt segmenta mundi, quae nostri circulos appellavere, Graeci parallelos,

Plin. 6, 34, 39, § 212 sqq.—

Trop., of time:

mensis artiore praecingitur circulo,

Sen. Ep. 12, 6. —

Meton.

Any circular body; a ring, necklace, hoop, chain, Verg. A. 5, 559; 10, 138; id. G. 3, 166; Plin. 14, 21, 27, § 132; Suet. Aug 80.—

A circle or company for social intercourse (very freq.):

in conviviis rodunt, in circulis vellicant,

Cic. Balb. 26, 57;

so with convivia also,

Liv. 32, 20, 3; 34, 61, 5; 44, 22, 8; Domit. Mars. ap. Quint. 6, 3, 105; Tac. A. 3, 54; Nep. Epam. 3, 3; Mart. 2, 86, 11; 10, 62, 5:

cir culos aliquos et sessiunculas consectarl,

Cic. Fin. 5, 20, 56 per fora et circulos locuti sunt, Tac Agr 43; cf Quint. 12, 10, 74:

quemcumque patrem familias arripuissetis ex aliquo circulo,

Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 159; 1, 38, 174:

de circulo se subducere,

to withdraw from the assembly, id. Q. Fr. 3, 4, 1; Quint. 2, 12 10; cf.:

densa circumstantium corona latissimum judicium multiplici circulo ambibat,

Plin. Ep 6, 33, 3.

circum [properly acc. from circus = kirkos], adv. and prep., designates either an entire encompassing or surrounding of an object, or a proximity only partially em. bracing or comprehending it, around, about, all around, peri, amphi

Around, round about, all around, etc., perix:

furcas circum offigito,

Cato, R. R. 48, 2; Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 1;

Verg A 3, 230: quia (locus) vastis circum saltibus claudebatur,

Tac. A. 4, 25:

molli circum est ansas amplexus acantho,

Verg. E. 3, 45:

age tu interim Da cito ab Delphio Cantharum circum,

Plaut. Most. 1, 4, 33:

quae circum essent opera tueri,

Caes. B. C 2, 10:

interea Rutuli portis circum omnibus instant,

Verg. A. 10, 118 (i. e. circumcirca fusi:

nam modo circum adverbium loci est, Serv.): omnem, quae nuno.umida circum Caligat, nu. bem eripiam,

id. ib. 2, 605; Tib. 1, 3, 77; 1, 5, 11. sed circum tutae sub moenibus urbis aquantur, round about under the walls, Verg. G 4, 193. faciundum haras quadratas circum binos pedes, all around, i. e. on every side, two feet, Varr. R. R. 3, 10, 3 Schneid.—

Strengthened with undique (in later Latin also sometimes written as one word, circumundique), from everywhere around, around on all sides:

circum Undique convenere,

Verg. A. 4, 416; Lucr. 3, 404:

clausis circum undique portis,

Stat. S. 2, 5, 13; 5, 1, 155; id. Th. 2, 228:

oppositu circumundique aliarum aedium,

Gell. 4, 5, 3; 13, 24, 1; 14, 2, 9;

so with totus and omnis,

Varr. R. R. 3, 14, 1; Verg. A. 10, 118.—

Of an incomplete circuit, esp. of the part that meets the view, lies on the hither side, etc. (v. under II.):

hostilibus circum litoribus,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

aestas... aperto circum pelago peramoena,

id. ib. 4, 67:

gentibus innumeris circum infraque relictis,

Ov. M. 4, 668; Stat. Achill. 1, 56:

corpus servans circumque supraque vertitur,

id. Th. 9, 114; Albin. Carm. ap. Maecen. 46.

Prep. with acc.

Around, abow (implying a complete circuit):

armillas quattuor facito, quas circum orbem indas,

Cato, R. R. 21, 4:

terra circum axem se summā celeritate convertit,

Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; Quint. 2, 17, 19 Zumpt N. cr.:

ligato circum collum sudario,

Suet. Ner. 51:

terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges,

Verg. G. 1, 345:

at genitor circum caput omne micantes Deposuit radios,

Ov. M. 2, 40.—

As in adv. B., of an incomplete circuit, about, upon, around, near:

capillus sparsus, promissus, circum caput Rejectus neglegenter,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 49:

flexo circum cava tempora cornu,

Ov. M. 7, 313; 10, 116; 11, 159:

tum Salii ad cantus incensa altaria circum adsunt,

Verg. A. 8, 285:

varios hic flumina circum Fundit humus flores,

on the borders of the rivulets, id. E. 9, 40:

urgeris turbā circum te stante,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 135; cf. id. C. 2, 16, 33:

circum renidentes Lares,

id. Epod. 2, 66; Verg. G. 2, 484; cf. Luc. 2, 557:

illi indignantes Circum claustra fremunt,

Verg. A. 1, 56:

oras et litora circum errantem,

id. ib. 3, 75.—

Circum very freq. expresses, not a relative motion around a given central point, but an absol. circular movement, in which several objects named form separate points of a periphery, in, into, among... around, to... around, etc.:

te adloquor, Quae circum vicinos vages,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 14: ego Arpini volo esse pridie Cal., deinde circum villulas nostras errare, not round about our villas, but in our villas around, Cic. Att. 8, 9, 3; cf Hor. S. 1, 6, 58:

tum Naevius pueros circum amicos dimittit,

to friends around, Cic. Quint. 6, 25; Suet. Ner. 47:

cum praetorem circum omnia fora sectaretur,

Cic. Verr 2, 2, 70, § 169:

Apronius ducebat eos circum civitates,

id. ib. 2, 3, 26, §

65: ille circum hospites cursabat,

id. ib. 2, 4, 19, §

41: lenonem quondam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas,

id. Cat. 4, 8, 17:

dimissis circum municipia litteris,

Caes. B. C. 3, 22:

circum oram maritimam misit, ut, etc.,

Liv. 29, 24, 9:

legatio sub idem tempus in Asiam et circum insulas missa,

id. 42, 45, 1; Suet. Aug. 64; id. Caes. 41; id. Calig. 28; 41; Hor. S. 2, 3, 281; id. Ep 1, 1, 49: et te circum omnes alias irata puellas Differet, to or among all the other maidens around, Prop. 1, 4, 21—

With the prevailing idea of neighborhood, vicinity, in the environs of, in the vicinity of, at, near:

circum haec loca commorabor,

Cic. Att. 3, 17, 2; Pompei ib. 8, 12, C, 1 exercitu in foro et in omnibus templis, quae circum forum sunt, conlocato, Cic. Opt. Gen. 4, 10:

urbes, quae circum Capuam sunt,

id. Agr. 1, 7, 20:

cum tot essent circum hastam illam,

id. Phil. 2, 26, 64 Wernsd. N. cr.:

non succurrit tibi, quamdiu circum Bactra haereas?

Curt. 7, 8, 21, Tac. A. 4, 74. —

Of persons who surround one (as attendants, friends, etc.); in Gr.peri or amphi tina:

paucae, quae circum illam essent,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 33; Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:

omnium flagitiorum atque facinorum circum se tamquam stipatorum catervas habebat,

Sall. C. 14, 1; cf. id. ib. 26, 4:

Hectora circum,

Verg. A. 6, 166.—Circum pedes for ad pedes, of servants in attendance, is rare, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 92;

v ad, I. D. 3. b.—

,

Varr. L. L. 5, § 31 Müll., Lucr 1, 937; 4, 220; 6, 427; Cic. N. D. 2, 41, 105; Verg. E. 8, 12; 8, 74; 9, 40; id. A. 1, 32; 2, 515; 2, 564; 3, 75: 6, 166; 6, 329; 9, 440; Tib. 1, 1, 23; 1, 5, 51; Stat. Th. 3, 395.—

In composition the m remains unchanged before consonants; before vowels it was, acc. to Prisc. p. 567 P., and Cassiod. p. 2294 ib., written in like manner, but (except before j and v) not pronounced. Yet in the best MSS. we find the orthography circuitio, circuitus, and even circueo together with circumeo; cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 736 sq. —Signif.,

Acc. to II. A.: circumcido, circumcludo, circumculco, circumfluo, circumfodio, circumfundo, etc.—

Acc. to II. B.: circumcolo, circumflecto, circumjaceo, circumicio.—

Acc. to II. C.: circumcellio, circumcurso, circumduco, circumfero, circumforaneus.—In many compounds, circum has sometimes one and sometimes another signif., as in circumdo, circumeo, circumsisto, etc.; v. h. vv.—

336] object; e. g. circumcursare circum aliquid and similar phrases are not found.

ex-cēdo, cessi, cessum, 3 ( subj. perf. sync. excessis, Ter. And. 4, 4, 21), v. n. and a.

Neut., to go out, go forth or away, to depart, retire, withdraw (freq. and class.; cf.: discedo, deficio, destituo, desero, linquo, relinquo).

Lit.

In gen., with ex and abl., with abl. alone, or absol.:

ex istoc loco,

Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 18:

e medio,

Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 14:

ex civitate,

Caes. B. G. 6, 8, 8:

ex Italia,

Cic. Phil. 12, 6, 14:

e templo,

Liv. 29, 19;

for which, templo,

id. 39, 5:

ex finibus,

Caes. B. G. 7, 33, 2;

for which, finibus,

id. ib. 4, 18 fin.; 7, 77, 14; Liv. 30, 42; 41, 19 al.: ex illa circumscriptione, [p. 675] Cic. Phil. 8, 8:

ex itinere,

Caes. B. C. 1, 79 fin.; cf.:

ex via,

id. B. G. 5, 19, 1;

for which, viā,

Liv. 24, 20:

ex pugna, ex proelio,

Caes. B. G. 3, 4, 3; 4, 33, 2;

for which, more freq., pugnā,

id. B. G. 5, 36, 3; id. B. C. 2, 7, 1; Liv. 44, 42; Verg. A. 9, 789 al.;

and, proelio,

Caes. B. G. 2, 25, 1; 3, 4, 3; 4, 12 fin.; 7, 80, 3; cf.

acio,

id. B. C. 2, 41, 7; 3, 94, 5; Liv. 31, 17:

loco,

Caes. B. C. 1, 44, 2; 3, 45, 4; Liv. 36, 10, 15; so,

locis,

id. 38, 27, 9; 27, 1, 5;

and bello,

Sall. C. 9, 4:

domo,

Caes. B. G. 4, 14 fin.:

oppido,

id. ib. 7, 78, 1; cf.

urbe,

Liv. 26, 24; 30, 7; 31, 17 et saep.:

Arimino,

Caes. B. C. 1, 10, 3; 1, 11, 1:

Galliā,

id. B. G. 7, 66, 4:

provinciis,

id. B. C. 1, 85 fin.:

patriā,

Verg. A. 1, 357:

sceleratā terrā,

id. ib. 3, 60 et saep.—With de (very rare):

de utero matris,

i. e. to be born, Dig. 1, 5, 15.— Absol.:

abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit,

Cic. Cat. 2, 1:

excedere deos, simul ingens motus excedentium,

Tac. H. 5, 13:

primi omnium Macedones metu excesserant,

Liv. 42, 67 fin. —Designating the terminus:

cave quoquam ex istoc excessis loco,

Ter. And. 4, 4, 21:

agro hostium in Boeotiam,

Liv. 31, 26 fin.:

ex his tenebris in lucem illam,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30 fin.; cf.:

ad deos,

Vell. 1. 2:

invictum fore donec excederet ad deos,

Curt. 4, 7, § 27:

in exsilium,

Dig. 48, 19, 4;

in which sense also simply excedere,

ib. 48, 22, 7, § 17.—

In partic.

To go beyond, overstep, rise above, overtop a certain boundary.—Of personal subjects very rarely:

alter in Pontum, alter usque Aegyptum excessit,

Just. 1, 1, 6.—More freq. of inanimate subjects:

ut nulla (pars) excederet extra,

Cic. Univ. 5; Cels. 8, 9 fin.; cf.

with eminere,

id. 8, 25 fin.:

montes et excedentia in nubes juga,

Plin. 27, 1, 1, § 3.—

To depart from life, to decease, to die (cf. decedo):

sic ille cum undequadraginta annos regnavisset, excessit e vita,

Cic. Rep. 2, 14 fin.; so,

e vita,

id. Fin. 3, 18, 60; id. Brut. 20 fin.; id. Lael. 3 fin.; id. Off. 1, 43, 153:

vitā,

id. Tusc. 1, 13, 29; id. Brut. 75, 262; id. N. D. 3, 16, 41; Val. Max. 2, 6, 8; 5, 5, 3; Curt. 3, 1, 21; 9, 6, 6; Tac. H. 4, 75:

e medio,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 74 Ruhnk.; and simply excedere (postAug.;

but v. decedo excessus, I.),

Plin. 7, 13, 11, § 58; Tac. A. 1, 5 fin.; 1, 33; Suet. Aug. 5; id. Claud. 45; id. Vesp. 2; id. Tit. 11; Val. Fl. 1, 826; Curt. 10, 5, 2; Sen. Ep. 77, 10.—

Trop.

In gen. (very rarely):

cum animus Eudemi e corpore excesserit,

Cic. Div. 1, 25, 53; id. Tusc. 1, 11, 24; 1, 32, 78; id. Lael. 4, 13 al.:

corpore excedere,

id. Div. 1, 30, 63: ex pristina bellandi consuetudine, Auct. B. Afr. 73: palmā, to recede from victory, to yield the victory (= decedere alicui de victoria), Verg. A. 5, 380.—Far more freq.,

In partic.

(Acc. to A. 2. a.) To go beyond a certain boundary or a certain measure, to advance, proceed, to transgress, digress (= procedere, progredi): mihi aetas ex magisterio tuo: Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 40:

is postquam excessit ex ephebis,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 24 (quoted in Cic. de Or. 2, 80, 327); cf.:

ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias,

Cic. Arch. 3:

ad patres etiam et ad publicam querimoniam excessit res,

Liv. 25, 1; cf. Val. Max. 5, 6, 4:

haec eo anno in Africa gesta. Insequentia excedunt in eum annum, quo, etc.,

Liv. 30, 26; cf. id. 21, 15:

paululum ad enarrandum, etc.,

to digress, Liv. 29, 29, 5; cf.:

in fabellam,

Sen. Ep. 77:

in aliquid,

Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 44 fin.:

res parva dictu, sed quae studiis in magnum certamen excesserit,

Liv. 34, 1; cf. id. 33, 35 fin.; 8, 33; cf. id. 3, 41:

eo laudis excedere, quo, etc.,

to attain that height of fame, Tac. Agr. 42 fin.: tantum illa clades novitate et magnitudine excessit, i. e. exceeded, went beyond = eminuit, Tac. A. 2, 24.—

(Acc. to A. 2. b.) To depart, disappear:

cura ex corde excessit,

Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 12:

cum cupiditatum dominatus excessit,

Cic. Par. 5, 3, 40:

jam e memoria excessit, quo tempore? etc.,

Liv. 26, 13;

for which, memoriā,

id. 7, 32 fin.:

ubi reverentia excessit animis,

Curt. 8, 8.— Poet.:

Cannaene tibi graviorque palude Maeonius Stygia lacus excessere Padusque?

i. e. have they slipped from your memory? Sil. 15, 35.

Act. (post-Aug.).

Lit., to depart from, to leave a place:

urbem,

Liv. 2, 37, 8; 1, 29, 6; 3, 57, 10;

23, 1: curiam,

id. 45, 20; cf. pass. impers.:

Crotonem excessum est,

id. 24; 3 fin. —

Transf., to go beyond, surpass, exceed a certain limit, to overtop, tower above (cf. above, I. A. 2. a., and B. 2. a.):

nubes excedit Olympus,

Luc. 2, 271:

statura, quae justam excederet,

Suet. Tib. 68:

summam octoginta milium,

Liv. 39, 5;

so of numbers, very freq.,

Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 22; 13, 3, 4, § 20; Quint. 9, 4, 79; Tac. A. 1, 14; Suet. Aug. 77 al.; cf.

also of age,

Col. 6, 21:

triennium vitae,

Plin. 8, 42, 67, § 166:

annum aetatis centesimum,

id. 25, 2, 5, § 9; Plin. Ep. 2, 1, 4; 3, 7, 9; Suet. Gramm. 7;

of measure: laborum periculorumque modum,

Vell. 2, 122 fin.; so,

modum,

Liv. 26, 19; 28, 25; Quint. 3, 6, 62; 8, 3, 48 al.:

eloquentia aut aequavit praestantissimorum gloriam aut excessit,

Suet. Caes. 55; cf.:

praeturae gradum,

id. Oth. 1:

principum fastigium,

id. Calig. 22:

fastigium equestre,

Tac. A. 4, 40:

excedente humanam fidem temeritate,

Vell. 2, 51, 3; so,

fidem,

Plin. 7, 21, 21, § 85; Ov. M. 7, 166:

excessisse Priscum inmanitate et saevitia crimina, quibus, etc.,

Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 2:

nemine tantum ceteros excedente, ut ei aliquis se summitteret,

Just. 13, 2.—With simple acc.:

decretum, ne vasa auro solida ministrandis cibis fierent, etc.... Excessit Fronto ac postulavit modum argento,

went beyond the proposal, Tac. A. 2, 33 (cf.:

egredi relationem,

id. ib. 2, 38).— Pass.:

duo enim multitudo, unione jam excessā,

Tert. adv. Marc. 1, 5.

grădus, ūs (archaic gen. sing. graduis, Varr. ap. Non. 494, 17; dat. gradu, Lucil. ap. Fest. s. v. remeligines, p. 276 Müll.), m. [kindr. with Sanscr. kram, to go; v. gradior], a step, pace (cf.: gressus, passus, incessus).

Lit.:

ad hanc conversionem, quae pedibus et gradu non egeret, ingrediendi membra non dedit,

Cic. Univ. 6: quaenam vox ex te resonans meo gradu remoram facit? Lucil. l. l.: gradum proferre pedum, Enn. ap. Fest. S. V. PEDUM, p. 249, a Müll. (Trag. v. 248 Vahl.): quo nunc incerta re atque inorata gradum Regredere conare? id. ap. Non. 166, 23 (Trag. v. 12 Vahl.):

gradum facere,

Cic. de Or. 2, 61, 249:

tollere gradum,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 6:

ad forum suspenso gradu placide ire perrexi,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 27:

quieto et placido gradu sequi,

Phaedr. 2, 7, 6; cf.

, on the contrary: celeri gradu Eunt uterque,

Plaut. Trin. 3, 1, 22:

ut tu es gradibus grandibus,

id. Ep. 1, 1, 11:

citato gradu in hostem ducere,

Liv. 28, 14, 17:

concito gradu properare,

Phaedr. 3, 2, 11:

gradum celerare,

to hasten, Verg. A. 4, 641: so,

corripere,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 33:

addere,

Liv. 26, 9, 5:

sistere,

Verg. A. 6, 465:

sustinere,

Ov. F. 6, 398:

revocare,

Verg. A. 6, 128:

referre,

Ov. F. 5, 502:

vertere,

Stat. Th. 8, 138 et saep.:

peditum aciem instructam pleno gradu in hostem inducit,

at full pace, at a quick step, Liv. 4, 32, 10; 34, 15, 3; 34, 16, 2; cf.: militari gradu viginti milia passuum horis quinque dumtaxat aestivis conficienda sunt;

pleno autem gradu, qui citatior est, totidem horis XXIV. milia peragenda sunt,

Veg. 1, 9:

modico gradu,

Liv. 30, 5, 3: presso gradu, = badên, with measured step, a moderate pace, id. 28, 14, 14:

citato gradu,

id. 28, 14, 17; Trebon. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 2: non gradu, sed praecipiti cursu a virtute descitum, ad vitia transcursum, step by step, = gradatim, Vell. 2, 1, 1:

per gradus,

Ov. M. 2, 354.—

Trop., a step, stage, degree:

quem mortis timuit gradum,

pace, approach, Hor. C. 1, 3, 17:

hunc quasi gradum quendam atque aditum ad cetera factum intelligitis,

Cic. Agr. 2, 15, 38; cf.:

itaque majoribus nostris in Africam ex hac provincia gradus imperii factus est,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 1, § 3; Quint. 3, 6, 8; so,

Crassus Licinius nec consul nec praetor ante fuerat, quam censor est factus: ex aedilitate gradum censuram fecit,

Liv. 27, 6, 17; 6, 35, 2 Drak.:

hunc gradum mei reditus esse, quod mulieres revertissent,

a step towards my return, Cic. Att. 7, 23, 2; cf. Liv. 6, 42, 2:

notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit: Tempore crevit amor,

Ov. M. 4, 59; cf. Prop. 1, 13, 8:

cum consuleretur, quid sentiret, Non possum, inquit, tibi dicere: nescio enim quid de gradu faciat: tamquam de essedario interrogaretur,

i. e. of the Peripatetics, Sen. Ep. 29:

etsi spondeus, quod est e longis duabus, hebetior videtur et tardior, habet tamen stabilem quendam et non expertem dignitatis gradum,

pace, Cic. Or. 64, 216.

Transf.

In milit. and gladiator's lang., station, position, ground taken by a combatant:

obnisos vos (velim) stabili gradu impetum hostium excipere,

Liv. 6, 12, 8; cf. Tac. H. 2, 35:

de gradu libero ac stabili conari,

Liv. 34, 39, 3:

in suo quisque gradu obnixi, urgentes scutis, sine respiratione ac respectu pugnabant,

id. 8, 38, 11:

inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere,

Ov. M. 9, 43:

hostes gradu demoti,

Liv. 6, 32, 8 Drak. N. cr.; for which:

turbare ac statu movere,

id. 30, 18, 4.—

Trop., a firm position or stand:

corda virum mansere gradu,

i. e. firm, steadfast, Sil. 16, 21:

fortis et constantis est, non perturbari in rebus asperis, nec tumultuantem de gradu deici, ut dicitur,

to let one's self be disconcerted, Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80; cf.:

dejectus de gradu,

id. Att. 16, 15, 3: motus gradu, Sen. Const. Sap. 19:

gradu depulsus,

Nep. Them. 5, 1; cf.:

nam si gradum, si caritatem filii apud te haberem,

Liv. 40, 9, 3.—

That on which one steps, a step or round of a ladder, a stair.

Lit. (usu. in plur.): quemadmodum scalarum gradus si alios tollas, alios incidas, etc., Caecin. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 7, 3:

haerent parietibus scalae, postesque sub ipsos Nituntur gradibus,

Verg. A. 2, 443:

gradus templorum,

Cic. Att. 4, 1, 5:

gradus ejusdem templi tollebantur,

id. Sest. 15, 34; cf.:

aerea cui (templo) gradibus surgebant limina,

Verg. A. 1, 448; Vell. 2, 3, 1:

pro Palatii gradibus,

Suet. Ner. 8; id. Vit. 15:

praeceps per gradus ire,

id. Calig. 35:

si gradibus trepidatur ab imis,

Juv. 3, 200.—

Sing.:

cum dextro pede primus gradus ascenditur,

Vitr. 3, 3.—

Transf., of things that rise by steps.

In hair-dressing, a braid of hair:

caput in gradus atque anulos comptum,

Quint. 12, 10, 47:

comam in gradus frangere,

id. 1, 6, 44; cf.:

coma in gradus formata,

Suet. Ner. 51.—

In econom. lang., a spit or such a depth of earth as can be dug at once with the spade, Col. 3, 13, 19; 4, 1, 3.—

In math., a degree of a circle, Manil. 1, 579.—

In veterin. lang., a wrinkle on the roof of a horse's mouth, Veg. Vet. 1, 2; 32; 4, 2.—

Trop., a step, degree in tones, in age, relationship, rank, etc. (equally common in sing. and plur.):

ille princeps variabit et mutabit, omnes sonorum tum intendens tum remittens persequetur gradus,

Cic. Or. 18, 59; cf. id. de Or. 3, 61, 227:

ab ima ad summam (vocem) ac retro multi sunt gradus,

Quint. 11, 3, 15; cf. Vulg. Psa. 119 Tit. et saep.:

Paulatim gradus aetatis scandere adultae,

Lucr. 2, 1123; cf.:

quod tanta penuria est in omni vel honoris vel aetatis gradu, ut, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 3; so,

aetatis,

Vell. 2, 36, 2; Quint. 3, 7, 15; Suet. Aug. 79; id. Tit. 3 al.:

unus gradus et una progenies,

Lact. 2, 10, 10:

nostri quoque sanguinis auctor Juppiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo,

Ov. M. 13, 143; cf.:

a matre Magnum Pompeium artissimo contingebat gradu,

Suet. Aug. 4; id. Ner. 2:

qui (populus) te tam mature ad summum imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit,

Cic. Cat. 1, 11, 28:

gradus dignitatis,

id. Rep. 1, 27; cf. id. ib. 1, 27 fin.—Sing.:

ex tam alto dignitatis gradu,

Cic. Lael. 3, 12 fin.:

gradus altior, altissimus, amplissimus, dignitatis,

id. Clu. 55, 150; id. Phil. 1, 6, 14; id. Mur. 14, 30; cf. also id. ib. 27, 55:

summum in praefectura florentissima gradum tenere et dignitatis et gratiae,

id. Planc. 13, 32:

a senatorio gradu longe abesse,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 21, 61; cf.:

ascendens gradibus magistratuum,

id. Brut. 81, 281.—Without gen.:

etenim quis est civis praesertim hoc gradu, quo me vos esse voluistis, tam oblitus beneficii vestri, etc.,

id. Phil. 6, 7, 18; id. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

omni gradu amplissimo dignissimus,

id. Fam. 6, 10, 2:

gradus officiorum,

id. Off. 1, 45, 160:

temporum servantur gradus,

id. Part. 4, 12: cf.:

non iidem erunt necessitudinum gradus qui temporum,

id. Off. 1, 18, 59:

gradus cognationis,

Dig. 38, 10, 1 sqq.:

v. de gradibus,

Paul. Sent. 4, 11, 1 -8:

agnationis,

Gai. Inst. 3, 10, 11:

si plures eodem gradu sint agnati,

Ulp. Fragm. 26, 5: cognati ex transverso gradu usque ad quartum gradum, i. e. collateral kindred (opp. parentes et liberi), id. ib. 5, 6:

gradus plures sunt societatis hominum,

id. ib. 1, 17, 53:

peccatorum gradus,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 74, § 172:

oratorum aetates et gradus,

id. Brut. 32, 122; cf.:

gradus et dissimilitudines Atticorum,

id. ib. 82, 285:

accendendi judicis plures sunt gradus,

Quint. 11, 3, 166; 6, 4, 67: nec gradus est ultra Fabios cognominis ullus;

Illa domus meritis Maxima dicta suis,

Ov. F. 1, 605:

si ita esset, quid opus erat te gradatim istuc pervenire?... A beatis ad virtutem, a virtute ad rationem video te venisse gradibus,

Cic. N. D. 1, 32, 89; cf.:

omnes gradus virtutis implere,

Lact. 5, 14, 18; and:

hi plerumque gradus,

Juv. 11, 46.

prōnŭbus, a, um, adj. [pro-nubo], of or belonging to marriage, bridal, promoting marriage:

canes,

pimps, Tert. ad Nat. 1, 2:

anulus,

wedding-ring, id. Apol. 6:

nox,

the bridal night, Claud. Cons. Honor. 642:

flamma,

a bridal torch, id. Rapt. Pros. 1, 131:

dextra,

id. Epigr. 2, 53.—Hence, as subst.

prōnŭbus, i, m., = paranumphos, auspex (2. b.), the promoter of a marriage, a groomsman, Anthol. Lat. 6, 50, 2:

accepit maritum suum de amicis ejus et pronubis,

Vulg. Judic. 14, 20.—

prōnŭ-ba, ae, f., a woman who attended to the necessary arrangements of a wedding on the part of the bride, a bridewoman (corresp. to the auspex on the part of the bridegroom), Varr ap. Serv. Verg. A. 4, 166; Fest. p. 242 Müll., Paul. ex Fest. p. 244 ib.; Tert. Exhort. ad Cast. 13; Cat. 61, 186; Stat. S. 1, 2, 11.—Hence, Pronuba, an epithet of Juno, the patron goddess of marriage, Verg. A. 4, 166; Ov. H. 6, 43.— Transf., of Bellona, as the presider over a marriage in which the bride is obtained by war, Verg. A. 7, 319; also, of one of the Furies, Ov. H. 2, 117; Luc. 8, 90; App. M. 8, p. 207, 3.

prōnŭbus, a, um, adj. [pro-nubo], of or belonging to marriage, bridal, promoting marriage:

canes,

pimps, Tert. ad Nat. 1, 2:

anulus,

wedding-ring, id. Apol. 6:

nox,

the bridal night, Claud. Cons. Honor. 642:

flamma,

a bridal torch, id. Rapt. Pros. 1, 131:

dextra,

id. Epigr. 2, 53.—Hence, as subst.

prōnŭbus, i, m., = paranumphos, auspex (2. b.), the promoter of a marriage, a groomsman, Anthol. Lat. 6, 50, 2:

accepit maritum suum de amicis ejus et pronubis,

Vulg. Judic. 14, 20.—

prōnŭ-ba, ae, f., a woman who attended to the necessary arrangements of a wedding on the part of the bride, a bridewoman (corresp. to the auspex on the part of the bridegroom), Varr ap. Serv. Verg. A. 4, 166; Fest. p. 242 Müll., Paul. ex Fest. p. 244 ib.; Tert. Exhort. ad Cast. 13; Cat. 61, 186; Stat. S. 1, 2, 11.—Hence, Pronuba, an epithet of Juno, the patron goddess of marriage, Verg. A. 4, 166; Ov. H. 6, 43.— Transf., of Bellona, as the presider over a marriage in which the bride is obtained by war, Verg. A. 7, 319; also, of one of the Furies, Ov. H. 2, 117; Luc. 8, 90; App. M. 8, p. 207, 3.

rāmex, ĭcis, m. [id.].

(In plur.) The blood-vessels of the lungs, Plaut. Merc. 1, 27; id. Poen. 3, 1, 37; Varr. ap. Non. 166, 12.—

( Sing. and plur.) A rupture, hernia, varicocele, Cels. 7, 18; Plin. 22, 25, 57, § 121; 30, 15, 47, § 137; Juv. 10, 205; Lucil. ap. Non. 166, 15.—

A staff, Col. 9, 1, 3.

rĕ-sĕco, cŭi, ctum (resecavi, Symm. Ep. 10, 73:

resecata,

Eum. Grat. Act. ad Const. 11 fin.), 1, v. a., to cut loose, cut off (class.; esp. in the trop. signif.; cf. praecido).

Lit.:

ut linguae scalpello resectae liberarentur,

Cic. Div. 2, 46, 96:

os,

id. Leg. 2, 22, 55:

palpebras,

id. Pis. 19, 43:

enodes truncos,

Verg. G. 2, 78:

radices,

Ov. M. 7, 264:

longos ferro capillos,

id. ib. 11, 182:

de tergore partem Exiguam,

id. ib. 8, 650:

barba resecta,

id. Tr. 4, 10, 58:

alas,

id. R. Am. 701:

extremam partem ipsius unguis ad vivum,

to the quick, Col. 6, 12, 3; 5, 9, 15:

ungues,

Val. Max. 3, 2, 15.—

Trop., to cut off, curtail; to check, stop, restrain:

quod aiunt, nimia resecari oportere, naturalia relinqui (shortly after, circumcidere and amputare),

Cic. Tusc. 4, 26, 57; cf. id. ib. 4, 20, 46:

quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civitatis manere,

id. Cat. 2, 5, 11:

libidinem,

id. Att. 1, 18, 2:

audacias et libidines,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 89, § 208:

crimina quaedam cum primā barbā,

Juv. 8, 166:

spatio brevi Spem longam reseces,

Hor. C. 1, 11, 7; cf.:

haec (dicta),

Plin. Ep. 2, 5, 4; Juv. 8, 166:

neque id ad vivum reseco, ut illi qui haec subtilius disserunt,

i. e. nor do I take this in too strict a sense, Cic. Lael. 5, 18 (v. supra, I.):

de vivo aliquid erat resecandum,

was to be cut from the quick, id. Verr. 2, 3, 50, § 118.

rūmĭnor, āri, v. dep. a., and (after the Aug. period) rūmĭno, āre, v. n. and a. [rumen], to chew over again, chew the cud, to ruminate.

Lit.

Neutr.:

bos ruminat,

Col. 6, 6, 1; Plin. 11, 37, 61, § 160; 9, 17, 29, § 62 al.; Vulg. Lev. 11, 26.—

Act.:

(bos) ruminat herbas,

Verg. E. 6, 54; cf.:

revocatas herbas,

Ov. Am. 3, 5, 17:

epastas herbas,

id. Hal. 119:

escas gutture,

Paul. Nol. Carm. 18, 340.—

Trop., to think over, to muse or ruminate upon (only anteand post-class.; but cf. ruminatio): nemo haec ruminetur mulieri, Liv. Andron. ap. Non. 166, 29: ruminabitur humanitatem, [p. 1605] Varr. ap. Non. 166, 27:

Odyssean Homeri ruminari incipis,

id. ib. 480, 24:

ruminaris antiquitates,

id. ib. 480, 23:

dum carmina tua ruminas,

Symm. Ep. 3, 13 fin.

rūmĭnor, āri, v. dep. a., and (after the Aug. period) rūmĭno, āre, v. n. and a. [rumen], to chew over again, chew the cud, to ruminate.

Lit.

Neutr.:

bos ruminat,

Col. 6, 6, 1; Plin. 11, 37, 61, § 160; 9, 17, 29, § 62 al.; Vulg. Lev. 11, 26.—

Act.:

(bos) ruminat herbas,

Verg. E. 6, 54; cf.:

revocatas herbas,

Ov. Am. 3, 5, 17:

epastas herbas,

id. Hal. 119:

escas gutture,

Paul. Nol. Carm. 18, 340.—

Trop., to think over, to muse or ruminate upon (only anteand post-class.; but cf. ruminatio): nemo haec ruminetur mulieri, Liv. Andron. ap. Non. 166, 29: ruminabitur humanitatem, [p. 1605] Varr. ap. Non. 166, 27:

Odyssean Homeri ruminari incipis,

id. ib. 480, 24:

ruminaris antiquitates,

id. ib. 480, 23:

dum carmina tua ruminas,

Symm. Ep. 3, 13 fin.