1114

ὑφίστημι, [dialect] Ion. [full] ὑπίστημι Hdt.5.16, al.: [tense] fut.

A

ὑποστήσω E.El. 983

: [tense] aor. ὑπέστησα, [dialect] Dor.

ὑπέστᾱσα Pi.O.8.26

:—Causal, place or set under, ὑποστήσαντες [τῷ χαλκηΐῳ] τρεῖς κολοσσούς having set them under it, to support it, Hdt.4.152;

ὑ. προθύρῳ κίονας Pi.O.6.1

: metaph., χώραν ὑπέστᾱσε ξένοις κίονα ib.8.26: without dat., τρεῖς σταυροὺς ὑπίστησι plants three piles in the lake to support a house, Hdt.5.16;

ὑ. κλῶνας X.Cyn.10.7

;

ἐρείσματα Arist.HA 625a12

, etc.: metaph., γνώμας ὑποστήσας σοφάς having laid them as a foundation, having begun with them, S.Aj. 1091;

ὑ. δόλον E.

l.c.; v. infr. B.1.1.

2 post secretly or in ambush,

τοὺς δορυφόρους Hdt.5.92

.

ή; ταξάρχους X.HG4.1.26

.

3 bring to a halt, hold up, ὑποστήσαντες (sc. τοὺς στρατιώτας)

ἐν τῷ στενῷ οἱ στρατηγοί Id.An.4.1.14

(v.l. ὑποστάντες, v. infr. B. 111); ὑπέστησε τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ναῦν ἀντίπρῳρον τοῖς πολεμίοις stationed it, Plb. 1.50.6.

4 give substance to, cause to subsist, 'hypostatize', Plot.6.7.40, al.; treat as subsisting,

ὁ νοῦς κατὰ τὸ νοεῖν ὑφιστὰς τὸ ὄν Id.5.1.4

;

ὑφίστησι μὲν τὸ ὅλον, ὑφίσταται δὲ τὰ μέρη Dam.Pr. 271

, cf. Procl. Inst.28.

II [voice] Med. also in causal sense, mostly [tense] fut. and [tense] aor. 1, lay down, premise,

εἰ μή τι πιστὸν τῷδ' ὑποστήσει στόλῳ A.Supp. 461

;

ἀρχὰς ψευδεῖς ὑποστήσασθαι Plb.3.48.9

;

ἐπειδὰν ὑποθέσεις εὐπεριλήπτους.. ὑποστήσωνται Id.7.7.6

.

2 substitute one thing for another,

τὸν τρόπον τῇ τοῦ Πέρσου ἀλαζονείᾳ X.Ages.9.1

.

3 conceive, suppose, c. acc. et inf.,

τῷ -στησαμένῳ τοὺς θεοὺς.. εἶναι Phld.D.1.17

;

τοὺς θεοὺς ὑφίστανται τὸν κόσμον διοικεῖν D.S. 1.11

, cf. Heraclit.Incred.13; but the inf. is mostly omitted,

ἄφθαρτον ὑποστησάμενοι τὸν κόσμον D.S.1.6

, cf. 12, D.L.2.86:—[voice] Pass.,

τοὺς θεούς, ἂν φρονοῦντες -σταθῶσιν Phld.D.1.7

.

4 set before onself as a model, τινα Isoc.5.113.

B [voice] Pass., with [tense] aor. 2 and [tense] pf. [voice] Act. (Hom. uses only [tense] aor. 2):— stand under as a support,

ὑπεστᾶσι κολοσσοὶ.. τῇ αὐλῇ Hdt.2.153

;

τοὺς σταυροὺς τοὺς ὑπεστεῶτας τοῖσι ἰκρίοισι Id.5.16

;

τὸ ὑφεστὸς τῷ βάρει Arist.IA 708b31

; v. supr. A. 1.1.

2 sink, settle, τὸ ὑπιστάμενον the milk, opp. τὸ ἐπιστάμενον (the cream), Hdt.4.2; opp. τὸ ἐπιπολάζον, Arist.Cael. 311a17; of a sediment, deposit,

ἐν οὔρῳ ψαμμώδεα ὑφίσταται Hp.Aph.4.79

, cf. Arist.Mete. 357b3; opp. ἐπιπλεῖν, Thphr. HP3.15.4; of the sun, set, Emp.48(cj.).

II place oneself under an engagement, promise to do, folld. by [tense] fut. inf.,

ὅσσ' Ἀχιλῆϊ.. ὑπέστημεν δώσειν Il.19.195

, cf. Hdt.9.94;

θύσειν ὑπέστης παῖδα E.IA 360

(troch.), cf. Ar.V. 716(anap.), Pl.Lg. 751d; by [tense] aor.inf.,

ὑφεστακώς μοι ἦν ὁ Διόδωρος φιλάνθρωπον δοῦναι BGU1141.45

(i B. C.); by [tense] pres. inf.,

ὑπέστησαν ποιέειν ταῦτα Hdt.3.128

;

ὑ. τὴν τάξιν ἔχειν X.Cyr.6.3.35

: the inf. is sts. omitted, ὡς.. ὑπέστην καὶ κατένευσα (sc. ἔσεσθαι) Il.4.267: abs.,

ἢ ἔπος ἠέ τι ἔργον ὑποστὰς ἐξετέλεσσε

after promise given,

Od. 3.99

, cf. Il.21.457, Hdt.3.127, 9.34, Lys.19.19, X.An.4.1.26; ὤσπερ ὑπέστη as he promised, Th.4.39, 8.29: c. dat. pers., ὤς οἱ ὑπέστην as I promised him, Il.15.75: sts. with acc. of object (but an inf. may be supplied),

πάντα τελευτήσεις ὅσ' ὑπέστης.. Πριάμῳ 13.375

;

τρίποδας φέρον, οὕς οἱ ὑπέστη 19.243

, cf. 11.244;

ἐκτελέουσιν ὑπόσχεσιν ἥνπερ ὑπέσταν 2.286

, cf. Od.10.483; ἦ ῥ' ἅλιον τὸν μῦθον ὑπέστημεν.., ἀπονέεσθαι vain was the promise we made.., that he would return, Il.5.715.

2 submit, c. dat., τινι 9.160: with [tense] aor. inf., ὑ. θανεῖν, κατθανεῖν, E.HF 706, Ion 1415.

3 c. acc. rei, submit to, consent to, ὁ τὸ ἐλάχιστον ὑπιστάμενος who offers to take the least, Hdt. 1.196; ὑ. τὸν πλοῦν undertake it unwillingly, Th.4.28;

ὑ. τὸν κίνδυνον Id.2.61

, Lys.9.7, cf. Th.4.59, Isoc.3.28;

ἀγῶνας Th.3.57

, OGI763.9 (Milet., ii B. C.);

πόνον E.Supp. 189

;

βέλος Id.HF 1350

;

ἔρωτα Id.Tr. 415

;

ἀπεχθείας Plu.Them.3

;

πόλεμον Plb. 1.6.7

, Alciphr.3.45; πράγματα ib.61;

τὴν πρᾶξιν Plu.Pel.8

;

τὸν ἆθλον Luc.Rh.Pr.24

: also c. inf., consent, bring oneself to,

οὔ τίς με.. ὑπέστη σαῶσαι Il.21.273

;

πᾶν ἂν ὑποστὰς εἰπεῖν D.21.114

; ὑ. ἐξαπατᾶν τινα Id. 19.69: abs., submit patiently, Id.Prooem.5.1; ὑφίστασθαι συμβαίνει τὸν κερατοειδῆ the cornea yields (to pressure), Aët.7.36.

b undertake an office,

τὴν ἀρχήν X.An.6.1.19

,31;

γυμνασιαρχίαν IG5(1).535.12

([place name] Sparta), cf. OGI494.6 (Milet., ii A. D.); ὑφέστη (sic)

τὴν στρατηγίαν SIG876.6

(Smyrna, ii/iii A. D.), cf. Plu.Cam.37: also

ἐθελοντὴν ὑποστῆναι τριήραρχον Lys.29.7

;

χορηγὸς ὑπέστην D.21.69

; ἐμὲ τοῦ λόγου διάδοχον.. ὑποστάντα PlPhlb.19a; poet.,

ὑπέστης αἵματος δέκτωρ A.Eu. 204

: metaph., ψυχὴν Τέλητος ὑπέστης, i. e. you promised to be as brave as T., Hermipp.46 (anap.).

c make an offer in a public auction, ἔδοξεν.. μοι μηθὲν ὑποστῆναι I decided to make no bid, commit myself to nothing, PCair.Zen.371.9 (iii B.C.), cf. PMich.Zen. 60.10 (iii B. C.); δώδεκα ἀρταβῶν ὑπέστη he undertook (to supply the produce) of 12 artabae, ib. 36.5 (iii B.C.), cf. PCair.Zen.199.4 (iii B.C.), PEleph.21.16 (iii B.C.); ὑφίστατο.. τάξεσθαι ἑκάστου πήχεως [x] PTheb. Bank 1.2 (ii B. C.); οὐ δυνόμενος ( = -άμενος)

οὐκέτι ὑποστῆναι τὴν γεωργίαν Sammelb.7468.11

(iii A. D.).

d ὑπέστη πολλὰς ἀπορίας laid himself open to many doubts, Plot.3.6.12.

III lie concealed or in ambush, Hdt.8.91, E.Andr. 1114, v.l. in X.An.4.1.14; v. supr. A. 1.2,

ὑφίημι 1.3

, ὑφεῖσα.

IV resist, withstand, c. dat., A.Pers.87 (lyr.), X.An.3.2.11, HG7.5.12:

ξυμφοραῖς ταῖς μεγίσταις ὑ. Th.2.61

, cf. E.HF 1349: c. acc., Id.Cyc. 200, Rh. 375 (lyr.), Th.1.144, Plb.9.35.1: abs., stand one's ground, face the enemy, E.Ph. 1470, Th.4.54, 8.68, Plb.4.80.5; opp. φεύγω, X.Cyr.4.2.31, Plu.Demetr.25; ὑποστᾰθείς, opp. φεύγων, E.Rh. 315; of clouds, opp. προωθεῖσθαι, Arist.Pr. 940b36.

2 subsist, exist (cf.

ὑπόστασις B.

III),

κατ' ἰδίαν ὑφεστώς Arist.Fr. 188

;

ὑφέστηκε τό τε ὁρᾶν ἡμᾶς καὶ ἀκούειν ὥσπερ τὸ ἀλγεῖν Epicur.Fr.36

;

τὸ ὑφεστηκὸς τέλος Id.Sent.22

, cf. Diog.Oen.5, Arr.Epict.3.7.6;

ἐκ τοῦ μηκέτ' ὄντος μηδ' ὑφεστῶτος Plu.2.829c

, cf. Luc.Par.27; τὸ παρῳχημένον τοῦ χρόνου καὶ τὸ μέλλον οὐχ ὑπάρχειν ἀλλ' ὑφεστηκέναι φησί (sc. Χρύσιππος) Stoic.2.165; the Stoic distinction betw. τὸ ὄν and τὸ ὑφεστός is pettifogging acc. to Gal.10.155 (= Stoic.2.115);

τὰ ὑφεστῶτα

business in hand,

Plb.6.14.5

.

b ὑφεστηκότος παρὰ τῷ ταμίᾳ κατ' ἰδίαν λόγου the treasurer having a special bank-account, IG12(9).236.64 (Eretria, ii B.C.);

τὸ ἥμισσυ ἀναπεμπόντω ἐπὶ τὰν δαμοσίαν τράπεζαν ἐς τὸν ὑφεστᾱκότα τᾶς θεοῦ λόγον Arch.f.Religionswiss. 10.211

(Cos, ii B.C.); ὑποστησαμένους λόγον πόλεως τῶν.. χρημάτων ἐγγράφεσθαι τὸ διδόμενον they shall open a municipal account (entitled) 'the.. fund' and place this gift to its credit, SIG577.13 (Milet., iii/ii B.C.).

V ἡ κοιλία ὑφίσταται the bowels are costive, lit., are obstructed or stopped, Plu.2.134e.

VI arise within,

τῷ πλήθει τοιοῦτον ὑπέστη δέος Plb.11.30.2

codd. ( παρέστη is prob. cj.).

φιλέω impf. ἐφίλουν; fut. φιλήσω SSol 8:1; 1 aor. ἐφίλησα; pf. πεφίληκα (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 15, 4; Just., D. 27, 2 and 82, 4 [both φιλοῦντες—φ. is usual word in earlier Gk., but gradually loses ground to ἀγαπάω, esp. in the Koine—for ἀγαπῶντες Is 1:23]; Mel., P. 38, 266).

① to have a special interest in someone or someth., freq. with focus on close association, have affection for, like, consider someone a friend

ⓐ w. acc. of pers.: relatives (X., Mem. 2, 7, 9) Mt 10:37ab (on this pass. TArvedson, SEÅ 5, ’40, 74–82). Exceptional disciples IPol 2:1. Paul speaks of those who love him in (the) faith Tit 3:15 (on the greeting here s. UWilcken, APF 6, 1920, 379; Sb 7253, 18–20 [296 A.D.] ἀσπάζομαι τοὺς φιλοῦντας ἡμᾶς κατʼ ὄνομα). The world loves those who belong to it J 15:19. Jesus’ disciples love him J 16:27b; 21:15–17 (some think that here φ. seems to be = ἀγαπάω, q.v. 1aβ, w. the lit. there, pro and con, but a more intimate relationship may be implied; one can extend ‘love’ in general, but close friendship is limited; cp. Aristot., EN 8; Cass. Dio 44, 48; s. lit. φίλος 2b); so do all true Christians 1 Cor 16:22 (CSpicq, NovT 1, ’56, 200–204). Christ also loves certain persons Rv 3:19; Lazarus (JLeal, VD 21, ’41, 59–64) J 11:3, 36; the beloved disciple 20:2. God loves the Son 5:20 and his disciples 16:27a (φ. of the love of a deity, Simonides, Fgm. 4, 12 οὓς ἂν οἱ θεοὶ φιλέωσιν [i.e. τ. ἀγαθούς]; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 26; Biogr. p. 92; SibOr 3, 711). A directive to Christians: φιλεῖτε τοὺς μισοῦντας ὑμᾶς D 1, 3. θεὸς … φιλούμενος και παρακαλούμενος ἀκούει God heeds when called upon as a friend (Ox 849, 25–27; cp. AcPt [Aa I 73, 26]).—SRoads, A Study of φιλεῖν and ἀγαπᾶν in the NT: Review and Expositor 10, 1913, 531–33; CHogg, Note on ἀγαπ. and φιλέω: ET 38, 1927, 379f; BWarfield, The Terminology of Love in the NT: PTR 16, 1918, 1–45; 153–203; FNormann, diss. Münster, ’52; MPaeslack, Theologia Viatorum 5, ’53, 51–142; MLattke, Einheit im Wort ’75. S. the lit. s.v. ἀγάπη 1, end.

ⓑ w. acc. of thing (Hom. et al.; Wsd 8:2; ApcSed 11:4; AscIs 3:25; Just., Mel.) τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ J 12:25 (Tyrtaeus 7, 18 Diehl³ warns about φιλοψυχεῖν). Place of honor Mt 23:6.—Lk 20:46; Rv 22:15 (cp. Pr 29:3).

ⓒ W. inf. foll. like or love to do someth., hence do someth. often or customarily (Pind., N. 1, 12 [15]; Aeschyl., Sept. 619, Ag. 763; Soph., Aj. 989; Eur., Iph. T. 1198; Ps.-Eur., Rhes. 394; Hdt. 7, 10, 5; X., Hipparch. 7, 9; Pla., 7th Letter, 337b; Appian, Liby. 94 §442; Arrian, Anab. 3, 11, 2; Aelian, VH 14, 37; PGiss 84, 13; Is 56:10; Philo, Op. M. 103; Jos., Ant. 18, 60) φιλοῦσιν προσεύχεσθαι Mt 6:5. φιλοῦσιν καλεῖσθαι ῥαββί they like to be called ‘Rabbi’ 23:6f.

② to kiss as a special indication of affection, kiss (Aeschyl., Ag. 1540; Hdt. 1, 134; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 27; Pla., Phdr. 256a; Aristot., Prob. 30, 1, 8; Plut., Mor. 139d, Alex. 667 [6, 8]; Lucian, Ver. Hist. 1, 8; PSI 26, 13; Gen 27:26f; 29:11 al.; TestBenj 1:2; JosAs 8:3ff) τινά someone Mt 26:48; Mk 14:44; Lk 22:47; GJs 7:2.—B. 1110; 1114.—RJoly, Le vocabulaire chrétien de l’amour est-il original? φιλεῖν et ἀγαπᾶν dans le grec antique ’68. Schmidt, Syn. III 474–91. DELG s.v. φίλος. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

φίλημα, ατος, τό (Aeschyl.+; Pr 27:6; SSol 1:2; Philo, Div. Rer. Her. 40; Jos., Bell. 7, 391; Just., A I, 65, 2; Ath. 32, 3) a kiss (φιλέω 2) Lk 22:48 (a basic betrayal of canons of friendship, cp. Aristot. EN 8; JDöller, Der Judaskuss: Korrespondenzblatt f. d. kath. Klerus Österreichs 1918; 127–29). φίλημά τινι διδόναι give someone a kiss (Nicophon Com. [V/IV B.C.] 8) Lk 7:45. The kiss w. which Christians give expression to their intimate fellowship (Ath. 32, 3 τὸ φ., μάλλον δὲ τὸ προσκύνημα ‘the kiss, or rather the formal greeting’; here the qualification τὸ π. aims at thwarting charges of indecency) is called φίλημα ἅγιον: ἀσπάσασθε ἀλλήλους ἐν φιλήματι ἁγίῳ greet one another w. a kiss of esteem Ro 16:16; 1 Cor 16:20; 2 Cor 13:12; cp. 1 Th 5:26. Also ἀσπάσασθε ἀλλήλους ἐν φιλήματι ἀγάπης greet one another w. an affectionate kiss 1 Pt 5:14 (Just., A I, 65, 2 [without ἐν]).—HAchelis, Das Christentum in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten I 1912, 292f; Windisch on 2 Cor 13:12; RSeeberg, Aus Rel. u. Gesch. I 1906, 118–22; AWünsche, Der Kuss in Bibel, Talmud u. Midrasch 1911; K-MHofmann, Philema Hagion ’38; WLowrie, The Kiss of Peace, Theology Today 12, ’55, 236–42; KThraede, JAC 11f, ’68/69, 124–80; JEllington, Kissing in the Bible, Form and Meaning: BT 41, ’90, 409–16; WKlassen, NTS 39, ’93, 122–35.—B. 1114. DELG s.v. φίλος. M-M. TW.

χειροτονία, ας, ἡ (Thu. et al.; ins, pap, Philo; Jos., Bell. 4, 147, Ant. 3, 192 of choosing and electing; s. χειροτονέω) lit. ‘stretch out the hand’; in our lit. only once and in the sense the lifting up of the hand as a hostile or scornful gesture, scornful gesture ἐὰν ἀφέλῃς ἀπὸ σοῦ χειροτονίαν if you stop raising your hand B 3:5 (Is 58:9).—DELG s.v. χείρ. M-M s.v. χειροτονέω. DNP II 1114. Sv.

ἁρπάζω fut. ἁρπάσω J 10:28; 1 aor. ἥρπασα; pf. 3 sg. ἥρπακεν Hos 6:1. Mid.: fut. ἁρπῶμαι LXX. Pass.: 2 fut. ἁρπαγήσομαι 1 Th 4:17; 1 aor. ἡρπάσθην Rv 12:5 (cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 69); 2 aor. ἡρπάγην 2 Cor 12:2, 4; Wsd 4:11 (Jos., Ant. 6, 14; 12, 144; B-D-F §71, 2) (s. ἁρπαγή; Hom.+) ‘snatch, seize’, i.e. take suddenly and vehemently, or take away in the sense of

① to make off w. someone’s property by attacking or seizing, steal, carry off, drag away (so mostly LXX; En 102:9) τὶ someth. of wild animals (Gen 37:33; Ps 7:3; JosAs 12:10) J 10:12 (X., Mem. 2, 7, 14); 1 Cl 35:11 (Ps 49:22). Of thieving people (SIG 1168, 111 [IV B.C.]; TestJob 18:1; Jos., Ant. 20, 214) τὰ σκεύη his property Mt 12:29. τὰ ἀλλότρια other people’s property B 10:4.

② to grab or seize suddenly so as to remove or gain control, snatch/take away

ⓐ forcefully τινά someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 113 §474; Polyaenus 8, 34; Ps.-Apollod. 1, 5, 1, 1 of Persephone; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 24, 3; Judg 21:21; TestJob 39:1) ἁ. αὐτόν take him away J 6:15 (cp. Jos., Bell. 4, 259, Ant. 19, 162; Philogonius, who ἐκ μέσης τ. ἀγορᾶς ἁρπασθείς was made a bishop [Chrysost. I p. 495d Montf.]; AcThom 165 [Aa II/2, 278, 5]); Ac 23:25 v.l. Of an arrest ἁ. τινὰ ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν take someone away fr. among them Ac 23:10. Of seed already sown tear out Mt 13:19. ἁ. ἐκ τ. χειρός snatch fr. the hand (cp. 2 Km 23:21) J 10:28f; Hv 2, 1, 4. Of rescue from threatening danger (JosAs 12:8): ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἁ. snatch fr. the fire Jd 23.

ⓑ in such a way that no resistance is offered (Herodian 1, 11, 5; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 291 [Aphrodite ‘snatches away’ Aeneas, who is in danger]; Wsd 4:11; ApcEsdr 5:7; ApcMos 37 εἰς τὴν Ἀχερουσίαν λίμνην; cp. ViEzk 15 [p. 75, 14 Sch.]; cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 113), esp. of the πνεῦμα κυρίου, which carries someone away Ac 8:39 (v.l. has ἄγγελος κυρίου.—On the word πνεῦμα, which can signify either ‘spirit’ or ‘wind’, cp. Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1114, where ἀναρπάζειν is used of winds which transport a person from one place to another far away). Pass. ἁρπαγῆναι ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ be caught up to the third heaven 2 Cor 12:2 (Hesych. Miles. [VI A.D.], Vir. Ill. c. 66 JFlach [1880]: Tribonian, a polytheist, says of Emperor Justinian ὅτι οὐκ ἀποθανεῖται, ἀλλὰ μετὰ σαρκὸς εἰς οὐρανοὺς ἁρπαγήσεται); ἁ. εἰς τ. παράδεισον vs. 4; ἁ. ἐν νεφέλαις εἰς ἀέρα 1 Th 4:17; ἁ. πρὸς τ. θεόν Rv 12:5.—The mng. of ἁ. τὴν βασιλείαν τ. οὐρανῶν Mt 11:12 is difficult to determine; ἁ. beside βιάζειν (as Plut., Mor. 203c et al.; s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT, ’46, 38; 117f; s. βιάζω 1a) prob. means someth. like seize or claim for oneself (cp. X., An. 6, 5, 18; 6, 6, 6; Epict. 4, 7, 22; Plut., Mor. 81c; Iren. 1, 16, 2 [Harv. I 161, 9]; s. WKnox, HTR 41, ’48, 237). Another possibility is plunder (Libanius, Or. 1 p. 147, 4 F. κώμας ἁ.; Polyaenus 8, 11 τ. πόλεως ἁρπαγή=plundering of the city).—Finally ἁ. τι grasp something quickly, eagerly, with desire (Musonius in Stob. 3, 7, 23 [III 315, 4 H.] ἅρπαζε τὸ καλῶς ἀποθνῄσκειν; Aelian, NA 2, 50; Libanius, Declam. 4, 81 vol. V 281, 16 F. ἁ. τὴν δωρεάν).—B. 744. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἐπουράνιος, ον (s. οὐρανός; Hom. et al.; Kaibel 261, 10; LXX; pseudepigr.; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 168; Tat., Ath.; Mel.. P. 39, 272) gener. ‘heavenly’

① pert. to being in the sky or heavens as an astronomical phenomenon, celestial, heavenly σώματα ἐ. (opp. ἐπίγεια) celestial bodies 1 Cor 15:40 (acc. to vs. 41 the sun, moon, and stars are thought of, and are represented fig., as living beings clothed in light; s. Wendland, Kultur 158).

② pert. to being associated with a locale for transcendent things and beings, heavenly, in heaven

ⓐ as adj.

α. of God (Od. 17, 484; Il. 6, 131; Sb 4166 Ζεὺς ἐπουράνιος [s. also IK IX–X/2: Nikaia II/1, 1114 and 1115]; Herm. Wr. 434, 9 Sc.; 3 Macc 6:28; 7:6; TestAbr, A 2 p. 78, 23 [Stone p. 4]; GrBar 11:9; SibOr 4, 51; 135; Theosophien 56, 39 p. 182 Erbse [=p. 148, 48 Holladay]) πατὴρ ἐ. Mt 18:35 v.l.; δεσπότης ἐ. 1 Cl 61:2.

β. of Christ ἐ. (ἄνθρωπος) 1 Cor 15:48f; ἐ. ἀρχιερεὺς Ἰ. Χ. MPol 14:3.

γ. οἱ ἐ. (ἄνθρωποι) 1 Cor 15:48. Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐ. Hb 12:22 (TestSol C prol. 2 Σιών; for the idea s. πόλις 2); βασιλεία ἐ. 2 Ti 4:18; Epil Mosq 5 (Ath. 18, 1); MPol 20:2 v.l.; (πατρὶς) ἐ. Hb 11:16.—ζωὴ ἐ. 2 Cl 20:5 (cp. Ath. 31, 3 βίον). κλῆσις ἐ. Hb 3:1. δωρεὰ ἐ. 6:4.

ⓑ as subst., of things or entities

α. neut. pl. τὰ ἐπουράνια (of things in heaven: Pla., Ap. 19b; Sext. Emp., Astrol. 44; ApcSed 7:2).

א. as periphrasis for heaven καθίσας ἐν τοῖς ἐ. sitting in heav- en Eph 1:20; cp. 2:6. ἐξουσίαι ἐν τοῖς ἐ. the powers in heaven of angelic beings 3:10. Since there is more than one heaven (cp. 2 Cor 12:2), τὰ ἐ. can be the dwelling place of evil spirits 6:12. Even 1:3 ὁ εὐλογήσας ἐν τοῖς ἐ. is, acc. to the usage of Eph, to be understood locally in heaven (s. RPope, ET 23, 1912, 365–68).—ALincoln, NTS 19, ’73, 467–83.

ב. the heavenly things (Philo, Gig. 62; TestJob 36:3; 38:5) J 3:12 (ἐπίγειος 2a).—Hb 8:5; 9:23; heavenly goods αἰτεῖν τὰ ἐ. Agr 10; τὰ ἐ. γράψαι write about heavenly things ITr 5:1. νοεῖν τὰ ἐ. understand the heavenly things 5:2. τὰ πάντα divided into ἐ. and ἐπίγεια Pol 2:1; heavenly entities ISm 6:1 (cp. TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 15 [Stone p. 10] τὰ ἐ. πνεύματα).

β. masc. pl. οἱ ἐπουράνιοι (as a designation of the gods Theocr. 25, 5; Moschus 2, 21; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 4, 3; TestSol 6:10 [hostile spirits]) heavenly beings Phil 2:10 (s. on ἐπίγειος 1bβ); ITr 9:1.—IEph 13:2.—DELG s.v. οὐρανός. New Docs 4, 149. EDNT. M-M. TW.

ἔξω adv. of place (s. ἔξωθεν; Hom.+).

① pert. to a position beyond an enclosure or boundary, outside

ⓐ funct. adverbially

α. w. a verb not signifying motion δεδεμένον πρὸς θύραν ἔ. tied at the door outside Mk 11:4. ἔ. εἶναι (X., An. 2, 6, 3; 7, 2, 29) ἔ. ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις ἦν 1:45; ἑστάναι ἔ. stand outside (Gen 24:31; Dt 24:11; Sir 21:23) Mt 12:46f; Mk 3:31 (cp. vs. 32); Lk 8:20; 13:25; GEb 121, 33; w. πρός and dat. πρὸς τ. θύρᾳ ἔ. J 18:16; πρὸς τ. μνημείῳ ἔ. 20:11; καθῆσθαι ἔ. Mt 26:69; προσεύχεσθαι ἔ. pray outside Lk 1:10; ἔ. ἔχειν τι have someth. free of uncovered shoulders Hs 9, 2, 4; 9, 9, 5; 9, 13, 8. The verb is to be supplied in pass. like Rv 22:15.

β. as a substitute for an adj. outer, outside (Pla., Phdr. 248a ὁ ἔξω τόπος. The same expr. BGU 1114, 5 [4 B.C.]; cp. POxy 903, 20 τὰς ἔξω θύρας). αἱ ἔ. πόλεις the foreign (lit. ‘outside’, i.e. non-Jewish) cities Ac 26:11; Hv 2, 4, 3. ὁ ἔ. ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος our outer being (i.e. the body, as Zosimus 13: Hermet. IV p. 107, 16) 2 Cor 4:16 (s. ἄνθρωπος 5a); differently οἱ ἔ. ἄνθρωποι 2 Cl 13:1 (s. 3 below). τὸ ἔ. (opp. τὸ ἔσω) the outside (Thu. 7, 69, 4) 2 Cl 12:2, cp. vs. 4 (apocryphal saying of Jesus).

ⓑ funct. as prep. w. gen. in answer to the question ‘where?’ outside (Thu. 8, 67, 2 al.; Num 35:5, 27; Jdth 10:18; 13:3; TestJob 28:8 ἔ. τῆς πόλεως; Jos., Ant. 13, 91; 101; Tat. 2, 1 ἀλαζονείας ἔ.) Lk 13:33. ἔ. τῆς παρεμβολῆς outside the camp Hb 13:11; 1 Cl 4:11 (cp. Ex 29:14 al.); Ac 28:16 v.l.; ἔ. τ. πύλης Hb 13:12 (Jos., Bell. 4, 360 ἔ. τῶν πυλῶν); ἔ. τῆς θύρας Hv 3, 9, 6; ἔ. τῆς οἰκίας 1 Cl 12:6 (cp. Josh 2:19).

② pert. to a position outside an area or limits, as result of an action, out (Hom. et al.)

ⓐ ἐξέρχεσθαι ἔ. go out(side) (Jos 2:19; cp. Ps 40:7) Mt 26:75; Lk 22:62; J 19:4, 5; Rv 3:12; ἐξῆλθεν ἔ. εἰς τὸ προαύλιον Mk 14:68. ἐξῆλθεν ἔ. πρὸς αὐτούς (cp. Gen 24:29; Judg 19:25) J 18:29. ἔ. ποιεῖν τινα take someone out Ac 5:34. ἄγειν J 19:4, 13. ἐξάγειν (Gen 15:5; Judg 19:25) Mk 8:23 v.l.; Lk 24:50; προάγειν Ac 16:30. βάλλειν (M. Ant. 12, 25 βάλε ἔξω) Mt 5:13; 13:48; Lk 14:35; J 12:31 v.l.; 15:6; 1J 4:18. ἐκβάλλειν (2 Ch 29:16) Lk 13:28; J 6:37; 9:34f; 12:31; Ac 9:40; Rv 11:2 v.l. δεῦρο ἔ. come out! J 11:43 (δεῦρο 1).

ⓑ funct. as prep. w. gen in answer to the question ‘whither?’ out (fr. within), out of (Hom. et al.) ἀπελθεῖν ἔ. τ. συνεδρίου Ac 4:15. Likew. after ἐξέρχεσθαι (Polyaenus 3, 7, 3; cp. Jos., Ant. 8, 399) Mt 10:14; 21:17; Ac 16:13; Hb 13:13 (ἐξέρχ. ἔ. τ. παρεμβολῆς as Num 31:13); ἐκπορεύεσθαι Mk 11:19; ἀποστέλλειν τινά 5:10; ἐκφέρειν τινά (Lev 4:12) 8:23; βάλλειν τινά 2 Cl 7:4; ἐκβάλλειν τινά (Lev 14:40) Mt 21:39; Mk 12:8; Lk 4:29; 20:15; w. acc. to be supplied, Ac 7:58; ἀπορρίπτειν τινά Hv 3, 5, 5; σύρειν τινά Ac 14:19; ἕλκειν τινά 21:30; προπέμπειν τινά 21:5 (on ἕως ἔ. cp. 1 Km 9:26).

③ pert. to noninclusion in a group, on the outside, as subst. w. art. outsider οἱ ἔξω those who are outside (2 Macc 1:16; Petosiris, Fgm. 6 l. 206=the foreigners; fig. Thu. 5, 14, 3) of those who did not belong to the circle of the disciples Mk 4:11. Of non-Christians gener. (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 35, 252 of non-Pythagoreans; Simplicius in Epict. p. 132, 6 those who are not ascetics) 1 Cor 5:12f; Col 4:5; 1 Th 4:12. οἱ ἔ. ἄνθρωποι those on the outside (as Lucian, De Merc. Cond. 21) 2 Cl 13:1.—DELG s.v. ἐξ. M-M. TW.

ὥρα, ας, ἡ (Hom. [ὥρη]+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 18:10; TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr, JosAs, ParJer, GrBar; ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.; ApcSed, ApcMos, EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 15:10; Just.; Tat. 20, 2).

① an undefined period of time in a day, time of day ὀψὲ ἤδη οὔσης τῆς ὥρας since it was already late in the day or since the hour was (already) late Mk 11:11 v.l.; cp. MPol 7:1b (s. ὀψέ 1 and 2; Demosth. 21, 84; Polyb. 3, 83, 7 ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας). ὀψίας οὔσης τῆς ὥρας Mk 11:11 (ὄψιος 1). ὥρα πολλή late hour (Polyb. 5, 8, 3; Dionys. Hal. 2, 54; TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 24 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 8, 118) 6:35ab. ἡ ὥρα ἤδη παρῆλθεν Mt 14:15 (παρέρχομαι 2).—Mt 24:42 v.l., 44; Lk 12:39, 40; Rv 3:3; D 16:1. W. ἡμέρα day and time of day, hour (ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.) Mt 24:36, 50; 25:13; Mk 13:32; Lk 12:46.

② a period of time as division of a day, hour

ⓐ beside year, month, and day Rv 9:15; the twelfth part of a day (=period of daylight) οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας; J 11:9 (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 24 [Stone p. 70]). μίαν ὥραν ἐποίησαν Mt 20:12 (s. ποιέω 6); cp. Lk 22:59; Ac 5:7; 19:34 (ἐπὶ ὥρας δύο CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, 167f; TestBenj 3:7, Judah 3, 4); MPol 7:3. συνεψήφισα τὰς ὥρας I counted the hours Hv 3, 1, 4. One ὥρα in this world corresponds to a ὥρα thirty days in length in the place of punishment Hs 6, 4, 4. μίαν ὥραν (not even) one hour Mt 26:40; Mk 14:37. Such passages help us to understand how ὥρα can acquire the sense

ⓑ a short period of time μιᾷ ὥρᾳ (cp. TestJob 7:12; ApcMos 25 [both ἐν]) in a single hour=in an extraordinarily short time Rv 18:10, 17, 19. μίαν ὥραν for a very short time 17:12. Likew. πρὸς ὥραν for a while, for a moment J 5:35; 2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5 (s. on this pass. KLake, Gal 2:3–5: Exp. 7th ser., 1, 1906, 236–45; CWatkins, Der Kampf des Pls um Galatien 1913; BBacon, JBL 42, 1923, 69–80); Phlm 15; MPol 11:2. πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας 1 Th 2:17.

ⓒ as a temporal indicator, reckoned from the beginning of the day (6 hours or 6 A.M., our time) or the night (18 hours or 6 P.M.) (Plut. et al.; Appian, Mithrid. 19 §72 ἑβδόμης ὥρας=at the 7th hour or 1 P.M.; SIG 671A, 9 [162/160 B.C.] ὥρας δευτέρας; 736, 109 [92 B.C.] ἀπὸ τετάρτας ὥρας ἕως ἑβδόμας; Jos., Vi. 279 ἕκτη ὥ.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 1 II, 21 [246 B.C.] περὶ ὀγδόην ὥραν; PTebt 15, 2 [II B.C.]; Sb 5252, 20 [I A.D.] ἀφʼ ὥρας ὀγδόης; EpArist 303 μέχρι μὲν ὥρας ἐνάτης) ἕως ὥρας δευτέρας until the second hour (=8 A.M.) Hs 9, 11, 7. ὥρα τρίτη nine o’clock (A.M.) Mk 15:25 (Goodsp., Probs. 68f); Ac 2:15 (τῆς ἡμέρας); περὶ τρίτην ὥραν about nine o’clock (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 45 §182 περὶ τρίτην ὥραν ἡμέρας) Mt 20:3; ἀπὸ τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νύκτος by nine o’clock at night (= 21 hours, or simply tonight) Ac 23:23 (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 11 [Stone p. 12] περὶ ὥραν τρίτην τῆς νυκτός; cp. ibid. B 6 p. 109, 27 [St. p. 66]; Jos., Bell. 6, 68; 79 ἀπὸ ἐνάτης ὥ. τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς ἑβδόμην τῆς ἡμέρας). ἀπὸ ὥρας ε´ (=πέμπτης) ἕως δεκάτης from eleven o’clock in the morning until four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) Ac 19:9 v.l. περὶ ὥραν πέμπτην (PTebt 15, 2 [114 B.C.]; POxy 1114, 24 περὶ ὥ. τρίτην) at eleven o’clock (A.M.) Hv 3, 1, 2. ὥρα ἕκτη twelve o’clock noon Mt 20:5; 27:45a; Mk 15:33a; Lk 23:44a; J 4:6 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη about noon; TestJos 8:1 ὥρα ὡσεὶ ἕκτη; ParJer 1:11 ἕκτην ὥραν τῆς νυκτός); 19:14 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη); Ac 10:9. ἐχθὲς ὥραν ἑβδόμην yesterday at one o’clock in the afternoon (= 13 hours) J 4:52b (on the use of the acc. to express a point of time s. Hdb. ad loc.; Soph., Lex. I 44; B-D-F §161, 3; Rob. 470). ὥρᾳ ὀγδόῃ at two o’clock in the afternoon (= 14 hours) MPol 21. ὥρα ἐνάτη three in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Mt 20:5; 27:45f; Mk 15:33b, 34; Lk 23:44b; Ac 3:1 (ἐπὶ τὴν ὥραν τῆς προσευχῆς τὴν ἐνάτην); 10:3 (ὡσεὶ περὶ ὥ. ἐνάτην τῆς ἡμέρας); ὥρας θ´ AcPl Ha 11, 3; περὶ ὥραν ἐνάτην GJs 2:4; GPt 6:22 (TestAbr B 12 p. 117, 2 [Stone p. 82] κατὰ τὴν ἐνάτην ὥραν). ὥρα ὡς δεκάτη about four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) J 1:39. ἑνδεκάτη ὥρα five o’clock in the afternoon (= 17 hours) Mt 20:(6, without ὥρα), 9. ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας μέχρι ταύτης τῆς ὥρας ἤμην τὴν ἐνάτην προσευχόμενος four days ago, reckoned from (=at) this very hour, I was praying at three o’clock in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Ac 10:30 (echoing vs. 3, but inelegantly phrased; s. comm. on the textual problems). ἐπύθετο τὴν ὥραν ἐν ᾗ … he inquired at what time … J 4:52a; cp. vs. 53 (cp. Ael. Arist. 50, 56 K.=26 p. 519 D.: … τὴν ὥραν αἰσθάνομαι … ἐκείνην, ἐν ᾗ … ; 47, 56 K.=23 p. 459 D.: ἀφυπνιζόμην κ. εὗρον ἐκείνην τὴν ὥραν οὖσαν, ᾗπερ …). ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ὥρᾳ ἐμαρτύρησεν ὁ Πολύκαρπος the very day and hour that … EpilMosq 4.—Less definite are the indications of time in such expressions as ἄχρι τῆς ἄρτι ὥρας up to the present moment 1 Cor 4:11. πᾶσαν ὥραν hour after hour, every hour, constantly (Ex 18:22; Lev 16:2; JosAs 15:7; Ar. [Milne 76, 34]; cp. TestJob 10:1 πάσας ὥρας) 15:30. Also καθʼ ὥραν (Strabo 15, 1, 55; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 69) 2 Cl 12:1. αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ at that very time, at once, instantly (oft. pap, e.g. POxy 235, 7 [I A.D.]; Da 3:6, 15; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 27 [Stone p. 80]; GrBar 14:1; 15:1; ApcMos 20) Lk 2:38; 24:33; Ac 16:18; 22:13.

③ a point of time as an occasion for an event, time (BGU 1816, 12 [I B.C.] πρὸ ὥρας=before the right time) ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ Mt 8:13; 10:19; 18:1 (v.l. ἡμέρᾳ); 26:55; Mk 13:11; Lk 7:21; Ac 16:33; Rv 11:13; MPol 7:2a; GJs 20:2 (only pap). Likew. ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ Lk 10:21; 12:12; 13:31; 20:19 (on both expressions s. JJeremias, ZNW 42, ’49, 214–17). ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης from that time on, at once Mt 9:22; 15:28; 17:18; J 19:27. ὥρα ἐν ᾗ J 5:28. ὥρα ὅτε 4:21, 23; 5:25; 16:25 (cp. ApcMos 17 περὶ ὥραν ὅταν). ὥρα ἵνα 16:2, 32. W. gen. of thing, the time for which has come (Diod S 13, 94, 1; Ael. Aristid. 51, 1 K.=27 p. 534 D.; PGM 1, 221 ἀνάγκης; JosAs 3:3 μεσημβρίας … καὶ ἀρίστου; ApcMos 42 [of Eve’s request] ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τῆς τελευτῆς αὐτῆς; Jos., Ant. 7, 326 ὥ. ἀρίστου; SibOr 4, 56) ἡ ὥρα τοῦ θυμιάματος Lk 1:10; τοῦ δείπνου 14:17, cp. MPol 7:1a; τοῦ πειρασμοῦ Rv 3:10; τῆς κρίσεως 14:7; τῆς δοξολογίας αὐτοῦ GJs 13:1; τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ 24:1; ἡ ὥρα αὐτῶν the time for them J 16:4; w. the gen. (of the Passover) to be supplied Lk 22:14. Also w. inf. (Hom. et al.; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20, 1; Aelian, VH 1, 21) ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι the time to reap Rv 14:15 (cp. Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 31 Jac. θερινὴ ὥ.; Paus. 2, 35, 4 ὥ. θέρους). Also acc. w. inf. (Gen 29:7) ὥρα (ἐστιν) ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι Ro 13:11.—W. gen. of pers. the time of or for someone to do or to suffer someth. (cp. Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 168 σὸς νῦν ὁ καιρός ἐστιν, ἐπέγειρε σαυτόν) of a woman who is to give birth (cp. GrBar 3:5 ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν) ἡ ὥρα αὐτῆς J 16:21 (v.l. ἡμέρα, s. ἡμέρα 3, beg.).—Lk 22:53. Esp. of Jesus, of whose ὥρα J speaks, as the time of his death (Diod S 15, 87, 6: the dying Epaminondas says ὥρα ἐστὶ τελευτᾶν. Cp. MPol 8:1 τοῦ ἐξιέναι) and of the glorification which is inextricably bound up w. it ἡ ὥρα αὐτοῦ J 7:30; 8:20; 13:1 (foll. by ἵνα); cp. ἡ ὥρα μου 2:4 (s. Hdb. ad loc.). ἡ ὥρα ἵνα δοξασθῇ 12:23. ἡ ὥρα αὕτη 12:27ab. Also abs. ἐλήλυθεν ἡ ὥρα 17:1 (AGeorge, ‘L’heure’ de J 17, RB 61, ’54, 392–97); cp. Mt 26:45; Mk 14:35, 41.—ἐσχάτη ὥρα the last hour in the present age of the world’s existence 1J 2:18ab.—CCowling, Mark’s Use of ὥρα, Australian Biblical Review 5, ’56, 153–60. EBickermann, Chronology of the Ancient World ² ’80, 13–16.—B. 954 and esp. 1001. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.