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área+central

  • 41 рыхлость центральной зоны

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > рыхлость центральной зоны

  • 42 centre back

    ■ A defender whose main task is to stop opposing players, particularly the strikers, from scoring, and to bring the ball out from his penalty area.
    ■ Abwehrspieler, dessen Hauptaufgabe es ist, die linke oder rechte Mitte vor dem eigenen Tor zu schützen und die gegnerischen Angriffe abzuwehren.

    Englisch-deutsch wörterbuch fußball > centre back

  • 43 центр великого міста

    Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > центр великого міста

  • 44 внутренний двор

    area, ( дворца) cortile, central court, courtyard

    Русско-английский словарь по строительству и новым строительным технологиям > внутренний двор

  • 45 باحة الكلام المركزية

    central speech area

    Arabic-English Medical Dictionary > باحة الكلام المركزية

  • 46 центрально-черноземный район

    Русско-английский сельскохозяйственный словарь > центрально-черноземный район

  • 47 центральная прачечная

    Русско-английский медицинский словарь > центральная прачечная

  • 48 пульт центрального поста управления

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > пульт центрального поста управления

  • 49 tema

    m.
    1 subject (asunto).
    cambiar de tema to change the subject
    temas de actualidad current affairs
    tema de conversación talking point, topic of conversation
    3 theme (Music).
    4 obsession, mania.
    5 musical track, track.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: temer.
    * * *
    1 (de discurso, escrito, etc) topic, subject, theme
    2 (de examen) subject
    3 MÚSICA theme
    4 GRAMÁTICA root, stem, theme
    \
    atenerse al tema to keep/stick to the point
    cada loco con su tema familiar everyone has his hobbyhorse
    salir(se) del tema to go off at a tangent, get sidetracked
    tema de actualidad current news item, current topic of interest
    * * *
    noun m.
    theme, topic
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=asunto) subject

    el tema de su discurso — the subject o theme of his speech

    • pasar del tema *, -¿qué piensas de las elecciones? -paso del tema — "what do you think about the elections?" - "I couldn't care less about them" *

    2) (Ling) [de palabra] stem; [de oración] theme
    3) (Mús) theme
    * * *
    1)
    a) (asunto, cuestión) matter; (de conferencia, composición) topic; ( de examen) subject; (Art, Cin, Lit) subject
    b) (Mús) ( motivo) theme
    2) (Ling) stem
    * * *
    = subject, theme, topic, locus [loci, -pl.], rubric, item of business, thread, question, topic area, issue.
    Ex. What is a subject?.
    Ex. Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work, and document with a central theme.
    Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. And, as another instance, it's not fair to employ rubrics for ethnic groups that are not their own, preferred names.
    Ex. The Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association included various items of business such as: the ALA stand on UNESCO; a new dues schedule; grants; role of school librarians in ALA; new cataloguing tools; and standards.
    Ex. The thread linking these giants is the acknowledgement that libraries exist to serve their users.
    Ex. The question is not how much time we have, but what we do with it and how we utilize it.
    Ex. This is the second revision of the topic areas in as many years.
    Ex. These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    ----
    * analizar un tema = explore + theme.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los temas de las bibliotecas escolare = school librarianship.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * clasificado por temas = classified.
    * de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.
    * debate por tema de interés = breakout discussion.
    * desviarse del tema = go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off + the track, get off + the track.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * desviarse del tema principal = sidetrack.
    * desviarse de un tema temporalmente = go off on + side excursions.
    * divagar sobre varios temas = roam over + topics.
    * editor de temas educativos = educational publisher.
    * el tema de la discusión = the focus of the discussion.
    * el tema del debate = the focus of the discussion.
    * entendido en el tema = knowledgeable.
    * establecer el tema = set + the theme.
    * estar con el tema = be on the topic.
    * estar hablando del tema = be on the topic.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * evitar temas delicados = eschew + issues.
    * evitar un tema = skirt + issue, tiptoe around + issue.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqu = topicality.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * interesarse por el tema = enter + the field.
    * mencionar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, touch on + a point.
    * número de tema = thematic index number.
    * organizado alrededor de un tema = theme-based.
    * por temas = topically.
    * profundizar sobre un tema = go into + detail.
    * que no tiene que ver con el tema debatido = off-topic.
    * reunión por temas de interés = breakout session.
    * sacar a colación un tema = bring up + topic, bring up + subject.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sesión por tema de interés = breakout session.
    * tema candente = hot topic, hot issue, burning issue, burning question, hot potato.
    * tema central = motif.
    * tema clave = key area.
    * tema común = common thread.
    * tema controvertido = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema de actualidad = topical theme, current issue, hot topic.
    * tema de aprovechamiento político = political football.
    * tema de búsqueda = search topic.
    * tema de conversación = talking point.
    * tema de debate = thesis, talking point, subject of debate, discussion topic.
    * tema de discusión = discussion topic.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * tema de importancia secundaria = footnote.
    * tema de interés = area of concern, area of enquiry [area of inquiry], area of interest, focus area, issue of concern, topic of interest.
    * tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.
    * tema delicado = sore subject, sore spot, sore point, sensitive issue, hot potato.
    * tema de preocupación = issue of concern.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tema espinoso = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema favorito = hobby-horse.
    * tema muerto = dead issue.
    * tema polémico = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema principal = dominant theme, main focus, leitmotif.
    * temas africanos = Africana.
    * temas de actualidad = current affairs.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * temas de interés particular = particular concerns.
    * tema sensible = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema tratado = aboutness.
    * tocar un tema = touch on + a point.
    * tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.
    * tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.
    * tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (asunto, cuestión) matter; (de conferencia, composición) topic; ( de examen) subject; (Art, Cin, Lit) subject
    b) (Mús) ( motivo) theme
    2) (Ling) stem
    * * *
    = subject, theme, topic, locus [loci, -pl.], rubric, item of business, thread, question, topic area, issue.

    Ex: What is a subject?.

    Ex: Informative abstracts are appropriate for texts describing experimental work, and document with a central theme.
    Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: And, as another instance, it's not fair to employ rubrics for ethnic groups that are not their own, preferred names.
    Ex: The Midwinter Meeting of the American Library Association included various items of business such as: the ALA stand on UNESCO; a new dues schedule; grants; role of school librarians in ALA; new cataloguing tools; and standards.
    Ex: The thread linking these giants is the acknowledgement that libraries exist to serve their users.
    Ex: The question is not how much time we have, but what we do with it and how we utilize it.
    Ex: This is the second revision of the topic areas in as many years.
    Ex: These issues are reviewed more thoroughly in chapter 10.
    * analizar un tema = explore + theme.
    * biblioteca especializada en temas polares = polar library.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los temas de las bibliotecas escolare = school librarianship.
    * cambiando de tema = on another topic, on another matter, on another note, on other matters.
    * centrado en un tema específico = topic-centred.
    * clasificado por temas = classified.
    * de acuerdo con el tema = thematically.
    * debate por tema de interés = breakout discussion.
    * desviarse del tema = go off on + a tangent, go off at + a tangent, wander off + track, wander off + topic, go off + the track, get off + the track.
    * desviarse del tema en cuestión = go off on + another track.
    * desviarse del tema principal = sidetrack.
    * desviarse de un tema temporalmente = go off on + side excursions.
    * divagar sobre varios temas = roam over + topics.
    * editor de temas educativos = educational publisher.
    * el tema de la discusión = the focus of the discussion.
    * el tema del debate = the focus of the discussion.
    * entendido en el tema = knowledgeable.
    * establecer el tema = set + the theme.
    * estar con el tema = be on the topic.
    * estar hablando del tema = be on the topic.
    * estudiar un tema = pursue + subject.
    * evitar temas delicados = eschew + issues.
    * evitar un tema = skirt + issue, tiptoe around + issue.
    * examinar un tema = explore + theme.
    * frase que recoge el tema principal del artículo = topic sentence.
    * grado de coincidencia entre el tema de un documento y el tema de búsqu = topicality.
    * grupo de trabajo por tema de interés = breakout group.
    * interesarse por el tema = enter + the field.
    * mencionar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, touch on + a point.
    * número de tema = thematic index number.
    * organizado alrededor de un tema = theme-based.
    * por temas = topically.
    * profundizar sobre un tema = go into + detail.
    * que no tiene que ver con el tema debatido = off-topic.
    * reunión por temas de interés = breakout session.
    * sacar a colación un tema = bring up + topic, bring up + subject.
    * sección de temas locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.
    * sesión por tema de interés = breakout session.
    * tema candente = hot topic, hot issue, burning issue, burning question, hot potato.
    * tema central = motif.
    * tema clave = key area.
    * tema común = common thread.
    * tema controvertido = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema de actualidad = topical theme, current issue, hot topic.
    * tema de aprovechamiento político = political football.
    * tema de búsqueda = search topic.
    * tema de conversación = talking point.
    * tema de debate = thesis, talking point, subject of debate, discussion topic.
    * tema de discusión = discussion topic.
    * tema de estudio = study area, under study.
    * tema de importancia secundaria = footnote.
    * tema de interés = area of concern, area of enquiry [area of inquiry], area of interest, focus area, issue of concern, topic of interest.
    * tema de investigación = area of enquiry [area of inquiry], research question, research topic.
    * tema delicado = sore subject, sore spot, sore point, sensitive issue, hot potato.
    * tema de preocupación = issue of concern.
    * tema de secundaria importancia = footnote.
    * tema espinoso = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema favorito = hobby-horse.
    * tema muerto = dead issue.
    * tema polémico = vexed issue, vexing issue.
    * tema principal = dominant theme, main focus, leitmotif.
    * temas africanos = Africana.
    * temas de actualidad = current affairs.
    * temas de interés de los usuarios = user interests.
    * temas de interés particular = particular concerns.
    * tema sensible = sore subject, sore spot, sore point.
    * tema tratado = aboutness.
    * tocar un tema = touch on + a point.
    * tratar un tema = broach + subject, broach + topic, address + theme, address + topic.
    * tratar un tema conocido = tread + familiar ground.
    * tratar un tema en detalle = go into + detail.

    * * *
    A
    1 (asunto, materia) subject
    ¿no tienes otro tema de conversación? don't you ever talk about anything else?
    nos estamos alejando del tema we're getting off the subject o point
    procuren ceñirse al tema del debate please try to keep to the point o subject o topic of the discussion
    en el programa se tratan temas de actualidad the program deals with current issues
    el tema de la novela the subject matter of the novel
    hay que preparar 20 temas para el examen you have to prepare 20 subjects o topics for the exam
    2 ( Art, Mús) (motivo) theme
    el tema central de la película the central theme of the film
    B ( Ling) stem
    * * *

     

    Del verbo temer: ( conjugate temer)

    tema es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    tema    
    temer
    tema sustantivo masculino
    a) (asunto, cuestión) matter;

    (de conferencia, composición) topic;
    ( de examen) subject;
    (Art, Cin, Lit) subject;

    tema de conversación topic of conversation;
    cambiar de tema to change the subject
    b) (Mús) ( motivo) theme

    temer ( conjugate temer) verbo transitivo ‹castigo/reacción› to fear, dread;
    ‹ persona› to be afraid of;

    temo ofenderlo I'm afraid of offending him
    verbo intransitivo
    to be afraid;
    no temas don't be afraid
    temerse verbo pronominal


    me temo que tená razón I fear that he was right


    tema sustantivo masculino
    1 (de un libro, una conversación) subject, topic: no cambies de tema, don't change the subject
    2 (de una tesis, clase, conferencia) topic: no me preparé ese tema, I haven't studied that subject
    nos dio una conferencia sobre el tema, he gave us a lecture on the topic
    3 Mús theme
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar (cada uno a lo suyo) cada loco con su tema, each to his/her own
    temer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (sentir miedo, temor) to fear, be afraid: temo que lo haya oído, I'm afraid she heard it
    sus hijos lo temen, his sons are afraid of him
    2 (tener un presagio, presentir) temíamos que no viniera, we were afraid he wouldn't come
    II verbo intransitivo to be afraid: temo por su vida, I'm afraid for his life ➣ Ver nota en afraid y fear
    ' tema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abordar
    - acotar
    - adentrarse
    - ahondar
    - apartarse
    - braga
    - capítulo
    - ceñirse
    - circunscribirse
    - concretar
    - desviarse
    - empaparse
    - en
    - enfoque
    - enjuiciar
    - enjundia
    - espinosa
    - espinoso
    - ilustrar
    - jota
    - liosa
    - lioso
    - materia
    - oscuras
    - palpitante
    - particular
    - poca
    - poco
    - rehuir
    - repasar
    - soslayo
    - trabajo
    - actualidad
    - apartar
    - apasionante
    - apasionar
    - cambiar
    - candente
    - ceñir
    - conflictivo
    - conocer
    - controvertido
    - cuanto
    - cuestión
    - dar
    - delicado
    - desarrollar
    - desviar
    - discusión
    - divagar
    English:
    about
    - affair
    - agenda
    - anyhow
    - bring forward
    - bring up
    - central
    - change
    - depart
    - dominant
    - enlarge
    - euthanasia
    - get off
    - get on to
    - get onto
    - go off
    - hobbyhorse
    - ignorance
    - issue
    - motif
    - point
    - stray
    - subject
    - switch
    - talking point
    - theme
    - topic
    - touch on
    - touchy
    - bearing
    - drop
    - get
    - go
    - matter
    - side
    - sore
    - talking
    - track
    - turn
    - whichever
    - wrong
    * * *
    tema nm
    1. [asunto] subject;
    será mejor no sacar/tocar ese tema it would be best not to bring up that subject;
    ¿de qué tema quieres que hablemos? what do you want to talk about?;
    el tema de la película son las drogas the film deals with drugs;
    alejarse o [m5] salirse del tema to wander off the subject;
    cambiar de tema to change the subject;
    Fam
    el tema es que necesita ayuda the fact of the matter is she needs help
    temas de actualidad current affairs;
    tema de conversación talking point, topic of conversation;
    tema espinoso thorny issue
    2. [lección, unidad] topic;
    en el examen entran cinco temas the exam covers five topics
    3. [canción] track, song;
    una versión de un viejo tema a cover of an old song
    4. Mús [melodía básica] theme;
    el tema principal de la suite the main theme of the suite
    5. Ling theme
    * * *
    m de conversación subject, topic; MÚS, de novela theme
    * * *
    tema nm
    1) asunto: theme, topic, subject
    2) motivo: motif, central theme
    * * *
    tema n
    1. (en general) subject
    2. (canción) song

    Spanish-English dictionary > tema

  • 50 zona

    f.
    1 zone, area (espacio).
    ¿vives por la zona? do you live around here? (por aquí)
    ésta es la zona de copas de la ciudad this is the center of the city's nightlife
    zona catastrófica disaster area
    zona comercial shopping area
    zona erógena erogenous zone
    zona de exclusión exclusion zone
    zona euro euro zone
    zona de guerra war zone
    zona de libre comercio free-trade zone
    zona peatonal pedestrian precinct
    zona residencial residential area
    zona verde park, green area; (grande) lawn (pequeña)
    2 key.
    3 zona.
    * * *
    1 area
    2 (fronteriza, militar) zone
    1 MEDICINA (herpes) shingles
    \
    zona azul parking meter zone
    zona edificada built-up area
    zona fronteriza border zone
    zona glacial frigid zone
    zona templada temperate zone
    zona tórrida torrid zone
    zona verde green zone
    * * *
    noun f.
    area, district, zone
    * * *
    SF
    1) [en país, región] area

    las zonas más ricas/remotas/deprimidas del país — the richest/remotest/most depressed areas o parts of the country

    la zona norte/sur/este/oeste de la isla — the northern/southern/eastern/western part of the island

    comimos en uno de los restaurantes típicos de la zona — we ate in a restaurant typical of the area, we ate in a typical local restaurant

    • zonas costeras — coastal areas

    • zona montañosa o de montaña — mountainous area, mountainous region

    • zonas rurales — rural areas

    • zonas urbanas — urban areas

    zona de conflicto — (Mil) conflict zone

    zona de libre comercio — free-trade zone, free-trade area

    zona de peligro — danger zone, danger area

    zona fronteriza — [gen] border area; (Mil) border zone

    zona militar — military zone, military area

    zona roja — Esp Republican territory

    2) [en ciudad] area

    zona azul — Esp (Aut) ≈ pay-and-display area

    • zona comercial — [para negocios en general] commercial district; [solo de tiendas] shopping area

    • zona de copas, ¿dónde está la zona de copas? — where do people go out to drink?

    zona marginada — CAm slum area

    zona roja — LAm red-light district

    zona rosa — Méx partly pedestrianized zone, so called because of its pink paving stones

    3) [en edificio, recinto] area

    zona ancha — (Dep) midfield

    zona de castigo — (Dep) sin bin

    zona de penumbra, zona de sombra — (lit) shaded area; (fig) area of secrecy

    zona oscura, las zonas oscuras de la personalidad — the hidden areas of the personality

    las zonas oscuras de la política — the shady o murky areas of politics

    4) (Geog) zone
    5) (Anat, Med) area
    6) (Baloncesto) free-zone lane
    * * *
    1) (área, región) area
    2) ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    * * *
    = area, zone, bit, radius, area, service area, tract.
    Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.
    Ex. But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex. The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex. The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex. Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex. The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    Ex. Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    ----
    * biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.
    * biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.
    * ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.
    * de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.
    * dividir en zonas = zone.
    * en la zona de = in the land of.
    * en + Posesivo + zona = in + Posesivo + neck of the woods.
    * ser zona prohibida = be off limits.
    * una zona de = a stretch of.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * zona abierta = open area.
    * zona activa = hot spot.
    * zona alejada = reaches.
    * zona alveolar = alveolar region.
    * zona bélica = war zone.
    * zona béntica, la = benthic zone, the.
    * zona central = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona central de un Lugar = heartland.
    * zona cero = ground zero.
    * zona climática = climatic zone.
    * zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.
    * zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.
    * zona con césped = grassy area.
    * zona costera = seafront, coastal area.
    * zona de amortiguamiento = buffer zone.
    * zona de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area, landing area.
    * sitio de aterrizaje = landing area.
    * zona de bienestar = comfort zone.
    * zona de captación = catchment area.
    * zona de carga = loading dock, loading bay.
    * zona de columpios y pistas deportivas = playground.
    * zona de comodidad = comfort zone.
    * zona de confort = comfort zone.
    * zona de cultivo del trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de descanso = rest area.
    * zona de desempleo = pocket of unemployment.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.
    * zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.
    * zona de guerra = war zone.
    * zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona del euro, la = euro zone, the, euro zone, the, euro area, the.
    * zona del interior = hinterland.
    * zona de los tres estados = tristate area.
    * zona de no fumadores = non-smoking area.
    * zona de ocio = leisure facilities.
    * zona de ocupación = zone of occupation, occupation zone.
    * zona de pasto = feeding ground, grazing area.
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * zona de producción de trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.
    * zona de recreo = playground.
    * zona desnuclearizada = nuclear-free zone, nuclear-free.
    * zona despejada = open area.
    * zona de transición = buffer zone.
    * zona dolorida = sore point, sore spot.
    * zona entre mareas = intertidal zone.
    * zona geográfica = geographical area.
    * zona gris = grey area [gray area].
    * zona habitable = living area.
    * zona húmeda = wetland.
    * zona industrial = industrial area.
    * zona interior despoblada = backcountry.
    * zona junto a la playa = beachfront.
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.
    * zona limítrofe = fringe area.
    * zona marginada = deprived area.
    * zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * zona neutral = buffer zone.
    * zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.
    * zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.
    * zona para sentarse = seating area.
    * zona peligrosa = no-go area.
    * zona penumbrosa = twilight zone.
    * zona problemática = problem area.
    * zona prohibida = no-go area.
    * zona protegida = safe haven, safe harbour, protected area.
    * zona pública = public area.
    * zona residencial = residential area, suburban area, estate.
    * zona rural = country, rural area, hinterland, countryside, rural region.
    * zona sin cultivar = wildland.
    * zonas inhabitadas del interior = back country.
    * zonas más alejadas = outlying areas.
    * zonas salvajes del interior = back country.
    * zona suburbana = suburban area.
    * zona tampón = buffer zone.
    * zona tectónica = fault zone.
    * zona templada, la = temperate zone, the.
    * zona tórrida, la = torrid zone, the.
    * zona urbana = urban area.
    * zona verde = parkland area, grassy area.
    * * *
    1) (área, región) area
    2) ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    * * *
    = area, zone, bit, radius, area, service area, tract.

    Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

    Ex: But now the traditional industrial zone is declining and a new 'technopolis' is proposed for the area.
    Ex: The assistant in charge of a section will see that their bit is kept tidy and will keep an eye open for thieves.
    Ex: The fact that the library can only attract people within a relatively small radius means that it has no alternative but to serve whoever lives -- or works -- in that radius.
    Ex: Libraries usually arrange separate areas where current periodicals, maps, government publications, early printed books and manuscripts are housed.
    Ex: The study examined the relative use of different service areas of the library = El estudio analizó al uso relativo de las diferentes zonas de la biblioteca.
    Ex: Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    * biblioteca de la zona ártica = arctic library.
    * biblioteca de zona rural = rural library.
    * ciencia de las zonas polares = polar science.
    * de la zona de entre mareas = intertidal.
    * dividir en zonas = zone.
    * en la zona de = in the land of.
    * en + Posesivo + zona = in + Posesivo + neck of the woods.
    * ser zona prohibida = be off limits.
    * una zona de = a stretch of.
    * usar sobre la zona afectada = use + topically.
    * zona abierta = open area.
    * zona activa = hot spot.
    * zona alejada = reaches.
    * zona alveolar = alveolar region.
    * zona bélica = war zone.
    * zona béntica, la = benthic zone, the.
    * zona central = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona central de un Lugar = heartland.
    * zona cero = ground zero.
    * zona climática = climatic zone.
    * zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.
    * zona con aparatos electrónicos = equipment area.
    * zona con césped = grassy area.
    * zona costera = seafront, coastal area.
    * zona de amortiguamiento = buffer zone.
    * zona de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area, landing area.
    * sitio de aterrizaje = landing area.
    * zona de bienestar = comfort zone.
    * zona de captación = catchment area.
    * zona de carga = loading dock, loading bay.
    * zona de columpios y pistas deportivas = playground.
    * zona de comodidad = comfort zone.
    * zona de confort = comfort zone.
    * zona de cultivo del trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de descanso = rest area.
    * zona de desempleo = pocket of unemployment.
    * zona de estudio = study area, study facilities.
    * zona de exclusión aérea = no-fly zone.
    * zona de guerra = war zone.
    * zona del centro = midsection [mid-section].
    * zona del euro, la = euro zone, the, euro zone, the, euro area, the.
    * zona del interior = hinterland.
    * zona de los tres estados = tristate area.
    * zona de no fumadores = non-smoking area.
    * zona de ocio = leisure facilities.
    * zona de ocupación = zone of occupation, occupation zone.
    * zona de pasto = feeding ground, grazing area.
    * zona deprimida del centro de la ciudad = inner city.
    * zona de producción de trigo = wheatbelt.
    * zona de recogida de lo sobrante = overflow area.
    * zona de recreo = playground.
    * zona desnuclearizada = nuclear-free zone, nuclear-free.
    * zona despejada = open area.
    * zona de transición = buffer zone.
    * zona dolorida = sore point, sore spot.
    * zona entre mareas = intertidal zone.
    * zona geográfica = geographical area.
    * zona gris = grey area [gray area].
    * zona habitable = living area.
    * zona húmeda = wetland.
    * zona industrial = industrial area.
    * zona interior despoblada = backcountry.
    * zona junto a la playa = beachfront.
    * zona libre de humo = smoke-free zone, smoke-free area.
    * zona limítrofe = fringe area.
    * zona marginada = deprived area.
    * zona menos favorecida = less favoured area.
    * zona neutral = buffer zone.
    * zona pantanosa = marshland, marsh, marshy area, fen.
    * zona para casas móviles = mobile home park, trailer park.
    * zona para sentarse = seating area.
    * zona peligrosa = no-go area.
    * zona penumbrosa = twilight zone.
    * zona problemática = problem area.
    * zona prohibida = no-go area.
    * zona protegida = safe haven, safe harbour, protected area.
    * zona pública = public area.
    * zona residencial = residential area, suburban area, estate.
    * zona rural = country, rural area, hinterland, countryside, rural region.
    * zona sin cultivar = wildland.
    * zonas inhabitadas del interior = back country.
    * zonas más alejadas = outlying areas.
    * zonas salvajes del interior = back country.
    * zona suburbana = suburban area.
    * zona tampón = buffer zone.
    * zona tectónica = fault zone.
    * zona templada, la = temperate zone, the.
    * zona tórrida, la = torrid zone, the.
    * zona urbana = urban area.
    * zona verde = parkland area, grassy area.

    * * *
    A (área, región) area
    ¿por qué zona viven? what area do they live in?
    en la zona fronteriza in the border area o zone
    zonas montañosas mountainous areas o regions
    por esa zona no hay servicio de autobuses there is no bus service in that area
    fue declarada zona neutral it was declared a neutral zone
    zona de influencia sphere of influence
    [ S ] zona de carga y descarga loading and unloading only
    Compuestos:
    ( Esp) limited-time parking zone, pay-and-display area ( BrE)
    disaster area
    ground zero
    commercial district, business quarter o area
    penalty area
    combat zone o area
    crisis zone
    boarding area
    ( Esp) area of new development
    line of scrimmage
    exclusion zone
    no-fly zone
    war zone
    war zone
    free-trade zone
    maximum security zone o area
    danger area o zone
    test site, testing ground
    departure lounge o area
    nuclear-free zone o area
    red-light district
    erogenous zone
    eurozone
    duty-free zone
    industrial park, industrial estate ( BrE)
    military zone o area
    ( Esp) ( Hist) Nationalist-held territory
    nuclear-free zone o area
    buffer zone
    pedestrian precinct o zone o area
    ( AmL) (zona de prostitución) red-light district; ( Esp fam) (durante la guerra civil) Republican-held territory
    ( Telec) dead zone
    buffer zone
    temperate zone o region
    tropical zone o region
    park, green space
    B (en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    * * *

     

    zona sustantivo femenino
    1 (área, región) area;


    ( on signs) zona de carga y descarga loading and unloading only;

    zona de castigo penalty area;
    zona industrial industrial park;
    zona peatonal pedestrian precinct;
    zona roja (AmL) ( zona de prostitución) red-light district;
    zona verde park, green space;
    zona cero ( en Nueva York) ground zero
    2 ( en baloncesto) free-throw lane, three-second area
    zona sustantivo femenino
    1 zone
    2 (de un territorio, gran extensión) area, region
    zona de obras, work area
    zona de operaciones, operational zone
    zona militar, military zone
    zona verde, park, green space
    3 Dep zone
    ' zona' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acampada
    - antinuclear
    - arrasar
    - barrio
    - cabaña
    - ciudad
    - comisionada
    - comisionado
    - concurrida
    - concurrido
    - construcción
    - contingente
    - deprimida
    - deprimido
    - desalojar
    - este
    - expolio
    - franca
    - franco
    - francófona
    - francófono
    - glacial
    - huerta
    - milimétrica
    - milimétrico
    - oasis
    - pacificar
    - peinar
    - peinada
    - peinado
    - rastrear
    - rastreo
    - riego
    - sombra
    - teatro
    - urbanización
    - vecindario
    - vinícola
    - apartado
    - azucarero
    - bajío
    - cabezón
    - campo
    - carga
    - cargue
    - combate
    - comercial
    - concreto
    - conflictivo
    - desértico
    English:
    area
    - belt
    - busing
    - clearance
    - coastal
    - compound
    - country
    - danger area
    - decline
    - demonstrate
    - disaster area
    - enclose
    - enclosure
    - enter
    - grey area
    - industrial area
    - local
    - pedestrianize
    - precinct
    - scour
    - seal off
    - smokeless zone
    - stricken
    - testing ground
    - unemployment
    - waterfront
    - well-known
    - zone
    - area code
    - around
    - canvass
    - catchment area
    - district
    - diverse
    - division
    - extreme
    - -free
    - green
    - ground
    - high
    - incoming
    - industrial
    - inner
    - locally
    - neighborhood
    - no-fly zone
    - off
    - out
    - pedestrian
    - red
    * * *
    zona nf
    1. [espacio, área] zone, area;
    una zona montañosa/turística a mountainous/tourist area;
    la zona norte/sur de la isla the northern/southern part of the island;
    en las zonas más aisladas/pobres in the most remote/poorest areas;
    ¿vives por la zona? [por aquí] do you live around here?;
    ésta es la zona de copas de la ciudad this is the centre of the city's nightlife
    zona azul [de estacionamiento] restricted parking zone;
    zona de carga y descarga loading bay o US zone;
    zona catastrófica disaster area;
    zona centro Br city centre, US downtown;
    zona cero [en Nueva York] ground zero;
    zona climática climatic zone;
    zona comercial shopping area;
    zona conflictiva trouble spot;
    zona de conflicto [en guerra] war zone, battle zone;
    zona edificada built-up area;
    zona erógena erogenous zone;
    zona euro euro zone;
    zona de exclusión exclusion zone;
    Com zona franca free-trade zone;
    zona de no fumadores no-smoking area;
    zona glacial glacial region;
    zona de guerra war zone;
    zona húmeda wetland area;
    zona intermareal intertidal zone;
    Meteo zona de inversión thermal o temperature inversion zone;
    zona de libre comercio free-trade zone;
    zona de marca [en rugby] in-goal area;
    zona militar military area o zone;
    Esp zona nacional [en la guerra] = the area controlled by Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War;
    zona peatonal pedestrian area o precinct;
    zona protegida [natural] conservation area;
    zona residencial residential area;
    zona roja Esp [en la guerra] = term used by Nationalists to refer to Republican-controlled areas during the Spanish Civil War;
    Am [de prostitución] red-light district;
    Zona Rosa [en México DF] = elegant tourist and shopping area in Mexico City;
    zona de seguridad [entre países] buffer zone;
    zona templada temperate zone;
    Am Anticuado zona de tolerancia red-light district;
    zona tórrida tropics, Espec torrid zone;
    zona de urgente reindustrialización = region given priority status for industrial investment, Br ≈ enterprise zone;
    zona verde [grande] park, green area;
    [pequeña] lawn
    2. [en baloncesto] [área] key
    3. [en baloncesto] [violación] three-seconds violation
    * * *
    f
    1 area, zone
    2 en baloncesto: parte del campo key; violación three-seconds violation
    * * *
    zona nf
    : zone, district, area
    * * *
    zona n
    1. (área) area
    2. (militar, geográfica) zone

    Spanish-English dictionary > zona

  • 51 lugar

    m.
    1 place.
    en algún lugar somewhere
    no lo veo por ningún lugar I can't see it anywhere
    vuelve a ponerlo todo en su lugar put everything back where it belongs
    yo en tu lugar if I were you
    lugar de encuentro meeting place
    lugar de trabajo place of work
    2 place, town.
    las gentes del lugar the local people
    lugar de nacimiento place of birth
    3 position (post).
    en primer/segundo lugar in the first/second place, firstly/secondly
    4 room, space.
    aquí ya no hay lugar para más gente there's no room for anyone else here
    * * *
    1 (sitio, ciudad) place
    2 (posición, situación) place, position
    ■ ¿qué lugar ocupa en la empresa? what's her position in the company?
    3 (espacio) room, space
    \
    dar lugar a to give rise to
    dejar a alguien en mal lugar to make somebody look foolish, show somebody up
    en lugar de instead of
    fuera de lugar (descolocado) out of place 2 (inoportuno) inappropriate
    hacer lugar to make room
    no ha lugar la protesta objection overruled
    sin lugar a dudas undoubtedly
    tener lugar to take place
    lugar común commonplace
    * * *
    noun m.
    •
    - tener lugar
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=sitio) place

    • algún lugar — somewhere

    • los Santos Lugares — the Holy Places

    lugar común — cliché, commonplace

    composición 3)
    2) (=posición)
    a) [en lista, carrera, trabajo]

    • en primer lugar, se han clasificado en primer lugar — they have qualified in first place

    en primer lugar, me gustaría agradecer la invitación — first of all o firstly, I would like to thank you for inviting me

    b) (=situación)

    yo, en tu lugar, no iría — I wouldn't go if I were you

    en su lugar, ¡descanso! — (Mil) stand easy!

    • dejar a algn en buen/mal lugar — [comportamiento] to reflect well/badly on sb; [persona] to make sb look good/bad

    • estar fuera de lugar — to be out of place

    c)

    • en lugar de — instead of

    vino el portavoz en lugar del ministro — the spokesman came instead of the minister, the spokesman came in the minister's place

    ¿puedo asistir yo en su lugar? — can I go instead?

    en lugar de escribir, me llamó por teléfono — instead of writing, he called me

    en lugar de ir a la piscina, ¿por qué no vamos a la playa? — why don't we go to the beach instead of the swimming pool?

    3) (=ocasión) opportunity, chance

    • dar lugar a algo — to give rise to sth, lead to sth

    • dejar lugar a algo — to leave room for sth

    • sin lugar a dudas — without doubt, undoubtedly

    • no ha lugar, una reacción tan fuerte, francamente no ha lugar — there is no need for such a violent response

    -¡protesto! -no ha lugar — (Jur) "objection!" - "overruled"

    • tener lugar — to take place, happen, occur

    4) (=espacio) room, space

    ¿hay lugar? — is there any room?

    5) (=localidad) place

    En un lugar de la Mancha... — Somewhere in La Mancha...

    las gentes del lugar — the local people, the locals

    lugar de nacimiento — [gen] birthplace; [en impreso] place of birth

    * * *
    1) ( sitio) place
    2) (localidad, región)
    3)
    a) ( espacio libre) room

    hacer lugar para alguien/algo — to make room o space for somebody/something

    b) ( asiento) seat
    4)
    a) ( situación) place

    yo en tu lugar... — if I were you...

    b) (en organización, jerarquía) place

    se clasificó en primer/quinto lugar — she finished in first/fifth place

    5)

    dar lugar a — (a una disputa, a comentarios) to provoke, give rise to

    6) (Der)

    en primer lugar: se tratarán en primer lugar they will be dealt with first; en primer lugar porque... first of all o firstly because...; en último lugar: y en último lugar... and finally o lastly...; a como dé/diera lugar (AmL): se trata de venderlo a como dé lugar the idea is to sell it any way we can; a como diera lugar yo iba a entrar one way or another I was going to get in; dejar a alguien en mal lugar to put somebody in an awkward position; poner a alguien en su lugar to put somebody in her/his place; sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly; tener lugar — to take place

    •
    * * *
    = area, locality, location, place, locus [loci, -pl.], site, spot, slot.
    Ex. The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.
    Ex. To overcome these problems users must think of all the various names that might have been applied, and must understand something of the geography and administration of the locality concerned.
    Ex. Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex. Period and place can also be added to any heading, though there are restrictions on the latter: in certain subjects place takes preference over subject.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. Here, families from many different communities were up-rooted and resettled on greenfield sites, many miles away from relatives and friends.
    Ex. There was also a spot from which, if you struck the floor with a hard rap of your heel, you could almost count the reverberations as the sound bounced from floor to ceiling to walls to floor.
    Ex. These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    ----
    * asignar un lugar = give + Nombre + a place in.
    * auxiliares de lugar = area table.
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.
    * colocado en lugar erróneo = misplaced.
    * colocar en el lugar donde = put in + the place where.
    * colocar en su lugar = drop into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar = put into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar erróneo = misplace.
    * confinado a un lugar concreto = site-bound.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * dar lugar = produce.
    * dar lugar a = cause, generate, give + rise to, mean, result (in), leave + room for, bring about, lead to, cause, open + the door to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    * dar lugar a la reflexión = provide + food for thought.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar lugar a queja = evoke + complaint.
    * dar lugar a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.
    * de lugares más distantes = from further afield.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * desplazarse de un lugar a otro = move from + place to place.
    * distribuido en varios lugares = multilocationed.
    * el lugar que le corresponde a = the due place of.
    * emplazado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier otro lougar = everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en lugar de = as opposed to, in place of, instead of, rather than, in lieu of.
    * en lugar del accidente = at the scene.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en lugares cerrados = indoors.
    * en ningún lugar = nowhere.
    * en otro lugar = elsewhere, off-site [offsite].
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * en quinto lugar = fifthly.
    * en segundo lugar = secondly, second-best [2nd-best], in the second place.
    * en su lugar = instead, in + Posesivo + stead.
    * en tercer lugar = thirdly, on the third hand.
    * en un lugar central = centrally located.
    * en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * en un lugar diferente de = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar distinto a = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar seguro = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * estar en el lugar adecuado en el momento adecuado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar indicado en el momento indicado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * fuera de lugar = out of place, uncalled-for.
    * gallito del lugar, el = cock-of-the-walk.
    * ganarse un lugar en el corazón de Alguien = win + a place in + heart.
    * habitante del lugar = local, local resident.
    * hacerse un lugar = carve out + a place.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * lugar acogedor = welcoming place.
    * lugar aglomerado = crowded quarter.
    * lugar ameno = locus amoenus.
    * lugar atrasado = backwater.
    * lugar común de alimentación = feeding ground.
    * lugar común de encuentro = meeting ground.
    * lugar cultural = cultural site.
    * lugar de acampada = campsite [camp site], camping site, campground.
    * lugar de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * lugar de celebración = venue.
    * lugar de celebración del congreso = conference venue.
    * lugar de cita = meeting ground.
    * lugar de cría = breeding ground, breeding area.
    * lugar de descanso = resting place.
    * lugar de diversión = playground.
    * lugar de encuentro = meeting place, meeting point, gathering place, tryst.
    * lugar de entretenimiento nocturno = night spot.
    * lugar de honor = pride of place.
    * lugar de impresión = place of printing.
    * lugar de interés = attraction, sight.
    * lugar del crimen = scene of the crime.
    * lugar de nacimiento = birthplace, place of birth.
    * lugar de origen = locality of origin.
    * lugar de parada = halting place.
    * lugar de pasto = feeding ground.
    * lugar de prueba alfa = alpha test site, alpha site.
    * lugar de prueba beta = beta test site.
    * lugar de pruebas = test site.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * lugar de recogida = pick-up location, pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * lugar de residencia = place of residence.
    * lugar destacado = prime space.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, work setting, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * lugar de vacaciones = tourist destination.
    * lugar donde las aves pasan la noche = roost.
    * lugar donde pasar el rato = hang out.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * lugar en la ordenación = filing position.
    * lugar escondido = secluded spot.
    * lugares de interés = sights.
    * lugar específico = niche.
    * lugar físico = physical place.
    * lugar frecuentado = hang out.
    * lugar histórico = historic site, historical site.
    * lugar interesante = hot spot.
    * lugar oculto = hidden storage place, secret storage location, secret storage place, secret holding location, secret cell.
    * lugar para comer = eating facility.
    * lugar pintoresco = beauty spot.
    * lugar privilegiado = place in the sun.
    * lugar protegido = safe haven, safe harbour.
    * lugar público = public place.
    * lugar que le corresponde = Posesivo + rightful place.
    * lugar que nos corresponde = place in the sun.
    * lugar remoto = secluded spot.
    * lugar resguardado del viento y soleado = suntrap.
    * lugar seguro = safe haven, safe place.
    * lugar visible = prime space.
    * nombre de lugar = place name.
    * no tener lugar = fall through.
    * ocasión + dar lugar a = occasion + give rise to.
    * ocupar el lugar de = take + the place of.
    * ocupar el lugar de Alguien = take + Posesivo + place.
    * ocupar un lugar = hold + a place, occupy + place.
    * ocupar un lugar destacado para + Pronombre = stand + high on + Posesivo + list.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * ocupar un lugar importante = take + pride of place.
    * ocupar un lugar prioritario en los intereses de Alguien = rank + high on + Posesivo + agenda.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.
    * ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * que huele a lugar cerrado = fusty.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * residente del lugar = local resident.
    * sentimiento de pertenecer a un lugar = sense of belonging.
    * sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-rated.
    * situado en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * situado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.
    * TIP (El Lugar de Información) = TIP (The Information Place).
    * UF (úsese en lugar de) = UF (use for).
    * un buen lugar de partida = a good place to start.
    * variar de lugar a lugar = differ + from place to place.
    * variar de un lugar a otro = vary + from place to place.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.
    * zona central de un lugar = heartland.
    * * *
    1) ( sitio) place
    2) (localidad, región)
    3)
    a) ( espacio libre) room

    hacer lugar para alguien/algo — to make room o space for somebody/something

    b) ( asiento) seat
    4)
    a) ( situación) place

    yo en tu lugar... — if I were you...

    b) (en organización, jerarquía) place

    se clasificó en primer/quinto lugar — she finished in first/fifth place

    5)

    dar lugar a — (a una disputa, a comentarios) to provoke, give rise to

    6) (Der)

    en primer lugar: se tratarán en primer lugar they will be dealt with first; en primer lugar porque... first of all o firstly because...; en último lugar: y en último lugar... and finally o lastly...; a como dé/diera lugar (AmL): se trata de venderlo a como dé lugar the idea is to sell it any way we can; a como diera lugar yo iba a entrar one way or another I was going to get in; dejar a alguien en mal lugar to put somebody in an awkward position; poner a alguien en su lugar to put somebody in her/his place; sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly; tener lugar — to take place

    •
    * * *
    = area, locality, location, place, locus [loci, -pl.], site, spot, slot.

    Ex: The area in which standards for bibliographic description have had the most impact is in catalogues and catalogue record data bases.

    Ex: To overcome these problems users must think of all the various names that might have been applied, and must understand something of the geography and administration of the locality concerned.
    Ex: Having been alerted to the existence of a document, the user needs information concerning the actual location of the document, in order that the document may be read.
    Ex: Period and place can also be added to any heading, though there are restrictions on the latter: in certain subjects place takes preference over subject.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: Here, families from many different communities were up-rooted and resettled on greenfield sites, many miles away from relatives and friends.
    Ex: There was also a spot from which, if you struck the floor with a hard rap of your heel, you could almost count the reverberations as the sound bounced from floor to ceiling to walls to floor.
    Ex: These frames are of different types and have slots also of different types, which can be filled by other frames.
    * asignar un lugar = give + Nombre + a place in.
    * auxiliares de lugar = area table.
    * cambiar de lugar = relocate, resite [re-site].
    * cambio de lugar = relocation.
    * cambio + tener lugar = change + take place.
    * colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.
    * colocado en lugar erróneo = misplaced.
    * colocar en el lugar donde = put in + the place where.
    * colocar en su lugar = drop into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar = put into + place.
    * colocar en un lugar erróneo = misplace.
    * confinado a un lugar concreto = site-bound.
    * conseguir ocupar un lugar específico = secure + a niche.
    * Consejo Internacional de Museos y Lugares de Interés (ICOMS) = International Council of Museums and Sites (ICOMOS).
    * curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.
    * dar lugar = produce.
    * dar lugar a = cause, generate, give + rise to, mean, result (in), leave + room for, bring about, lead to, cause, open + the door to, give + cause to, give + occasion to.
    * dar lugar a la reflexión = provide + food for thought.
    * dar lugar a problemas = give + rise to problems.
    * dar lugar a queja = evoke + complaint.
    * dar lugar a rumores = fuel + rumours, give + rise to rumours.
    * de lugares más distantes = from further afield.
    * demostrar sin lugar a dudas = prove + conclusively.
    * desplazarse de un lugar a otro = move from + place to place.
    * distribuido en varios lugares = multilocationed.
    * el lugar que le corresponde a = the due place of.
    * emplazado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * en algún lugar = somewhere, at some point.
    * en algún lugar (de por ahí) = somewhere out there.
    * encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.
    * en cualquier lugar = everywhere, anywhere.
    * en cualquier otro lougar = everywhere else.
    * en cualquier otro lugar = anywhere else.
    * en cuarto lugar = fourthly.
    * en el lugar del accidente = at the scene of the accident.
    * en el lugar de los hechos = at the scene.
    * en lugar de = as opposed to, in place of, instead of, rather than, in lieu of.
    * en lugar del accidente = at the scene.
    * en lugar de otro = vicariously.
    * en lugares cerrados = indoors.
    * en ningún lugar = nowhere.
    * en otro lugar = elsewhere, off-site [offsite].
    * en primer lugar = firstly, in the first place, in the first instance, first and foremost, first off.
    * en quinto lugar = fifthly.
    * en segundo lugar = secondly, second-best [2nd-best], in the second place.
    * en su lugar = instead, in + Posesivo + stead.
    * en tercer lugar = thirdly, on the third hand.
    * en un lugar central = centrally located.
    * en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * en un lugar diferente de = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar distinto a = somewhere other than.
    * en un lugar seguro = in a safe place, in safekeeping.
    * estar en el lugar adecuado en el momento adecuado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar indicado en el momento indicado = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar en el lugar oportuno en el momento oportuno = be in the right place at the right time.
    * estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.
    * fuera de lugar = out of place, uncalled-for.
    * gallito del lugar, el = cock-of-the-walk.
    * ganarse un lugar en el corazón de Alguien = win + a place in + heart.
    * habitante del lugar = local, local resident.
    * hacerse un lugar = carve out + a place.
    * hacer una marca para indicar el lugar donde uno se ha quedado leyendo = mark + Posesivo + place.
    * lugar acogedor = welcoming place.
    * lugar aglomerado = crowded quarter.
    * lugar ameno = locus amoenus.
    * lugar atrasado = backwater.
    * lugar común de alimentación = feeding ground.
    * lugar común de encuentro = meeting ground.
    * lugar cultural = cultural site.
    * lugar de acampada = campsite [camp site], camping site, campground.
    * lugar de aterrizaje = landing site, landing area.
    * lugar de celebración = venue.
    * lugar de celebración del congreso = conference venue.
    * lugar de cita = meeting ground.
    * lugar de cría = breeding ground, breeding area.
    * lugar de descanso = resting place.
    * lugar de diversión = playground.
    * lugar de encuentro = meeting place, meeting point, gathering place, tryst.
    * lugar de entretenimiento nocturno = night spot.
    * lugar de honor = pride of place.
    * lugar de impresión = place of printing.
    * lugar de interés = attraction, sight.
    * lugar del crimen = scene of the crime.
    * lugar de nacimiento = birthplace, place of birth.
    * lugar de origen = locality of origin.
    * lugar de parada = halting place.
    * lugar de pasto = feeding ground.
    * lugar de prueba alfa = alpha test site, alpha site.
    * lugar de prueba beta = beta test site.
    * lugar de pruebas = test site.
    * lugar de publicación = place of publication.
    * lugar de recogida = pick-up location, pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * lugar de residencia = place of residence.
    * lugar destacado = prime space.
    * lugar de trabajo = affiliation, institutional affiliation, working environment, workplace, work setting, place of work, worksite [work site], home institution.
    * lugar de trabajo del autor = author affiliation.
    * lugar de vacaciones = tourist destination.
    * lugar donde las aves pasan la noche = roost.
    * lugar donde pasar el rato = hang out.
    * lugar en el mercado de venta = market niche.
    * lugar en la ordenación = filing position.
    * lugar escondido = secluded spot.
    * lugares de interés = sights.
    * lugar específico = niche.
    * lugar físico = physical place.
    * lugar frecuentado = hang out.
    * lugar histórico = historic site, historical site.
    * lugar interesante = hot spot.
    * lugar oculto = hidden storage place, secret storage location, secret storage place, secret holding location, secret cell.
    * lugar para comer = eating facility.
    * lugar pintoresco = beauty spot.
    * lugar privilegiado = place in the sun.
    * lugar protegido = safe haven, safe harbour.
    * lugar público = public place.
    * lugar que le corresponde = Posesivo + rightful place.
    * lugar que nos corresponde = place in the sun.
    * lugar remoto = secluded spot.
    * lugar resguardado del viento y soleado = suntrap.
    * lugar seguro = safe haven, safe place.
    * lugar visible = prime space.
    * nombre de lugar = place name.
    * no tener lugar = fall through.
    * ocasión + dar lugar a = occasion + give rise to.
    * ocupar el lugar de = take + the place of.
    * ocupar el lugar de Alguien = take + Posesivo + place.
    * ocupar un lugar = hold + a place, occupy + place.
    * ocupar un lugar destacado para + Pronombre = stand + high on + Posesivo + list.
    * ocupar un lugar en una clasificación = rank.
    * ocupar un lugar importante = take + pride of place.
    * ocupar un lugar prioritario en los intereses de Alguien = rank + high on + Posesivo + agenda.
    * ocupar un lugar privilegiado = have + pride of place.
    * ocupar un primer lugar = stand + first.
    * ponerse en el lugar de = place + Reflexivo + in the position of, put + Reflexivo + in the position of.
    * ponerse en el lugar de Alguien = put + Reflexivo + in + Nombre/Posesivo + shoes, wear + Posesivo + shoes, walk in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * ponerse en lugar de Alguien = stand in + Posesivo + shoes.
    * primer lugar de consulta = first stop.
    * que huele a lugar cerrado = fusty.
    * que no aparece en primer lugar = nonfirst [non-first].
    * que tiene lugar una vez a la semana = once-weekly.
    * residente del lugar = local resident.
    * sentimiento de pertenecer a un lugar = sense of belonging.
    * sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.
    * sin lugar a dudas = conclusively, undeniably, unquestionably, without any doubt, by all accounts, no mistake, no doubt, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt, to be sure.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * situado en primer lugar = top-rated.
    * situado en un lugar céntrico = centrally located.
    * situado en un lugar lejano = outstation.
    * tener lugar = take + place, go on, come to + pass.
    * TIP (El Lugar de Información) = TIP (The Information Place).
    * UF (úsese en lugar de) = UF (use for).
    * un buen lugar de partida = a good place to start.
    * variar de lugar a lugar = differ + from place to place.
    * variar de un lugar a otro = vary + from place to place.
    * visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.
    * zona central de un lugar = heartland.

    * * *
    A (sitio) place
    no es éste el lugar ni el momento oportuno para hablar de ello this is neither the time nor the place to discuss it
    esto no está en su lugar this is not in its place, this is not where it should be o in the right place o where it belongs
    en cualquier otro lugar la gente se hubiera echado a la calle anywhere else o in any other country, people would have taken to the streets
    hemos cambiado los muebles de lugar we've moved the furniture around
    tiene que estar en algún lugar it must be somewhere
    guárdalo en un lugar seguro keep it in a safe place
    [ S ] consérvese en lugar fresco keep in a cool place
    se trasladaron al lugar del suceso they went to the scene of the incident
    ¿se te ocurre un lugar por aquí cerca donde podamos ir a comer? can you think of anywhere around here where we can go and eat?
    B
    (localidad, región): visité varios lugares I visited several places
    los habitantes del lugar the local inhabitants o people
    en un lugar de África somewhere in Africa
    lugar y fecha de nacimiento place and date of birth
    C
    1
    (espacio libre): ¿podrían hacer lugar para alguien más? could you make room o space for one more?
    no hay lugar para nada más there's no room for anything else
    aquí te dejé un lugar para que pongas tus cosas I left you some space here for you to put your things
    2 (asiento) seat
    D
    1 (situación) place
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place
    yo en tu lugar no se lo diría I wouldn't tell her if I were you
    ¡ya quisiera verte en mi lugar! I'd like to see what you'd do in my place o position o ( colloq) shoes
    2 (en una organización, jerarquía) place
    el lugar que le corresponde her rightful place o position
    nadie puede ocupar el lugar de una madre nobody can take a mother's place
    según el lugar que ocupan en la lista according to their position on the list
    en quinto lugar se clasificó el equipo australiano the Australian team finished fifth o in fifth place o in fifth position
    E
    dar lugar a (a una disputa) to provoke, give rise to, spark off; (a comentarios) to give rise to, provoke
    han dado lugar a que la gente hable their behavior has got o set people talking
    F ( Der):
    no ha lugar la protesta the objection is overruled
    G ( en locs):
    en lugar de instead of
    fue él en lugar de su hermano he went instead of his brother o in his brother's place
    en lugar de hablar tanto podrías ayudar un poco instead of talking so much you might help a bit
    ¿puede firmar ella en mi lugar? can she sign for me o on my behalf
    ¿y si en lugar de ir nosotros viene él aquí? and how about him coming here rather than us going there?
    en primer/segundo/último lugar: los temas que serán tratados en primer lugar the topics which will be dealt with first
    no estoy de acuerdo, en primer lugar porque … I don't agree, first of all o firstly because …
    y en último lugar, hablaremos de las posibles soluciones and finally o lastly, we will discuss possible solutions
    a como dé/diera lugar ( AmL): se trata de venderlo a como dé lugar the idea is to sell it however possible o however they can
    a como diera lugar yo iba a entrar al concierto one way or another I was going to get into the concert
    dejar a algn en mal lugar to put sb in an awkward position
    no dejar lugar a dudas: lo dijo con tal convicción que no dejó lugar a dudas sobre su sinceridad she said it with such conviction that there could be no doubt about her sincerity
    poner a algn en su lugar to put sb in her/his place
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly
    tener lugar to take place
    un lugar para cada cosa y cada cosa en su lugar a place for everything and everything in its place
    Compuestos:
    cliché, commonplace
    locus
    * * *

     

    lugar sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) place;

    en cualquier otro lugar anywhere else;
    en algún lugar somewhere;
    cambiar los muebles de lugar to move the furniture around;
    el lugar del suceso the scene of the incident;
    yo en tu lugar … if I were you …;
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place;
    se clasificó en primer lugar she finished in first place
    2 (localidad, región):

    lugar y fecha de nacimiento place and date of birth
    3

    ◊ hacer lugar para algn/algo to make room o space for sb/sth;

    me hizo un lugar he made me some room

    4
    ◊ dar lugar a (a disputa, comentarios) to provoke, give rise to

    5 ( en locs)

    ella firmó en mi lugar she signed on my behalf;
    en primer lugar ( antes que nada) first of all, firstly;
    en último lugar ( finalmente) finally, lastly;
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly;
    tener lugar to take place
    lugar sustantivo masculino
    1 place
    la gente del lugar, the local people
    en algún lugar del cuerpo/libro, in some part of the body/book
    2 (ocasión) time: no hubo lugar para ello, there was no occasion for it
    3 (motivo) occasion: dio lugar a un malentendido, it gave rise to a misunderstanding
    ♦ Locuciones: sentirse fuera de lugar to feel out of place
    tener lugar, to take place
    en lugar de, instead of
    en mi/tu/su lugar..., if I/you/he were me/you/him...
    en primer lugar, in the first place, firstly
    sin lugar a dudas, without a doubt
    ' lugar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandonada
    - abandonado
    - abandono
    - abrigo
    - acogedor
    - acogedora
    - acuartelamiento
    - acudir
    - airear
    - alejada
    - alejado
    - allá
    - allí
    - antesala
    - apartada
    - apartado
    - aquí
    - archivo
    - arena
    - atrás
    - baja
    - bajo
    - botar
    - cabida
    - caer
    - celebrarse
    - colocarse
    - continuar
    - damnificada
    - damnificado
    - darse
    - definitivamente
    - dejar
    - delante
    - dentro
    - deprimida
    - deprimido
    - derecha
    - desalojo
    - desamparada
    - desamparado
    - desarrollarse
    - desencadenar
    - desencajada
    - desencajado
    - desentonar
    - desfilar
    - designar
    - deslizarse
    - despacho
    English:
    abroad
    - agree
    - be
    - beauty spot
    - birthplace
    - breeding ground
    - burial
    - celebrate
    - change
    - climb
    - come off
    - commonplace
    - commuter
    - dental surgery
    - designate
    - desolation
    - divert
    - drive-through
    - elsewhere
    - equatorial
    - erect
    - everyplace
    - ex
    - first
    - firstly
    - foremost
    - haunt
    - high
    - homeland
    - in-service
    - inch
    - innermost
    - innocent
    - instead
    - introduction
    - landmark
    - last
    - lie
    - lieu
    - live in
    - liven
    - location
    - lookout
    - Mecca
    - midterm
    - misplaced
    - mournful
    - move back
    - occupy
    - palace
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [sitio] place;
    [del crimen, accidente] scene; [para acampar, merendar] spot;
    encontraron una pistola en el lugar de los hechos they found a gun at the crime scene o scene of the crime;
    ¿en qué lugar habré metido las tijeras? where can I have put the scissors?;
    en algún lugar somewhere;
    no lo veo por ningún lugar I can't see it anywhere;
    vuelve a ponerlo todo en su lugar put everything back where it belongs;
    he cambiado el televisor de lugar I've moved the television;
    estoy buscando un lugar donde pasar la noche I'm looking for somewhere to spend the night;
    éste no es (el) lugar para discutir eso this is not the place to discuss that
    lugar de anidación nesting site;
    lugar de encuentro meeting place;
    lugar de interés place of interest;
    lugar de reunión meeting place;
    lugar sagrado sanctum;
    lugar de trabajo workplace
    2. [localidad] place, town;
    las gentes del lugar the local people;
    ni los más viejos del lugar recuerdan algo semejante not even the oldest people there can remember anything like it
    lugar de nacimiento [en biografía] birthplace; [en formulario, impreso] place of birth;
    lugar de residencia [en formulario, impreso] place of residence;
    lugar turístico Br holiday o US vacation resort;
    lugar de veraneo summer resort
    3. [puesto] position;
    ocupa un lugar importante en la empresa she has an important position in the company, she is high up in the company;
    ¿puedes ir tú en mi lugar? can you go in my place?;
    en primer/segundo lugar, quiero decir… in the first/second place, I would like to say…, firstly/secondly, I would like to say…;
    llegó en primer/segundo lugar she finished o came first/second;
    en último lugar, quiero decir… lastly o last, I would like to say…;
    llegó en último lugar she came last;
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place;
    yo en tu lugar if I were you
    4. [espacio libre] room, space;
    esta mesa ocupa mucho lugar this table takes up a lot of room o space;
    aquí ya no hay lugar para más gente there's no room for anyone else here;
    hacerle lugar a algo/alguien to make room o some space for sth/sb
    5. lugar común platitude, commonplace
    6. [ocasión]
    dar lugar a [rumores, comentarios, debate, disputa] to give rise to;
    [polémica] to spark off, to give rise to; [catástrofe] to lead to, to cause; [explosión, escape] to cause; Am
    a como dé lugar whatever the cost, whatever it takes;
    Der
    no ha lugar objection overruled;
    no hay lugar a duda there's no (room for) doubt;
    sin lugar a dudas without doubt, undoubtedly
    7.
    tener lugar to take place;
    la recepción tendrá lugar en los jardines del palacio the reception will be held in the palace gardens
    8. Comp
    dejar en buen lugar: el cantante mexicano dejó en buen lugar a su país the Mexican singer did his country proud;
    dejar en mal lugar: no nos dejes en mal lugar y pórtate bien be good and don't show us up;
    estar fuera de lugar to be out of place;
    poner a alguien en su lugar to put sb in his/her place;
    poner las cosas en su lugar to set things straight
    ♦ en lugar de loc prep
    instead of;
    acudió en lugar de mí she came in my place o instead of me;
    en lugar de la sopa, tomaré pasta I'll have the pasta instead of the soup;
    en lugar de mirar, podrías echarnos una mano you could give us a hand rather than o instead of just standing/sitting there watching
    * * *
    m place;
    en lugar de instead of;
    en primer lugar in the first place, first(ly);
    fuera de lugar out of place;
    yo en tu lugar if I were you, (if I were) in your place;
    ponte en mi lugar put yourself in my place;
    dar lugar a give rise to;
    tener lugar take place;
    sin lugar a dudas without a doubt
    * * *
    lugar nm
    1) : place, position
    se llevó el primer lugar en su división: she took first place in her division
    2) espacio: space, room
    3)
    dar lugar a : to give rise to, to lead to
    4)
    en lugar de : instead of
    5)
    lugar común : cliché, platitude
    6)
    tener lugar : to take place
    * * *
    lugar n place
    un lugar donde sentarse a place to sit / somewhere to sit
    dar lugar a to give rise to [pt. gave; pp. given]
    en primer lugar firstly / first of all

    Spanish-English dictionary > lugar

  • 52 europäisch

    Adj. European; Europäischer Binnenmarkt European Common Market; Europäische Freihandelszone European Free Trade Area; Europäische Gemeinschaft HIST. (abgek. EG) European Community (abgek. EC); Europäischer Gerichtshof (abgek. EuGH) European Court of Justice; Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte European Court of Human Rights; Europäische Kommission European Commission; Europäisches Parlament European Parliament; Europäisches Patentamt European Patent Office; Europäischer Rechnungshof European Court of Auditors; Europäische Union (abgek. EU) European Union (abgek. EU); Europäisches Währungsystem (abgek. EWS) European Monetary System (abgek. EMS); Europäische Währungsunion (abgek. EWU) European Monetary Union (abgek. EMU); Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft (abgek. EWG) HIST. European Economic Community (abgek. EEC); Europäische Zentralbank (abgek. EZB) European Central Bank (abgek. ECB); Freihandelszone, Menschenrechtskommission etc.
    * * *
    European
    * * *
    eu|ro|pä|isch [ɔyro'pɛːɪʃ]
    adj
    European
    * * *
    eu·ro·pä·isch
    [ɔyroˈpɛ:ɪʃ]
    adj European
    E\europäische Atomgemeinschaft European Atomic Energy Community, Euratom
    E\europäische Einheitswährung single European currency, the euro
    E\europäischer Entwicklungsfonds European Development Fund, EDF
    E\europäischer Fonds für Währungszusammenarbeit European Monetary Co-operation Fund
    E\europäischer Fonds für währungspolitische Zusammenarbeit European Monetary Cooperation Fund
    E\europäische Freihandelszone European Free Trade Area
    E\europäische Freihandelsgemeinschaft European Free Trade Association
    E\europäische Gemeinschaft European Community
    E\europäische Gemeinschaft für Kohle und Stahl European Coal and Steel Community
    E\europäischer Gerichtshof European Court of Justice
    E\europäischer Gewerkschaftsbund European Trade Union Confederation
    E\europäische Investitionsbank European Investment Bank
    E\europäische Kommission European Commission
    E\europäische Marktordnung European market regulations pl
    E\europäische Menschenrechtskommission European Commission for Human Rights
    E\europäische Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit Organization for European Economic Cooperation
    E\europäisches Parlament European Parliament
    E\europäischer Rat European Council
    E\europäische Rechnungseinheit European Unit of Account
    E\europäischer Sozialfonds European Social Fund
    E\europäische Verteidigungsgemeinschaft European Defence [or AM -se] Council
    E\europäisches Währungsabkommen European Monetary Agreement
    E\europäische Währungseinheit European Currency Unit
    E\europäischer Währungsfonds European Monetary Fund, EMF
    E\europäisches Währungssystem European Monetary System, EMS
    E\europäische [Wirtschafts- und] Währungsunion European [Economic and] Monetary Union, EMU
    E\europäischer Wechselkursverbund Currency Snake
    E\europäische Weltraumbehörde European Space Agency
    E\europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft European Economic Community, [European] Common Market
    E\europäischer Wirtschaftsrat European Economic Council
    E\europäischer Wirtschaftsraum European Economic Area, ECA
    E\europäische Zentralbank European Central Bank, ECB
    E\europäische Zollunion European Customs Union
    * * *
    Adjektiv European
    * * *
    europäisch adj European;
    Europäischer Binnenmarkt European Common Market;
    Europäische Freihandelszone European Free Trade Area;
    Europäische Gemeinschaft HIST (abk EG) European Community (abk EC);
    Europäischer Gerichtshof (abk EuGH) European Court of Justice;
    Europäischer Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte European Court of Human Rights;
    Europäische Kommission European Commission;
    Europäisches Parlament European Parliament;
    Europäisches Patentamt European Patent Office;
    Europäischer Rechnungshof European Court of Auditors;
    Europäische Union (abk EU) European Union (abk EU);
    Europäisches Währungsystem (abk EWS) European Monetary System (abk EMS);
    Europäische Währungsunion (abk EWU) European Monetary Union (abk EMU);
    EWG) HIST European Economic Community (abk EEC);
    Europäische Zentralbank (abk EZB) European Central Bank (abk ECB); → Freihandelszone, Menschenrechtskommission etc
    * * *
    Adjektiv European
    * * *
    adj.
    European adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > europäisch

  • 53 Kernbereich

    m einer Stadt etc.: central area; eines Erdbebens: epicent|re (Am. -er); der Kernbereich der Problematik the crucial problem area
    * * *
    Kẹrn|be|reich
    m
    1) (= Kernzone) centre (Brit), center (US), central part
    2) (= Hauptgebiet) fundamental or key area
    3) (Aus SCH = Stoffbereich für Reifeprüfung) core area or field
    * * *
    Kern·be·reich
    m central area, core
    * * *
    Kernbereich m einer Stadt etc: central area; eines Erdbebens: epicentre (US -er);
    der Kernbereich der Problematik the crucial problem area

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kernbereich

  • 54 casco

    m.
    1 helmet.
    cascos azules U.N. peacekeeping troops, blue berets
    2 hull.
    3 hoof.
    4 empty bottle (envase). (peninsular Spanish, Mexican Spanish)
    5 fragment, piece (pedazo).
    6 cask.
    7 external structure.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cascar.
    * * *
    2 (cráneo) skull
    3 (fragmento) broken piece, fragment
    4 (de metralla) piece of shrapnel
    6 (envase) empty bottle
    7 (de barco) hull
    1 (auriculares) headphones
    2 familiar (cabeza) head sing, brains
    \
    calentarse los cascos / romperse los cascos familiar to rack one's brains
    ser alegre de cascos / ser ligero,-a de cascos familiar to be scatterbrained
    casco protector crash helmet
    casco urbano town centre (US center)
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) hull
    •
    * * *
    SM
    1) [de soldado] helmet; [de obrero] protective helmet, safety helmet, hard hat; [de motorista, ciclista] (crash) helmet
    2) [de ciudad]

    casco antiguo, el casco antiguo de la ciudad — the old quarter o part of the city

    casco histórico, el casco histórico de la ciudad — the historic city centre o (EEUU) center

    casco viejo, el casco viejo de la ciudad — the old quarter o part of the city

    3) (=envase) empty bottle
    4) pl cascos [de walkman] headphones
    5) pl cascos * (=cabeza) nut * sing
    6) (=pezuña) hoof
    7) (=trozo) [de fruta] segment, piece; [de cebolla] slice; [de vasija] fragment, shard
    8) (Náut) [de barco] hull
    9) (Mec) [de cableado] casing
    10) LAm (=edificio vacío) empty building
    11) LAm (Agr) ranch house, ranch and outbuildings; Cono Sur [de hacienda] part, section
    12) [de sombrero] crown
    * * *
    1) ( para la cabeza) helmet

    calentarse los cascos — (fam) to agonize, worry

    2) cascos masculino plural (Audio) headphones (pl)
    3) (Equ, Zool) hoof

    ligera de cascos — ( coqueta) flight

    4) (Náut) hull
    5) ( de ciudad) heart, central area; ( de estancia) (RPl) farmhouse and surrounding buildings
    6)
    a) ( trozo - de metralla) piece of shrapnel; (- de vasija) fragment, shard
    b) (Col) ( gajo) segment
    7) (Esp, Méx) ( envase) bottle
    * * *
    1) ( para la cabeza) helmet

    calentarse los cascos — (fam) to agonize, worry

    2) cascos masculino plural (Audio) headphones (pl)
    3) (Equ, Zool) hoof

    ligera de cascos — ( coqueta) flight

    4) (Náut) hull
    5) ( de ciudad) heart, central area; ( de estancia) (RPl) farmhouse and surrounding buildings
    6)
    a) ( trozo - de metralla) piece of shrapnel; (- de vasija) fragment, shard
    b) (Col) ( gajo) segment
    7) (Esp, Méx) ( envase) bottle
    * * *
    casco1
    1 = helmet, hard hat.

    Ex: As a tribute to the firemen of New York, the Mayor was presented with a sculpture in the form of a fireman's helmet, and could not hold back his tears.

    Ex: Manufacturers say the best way employers can encourage their employees to wear hard hats properly is by making their employees aware of the hazards.
    * casco antiguo = old town.
    * casco antiguo de la ciudad, el = oldest part of the city, the.
    * casco de ciclista = bicycle helmet.
    * casco de vasija = potsherd, potsherd.
    * casco informático = headset.
    * casco protector = hard hat.
    * ligero de cascos = reckless, promiscuous, airheaded.

    casco2
    2 = hull.
    Nota: De barco.

    Ex: For example, a document on 'the cutting of glass-fibre-reinforced plastics for use in the hulls of yachts' draws together the concepts: cutting, glass-fibre-reinforced plastics, hulls and yachts.

    * casco del barco = ship hull.

    casco3
    3 = hoof.

    Ex: Some of the exhibition's objects are plaster casts of such perishables as dying daffodil heads and hoof prints.

    * * *
    A
    calentarse los cascos ( fam); to agonize, worry
    deja de calentarte los cascos pensando en eso stop agonizing over it o worrying about it
    Compuestos:
    masculine and feminine blue helmet (member of the U.N. peacekeeping force)
    safety helmet, hard hat
    (de obrero) safety helmet, hard hat; (de motorista) crash helmet
    B cascos mpl ( Audio) headphones (pl)
    C ( Equ, Zool) hoof
    ligero de cascos (irreflexivo) irresponsible, reckless; (coqueta) flirtatious
    D ( Náut) hull
    Compuesto:
    pressure hull
    E
    1 (de una ciudad) heart, central area
    2 ( RPl) (de una estancia) farmhouse and surrounding buildings
    Compuestos:
    ● casco antiguo or viejo
    old quarter, old part of town
    urban area, built-up area
    F
    1 (trozo — de metralla) piece of shrapnel; (— de una vasija) fragment, shard
    2 ( Col) (gajo) segment
    G
    1 (Esp, Méx) (envase) bottle
    ¿has traído los cascos? have you brought the empties o bottles?
    2 ( RPl) (barril) cask, barrel
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cascar: ( conjugate cascar)

    casco es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cascó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cascar    
    casco
    cascar ( conjugate cascar) verbo transitivo ‹nuez/huevo› to crack;
    ‹ taza› to chip
    cascarse verbo pronominal [ huevo] to crack;
    [ taza] to chip
    casco sustantivo masculino
    1



    ( de motorista) crash helmet
    b)

    ◊ cascos sustantivo masculino plural (Audio) headphones (pl)

    2 (Equ, Zool) hoof
    3 (Náut) hull
    4
    a) ( de ciudad):


    casco urbano urban area, built-up area

    5 (Col) ( gajo) segment
    6 (Esp, Méx) ( envase) bottle
    cascar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (romper) to crack
    2 fam (pegar) to hit: el otro día le cascaron, he was beaten up the other day
    II verbo intransitivo familiar
    1 (charlar) to chat away, gab
    (hablar mucho) to talk non-stop
    2 (morir, palmar) to kick the bucket, snuff it
    casco
    I sustantivo masculino
    1 (para la cabeza) helmet
    casco azul, blue helmet
    2 (envase de cristal vacío) empty bottle: tenemos que devolver estos cascos, we've got to give these empty bottles back
    3 (de barco) hull
    4 (de caballo) hoof
    5 (de una ciudad) centre
    casco antiguo/viejo, old part of town
    II mpl cascos, (de música) headphones
    ♦ Locuciones: calentarse o romperse los cascos, to rack one's brains: estuvo toda la mañana calentándome los cascos, he was pestering me all morning
    ' casco' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    manera
    - servir
    - uña
    - visera
    - plumaje
    English:
    helmet
    - hoof
    - hulk
    - hull
    - scrape
    - suppose
    - town centre
    - body
    - crash
    - empty
    - farm
    - hard
    - midtown
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [para la cabeza] helmet;
    [de albañil] hard hat; [de motorista] crash helmet cascos azules UN peacekeeping troops, blue berets
    2. [de barco] hull
    3. [de ciudad] casco antiguo, casco histórico Br city centre, US downtown;
    casco urbano Br city centre, US downtown;
    casco viejo old (part of) town
    4. [de caballo] hoof
    5. Esp, Méx [de botella] (empty) bottle
    6. [pedazo] fragment, piece
    7. Méx, RP [en estancia, hacienda] farmstead
    8. Andes, Cuba, RP [gajo] segment
    9. Comp
    calentarse o [m5] romperse los cascos to Br rack o US cudgel one's brains;
    ser alegre o [m5] ligero de cascos [irresponsable] to be irresponsible;
    [mujer] to be flighty
    ♦ cascos nmpl
    Fam [auriculares] headphones
    * * *
    m
    1 helmet
    2 de barco hull
    3 ( botella vacía) empty (bottle)
    4 edificio shell
    5 de caballo hoof
    6 de vasija fragment
    7
    :
    cascos pl ( auriculares) headphones
    8
    :
    ligero de cascos reckless;
    romperse los cascos fig agonize ( por over)
    * * *
    casco nm
    1) : helmet
    2) : hull
    3) : hoof
    4) : fragment, shard
    5) : center (of a town)
    6) Mex : empty bottle
    7) cascos nmpl
    : headphones
    * * *
    2. (botella) empty bottle
    3. (de caballo) hoof [pl. hooves]
    4. (de barco) hull

    Spanish-English dictionary > casco

  • 55 eje

    m.
    1 axle.
    2 axis (geometry & astronomy).
    3 central idea, basis (idea central).
    es el eje de la empresa she holds the company together
    el eje argumental de la novela the central strand of the novel's plot
    4 central point, pivotal point, pivot.
    5 spindle.
    * * *
    1 (línea, recta) axis
    2 TÉCNICA shaft, spindle
    3 AUTOMÓVIL axle
    4 figurado (zona principal) centre (US center), main area
    5 figurado (parte esencial) crux, main idea, core
    6 (calle, carretera) thoroughfare
    7 el Eje PLÍTICA the Axis
    \
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) axis
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Geog, Mat) axis

    ¿que no vienes?, pues me partes por el eje — so you're not coming? well, that really upsets my plans

    2) [de rueda] axle
    3) [de máquina] shaft, spindle
    - untar el eje a algn

    eje de impulsión, eje motor — drive shaft

    4) (=centro)

    la economía fue el eje de la conversación — the economy was the main topic of conversation, the conversation centred on the economy

    5) ( Hist)
    6)

    eje vial — Méx (Aut) urban motorway

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Astron, Fís, Mat) axis

    partir a alguien por el eje — (fam) ( con cambio) to ruin o mess up somebody's plans; ( con pregunta) to stump o floor somebody (colloq)

    b) (Auto, Mec) ( barra) axle
    2) (de asunto, política) core, central theme
    * * *
    = axis [axes, -pl.], core, focus, hub, backbone, axle, pivot, shaft, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], locus [loci, -pl.], spindle, swivel.
    Ex. If one assumes that the author segment of the author-title entry is on one axis and title on the other, there are 1,000,000 positions in the matrix for the placement of entries.
    Ex. The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.
    Ex. Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex. And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.
    Ex. Since 1950 the backbone of British current bibliographic control has been British national bibliography.
    Ex. The rolling press consisted essentially of a frame in which two large rollers were mounted one above the other, and were turned by means of four large spokes radiating from the axle of the upper one.
    Ex. The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.
    Ex. The rest of the metal from the ladle filled the rectangular shaft between the two parts of the mould, and all of it solidified almost immediately.
    Ex. The speakers will explain what actions have been taken to ensure that freedom of access to information remains the centrepiece of library philosophy in these difficult times.
    Ex. The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex. The movement of the bar turned the spindle through about ninety degrees, and the screw working in the nut caused it to descend about 15 mm.
    Ex. A windvane is really just a flat piece of metal or wood on a swivel that catches the wind and points toward and away from the wind.
    ----
    * eje de comunicaciones = communications hub.
    * eje delantero = front end.
    * eje del mal = axis of evil.
    * eje trasero = rear end.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en su eje = at its core.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Astron, Fís, Mat) axis

    partir a alguien por el eje — (fam) ( con cambio) to ruin o mess up somebody's plans; ( con pregunta) to stump o floor somebody (colloq)

    b) (Auto, Mec) ( barra) axle
    2) (de asunto, política) core, central theme
    * * *
    = axis [axes, -pl.], core, focus, hub, backbone, axle, pivot, shaft, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], locus [loci, -pl.], spindle, swivel.

    Ex: If one assumes that the author segment of the author-title entry is on one axis and title on the other, there are 1,000,000 positions in the matrix for the placement of entries.

    Ex: The main list of index terms is the core of the thesaurus and defines the index language.
    Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex: And since the main entry is the hub and most exacting aspect of our cataloging process, its replacement by a title-unit entry would greatly simplify the problem and expedite the operation of cataloging.
    Ex: Since 1950 the backbone of British current bibliographic control has been British national bibliography.
    Ex: The rolling press consisted essentially of a frame in which two large rollers were mounted one above the other, and were turned by means of four large spokes radiating from the axle of the upper one.
    Ex: The use of decimal notation is seen as the pivot of Dewey's scheme and notational systems are analysed generally and compared with Dewey's.
    Ex: The rest of the metal from the ladle filled the rectangular shaft between the two parts of the mould, and all of it solidified almost immediately.
    Ex: The speakers will explain what actions have been taken to ensure that freedom of access to information remains the centrepiece of library philosophy in these difficult times.
    Ex: The locus of government policy making has been shifted to the Ministry of Research and Technology.
    Ex: The movement of the bar turned the spindle through about ninety degrees, and the screw working in the nut caused it to descend about 15 mm.
    Ex: A windvane is really just a flat piece of metal or wood on a swivel that catches the wind and points toward and away from the wind.
    * eje de comunicaciones = communications hub.
    * eje delantero = front end.
    * eje del mal = axis of evil.
    * eje trasero = rear end.
    * en el eje = at the core (of).
    * en su eje = at its core.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Astron, Fís, Mat) axis
    gira sobre su eje it rotates on its axis
    partir a algn por el eje ( fam) (con un cambio) to ruin o mess up sb's plans; (con una pregunta) to stump o floor sb ( colloq)
    2 ( Auto, Mec) (barra) axle
    eje delantero/trasero front/rear axle
    Compuestos:
    x-axis
    y-axis
    axis of symmetry
    drive shaft, propeller shaft
    ( Méx) main artery, arterial road
    B (de un asunto, una política) core, central theme
    el eje de la conversación the focal point of the conversation
    C
    el Eje ( Hist) the Axis
    * * *

     

    eje sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Astron, Fís, Mat) axis

    b) (Auto, Mec) ( barra) axle

    2 (de asunto, política) core, central theme
    eje sustantivo masculino
    1 Téc (de una rueda) axle
    (de una máquina) shaft
    2 Mat Geom axis (pl axes); eje de coordenadas, x and y axes
    eje de simetría, axis of symmetry
    3 (persona o asunto más importante) la aprobación de los presupuestos fue el eje de la reunión, approval of the budget was the crux of the meeting
    4 Hist Pol Eje, Axis: las fuerzas del Eje fueron derrotadas en Normandía, Axis forces were defeated at Normandy
    ' eje' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    rodar
    - rotar
    - vuelta
    - descentrado
    - sobre
    - transversal
    English:
    axis
    - axle
    - grease
    - hinge
    - linchpin
    - polar
    - shaft
    - back
    - center
    - spindle
    * * *
    eje nm
    1. [de rueda] axle;
    [de máquina] shaft Aut eje delantero front axle;
    eje de transmisión drive shaft;
    Aut eje trasero rear axle
    2. Geom, Astron & Fís axis;
    la Tierra gira sobre su propio eje the Earth rotates on its own axis
    eje de abscisas x-axis;
    eje de rotación axis of revolution;
    eje de simetría axis of symmetry
    3. [cosa central] [de obra] central theme;
    [de doctrina, teoría] central idea;
    es el eje de la compañía she holds the company together;
    el eje argumental de la novela the central strand of the novel's plot
    Am eje vial main road
    4. Hist
    el Eje the Axis
    * * *
    m
    1 axis;
    partir a alguien por el eje fig mess up s.o.’s plans
    2 TÉC shaft; AUTO de ruedas axle; fig
    linchpin
    * * *
    eje nm
    1) : axle
    2) : axis
    * * *
    eje n
    1. (de rueda) axle
    2. (en geometría, geografía) axis [pl. axes]

    Spanish-English dictionary > eje

  • 56 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 57 Kerngebiet

    n central area; (Hauptgebiet) core area
    * * *
    Kẹrn|ge|biet
    nt
    1) (von Land) heartland
    2) (von Fach, Wissenschaft etc) central or core area
    3) (Aus SCH = Stoffbereich für Reifeprüfung) core area or field
    * * *
    Kerngebiet n central area; (Hauptgebiet) core area

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kerngebiet

  • 58 delegado

    adj.
    delegated, vicarious.
    f. & m.
    delegate, commissioner, agent, deputy.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: delegar.
    * * *
    1→ link=delegar delegar
    1 delegated
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 delegate
    2 COMERCIO representative
    \
    delegado,-a de Hacienda chief tax inspector
    delegado,-a del gobierno government representative
    * * *
    (f. - delegada)
    noun
    * * *
    delegado, -a
    SM / F (=representante) delegate; (Com) representative, agent; (Educ) representative

    delegado/a de alumnos, delegado/a de curso — student representative

    delegado/a del Gobierno — Esp government delegate to an autonomous community

    delegado/a sindical — shop steward

    * * *
    - da masculino, femenino
    1) ( representante) delegate
    2) (Esp) ( director de zona) regional o area director
    * * *
    = delegate, delegated, emissary, officer.
    Ex. The discussions, debates, submissions and decisions of conferences are often printed and circulated to delegates and made available to other interested parties.
    Ex. Reference librarians should be prepared to be the 'intermediaries' and to perform ' delegated' searches for the majority of libraries' clientele.
    Ex. In her apparitions, Queen Anne is usually visited by an emissary from God who reprimands her for her misuse of power.
    Ex. Thus, sometimes the information does not reach those officers who would benefit most from access to it.
    ----
    * administrador delegado = administrative officer.
    * Cámara de Delegados = House of Delegates.
    * delegado de clase = class prefect, class representative.
    * * *
    - da masculino, femenino
    1) ( representante) delegate
    2) (Esp) ( director de zona) regional o area director
    * * *
    = delegate, delegated, emissary, officer.

    Ex: The discussions, debates, submissions and decisions of conferences are often printed and circulated to delegates and made available to other interested parties.

    Ex: Reference librarians should be prepared to be the 'intermediaries' and to perform ' delegated' searches for the majority of libraries' clientele.
    Ex: In her apparitions, Queen Anne is usually visited by an emissary from God who reprimands her for her misuse of power.
    Ex: Thus, sometimes the information does not reach those officers who would benefit most from access to it.
    * administrador delegado = administrative officer.
    * Cámara de Delegados = House of Delegates.
    * delegado de clase = class prefect, class representative.

    * * *
    masculine, feminine
    A (representante) delegate
    los delegados de la asociación the association's delegates o representatives
    el delegado del Gobierno central the Central Government representative
    Compuestos:
    masculine papal envoy
    ● delegado de curso, delegada de curso
    masculine, feminine student representative
    ● delegado de gobierno, delegada de gobierno
    masculine, feminine (en Esp) the central government representative in an autonomía
    el delegado del Gobierno en la zona the Government's representative in the area
    B ( Esp) (director de zona) regional o area director
    el delegado de Sanidad the director of the regional Health Department
    * * *

    Del verbo delegar: ( conjugate delegar)

    delegado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    delegado    
    delegar
    delegado sustantivo masculino, femenino ( representante) delegate;

    delegar ( conjugate delegar) verbo transitivo
    to delegate;
    delegado algo en algn to delegate sth to sb
    verbo intransitivo
    to delegate
    delegado,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 delegate
    2 Com representative
    delegar verbo transitivo to delegate [en, to]

    ' delegado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    comisaria
    - comisario
    - consejera
    - consejero
    - delegada
    - enviado
    English:
    agent
    - delegate
    - officer
    - capacity
    * * *
    delegado, -a nm,f
    1. [representante] delegate;
    el delegado de Educación the representative from the Ministry of Education
    Esp delegado del Gobierno = person representing central government in each province;
    delegado sindical union representative, shop steward
    2. [en colegio, universidad] class representative
    delegado de curso class representative
    3. Esp [de empresa] representative
    * * *
    m, delegada f delegate; COM representative
    * * *
    delegado, -da n
    : delegate, representative
    * * *
    delegado n representative

    Spanish-English dictionary > delegado

  • 59 región

    f.
    1 region, area, territory, expanse.
    2 region, district, area.
    * * *
    1 region
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (Geog, Pol) region; (=área) area, part
    2) (Anat) region
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Geog) region
    b) (Adm) region, district
    2) (Anat) region, area
    * * *
    = region, tract, regional area.
    Ex. The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.
    Ex. Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    Ex. All regional areas in Australia will be provided with access to digital television services over the next three years.
    ----
    * corazón de una región = heartland.
    * dentro de una región = intra-regional [intraregional].
    * entre regiones = cross-regional, inter-regional [interregional].
    * especificación de la región de pertenencia = regionalisation [regionalization, -USA].
    * región alveolar = alveolar region.
    * región atrasada = backward region.
    * región autonómica = autonomous region.
    * Región Bibliotecaria de Londres y el Sudeste (LASER) = London and South Eastern Library Region (LASER).
    * región central de los Estados Unidos, la = American midwest, the.
    * región costera = coastal region.
    * región del Golfo, la = Gulf region, the.
    * región del Golfo Persa, la = Arabian Gulf region, the.
    * región del Pacífico asiático = Asia-Pacific region.
    * región del Pacífico, la = Pacific region, the.
    * región ecológica = ecoregion.
    * región ecuatorial = equatorial region.
    * regiones salvajes de Africa, las = wilds of Africa, the.
    * región geográfica = geographical region, geographic region.
    * región lechera = dairy region.
    * región lumbar, la = low back, the, lumbar region, the.
    * región lumbar, the = lower back, the.
    * región menos favorecida = less favoured region (LFR).
    * región montañosa = highland.
    * típico de la región = vernacular.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Geog) region
    b) (Adm) region, district
    2) (Anat) region, area
    * * *
    = region, tract, regional area.

    Ex: The catalogue often forms the basis for co-operation and good relations between the libraries in a region.

    Ex: Protecting the remaining large tracts of tropical forests is not a financially impossible task.
    Ex: All regional areas in Australia will be provided with access to digital television services over the next three years.
    * corazón de una región = heartland.
    * dentro de una región = intra-regional [intraregional].
    * entre regiones = cross-regional, inter-regional [interregional].
    * especificación de la región de pertenencia = regionalisation [regionalization, -USA].
    * región alveolar = alveolar region.
    * región atrasada = backward region.
    * región autonómica = autonomous region.
    * Región Bibliotecaria de Londres y el Sudeste (LASER) = London and South Eastern Library Region (LASER).
    * región central de los Estados Unidos, la = American midwest, the.
    * región costera = coastal region.
    * región del Golfo, la = Gulf region, the.
    * región del Golfo Persa, la = Arabian Gulf region, the.
    * región del Pacífico asiático = Asia-Pacific region.
    * región del Pacífico, la = Pacific region, the.
    * región ecológica = ecoregion.
    * región ecuatorial = equatorial region.
    * regiones salvajes de Africa, las = wilds of Africa, the.
    * región geográfica = geographical region, geographic region.
    * región lechera = dairy region.
    * región lumbar, la = low back, the, lumbar region, the.
    * región lumbar, the = lower back, the.
    * región menos favorecida = less favoured region (LFR).
    * región montañosa = highland.
    * típico de la región = vernacular.

    * * *
    regiones (↑ región a1)
    A
    1 ( Geog) region
    una región montañosa a mountainous region o area
    la región andina the Andean region
    las regiones del país donde opera la guerrilla the areas o regions of the country where the guerillas operate
    2 ( Adm) region, district
    Compuesto:
    military district
    B ( Anat) region, area
    * * *

    región sustantivo femenino
    region
    región f Geog Anat Mil region
    ' región' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adelantada
    - adelantado
    - arroba
    - atrasada
    - atrasado
    - autonomía
    - caldo
    - caribeña
    - caribeño
    - comarca
    - comunidad
    - degustación
    - dinamitar
    - históricamente
    - latitud
    - oasis
    - propagarse
    - propia
    - propio
    - serranía
    - sierra
    - suave
    - tonillo
    - vinícola
    - zona
    - alfajor
    - arrocero
    - Ártico
    - autónomo
    - caracterizar
    - Chaco
    - coya
    - deshabitado
    - diseminado
    - este
    - explorar
    - exportador
    - fecundo
    - gentilicio
    - habla
    - lluvioso
    - lugar
    - milonga
    - nordeste
    - noroeste
    - norte
    - oeste
    - pampa
    - poblar
    - seco
    English:
    Antarctic
    - area
    - country
    - district
    - map
    - northern
    - ravage
    - region
    - wreak
    - Arctic
    - blight
    - break
    - Caribbean
    - coast
    - decline
    - deprived
    - desert
    - east
    - frozen
    - grip
    - inhospitable
    - Lake District
    - lawless
    - Midwest
    - north
    - police
    - produce
    - pubic
    - settle
    - small
    - south
    - southern
    - survey
    - tour
    - undeveloped
    - uninhabited
    - wash
    - west
    - wine
    * * *
    1. [área] region
    2. [administrativa] region
    3. Mil district
    región aérea aerial zone;
    región militar military zone;
    región naval naval zone
    4. Anat region, area
    * * *
    f region;
    región lumbar ANAT lumbar region
    * * *
    región nf, pl regiones : region, area
    * * *
    región n region

    Spanish-English dictionary > región

  • 60 sistema

    m.
    por sistema systematically
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system
    sistema decimal decimal system
    sistema fiscal o impositivo tax system
    sistema inmunológico immune system
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system
    sistema monetario europeo European Monetary System
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema periódico de los elementos periodic table of elements
    sistema de seguridad security system
    sistema solar solar system
    2 method.
    3 system (computing).
    sistema experto/operativo expert/operating system
    * * *
    1 system
    \
    por sistema as a rule
    sistema cableado hard-wired system
    sistema de ecuaciones simultaneous equations plural
    sistema experto expert system
    sistema métrico decimal decimal metric system
    sistema montañoso mountain chain
    sistema nervioso nervous system
    sistema operativo operative system
    sistema planetario planetary system
    sistema solar solar system
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=conjunto ordenado) system

    sistema binario — (Inform) binary system

    sistema de calefacción — heating, heating system

    sistema de fondo fijo — (Com) imprest system

    sistema frontal — (Meteo) front, frontal system

    sistema inmunitario, sistema inmunológico — immune system

    sistema rastreador — [en investigaciones espaciales] tracking system

    2) (=método) method

    yo por sistema lo hago así — I make it a rule to do it this way, I've got into the habit of doing it this way

    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    •
    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    Ex. We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex. The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex. This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex. Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    ----
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.
    * * *
    1) ( método) system
    2) ( conjunto organizado) system

    el sistema educativo/impositivo — the education/tax system

    •
    * * *
    = framework, machinery, system, regime [régime], ways and means.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.

    Ex: We can choose to turn our backs on these principles with fatuous arguments which posit their anachronism and the nonexistent intelligence of computing machinery.
    Ex: The training of users of On-line Public Access Catalogues (OPACs) should be attuned to the characteristics of the system = La formación de usuarios de los catálogos en linea de acceso público (CEAP) debería estar en consonancia con las características del sistema.
    Ex: This study found that online access to scientific serials is most appropriate in the third world, principally due to the presence of a small number of scientists with a broad range of interests which makes the fixed-price regimes of print, microform or CD-ROM disadvantageous.
    Ex: Teachers need to be more familiar with bibliographical ways and means: librarians should be more aware of problems from the teachers' perspective and make active efforts to inform teachers of sources of help.
    * abusar del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * activar un sistema = activate + system.
    * administrador del sistema = system administrator.
    * ADONIS (Distribución automática de documentos a través de sistemas de inform = ADONIS (Automated Document Delivery Over Networked Information Systems).
    * alterar el sistema = perturb + the system.
    * análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.
    * analista de sistemas = system(s) analyst.
    * analista de sistemas de gestión bibliotecaria = library systems analyst.
    * aprovecharse del sistema = game + the system, milk + the system.
    * auditoría de sistemas = systems audit, systems auditing.
    * auditoría de sistemas de información = information systems auditing, information systems audit.
    * bibliotecario de sistemas = systems librarian.
    * brecha del sistema de seguridad = security leak.
    * brecha en el sistema de seguridad = security hole.
    * burlar el sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * caída del sistema = system crash.
    * catálogo del sistema = system catalogue.
    * Comité Conjunto para Sistemas de Información (JISC) = Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC).
    * configurador del sistema = system configurator.
    * controlador del sistema = system controller.
    * conversión al sistema decimal = decimalisation [decimalization, -USA].
    * conversión al sistema métrico = metrication.
    * convertir al sistema decimal = decimalise [decimalize, -USA].
    * copia de seguridad del sistema = system backup.
    * desafiar al sistema = beat + the system.
    * desarrollo de sistemas = system(s) development.
    * de todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * diseñador de sistemas = systems designer, system designer, system developer.
    * diseño de sistemas = systems design.
    * documentación del sistema = system documentation.
    * engañar al sistema = beat + the system, game + the system.
    * en todo el sistema = systemwide.
    * entre el hombre y el sistema = human-system.
    * en varios sistemas = cross-system.
    * evaluación de sistemas = system(s) evaluation.
    * fichero de existencias del sistema = system holdings file.
    * fichero de usuarios del sistema = system user file.
    * funcionar por un sistema de turnos = work on + a rota system, work on + a rota, work + shifts.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * ir en contra del sistema = buck + the system.
    * ISDS (Sistema Internacional de Datos sobre Publicaciones Seriadas) = ISDS (International Serials Data System).
    * mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.
    * mostrar el prompt del sistema = prompt.
    * NISTF (Grupo de Trabajo sobre los Sistemas Nacionales de Información de la A = NISTF (Society of American Archivists National Information Systems Task Force).
    * nombre de acceso al sistema = system logon name.
    * organizar un sistema de turnos de + Nombre = organise + a rota of + Nombre.
    * PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).
    * parecido a un sistema experto = expert-type.
    * promovido por el propio sistema de información = information-led.
    * prompt del sistema = system prompt.
    * propio del sistema = built-in.
    * protección del sistema = system security.
    * proveedor de sistemas = systems supplier, system supplier [systems supplier].
    * Proyecto para Sistemas Conectados (LSP) = Linked Systems Project (LSP).
    * responsable del sistema = system programmer.
    * seguridad del sistema = system security.
    * sistema abierto = open system.
    * sistema agrícola = farming system.
    * sistema anglosajón de medidas = imperial measures.
    * sistema anticuado = legacy system.
    * sistema antiguo = legacy system.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema auditivo, el = auditory system, the.
    * sistema automatizado = data system, automated system, computerised system.
    * sistema automatizado de bibliotecas = automated library information system, library computer system.
    * sistema automatizado de indización = computer-based indexing system.
    * sistema automatizado de préstamo = automated lending system, computerised issue system.
    * sistema automatizado multimedia = multimedia computer system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación = computerised document retrieval system, computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de documentos = computerised document retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado para la recuperación de información = computerised information retrieval system.
    * sistema automatizado por microordenador = microcomputer-based system.
    * sistema bancario, el = banking system, the.
    * sistema basado en el conocimiento = knowledge-base system.
    * sistema basado en las imágenes = image-based system.
    * sistema bibliotecario = library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario automatizado = automated library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de un sólo tipo = single-type library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario de bibliotecas de varios tipos = multitype library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario nacional = national library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario regional = regional library system.
    * sistema bibliotecario universitario = university library system.
    * sistema + caerse = system + crash.
    * sistema cardiovascular = cardiovascular system.
    * sistema cerebroespinal, el = cerebrospinal system, the.
    * sistema circulatorio = circulatory system.
    * sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.
    * sistema de abastecimiento de agua = waterworks.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de aire acondicionado = air conditioning system, air cooling system.
    * sistema de alarma = alarm system, detection system.
    * sistema de alcantarillado = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de alerta = early warning system.
    * sistema de alerta de novedades tecnológicas = technology watch.
    * sistema de alerta temprana = early warning system.
    * sistema de alimentación = fuel system.
    * sistema de almacenamiento y recuperación de la información = information storage and retrieval system.
    * sistema de altas presiones = high-pressure system, ridge of high pressure.
    * sistema de alumbrado = lighting system.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * sistema de archivo = archiving system.
    * sistema de arranque = starting system.
    * sistema de asignaturas optativas = course elective system.
    * sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.
    * sistema de autoedición = desktop system.
    * sistema de automatización de bibliotecas = library automation system.
    * sistema de aviso de reclamaciones = claims warning system.
    * sistema de ayuda = help system.
    * sistema de ayuda a la gestión = management support system (MSS).
    * sistema de bajas presiones = ridge of low pressure, low pressure system.
    * sistema de becas = grant scheme.
    * sistema de bibliotecas públicas = public library system.
    * sistema de búsqueda = paging system.
    * sistema de cableado = wiring system.
    * sistema de cables eléctricos = electrical wiring.
    * sistema de calefacción = heating system.
    * sistema de castas = caste system.
    * sistema de cierre = locking system.
    * sistema decimal = decimal system.
    * sistema de circulación automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de circulación del agua = water circulation system.
    * sistema de clases sociales = class system.
    * sistema de clasificación = classification scheme, scheme, classification system, classification schedules, grading system.
    * sistema de clasificación analítico = analytical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de Bliss = Bliss classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación decimal = decimal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso = LCC (Library of Congress Classification).
    * sistema de clasificación dicotomizado = dichotomized classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enciclopédica = general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación enumerativo = enumerative classification scheme, enumerative scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación especializado = special classification scheme, special scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación facetado = faceted classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación general = general scheme, general classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación jerárquico = hierarchical classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación lineal = linear classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación multidimensional = multidimensional classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación por disciplinas = discipline-oriented scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación sintético = synthetic classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación universal = universal classification scheme.
    * sistema de clasificación verbal = verbal classification system.
    * sistema de cobro por la información usada = information metering.
    * sistema de codificación = coding system.
    * sistema de compañías = companionship system.
    * sistema de comunicación = communication system.
    * sistema de comunicaciones = communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicaciones y de Archivo Fotográfico (PACS) = Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS).
    * sistema de comunicación óptica = optical communication system.
    * Sistema de Comunicación por Paquetes (PSS) = Packet-Switching System (PSS).
    * sistema de conductos eléctricos = ducting system.
    * sistema de conferencia en línea = online conferencing system.
    * sistema de control = monitoring system, vetting system.
    * sistema de control de la salida = exit control system.
    * sistema de control de publicaciones seriadas = serials system, serials control system.
    * sistema de conversión de texto a voz = text-to-speech system.
    * sistema de copias de seguridad = backup system.
    * sistema de creencias = belief system.
    * sistema de criba = vetting system.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.
    * sistema de defensa = defence system.
    * sistema de detección = detection system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sistema de digitalización de documentos = document imaging system.
    * sistema de discos ópticos = optical disc system.
    * sistema de distribución = distribution system.
    * sistema de drenaje = drainage system.
    * sistema de emergencia = backup supply, backup system.
    * sistema de emisión de gases = exhaust system.
    * sistema de emisión de humos = exhaust system.
    * sistema de encendido = ignition system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * sistema de entrada múltiple = multiple entry system.
    * sistema de entrada única = single entry system.
    * sistema de escritura = writing system.
    * sistema de evaluación = rating system.
    * sistema de evaluación anónima = double-blind.
    * sistema de evaluación por paresanónima = double-blind refereeing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante rociadores de agua = water sprinkler fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios = fire extinguishing system, extinguishing system.
    * sistema de extinción de incendios mediante gas halón = halon gas fire extinguishing system.
    * sistema de facturación = billing system.
    * sistema de facturación por uso = cost billing system.
    * sistema defensivo = defence system.
    * sistema de fichas = card based system.
    * sistema de fichas peek-a-boo = peek-a-boo system.
    * sistema de frenado = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de frenado antibloqueo = antilock braking system.
    * sistema de frenos = brake system, braking system.
    * sistema de géneros = sex/gender system.
    * sistema de gestión bibliotecaria = library system, library management system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión de documentos electrónicos = electronic document management system (EDMS).
    * sistema de gestión de imágenes = imaging system, image-based system, image management system.
    * sistema de gestión de la información (SGI) = information management system (IMS).
    * sistema de gestión del conocimiento = knowledge management system (KMS).
    * Sistema de Gestión de Mensajes (MHS) = Message Handling System (MHS).
    * sistema de gestión de registros = record(s) system.
    * sistema de gestión documental = information retrieval system (IRS), record(s) system.
    * sistema de gobierno = polity.
    * sistema de iluminación = lighting system.
    * sistema de incentivos = reward system, system of incentives [incentive system].
    * sistema de indización = indexing system, index system.
    * sistema de indización con conservación del contexto (PRECIS) = PRECIS.
    * Sistema de Indización de Estructura Profunda (DSIS) = Deep Structure Indexing System (DSIS).
    * sistema de indización de fichas = card index system.
    * Sistema de Indización por Frases Anidadas (NEPHIS) = Nested Phrase Indexing System (NEPHIS).
    * sistema de indización postcoordinada = post-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de indización PRECIS = PRECIS indexing system.
    * sistema de indización precoordinada = pre-coordinate indexing system.
    * sistema de información = information system.
    * Sistema de Información Bibliotecario = LIBRIS.
    * sistema de información documental = document information system.
    * Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema de información integrado = integrated information system.
    * sistema de información sectorial = sectoral information system.
    * Sistema de Información sobre Literatura Gris en Europa (SIGLE) = SIGLE (System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe).
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * sistema de justicia penal = criminal justice system.
    * sistema de la ciencia, el = system of science, the.
    * sistema de lápiz óptico = data pen system.
    * sistema de llave en mano = turnkey system, turnkey software system.
    * sistema de lógica difusa = fuzzy system.
    * sistema del olfato = olfactory system.
    * sistema de medición de los recursos usados = metering system.
    * sistema de megafonía = public address system.
    * sistema de mercado = market system.
    * sistema de multas = fines system.
    * sistema de multiusuarios = multi-user system.
    * sistema de notas = grading system.
    * sistema de numeración = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema de petición de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de préstamo = circulation system, issue system, lending system, book checking system, charge out system, library issue system.
    * sistema de préstamo automatizado = automated circulation system.
    * sistema de préstamo interbibliotecario = interlibrary loan system.
    * sistema de presupuestación mediante planificación y programación = planning programming budgeting system (PPBS).
    * sistema de primas = bonus scheme.
    * sistema de procesamiento de información = information processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de datos = data processing system.
    * sistema de proceso de imágenes = imaging system.
    * sistema de puntuación = point system.
    * sistema de reclamaciones = chasing system.
    * sistema de recompensa = reward system.
    * sistema de reconocimiento académico = academic reward(s) system.
    * sistema de recuperación = retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de imágenes = image retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información = IR system.
    * sistema de recuperación de información por medio de menús = menu-based information retrieval system.
    * sistema de recuperación por relevancia = relevance system.
    * sistema de referencia = reference system, reference system.
    * sistema de referencia por coordenadas = grid reference.
    * sistema de refrigeración = cooling system.
    * sistema de registro = recording system.
    * sistema de reservas = booking system.
    * sistema de retransmisión = relay system.
    * sistema de rociadores de agua = sprinkler system, water sprinkler system.
    * sistema de saneamiento = sewerage system, sewerage.
    * sistema de seguimiento = monitoring system.
    * sistema de seguridad = security system, backup system.
    * sistema de selección = vetting system.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sistema de suministro de documentos = document supply system.
    * sistema de suministro de información = information supply system.
    * sistema de tarifas = charging system.
    * sistema de telecomunicaciones = telecommunication system.
    * sistema de televisión en color = colour system.
    * sistema de tiempo real = real-time system.
    * sistema de traducción automatizada = machine translation system.
    * sistema de transferencia de documentos = document delivery system.
    * sistema de transmisión de mensajes = messaging system.
    * sistema de transporte = transport system.
    * sistema de transporte público = public transport system.
    * sistema de tratamiento de imágenes = image processing system.
    * sistema de trueque, el = barter system, the.
    * sistema de tubos neumáticos = pneumatic tube system.
    * sistema de turnos = rota system.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * sistema de ventilación = ventilation system.
    * sistema de vídeodisco = video disc system.
    * Sistema de Vídeo Familiar (VHS) = VHS (Video Home System).
    * sistema de videotexto = videotext system.
    * sistema de videotexto público = public viewdata system.
    * sistema de vigilancia = surveillance system.
    * sistema de vigilancia electrónica = electronic surveillance system.
    * sistema digestivo = digestive system.
    * sistema documental = documentary system.
    * sistema económico = economic system.
    * sistema educativo = educational system, education system.
    * sistema electoral = electoral system.
    * sistema eléctrico = electrical system.
    * sistema electrónico de detección de robos = electronic theft detection system.
    * sistema endocrino, el = endocrine system, the.
    * sistema en el que el documento aparece representado en un único lugar del ín = one-place system.
    * sistema energético = energy system.
    * sistema en lenguaje natural = natural language system.
    * sistema en línea = online system.
    * sistema en red = network system.
    * sistema en uso = operational system.
    * sistema escolar, el = school system, the.
    * sistema ético = ethical system.
    * sistema experto = expert system, knowledge-base system.
    * Sistema General de Ordenación (SGO) = Broad System of Ordering (BSO).
    * sistema híbrido = hybrid system.
    * sistema ideológico = system of thought.
    * sistema informático = computing system, computer system.
    * sistema informático hecho por encargo = tailored system.
    * sistema inmunológico = immune system.
    * sistema integrado = integrated system.
    * sistema integrado de gestión bibliotecaria = integrated library package.
    * sistema inteligente = intelligent system.
    * sistema interactivo = interactive system.
    * sistema interactivo en línea = interactive online system.
    * sistema intermediario = backend system.
    * Sistema Internacional de Información sobre Agricultura (AGRIS) = AGRIS (International Agricultural Information System).
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * sistema judicial = judicial system.
    * sistema legal, el = legal system, the.
    * sistema mercantil = market system.
    * sistema mercantilista = mercantile system.
    * sistema métrico decimal, el = metric system, the, decimal metric system, the.
    * sistema métrico, el = metric system, the.
    * sistema monetario = coinage.
    * sistema monetario, el = coinage system, the.
    * Sistema Monetario Europeo = European Monetary System.
    * sistema nervioso = nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso central = central nervous system.
    * sistema nervioso periférico = peripheral nervous system.
    * sistema numérico = numbering scheme, numbering system.
    * sistema obsoleto = legacy system.
    * sistema ofimático = office system.
    * sistema olfativo = olfactory system.
    * sistema operativo = operating system, operational system, computer operating system.
    * sistema operativo de disco = Disc Operating System (DOS).
    * sistema óptico = optical system, optical system.
    * sistema óptico de información = optical information system.
    * sistema orgánico = organ system.
    * sistema organizativo = organisational scheme, organisation scheme.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.
    * sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.
    * sistema para información geográfica (SIG) = Geographical Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la información de gestión = management information system (MIS).
    * Sistema para la Información Geográfica (SIG) = Geographic Information System (GIS).
    * sistema para la recuperación de texto libre = free text retrieval system.
    * sistema penal = penal system.
    * sistema penitenciario = penal system.
    * sistema personal = home system.
    * sistema político = political system.
    * sistema político unipartidista = one-party rule.
    * sistema precoordinado = pre-coordinate system.
    * sistema respiratorio = respiratory system.
    * sistema social = social system.
    * sistema solar, el = solar system, the.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * sistema virtual de gestión de cursos = course management system.
    * teoría de sistemas = systems theory.
    * vendedor de sistemas = systems vendor.
    * volver a levantar el sistema = restart.

    * * *
    A (método) system
    necesitamos un nuevo sistema we need a new way of doing things o a new system
    trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically
    él se opone a todo lo que yo propongo, por sistema he systematically o invariably opposes everything I propose, as a matter of course he opposes everything I propose
    B
    el sistema educativo/impositivo the education/tax system
    el sistema de calefacción the heating system
    2 ( Inf) system
    entrar en or al sistema to log in o on
    salir del sistema to log out o off
    Compuestos:
    ( Mil) Electronic Counter Measures
    distribution system
    set of simultaneous equations
    satellite navegation system
    through-ticketing
    expert system
    metric system
    European Monetary System
    mountain range
    nervous system
    central nervous system
    operating system
    disk operating system
    solar system
    ( Esp) through-ticketing
    * * *

     

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 ( método) system;
    ◊ trabajar con sistema to work systematically o methodically

    2 ( conjunto organizado) system;

    sistema solar solar system;
    Ssistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System
    3 (Inf) system;
    ◊ entrar en el/salir del sistema to log on/off

    sistema sustantivo masculino
    1 system
    sistema circulatorio, circulatory system
    sistema operativo, operating system
    2 (modo) tenemos que buscar un sistema para hacerlo, we have to find a way to do it
    ♦ Locuciones: por sistema, as a rule
    ' sistema' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bicameral
    - decimal
    - dicotomía
    - educativa
    - educativo
    - enseñanza
    - inconveniente
    - instrumentación
    - inutilizar
    - LOGSE
    - métrica
    - métrico
    - monetaria
    - monetario
    - obsoleta
    - obsoleto
    - perfección
    - poner
    - refrigeración
    - salir
    - simulador
    - simuladora
    - SME
    - SMI
    - solar
    - subsistir
    - sufragio
    - tributación
    - tributaria
    - tributario
    - vía
    - vídeo
    - afianzar
    - afiliarse
    - alfabetizar
    - aparato
    - aplicar
    - cómodo
    - complicado
    - defecto
    - desbaratar
    - ejido
    - escritura
    - falla
    - fórmula
    - funcionamiento
    - impositivo
    - inadecuado
    - ineficaz
    - ingeniar
    English:
    advanced
    - Amtrak
    - antilock braking system
    - backup
    - change over
    - decimal system
    - develop
    - development
    - diagram
    - DOS
    - efficient
    - electronic
    - establishment
    - European Monetary System
    - flagship
    - glitch
    - GPA
    - imperial mile
    - instal
    - install
    - institute
    - log in
    - log off
    - log on
    - log out
    - machinery
    - metric
    - MIS
    - nervous system
    - operating system
    - operational
    - PA
    - piecemeal
    - plumbing
    - pony express
    - process
    - respiratory system
    - retrieval
    - sanitary
    - service
    - set-up
    - sewerage
    - system
    - tax system
    - unsystematic
    - unsystematically
    - comprehensive
    - day
    - decimalization
    - down
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    1. [conjunto ordenado] system
    sistema de apertura retardada time lock;
    sistema de apoyo support system;
    el sistema bancario the banking system;
    Astron sistema binario [de estrellas] binary system;
    sistema cegesimal [de unidades] CGS system;
    el Sistema Central = Spanish central mountain range;
    sistema de coordenadas coordinate system;
    sistema decimal decimal system;
    TV sistema dual bilingual broadcasting;
    sistema fiscal tax system;
    el Sistema Ibérico the Iberian chain;
    sistema impositivo tax system;
    sistema métrico (decimal) metric (decimal) system;
    Sistema Monetario Europeo European Monetary System;
    sistema montañoso mountain chain o range;
    sistema periódico (de los elementos) periodic table (of elements);
    sistema planetario planetary system;
    sistema político political system;
    sistema de referencia frame of reference;
    sistema de seguridad security system;
    sistema solar solar system;
    sistema de transportes transport system;
    sistema tributario tax system
    2. Anat system
    sistema cardiovascular cardiovascular system;
    sistema circulatorio circulatory system;
    sistema endocrino endocrine system;
    sistema inmunológico immune system;
    sistema linfático lymphatic system;
    sistema nervioso nervous system;
    sistema nervioso central central nervous system
    3. [método, orden] method;
    trabajar con sistema to work methodically
    4. Informát system
    sistema de alimentación ininterrumpida uninterruptible power supply;
    sistema de almacenamiento storage system;
    sistema de archivos jerárquicos hierarchical file system;
    sistema de autor authoring system;
    sistema binario binary system;
    sistema experto expert system;
    sistema de gestión de bases de datos database management system;
    sistema hexadecimal hexadecimal system, base 16;
    sistema multiprocesador multiprocessor system;
    sistema multiusuario multi-user system;
    sistema de nombres de dominio domain name system;
    sistema operativo operating system
    5. Ling system
    ♦ por sistema loc adv
    systematically;
    me lleva la contraria por sistema he always argues with everything I say
    SISTEMA EDUCATIVO
    The Spanish education system starts with free nursery school from 3 to 6. This is followed by primary school from 6 to 12, and compulsory secondary education from 12 to 16, successful completion of which entitles pupils to a “secondary school diploma”. There is then a choice of a general course of study (“bachillerato”) or a technical one, both of two years. The bachillerato allows access to university courses, which can lead to a diploma or degree. In Latin America, there is great variation in educational provision from country to country. The end of compulsory education ranges from age 11 in Honduras to 16 in Peru, though in most countries it is between 13 and 15. Actual enrolment in primary school is high, even in the poorer countries, but about a third of secondary-school-age Latin American children are not actually enrolled. In a poor country such as Guatemala this rises to two-thirds, compared with the high level of secondary enrolment in Argentina, Chile or Cuba.
    * * *
    m system
    * * *
    : system
    * * *
    sistema n system

    Spanish-English dictionary > sistema

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