(used+adverbially)

at-qui (in MSS. sometimes adqui, e. g. Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8 Mai, and often confounded with atque), conj. (the form atquin is incorrect and post-class.; for Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 55, should be read at quin separately, Fleck.; cf. Caper Orth. p. 2441) [qui, abl. of indef. quis, used adverbially; so pr. but anyhow; cf.: alioqui, ceteroqui].

In gen., serving to connect-an adversative clause or assertion, but anyhow, but any way or wise, yet, notwithstanding, however, rather, but now, but nevertheless, and yet, alla dê, alla dêpou, alla mên (a purely adversative particle, a more emphatic at, while atque is regularly copulative; v. atque; syn.: at, sed, verum, autem; comparatively rare in all periods, it being scarcely more than an emphasized form of at): Th. Quid aïs, venefica? Py. Atqui certo comperi, Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 9: Sy. Gratiam habeo. De. Atqui, Syre, Hoc verumst et re ipsā experiere propediem, id. Ad. 5, 5, 7: Cl. Satis scite promittit tibi. Sy. Atqui tu hanc jocari credis? but yet do you believe that she is jesting? id. Heaut. 4, 4, 7:

cum omnia vi et armis egeris, accuses eum, qui se praesidio munierit, non ut te oppugnaret, sed ut vitam suam posset defendere? Atqui ne ex eo quidem tempore id egit Sestius, ut, etc.,

and yet, Cic. Sest. 37, 79: tum, ut me Cotta vidit, peropportune, inquit, venis... atqui mihi quoque videor, inquam, venisse, ut dicis, opportune, rather I seem to myself, etc., alla mên kai emoi dokô, id. N. D. 1, 7, 16: vitas hinnuleo me similis Chloe... atqui non ego te tigris ut aspera Gaetulusve leo, frangere persequor, but yet, alla toi, Hor. C. 1, 23, 1-10: Jam vero videtis nihil esse tam morti simile quam somnum;

atqui dormientium animi maxime declarant divinitatem suam,

but yet, Cic. Sen. 22, 81:

tum dixisse (Lysandrum), mirari se non modo diligentiam, sed etiam sollertiam ejus, a quo essent illa dimensa atque descripta: et ei Cyrum respondisse: Atqui (sc. ne putes alium id fecisse) ego omnia ista sum dimensus,

id. ib. 17, 59.—

Esp.

In adding a thought confirmatory of a preceding one, but not antithetical (v. at init.), but indeed, but certainly, by all means: Do. Salvos sis, adulescens Sa. Siquidem hanc vendidero pretio suo. To. Atqui aut hoc emptore vendes pulcre aut alio non potest, Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 31: Et Philus: praeclaram vero causam ad me defertis, cum me improbitatis patrocinium suscipere vultis. Atqui id tibi, inquit Laelius, verendum est, but certainly (ironically), Cic. Rep. 3, 5, 8; id. Leg. 1, 1, 4.—Sometimes with pol or sic:

atqui pol hodie non feres, ni genua confricantur,

Plaut. As. 3, 3, 80: Py. Scis eam civem hinc esse? Pa. Nescio. Py. Atqui sic inventast, Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 30: hunc ego non diligam? non admirer? non omni ratione defendendum putem? Atqui sic a summis hominibus eruditissimis accepimus, etc., yet so we have certainly heard, etc., Cic. Arch. 8, 18.—

So also atqui si, adversative, but if, or continuative, if now, if indeed (cf.:

quod si): sine veniat. Atqui si illam digito attigerit, oculi illi ilico ecfodientur,

if, however, he do but touch her, Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 1 (Fleck., Qui): quae et conscripta a multis sunt diligenter et sunt humiliora quam illa, quae a nobis exspectari puto. Att. Atqui si quaeris ego quid exspectem, etc., Cic. Leg. 1, 5, 15; id. Fin. 4, 23, 62:

atqui, si ita placet, inquit Antonius, trademus etiam,

well now, if, id. de Or. 2, 50, 204: atqui Si noles sanus, curres hydropicus, but now if you are unwilling, etc., Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 33:

atqui si tempus est ullum jure hominis necandi, quae multa sunt, certe illud est,

but if now there is any time, Cic. Mil. 4 init. —

To modify a preceding negation or negative interrogation, yet, still, instead of that, rather: Ni. Numquam auferes hinc aurum. Ch. Atqui jam dabis, but, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 7, 26: Non sum apud me. Se. Atqui opus est nunc quom maxime ut sis, Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 27:

O rem, inquis, difficilem et inexplicabilem. Atqui explicanda est,

nevertheless, Cic. Att. 8, 3; id. Ac. 2, 36, 114:

magnum narras, vix credibile. Atqui Sic habet,

but in fact, so it is, Hor. S. 1, 9, 52; Curt. 6, 10, 5:

modum statuarum haberi nullum placet? Atqui habeatur necesse est,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 59; 2, 3, 86; id. Parad. 1, 1, 7; Flor. 4, 2, 53; Curt. 6, 10, 10.—

To connect a minor proposition in a syllogism (both an affirmative and a negative, while atque only connects an affirm. proposition), but, but now, now:

Ergo cum sol igneus sit, quia nullus ignis sine pastu aliquo possit permanere, necesse est aut ei similis sit igni, quem... aut ei, qui... atqui hic noster ignis etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 15, 40 and 41:

qui fortis est, idem est fidens... Qui autem est fidens, is profecto non extimescit... Atqui in quem cadit aegritudo, in eundem timor... Ita fit, ut fortitudini aegritudo repugnet,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 7, 14:

(mors) aut plane neglegenda est... aut etiam optanda, si, etc. Atqui tertium certe nihil inveniri potest. Quid igitur timeam si, etc.,

id. Sen. 19, 66; id. Tusc. 5, 14, 40. (Vid. more upon this word in Hand, Turs. I. pp. 513-524.)

ex or ē (ex always before vowels, and elsewh. more freq. than e; e. g. in Cic. Rep. e occurs 19 times, but ex 61 times, before consonants—but no rule can be given for the usage; cf., e. g., ex and e together:

qui ex corporum vinculis tamquam e carcere evolaverunt,

Cic. Rep. 6, 14. But certain expressions have almost constantly the same form, as ex parte, ex sententia, ex senatus consulto, ex lege, ex tempore, etc.; but e regione, e re nata, e vestigio, e medio, and e republica used adverbially; v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 756 sq.), praep. with abl. [kindr. with Gr. ek, ex], denotes out from the interior of a thing, in opposition to in (cf. ab and de init.), out of, from.

In space.

Prop.:

interea e portu nostra navis solvitur, Ubi portu exiimus, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 54:

quam (sphaeram) M. Marcelli avus captis Syracusis ex urbe locupletissima atque ornatissima sustulisset, cum aliud nihil ex tanta praeda domum suam deportavisset,

Cic. Rep. 1, 14:

influxit non tenuis quidam e Graecia rivulus in hanc urbem,

id. ib. 2, 19:

visam, ecquae advenerit In portum ex Epheso navis mercatoria,

Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 2; cf. id. ib. 3, 2, 5;

3, 6, 32 al.: magno de flumine malim quam ex hoc fonticulo tantundem sumere,

Hor. S. 1, 1, 56; cf.:

nec vos de paupere mensa Dona nec e puris spernite fictilibus,

Tib. 1, 1, 38:

clanculum ex aedibus me edidi foras,

Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 9; so freq. with verbs compounded with ex; also with verbs compounded with ab and de, v. abeo, abscedo, amoveo, aveho, etc.; decedo, deduco, defero, deicio, etc.—

In a downward direction, from, down from, from off:

ex spelunca saxum in crura ejus incidisse,

Cic. Fat. 3, 6; cf. Liv. 35, 21:

picis e caelo demissum flumen,

Lucr. 6, 257:

equestribus proeliis saepe ex equis desiliunt,

Caes. B. G. 4, 2, 3; cf.:

cecidisse ex equo dicitur,

Cic. Clu. 62 fin.:

e curru trahitur,

id. Rep. 2, 41:

e curru desilit,

Ov. A. A. 1, 559 et saep., v. cado, decido, decurro, deduco, delabor, elabor, etc.—

In an upward direction, from, above:

collis paululum ex planitie editus,

Caes. B. G. 2, 8, 3:

globum terrae eminentem e mari,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 28;

and trop.: consilia erigendae ex tam gravi casu rei publicae,

Liv. 6, 2.—

Transf.

To indicate the country, and, in gen., the place from or out of which any person or thing comes, from:

ex Aethiopia est usque haec,

Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 18:

quod erat ex eodem municipio,

Cic. Clu. 17, 49; cf. id. ib. 5, 11.—Freq. without a verb:

Philocrates ex Alide,

Plaut. Capt. 3, 2, 10:

ex Aethiopia ancillula,

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 85 Ruhnk.:

negotiator ex Africa,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 5:

Epicurei e Graecia,

id. N. D. 1, 21, 58:

Q. Junius ex Hispania quidam,

Caes. B. G. 5, 27:

ex India elephanti,

Liv. 35, 32:

civis Romanus e conventu Panhormitano,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 54 Zumpt; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 59 fin.:

meretrix e proxumo,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 38; cf. id. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

puer ex aula (sc. regis barbari),

Hor. C. 1, 29, 7:

ex spelunca saxum,

Cic. Fat. 3, 6:

saxum ex capitolio,

Liv. 35, 21, 6:

ex equo cadere,

Cic. Clu. 32, 175; cf. id. Fat. 3, 6; Auct. B. Hisp. 15 et saep.—

To indicate the place from which any thing is done or takes place, from, down from: ibi tum derepente ex alto in altum despexit mare, Enn. ap. Non. 518, 6 (for which:

a summo caelo despicere,

Ov. A. A. 2, 87; and:

de vertice montis despicere,

id. M. 11, 503); cf.:

T. Labienus... ex loco superiore conspicatus, etc.,

Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 4:

ex qua (villa) jam audieram fremitum clientium meorum,

Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 3:

ex hoc ipso loco permulta contra legem eam verba fecisti,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; so id. ib. 8 fin.; cf.:

judices aut e plano aut e quaesitoris tribunali admonebat,

Suet. Tib. 33:

ex equo, ex prora, ex puppi pugnare,

Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 202 and 209; cf. Caes. B. G. 2, 27, 3:

ex vinculis causam dicere,

id. ib. 1, 4, 1; Liv. 29, 19.—Hence the adverbial expressions, ex adverso, ex diverso, ex contrario, e regione, ex parte, e vestigio, etc.; v. the words adversus, diversus, etc.—Also, ex itinere, during or on a journey, on the march, without halting, Cic. Fam. 3, 9; Sall. C. 34, 2; Liv. 35, 24; Caes. B. G. 2, 6, 1; 3, 21, 2; id. B. C. 1, 24, 4; Sall. J. 56, 3 al.; cf.

also: ex fuga,

during the flight, Caes. B. G. 6, 35, 6; id. B. C. 3, 95; 96 fin.; Sall. J. 54, 4 Kritz.; Liv. 6, 29; 28, 23 al.

In time.

From a certain point of time, i. e. immediately after, directly after, after (in this sense more freq. than ab):

Cotta ex consulatu est profectus in Galliam,

Cic. Brut. 92, 318; so,

ex consulatu,

Liv. 4, 31 Drak.; 40, 1 fin.; 22, 49; 27, 34; Vell. 2, 33, 1 al.:

ex praetura,

Cic. Leg. 1, 20, 53; id. Mur. 7, 15; Caes. B. C. 1, 22, 4; 1, 31, 2:

ex dictatura,

Liv. 10, 5 fin.:

ex eo magistratu,

Vell. 2, 31 et saep.; cf.:

Agrippa ex Asia (pro consule eam provinciam annuo imperio tenuerat) Moesiae praepositus est,

Tac. H. 3, 46 fin.:

statim e somno lavantur,

id. G. 22:

tanta repente vilitas annonae ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta est,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; cf. Liv. 21, 39:

ex aliquo graviore actu personam deponere,

Quint. 6, 2, 35:

mulier ex partu si, etc.,

Cels. 2, 8:

ex magnis rupibus nactus planitiem,

Caes. B. C. 1, 70, 3; cf.: ex maximo bello tantum otium totae insulae conciliavit, ut, etc., Nop. Timol. 3, 2; and:

ex magna desperatione tandem saluti redditus,

Just. 12, 10, 1 et saep.:

ex quo obses Romae fuit,

since he was a hostage in Rome, Liv. 40, 5 fin. —So the phrase, aliud ex alio, one thing after another:

me quotidie aliud ex alio impedit,

Cic. Fam. 9, 19 fin.; Cic. Leg. 1, 4, 14 (cf. also, alius, D.):

aliam rem ex alia cogitare,

Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 3:

alia ex aliis iniquiora postulando,

Liv. 4, 2.—So, too, diem ex die exspectabam, one day after another, from day to day, Cic. Att. 7, 26 fin.; cf.:

diem ex die ducere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 5 (v. dies, I. A. b.).—

With names of office or calling, to denote one who has completed his term of office, or has relinquished his vocation. So in class. Lat. very dub.;

for the passage,

Caes. B. C. 1, 46, 4, belongs more correctly under III. B. It is, however, very common in post-class. Lat., esp. in inscriptions—ex consule, ex comite, ex duce, ex equite, ex praefecto, etc.— an ex-consul, etc. (for which, without good MS. authority, the nominatives exconsul, excomes, exdux, etc., are sometimes assumed, in analogy with proconsul, and subvillicus; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 562, note, and the authors there cited):

vir excelsus ex quaestore et ex consule Tribonianus,

Cod. Just. 1, 17, 2, § 9; cf.:

Pupienus et Balbinus, ambo ex consulibus,

Capitol. Gord. 22:

duo ante ipsam aram a Gallicano ex consulibus et Maecenate ex ducibus interempti sunt,

id. ib.:

mandabat Domitiano, ex comite largitionum, praefecto, ut, etc.,

Amm. 14, 7, 9:

Serenianus ex duce,

id. 14, 7, 7:

INLVSTRIS EX PRAEFECTO praeTORIO ET EX PRAEFECTO VRbis,

Inscr. Orell. 2355 al., v. Inscr. Orell. in Indice, p. 525.—

And of a period of life: quem si Constans Imperator olim ex adulto jamque maturum audiret, etc.,

i. e. who had outgrown the period of youth, and was now a man, Amm. 16, 7.—

From and after a given time, from... onward, from, since (cf. ab, II. A. 2.):

bonus volo jam ex hoc die esse,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 10:

itaque ex eo tempore res esse in vadimonium coepit,

Cic. Quint. 5 fin.:

nec vero usquam discedebam, nec a republica deiciebam oculos, ex eo die, quo, etc.,

id. Phil. 1, 1:

ex aeterno tempore,

id. Fin. 1, 6, 17:

ex hoc die,

id. Rep. 1, 16:

motum ex Metello consule civicum tractas,

from the consulship of Metellus, Hor. C. 2, 1, 1:

C. Pompeius Diogenes ex Kalendis Juliis cenaculum locat,

Petr. 38, 10; so usually in forms of hiring; cf. Garaton. Cic. Phil. 2, 39, 100:

ex ea die ad hanc diem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12 fin.:

memoria tenent, me ex Kalendis Januariis ad hanc horam invigilasse rei publicae,

id. Phil. 14, 7, 20.—Esp.: ex quo (sc. tempore), since: [p. 670] octavus annus est, ex quo, etc., Tac. Agr. 33; id. A. 14, 53:

sextus decimus dies agitur, ex quo,

id. H. 1, 29:

sextus mensis est, ex quo,

Curt. 10, 6, 9; Hor. Ep. 11, 5; so,

ex eo,

Tac. A. 12, 7; Suet. Caes. 22:

ex illo,

Ov. F. 5, 670; Stat. Silv. 1, 2, 81.—

Less freq. in specifying a future date (after which something is to be done), from, after:

Romae vereor ne ex Kal. Jan. magni tumultus sint,

Cic. Fam. 16, 9, 3:

hunc judicem ex Kal. Jan. non habemus... ex Kal. Jan. non judicabunt,

id. Verr. 1, 10:

ex Idibus Mart.... ex Idibus Mai.,

id. Att. 5, 21, 9.

In other relations, and in gen. where a going out or forth, a coming or springing out of any thing is conceivable.

With verbs of taking out, or, in gen., of taking, receiving, deriving (both physically and mentally; so of perceiving, comprehending, inquiring, learning, hoping, etc.), away from, from, out of, of:

solem e mundo tollere videntur, qui amicitiam e vita tollunt,

Cic. Lael. 13, 47:

ex omni populo deligendi potestas,

id. Agr. 2, 9, 23:

agro ex hoste capto,

Liv. 41, 14, 3:

cui cum liceret majores ex otio fructus capere,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4:

ex populo Romano bona accipere,

Sall. J. 102:

majorem laetitiam ex desiderio bonorum percepimus, quam ex laetitia improborum dolorem,

Cic. Rep. 1, 4:

quaesierat ex me Scipio,

id. ib. 1, 13:

ex te requirunt,

id. ib. 2, 38:

de quo studeo ex te audire, quid sentias,

id. ib. 1, 11 fin.; 1, 30; 1, 46; 2, 38; cf.:

intellexi ex tuis litteris te ex Turannio audisse, etc.,

id. Att. 6, 9, 3:

ex eo cum ab ineunte ejus aetate bene speravissem,

id. Fam. 13, 16 et saep.; cf.:

ex aliqua re aliquid nominare,

id. N. D. 2, 20, 51:

vocare,

Tac. G. 2, 4; cf. id. ib. 4, 55; Sall. J. 5, 4.—

In specifying a multitude from which something is taken, or of which it forms a part, out of, of:

qui ex civitate in senatum, ex senatu in hoc consilium delecti estis,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 3 fin.:

e vectoribus sorte ductus,

id. Rep. 1, 34:

ecquis est ex tanto populo, qui? etc.,

id. Rab. Post. 17:

homo ex numero disertorum postulabat, ut, etc.,

id. de Or. 1, 37, 168: Q. Fulgentius, ex primo hastato (sc. ordine) legionis XIV., i. e. a soldier of the first division of hastati of the 14 th legion, Caes. B. C. 1, 46;

v. hastatus: e barbaris ipsis nulli erant maritimi,

Cic. Rep. 2, 4:

unus ex illis decemviris,

id. ib. 2, 37:

ex omnibus seculis vix tria aut quatuor nominantur paria amicorum,

id. Lael. 4, 15:

aliquis ex vobis,

id. Cael. 3, 7; id. Fam. 13, 1 fin.: id enim ei ex ovo videbatur aurum declarasse;

reliquum, argentum,

this of the egg, id. Div. 2, 65:

quo e collegio (sc. decemvirorum),

id. Rep. 2, 36:

virgines ex sacerdotio Vestae,

Flor. 1, 13, 12:

alia ex hoc quaestu,

Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 29 Ruhnk.; cf.:

fuit eodem ex studio vir eruditus apud patres nostros,

Cic. Mur. 36; Ov. Am. 2, 5, 54; Sen. Ben. 3, 9; id. Ep. 52, 3:

qui sibi detulerat ex latronibus suis principatum,

Cic. Phil. 2, 3:

est tibi ex his, qui assunt, bella copia,

id. Rep. 2, 40:

Batavi non multum ex ripa, sed insulam Rheni amnis colunt,

Tac. G. 29:

acerrimum autem ex omnibus nostris sensibus esse sensum videndi,

Cic. de Or. 2, 87, 357:

ex tribus istis modis rerum publicarum velim scire quod optimum judices,

id. Rep. 1, 30; cf. id. ib. 1, 35 et saep.—

Sometimes a circumlocution for the subject. gen., of (cf. de):

has (turres) altitudo puppium ex barbaris navibus superabat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 14, 4:

album ex ovo cum rosa mixtum,

Cels. 4, 20:

ex fraxino frondes, ex leguminibus paleae,

Col. 7, 3, 21 sq. —

To indicate the material of which any thing is made or consists, of:

fenestrae e viminibus factae,

Varr. R. R. 3, 9, 6; cf.:

statua ex aere facta,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 21; and:

ex eo auro buculam curasse faciendam,

id. Div. 1, 24:

substramen e palea,

Varr. R. R. 3, 10, 4:

pocula ex auro, vas vinarium ex una gemma pergrandi,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27:

monilia e gemmis,

Suet. Calig. 56:

farina ex faba,

Cels. 5, 28:

potiones ex absinthio,

id. ib. et saep.:

Ennius (i. e. statua ejus) constitutus ex marmore,

Cic. Arch. 9 fin.; cf. id. Ac. 2, 31, 100:

(homo) qui ex animo constet et corpore caduco et infirmo,

id. N. D. 1, 35, 98:

natura concreta ex pluribus naturis,

id. ib. 3, 14; id. Rep. 1, 45; id. Ac. 1, 2, 6: cum Epicuro autem hoc est plus negotii, quod e duplici genere voluptatis conjunctus est, id. Fin. 2, 14, 44 et saep.—

To denote technically the material, out of, i. e. with which any thing to eat or drink, etc., is mixed or prepared (esp. freq. of medical preparations):

resinam ex melle Aegyptiam,

Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 28:

quo pacto ex jure hesterno panem atrum vorent,

Ter. Eun. 5, 4, 17:

bibat jejunus ex aqua castoreum,

Cels. 3, 23:

aqua ex lauro decocta,

id. 4, 2; cf.:

farina tritici ex aceto cocta,

Plin. 22, 25, 57, § 120:

pullum hirundinis servatum ex sale,

Cels. 4, 4:

nuclei pinei ex melle, panis vel elota alica ex aqua mulsa (danda est),

id. 4, 7 et saep.—So of the mixing of colors or flavors:

bacae e viridi rubentes,

Plin. 15, 30, 39, § 127:

frutex ramosus, bacis e nigro rufis,

id. ib. §

132: id solum e rubro lacteum traditur,

id. 12, 14, 30, § 52:

e viridi pallens,

id. 37, 8, 33, § 110:

apes ex aureolo variae,

Col. 9, 3, 2:

sucus ex austero dulcis,

Plin. 13, 9, 18, § 62; 21, 8, 26, § 50:

ex dulci acre,

id. 11, 15, 15, § 39; cf.

trop.: erat totus ex fraude et mendacio factus,

Cic. Clu. 26.—

To indicate the cause or reason of any thing, from, through, by, by reason of, on account of:

cum esset ex aere alieno commota civitas,

Cic. Rep. 2, 33:

ex doctrina nobilis et clarus,

id. Rab. Post. 9, 23:

ex vulnere aeger,

id. Rep. 2, 21; cf.:

ex renibus laborare,

id. Tusc. 2, 25:

ex gravitate loci vulgari morbos,

Liv. 25, 26:

ex vino vacillantes, hesterna ex potatione oscitantes,

Quint. 8, 33, 66:

gravida e Pamphilo est,

Ter. And. 1, 3, 11:

credon' tibi hoc, nunc peperisse hanc e Pamphilo?

id. ib. 3, 2, 17:

ex se nati,

Cic. Rep. 1, 35:

ex quodam conceptus,

id. ib. 2, 21:

ex nimia potentia principum oritur interitus principum,

id. ib. 1, 44:

ex hac maxima libertate tyrannis gignitur,

id. ib. et saep.:

ex te duplex nos afficit sollicitudo,

Cic. Brut. 97, 332; cf.:

quoniam tum ex me doluisti, nunc ut duplicetur tuum ex me gaudium, praestabo,

id. Fam. 16, 21, 3:

in spem victoriae adductus ex opportunitate loci,

Sall. J. 48, 2:

veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficeretur exercitus,

id. ib. 50, 1 et saep.:

ex Transalpinis gentibus triumphare,

Cic. Phil. 8, 6, 18; id. Off. 2, 8, 28; cf. id. Fam. 3, 10, 1:

gens Fabia saepe ex opulentissima Etrusca civitate victoriam tulit,

Liv. 2, 50:

ex tam propinquis stativis parum tuta frumentatio erat,

i. e. on account of the proximity of the two camps, Liv. 31, 36:

qua ex causa cum bellum Romanis Sabini intulissent,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7:

hic mihi (credo equidem ex hoc, quod eramus locuti) Africanus se ostendit,

id. ib. 6, 10:

quod ex eo sciri potest, quia, etc.,

id. Tusc. 1, 18 fin.; cf. id. Leg. 1, 15, 43:

causa... fuit ex eo, quod, etc.,

id. Phil. 6, 1:

ex eo fieri, ut, etc.,

id. Lael. 13, 46:

ex quo fit, ut, etc.,

id. Rep. 1, 43:

e quo efficitur, non ut, etc.,

id. Fin. 2, 5, 15 et saep.—Sometimes between two substantives without a verb:

non minor ex aqua postea quam ab hostibus clades,

Flor. 4, 10, 8:

ex nausea vomitus,

Cels. 4, 5:

ex hac clade atrox ira,

Liv. 2, 51, 6:

metus ex imperatore, contemptio ex barbaris,

Tac. A. 11, 20:

ex legato timor,

id. Agr. 16 et saep.—

In partic., to indicate that from which any thing derives its name, from, after, on account of:

cui postea Africano cognomen ex virtute fuit,

Sall. J. 5, 4; cf. Flor. 2, 6, 11:

cui (sc. Tarquinio) cognomen Superbo ex moribus datum,

id. 1, 7, 1:

nomen ex vitio positum,

Ov. F. 2, 601:

quarum ex disparibus motionibus magnum annum mathematici nominaverunt,

Cic. N. D. 2, 20; id. Leg. 1, 8; cf. id. Tusc. 4, 12; Plin. 11, 37, 45, § 123:

holosteon sine duritia est, herba ex adverso appellata a Graecis,

id. 27, 10, 65, § 91:

quam urbem e suo nomine Romam jussit nominari,

Cic. Rep. 2, 7:

e nomine (nominibus),

id. ib. 2, 20; Tac. A. 4, 55; id. G. 2; Just. 15, 4, 8; 20, 5, 9 et saep.—

To indicate a transition, i. e. a change, alteration, from one state or condition to another, from, out of:

si possum tranquillum facere ex irato mihi,

Plaut. Cist. 3, 21:

fierent juvenes subito ex infantibus parvis,

Lucr. 1, 186:

dii ex hominibus facti,

Cic. Rep. 2, 10:

ut exsistat ex rege dominus, ex optimatibus factio, ex populo turba et confusio,

id. ib. 1, 45:

nihil est tam miserabile quam ex beato miser,

id. Part. 17; cf.:

ex exsule consul,

id. Manil. 4, 46:

ex perpetuo annuum placuit, ex singulari duplex,

Flor. 1, 9, 2: tua virtute nobis Romanos ex amicis amicissimos fecisti, Sall. J. 10:

ex alto sapore excitati,

Curt. 7, 11, 18.—

Ex (e) re, ex usu or ex injuria, to or for the advantage or injury of any one:

ex tua re non est, ut ego emoriar,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 102; 104; cf. Ter. Phorm. 5, 7, 76: Cervius haec inter vicinus garrit aniles Ex re fabellas, i. e. fitting, suitable, pertinent (= pro commodo, quae cum re proposita conveniant), Hor. S. 2, 6, 78:

aliquid facere bene et e re publica,

for the good, the safety of the state, Cic. Phil. 10, 11, 25:

e (not ex) re publica,

id. ib. 3, 12, 30; 8, 4, 13; id. de Or. 2, 28, 124; id. Fam. 13, 8, 2; Liv. 23, 24; Suet. Caes. 19 et saep.:

exque re publica,

Cic. Phil. 3, 15, 38; 5, 13, 36:

non ex usu nostro est,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 60; Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 10; Caes. B. G. 1, 30, 2; 1, 50 fin.; 5, 6 fin. al.; cf.:

ex utilitate,

Plin. Pan. 67, 4; Tac. A. 15, 43:

ex nullius injuria,

Liv. 45, 44, 11.—

To designate the measure or rule, according to, after, in conformity with which any thing is done:

(majores) primum jurare EX SVI ANIMI SENTENTIA quemque voluerunt,

Cic. Ac. 2, 47 fin. (cf. Beier, Cic. Off. 3, 29, 108, and the references):

ex omnium sententia constitutum est, etc.,

id. Clu. 63, 177; cf.:

ex senatus sententia,

id. Fam. 12, 4:

ex collegii sententia,

Liv. 4, 53:

ex amicorum sententia,

id. 40, 29:

ex consilii sententia,

id. 45, 29 et saep.; cf.

also: ex sententia, i. q. ex voluntate,

according to one's wish, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 96: Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 32; Cic. Fam. 12, 10, 2; id. Att. 5, 21 al.;

and, in a like sense: ex mea sententia,

Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 1; id. Merc. 2, 3, 36:

ex senatus consulto,

Cic. Rep. 3, 18; Sall. C. 42 fin.:

ex edicto, ex decreto,

Cic. Fam. 13, 56 fin.; id. Quint. 8, 30:

ex lege,

id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 19; id. Clu. 37, 103; id. Inv. 1, 38, 68: ex jure, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10, 4 (Ann. v. 276 ed. Vahl.); Varr. L. L. 6, § 64 Mull.; Cic. Mur. 12, 26; id. de Or. 1, 10, 41:

ex foedere,

Liv. 1, 23 et saep.:

hunccine erat aequum ex illius more, an illum ex hujus vivere?

Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 29; so,

ex more,

Sall. J. 61, 3; Verg. A. 5, 244; 8, 186; Ov. M. 14, 156; 15, 593; Plin. Ep. 3, 18; Flor. 4, 2, 79 al.; cf.:

ex consuetudine,

Cic. Clu. 13, 38; Caes. B. G. 1, 52, 4; 4, 32, 1; Sall. J. 71, 4; Quint. 2, 7, 1 al.:

quod esse volunt e virtute, id est honeste vivere,

Cic. Fin. 2, 11, 34:

ex sua libidine moderantur,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 1, 4; cf. Sall. C. 8, 1:

ut magis ex animo rogare nihil possim,

Cic. Fam. 13, 8, 3:

eorum ex ingenio ingenium horum probant,

Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 42; cf. Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 118; Balb. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, A.:

leges ex utilitate communi, non ex scriptione, quae in litteris est, interpretari,

Cic. Inv. 1, 38; cf. id. Lael. 6, 21:

nemo enim illum ex trunco corporis spectabat, sed ex artificio comico aestimabat,

id. Rosc. Com. 10, 28; cf. Sall. C. 10, 5; Caes. B. G. 3, 20, 1; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 2 al.:

ex tuis verbis meum futurum corium pulcrum praedicas,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 19; cf. Cic. Fam. 7, 17; id. Att. 1, 3:

nunc quae scribo, scribo ex opinione hominum atque fama,

id. Fam. 12, 4 fin.:

scripsit Tiberio, non ut profugus aut supplex, sed ex memoria prioris fortunae,

Tac. A. 2, 63: quamquam haec quidem res non solum ex domestica est ratione;

attingit etiam bellicam,

Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76; cf. id. Quint. 11; 15 et saep.—E re rata, v. ratus.—

To form adverbial expressions, such as: ex aequo, ex commodo, ex contrario, ex composito, ex confesso, ex destinato, ex diverso, ex facili, etc., ex affluenti, ex continenti;

ex improviso, ex inopinato, etc., v. the words aequus, commodus, etc.

2, 791:

terris ex,

id. 6, 788:

quibus e sumus uniter apti,

id. 3, 839; 5, 949.—E joined with que:

que sacra quercu,

Verg. E. 7, 13.

In composition, ex (cf. dis) before vowels and h, and before c, p, q, t (exagito, exeo, exigo, exoro, exuro, exhaurio; excedo, expello, exquiro, extraho); ef (sometimes ec) before f (effero, effluo, effringo; also in good MSS. ecfero, ecfari, ecfodio), elsewhere e (eblandior, educo, egredior, eicio, eligo, emitto, enitor, evado, eveho). A few exceptions are found, viz., in ex: epoto and epotus as well as expotus, and escendo as well as exscensio; in e: exbibo as well as ebibo; exballisto, exbola; exdorsuo; exfututa as well as effutuo; exfibulo; exlex, etc. After ex in compounds s is [p. 671] often elided in MSS. and edd. Both forms are correct, but the best usage and analogy favor the retaining of the s; so, exsaevio, exsanguis, exscensio, exscindo, exscribo, exsculpo, exseco, exsecror, exsequiae, exsequor, exsero, exsicco, exsilio, exsilium, exsisto, exsolvo, exsomnis, exsorbeo, exsors, exspecto, exspes, exspiro, exspolio, exspuo, exsterno, exstimulo, exstinguo, exstirpo, exsto, exstruo, exsudo, exsugo, exsul, exsulto, exsupero, exsurgo, exsuscito, and some others, with their derivv.; cf. Ribbeck, Prol. Verg. p. 445 sq. Only in escendere and escensio is the elision of x before s sustained by preponderant usage; cf. Neue, Formenl. 2, p. 766.—

Signification.

Primarily and most freq. of place, out or forth: exeo, elabor, educo, evado, etc.; and in an upward direction: emineo, effervesco, effero, erigo, exsurgo, exsulto, extollo, everto, etc.—Hence also, trop., out of ( a former nature), as in effeminare, qs. to change out of his own nature into that of a woman: effero, are, to render wild; thus ex comes to denote privation or negation, Engl. un-: exanimare, excusare, enodare, exonerare, effrenare, egelidus, I., elinguis, elumbis, etc.—

Throughout, to the end: effervesco, effero, elugeo; so in the neuter verbs which in composition (esp. since the Aug. per.) become active: egredior, enavigo, eno, enitor, excedo, etc.—Hence, thoroughly, utterly, completely: elaudare, emori, enecare, evastare, evincere (but eminari and eminatio are false readings for minari and minatio; q. v.); and hence a simple enhancing of the principal idea: edurus, efferus, elamentabilis, egelidus, exacerbo, exaugeo, excolo, edisco, elaboro, etc. In many compounds, however, of post - Aug. and especially of post-class. Latinity this force of ex is no longer distinct; so in appellations of color: exalbidus, exaluminatus, etc.; so in exabusus, exambire, exancillatus, etc. Vid. Hand Turs. II. Pp. 613-662.

num, adv. [an acc. m., of which nam is the acc. f. ], an interrog. particle, usually implying that a negative answer is expected.

In a direct interrogation (no corresp. term in English).

Num esse amicum suspicari visus est? Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 102; Ter. And. 2, 2, 29:

num igitur tot ducum naufragium sustulit artem gubernandi? aut num imperatorum scientia nihil est, quia, etc.,

Cic. Div. 1, 14, 24:

num exspectatis, dum L. Metellus testimonium dicat?

id. Verr. 2, 3, 53, § 122; id. Rep. 1, 11, 17:

num barbarorum Romulus rex fuit?

id. ib. 1, 37, 58.—

Followed by an, contmuing the inquiry:

num furis, an prudens ludis me obscura canendo?

Hor. S. 2, 5, 58:

num iratum timemus Jovem?... an ne turpiter faceret,

Cic. Off. 3, 28, 102.—

Esp., with quis, quando ( = aliquis, aliquando):

numquis hic est? nemo est,

Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 1:

num quae trepidatio? num qui tumultus?

Cic. Deiot. 7, 20:

num quando perditis civibus vexillum defuturum putatis?

id. Phil. 5, 11, 29.—

Num quid (also numquid) vis? do you wish any thing further? is there any thing else? a very common form of leave-taking, Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 44; 46; 3, 3, 15 et saep.; cf. Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 49 Don.; Cic. Att. 6, 3, 6; 5, 2, 2; Liv. 6, 34, 7;

for which, also: numquid me vis?

Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 119; id. Mil. 2, 6, 92; and elliptically: numquid me? Plaut. Poen. 3, 6, 6. —

Numquid is also used adverbially; v. numquid.—

Joined to nam and ne numnam, numne, in anxious and surprised inquiry:

eho numnam hic relictus custos?

Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 55:

numne vis me ire ad cenam?

Plaut. Truc. 2, 6, 65:

deum ipsum numne vidisti?

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 88; id. Lael. 11, 36 (so B. and K., Halm. But Ritschl, Opusc. 2, 248, denies the Latinity of the form numne; cf. Hand, Turs. 4, 79; and, contra, Rib. Lat. Part. p. 13).—

In an indirect interrogation, whether:

quaero, num aliter ac nunc eveniunt, evenirent?

Cic. Fat. 3, 6:

videte, num dubitandum vobis sit, omni studio ad id bellum incumbere,

id. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:

jusserunt speculari, num sollicitati animi sociorum essent,

Liv. 42, 19:

exsistit hoc loco quaedam quaestio subdifficilis: num quando amici novi, digni amicitiā veteribus sint anteponendi,

Cic. Lael. 19, 67; so,

num quando,

id. Phil. 5, 11, 29; id. Vatin. 6, 17:

num quis,

id. Att. 13, 8; id. Clu. 38, 105; id. Off. 1, 3, 7:

videamus ergo, num expositio haec longior demum esse debeat,

whether this explanation should not be a little longer still, Quint. 4, 2, 79:

consultus, num et... vellet,

whether he did not also wish, Suet. Aug. 18.

possum, pŏtŭi, posse, v. n. irreg. (old forms, potis sum, for possum, Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 26; id. Curc. 5, 3, 23; so,

potis est,

id. Ps. 1, 1, 41:

potis sunt, for possunt,

id. Poen. 1, 2, 17: POTISIT, S. C. de Bacchan.: potisset, for posset, and potisse, for posse, Lucil. ap. Non. 484, 32, and 445, 29:

potesse, for posse, very freq.,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 30; id. Cist. 1, 1, 32; id. Truc. 1, 1, 73; id. Ep. 2, 2, 43; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 30 al.; Lucr. 1, 665; 2, 225; 1010:

possiem,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 5, 2; id. Stich. 3, 2, 25:

potis sis,

id. Poen. 4, 2, 53:

potis siem,

id. Merc. 2, 2, 59: possies, Enn. ap. Gell. 2, 29 fin., or Sat. v. 38 Vahl.; Plaut. As. 4, 2, 10; id. Aul. 4, 10, 17; id. Most. 2, 2, 34; 3, 2, 147; id. Men. 5, 9, 45:

possiet,

id. Cist. 1, 3, 37; id. Bacch. 3, 1, 3; id. Most. 1, 1, 13 al.; cf. Brix ad Plaut. Mil. 884; Fleck. Krit. Misc. p. 45 sq.—In pass.: potestur, Enn. ap. Diom. p. 380 P. (Ann. [p. 1404] v. 594 Vahl.): Pac. ap. Non. 508, 29; Quadrig. ap. id. 508, 30; Lucr. 3, 1010: poteratur, Cael. ap. Non. 508, 27: possitur, Lex. Servil. p. 59 Haubold; Scaurus ap. Diom. p. 381 P.: possetur, Quadrig. ap. Non. 508, 18) [potis-sum].

In gen., to be able, have power; I ( thou, he, etc.) can (syn. queo):

quantum valeam, quantumque possim,

Cic. Fam. 6, 5, 1:

consilio, quantum potero, labore plus paene quam potero exeubabo,

id. Phil. 6, 7, 18:

ut, quoad possem et liceret, a senis latere nunquam discederem,

id. Lael. 1, 1:

timor igitur ab iis aegritudinem potuit repellere, ratio non poterit?

id. Tuse. 3, 27, 66.—With sup.:

Caesari te commendavi et tradidi, ut gravissime diligentissimeque potui,

as earnestly and warmly as I possibly could, Cic. Fam. 7, 17, 2: potest fieri, it may be, is possible:

potest fieri, ut fallar,

id. ib. 13, 73, 2: non possum quin, I can not but: non possum quin exclamem, ut ait ille in Trinummo (Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 79; cf. id. Mil. 2, 2, 107); Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 39:

ut nihil ad te dem litterarum, facere non possum,

I cannot help writing to you, id. Att. 8, 14, 1:

facere non potui quin tibi sententiam declararem meam,

id. Fam. 6, 13, 1; cf.:

non possum non: aequitatem tuam non potui non probare,

id. ib. 1, 9, 26:

non possum te non accusare,

id. ib. 5, 14, 2:

is non potest eam (mortem) non timere,

id. Fin. 3, 8, 29.— Absol.: potest (sc. fieri), it may be, is possible:

potest, ut alii ita arbitrentur,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 38: non, non sic futurum est;

non potest,

Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 73; Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 100 Brix; cf. id. Trin. 3, 3, 3:

quae (mala) si potest singula consolando levare, etc.,

Cic. Fin. 5, 28, 84:

nos dignitatem, ut potest, retinebimus,

id. Fam. 1, 2, 4.—Quantum or ut potest, as much or as far as possible:

ibo atque arcessam medicum, quantum potest,

Plaut. Men. 5, 2; id. Most. 3, 2, 71; Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 20:

nos in senatu dignitatem nostram, ut potest in tantā hominum perfidiā, retinebimus,

Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4.—In urgent questions:

possum scire, quo profectus, cujus sis, aut quid veneris?

may I know? can I learn? pray, will you tell me? Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 190:

possumne ego hodie ex te exsculpere Verum?

Ter. Eun. 4, 4, 44.—

In partic.

To be able, to have influence or efficacy, to avail.

With neutr. acc. used adverbially (class.; cf.

polleo): vocat me, quae in me plus potest,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 2, 42:

plus potest qui plus valet,

id. ib. 4, 3, 38:

qui tum et poterant per vim et scelus plurimum, et quod poterant, id audebant,

Cic. Quint. 21, 69:

quid ergo? hoc pueri possunt, viri non poterunt?

id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34:

qui apud me et amicitiā, et beneficiis, et dignitate plurimum possunt,

id. Rosc. Am. 1, 4:

plus aliquanto apud te pecuniae cupiditas, quam judicii metus potuit,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 131; id. de Or. 2, 42, 180:

quid aristolochia ad morsus serpentum possit,

id. Div. 1, 10, 16:

quoniam multum potest provisio animi ad minuendum dolorem,

id. Tusc. 3, 14, 30:

ad beate vivendum satis posse virtutem,

id. ib. 5, 5, 12: multum posse ad salutem alterius... parum potuisse ad exitium, Cic. Opp. ap. Amm. 30, 8, 7.—

In gen., and without neutr. acc. (late Lat.):

posse litteras ejus ad perniciem, non posse ad salutem,

App. Mag. 79, p. 324.—

Posse aliquem, to be able to embrace one ( poet.), Mart. 3, 32.—

Posse as subst. ( poet.):

posse loqui,

the power of speech, Ov. M. 2, 483:

posse moveri = facultatem se movendi,

id. ib. 11, 177.—

Freq. in elliptical sentences:

quod vi non poterant, fraude assequi temptant,

Curt. 5, 10, 8:

Ismenias, etsi publicis non poterat, privatis tamen viribus adjuvabat,

Just. 5, 9, 8:

ut auxilium quod misericordiā non poterat, jure cognationis obtineret,

id. 28, 1, 9:

ut collegam vi, si aliter non possent, de foro abducerent,

Liv. 2, 56.—

In apodosis of conditional sentences, analogous to the auxiliaries of the Engl. potential mood (v. Roby, § 1520; Zumpt, § 519).

Indic.:

ille potuit exspectatior venire, qui te nuntiaret mortuom (= si quis nuntiaret, etc.),

Plaut. Most. 1, 2, 12:

nec vero ipsam amicitiam tueri possumus, nisi aeque amicos et nosmet ipsos diligamus,

Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 67:

Pompeius munitiones Caesaris prohibere non poterat, nisi praelio decertare vellet,

Caes. B. C. 3, 44: consul esse qui potui, nisi eum vitae cursum tenuissem, Cic. Rep. 1, 6, 10:

(res publica) poterat esse perpetua, si patriis viveretur institutis,

id. ib. 3, 29, 41:

deleri totus exercitus potuit, si fugientis persecuti victores essent,

Liv. 32, 12, 6:

nisi felicitas in socordiam vertisset exuere jugum potuerunt,

Tac. Agr. 31.—

Subj.:

qui denique ex bestiis fructus, nisi homines adjuvarent, percipi posset,

Cic. Off. 2, 4, 14; cf.:

ventum quidem erat eo, ut, si hostem similem antiquis Macedonum regibus habuisset consul, magna clades accipi potuerit,

Liv. 44, 4, 9.—So when the condition is implied, or is contained in an adverbial clause:

quae res egestati et aeri alieno tuo praeter mortem Caesaris subvenire potuisset?

Cic. Phil. 2, 14, 36:

quis opifex praeter naturam... tantam sollertiam persequi potuisset in sensibus?

id. N. D. 2, 57, 142; id. Tusc. 4, 19, 44:

plurima proferre possemus, sed modus adhibendus est,

Nep. Epam. 4, 6:

possem hic Ciceronis respondere verbis, sed, etc.,

Quint. 2, 21, 14.—Hence, pŏtens, entis ( gen. plur. potentum, Verg. A. 12, 519; Claud. Laud. Stil. 2, 114), P. a.

In gen., able, mighty, powerful, potent (class.):

amplae atque potentes civitates,

Cic. Inv. 2, 56, 169:

familiae clarae ac potentes,

Liv. 23, 4:

amici magni et potentes,

Suet. Aug. 56:

ne quis ex plebe contra potentiorem auxilii egeret,

Caes. B. G. 6, 10:

duo potentissimi reges,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 2, 4:

potentissimus et clarissimus civis,

id. Planc. 21, 51.—

With gen.:

quanta sit humani ingenii vis, quam potens efficiendi quae velit,

Quint. 12, 11, 10.—

With abl.:

Roma potens opibus,

Ov. F. 4, 255:

pecuniā et orbitate,

Tac. H. 1, 73.—

With inf.:

compensare potens,

Dig. 16, 2, 10.—

In partic.

Having power over, ruling over, master of a thing; with gen.:

dum liber, dum mei potens sum,

as long as I am my own master, Liv. 26, 13, 14:

sanus mentisque potens,

in his right mind, Ov. Tr. 2, 139:

potens mei non eram,

Curt. 4, 13, 23:

potentes rerum suarum atque urbis,

having made themselves masters of, Liv. 23, 16, 6; so, facere aliquem potentem alicujus rei, to make one master of any thing, to give one the power over a thing:

consilii,

id. 8, 13, 14:

imperii,

id. 22, 42, 12: diva potens Cypri, that reigns over Cyprus, i.e. Venus, Hor. C. 1, 3, 1:

Naïadum potens (Bacchus),

id. ib. 3, 25, 14:

silvarum potens Diana,

id. C. S. 1:

diva potens uteri,

i.e. Lucina, Ov. M. 9, 315:

rerum omnium potens Juppiter,

Tac. H. 4, 84:

lyrae Musa potens,

that presides over lyric poetry, Hor. C. 1, 6, 10:

irae,

master of his anger, Curt. 4, 2, 5:

mariti,

ruling her husband, Tac. A. 14, 60:

animal potens leti,

that can kill, deadly, Luc. 6, 485; cf. id. 5, 199 Corte ad loc.—

Fit for, capable of any thing; with gen.:

potens regni,

Liv. 24, 2: hostes neque pugnae, neque fugae satis potentes caeduntur, unable either to fight or flee, id. 8, 39.—

Partaking of, having attained a thing; with gen. ( poet.):

pacis potentes,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 9:

voti,

Ov. M. 8, 80:

jussi,

having fulfilled the command, id. ib. 4, 509.—

Strong, mighty, powerful, efficacious, potent (mostly poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

fortuna in res bellicas potens,

Liv. 9, 17:

herba potens ad opem,

Ov. H. 5, 147:

verba,

id. Am. 3, 11, 31:

herba potens adversus ranas,

Plin. 25, 10, 81, § 130:

passum ex uvis contra haemorrhoida potens,

id. 23, 1, 12, § 15.— Comp.:

nihil esse potentius auro,

Ov. Am. 3, 8, 29:

quaedam ad efficiendum potentiora,

Quint. 6, 1, 26.— Sup.:

potentissimae cantharides,

Plin. 29, 4, 30, § 94:

argumenta,

Quint. 6, 4, 22.—Hence, adv.: pŏtenter, strongly, mightily, powerfully, effectually ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

se ipsam potenter atque efficaciter defendere,

Val. Max. 1, 1, 1:

dicere,

Quint. 12, 10, 72. — Comp.:

aurum... perrumpere amat saxa potentius Ictu fulmineo,

Hor. C. 3, 16, 9; Quint. 6, 4, 18.—

According to one's ability or powers ( poet.):

lecta potenter res,

Hor. A. P. 40.

αὐτο-χειρία, ἡ,

A murder perpetrated by one's own hand, Pl.Lg. 872b; δι' αὐτοχειρίας Nic.Dam.p.46D.

II mostly in dat. αὐτοχειρία, lon. -ίη, used adverbially, = αὐτοχειρί, mostly of slaughter,

αὐ. κτείνειν Hdt.1.140

;

ἀπολέσαι Id.3.74

, cf. 66: generally,

αὐ. διελεῖν Id.1.123

;

διασπείρειν Id.3.13

, cf. Ar.Fr.33 D.;

λαβεῖν D.25.57

; καὶ αὐ. καὶ κελεύων καὶ ψήφῳ [κτείνειν] Democr. 260.

δηλονότι, i.e. δῆλόν [ἐστιν] ὅτι (cf.

A

δῆλος 11.3

), used adverbially, clearly, manifestly, Pl.Cri. 53a, Grg. 487d, etc.; once in NT, 1 Ep.Cor.15.27.

II freq. epexegetically, that is to say, namely, Pl. Smp. 199a, X.Cyr.5.4.6, etc.: in Gramm. the common form for introducing an explanation, Sch.Ar.Ach.11, etc.

θοός (A), ή, όν, ([etym.] θέω) poet. Adj.

A quick, nimble, epith. of Ares and warriors, Il.5.430, 571, 16.422, 494, etc.: c. inf.,

θ. μάχεσθαι 5.536

; of things,

χείρ 12.306

;

βέλος Od.22.83

;

ἅρμα Il.17.458

; μάστιξ ib. 430;

νῆες 14.410

, etc.;

νηυσὶ θοῇσι.. πεποιθότες ὠκείῃσι Od.7.34

; νύξ swift night, Il.10.394, Od.12.284, Hes.Th. 481; θοὴν ἀλεγύνετε δαῖτα partake of a hasty meal, i.e. in haste, Od.8.38; later, of animals, Pi.P.4.17, E.Ba. 977 (lyr.); also

μάχαι Pi.P.8.26

;

γλῶσσα Id.N.7.72

;

θοὰ βάξις A.Ag. 476

(lyr.);

θ. εἰρεσίας ζυγόν S.Aj. 249

(lyr.), cf. Orph.A. 1037;

πτέρυξ E. Ion 123

(lyr.), cf. A.Pr. 129 (lyr.);

σάκος A.R.1.743

;

ἀσπίδας.. θοὸν ἔχμα βολάων Id.4.201

; πνοαί, αὖραι, E. Andr. 479 (lyr.), Tr. 454 (troch.): used adverbially with Verbs of motion, ἐκπρολιποῦσα θοὸν δόμον quickly, in haste, Antim.71 (expld. by An.Ox. from τίθημι)

; θοὰν νύμφαν ἄγαγες S.Tr. 857

(lyr.). Adv. - ῶς quickly, in haste, Il.3.325, B.14.59, A.Pr. 1060 (anap.), Pers. 398, Hp.Mul.2.132;

θοώτερον A.R.3.1406

; soon, Od.15.216.

------------------------------------

θοός (B), ή, όν,

A pointed, sharp, νῆσοι, name of certain of the Echinades (acc. to Str.8.3.26), Od.15.299; so later θ. γόμφοι, ὀδόντες, πελέκεις, A.R.2.79, 3.1281, 4.1683;

ξίφος AP9.157

; cf. sq.

νέος, νέα, [dialect] Ion. νέη, νέον; [dialect] Ion. [full] νεῖος (q.v.): [fem. νέας as monosyll., A.Th. 327 (lyr.); [var] contr. fem.

A

νῆ Xenoph.42

(= Ar.Fr.9), Eugaeon (?) 1]:

1 young, youthful (of children, youths, and of men at least as old as 30, v. X.Mem.1.2.35),

ν. πάϊς Od.4.665

;

κοῦροι ν. Il.13.95

;

ν. ἀνήρ 23.589

: alone,

νέοι

youths,

1.463

, Hes.Sc. 281, etc.: later mostly with Art.,

οἱ νέοι Ar.Nu. 1059

, etc.: prov., ὁ ν. ἔσται ν. 'boys will be boys', Lib.Ep.910.3; οἱ ν., corporately organized, SIG831.8 (Pergam., ii A.D.), etc.; opp. ἔφηβοι, παῖδες, ib.589.38 (Magn.Mae., ii B.C.): opp.

γέρων, ἠμὲν νέοι ἠδὲ γέροντες Il.2.789

, etc.;

ἢ ν. ἠὲ παλαιός 14.108

, cf. Od.1.395, etc.; opp. γεραίτερος, 3.24; opp. προγενέστερος, 2.29; opp. γεραιός, X.Lac.1.7; εὐθὺς ἐκ νέου ἐθίζειν from youth upwards, Pl.Grg. 510d, etc.;

ἐκ νέων παίδων Id.Lg. 887d

;

ἐκ νέων ἐθίζεσθαι Arist.EN 1103b24

; ἐκ νέας (sc. ψυχῆς) Pl.R. 409a; τὸ ν., = νεότης, youth (in the abstract), S.OC 1229 (lyr.), E. Ion 545: also in concrete sense, τὸ ν. ἅπαν all young creatures, Pl.Lg. 653d;

οὐ δύναται τὸ ν. ἡσυχάζειν Arist.Pol. 1340b29

;

σκιρτητικὸν τὸ ν. Corn. ND20

; also, of minors,

νέου ὄντος ἔτι Th.1.107

; cf. νεώτερος.

b rarely of animals and plants, ὄρπηκες, ἔρνος, Il.21.38, Od.6.163;

οἱ ν. τῶν νεβρῶν X.Cyn.9.8

.

2 suited to a youth, youthful,

ἄεθλοι Pi.O.2.43

;

ν. θράσος A.Pers. 744

(troch.); ν. φροντίς youthful spirits, E.Med.48;

νέαις ταῖς διανοίαις χρωμένους Lys.24.16

; of persons,

ἄφρων νέος τε E.IA 489

, cf. Pl.R. 378a;

ν. τε καὶ ὀξύς Id.Grg. 463e

(but

διαφέρει οὐδὲν ν. τὴν ἡλικίαν ἢ τὸ ἦθος νεαρός Arist.EN 1095a6

).

II new, fresh,

ν. θάλαμος Il.17.36

;

ν. ἄλγος 6.462

;

νέῳ.. κόλλοπι Od.21.407

(this sense elsewh. in Hom. only in Adv. νέον, v. infr.);

λίνον Alc.15

(dub.);

πόνοι.. νέοι παλαιοῖσι συμμιγεῖς κακοῖς A.Th. 740

(lyr.), etc.;

οἶνος ν. Ar. Pax 916

;

ἐν τοῖς μουσικοῖς τὰ ν. [μέλη] εὐδοκιμεῖ X.Cyr.1.6.38

; ἡ ν. (sc. σελήνη ) the new moon, esp. in phrase ἕνη καὶ νέα, v. ἕνος 2; but μηνὸς τῇ ν. (sc. ἡμέρᾳ) on the first day of the month, Pl.Lg. 849b;

ν. ἦμαρ A.R.4.1479

: in this sense rarely of persons,

ὁ ν. ταγὸς μακάρων A.Pr.96

(anap.), cf. Ar. Pl. 960;

οἱ ν. θεοί A.Eu. 721

; cf. νεώτερος.

2 of events, etc., new, with collat. notion of unexpected, strange, untoward, evil, τί ν.; Id.Ag.85 (anap.);

προσδοκῶ τι γὰρ ν. E.Supp.99

; μῶν τι βουλεύῃ ν.; S.Ph. 1229, cf. 554, E.Hipp. 794, Ba. 362. Th.5.50. etc.:

ἀπροσδοκήτους καὶ ν. λόγους A.Supp. 712

;

καινὰ ν. τ' ἄχη Id.Pers. 665

(lyr.): this sense is more common in [comp] Comp., v. νεώτερος.

III neut. νέον as Adv. of Time, lately, just now, opp. both to distant past and present,

παῖδα ν. γεγαῶτα Od.19.400

, cf. Il.3.394;

ν. κρατεῖν A.Pr. 35

, 955, etc.: also used Adverbially with the Art., καὶ τὸ πάλαι (v.l. παλαιόν)

καὶ τὸ ν. Hdt.9.26

: in Prose νεωστί (q.v.): rarely [comp] Comp. Adv. νεωτέρως, Pl.Lg. 907c: [comp] Sup.

νεώτατα

most recently,

Th.1.7

; also ἐκ νέας, [dialect] Ion. αὖτις ἐκ νέης, anew, afresh, Hdt.1.60, 5.116.

φῠγή, ἡ, ([etym.] φεύγω)

A flight in battle,

ἀΐξαντε φυγῇ Od.10.117

;

οὐδέ τις ἀλκὴ.. οὐδὲ φ. 22.306

;

ἐς φ. ἐτράποντο Hdt.8.89

; ἐς φ. ὁρμᾶσθαι, ὁρμᾶν, E.Rh. 143, X.Cyr.4.2.28; φυγὴν αἱρεῖσθαι, ἀρεῖσθαι, A.Pers. 481 (sed leg. αἴρονται), E.Rh.54;

ἰσχυρὰν τὴν φ. τοῖς πολεμίοις.. ἐποίει X.Cyr.1.4.22

; ἰσχυρὰ φ. ἐγένετο ib.7.1.26; generally, flight, Ev. Matt.24.20; φ. ἑλέσθαι take to flight, PGnom.102 (ii A. D.): dat. φυγῇ, used adverbially, in hasty flight,

φυγᾷ πόδα νωμᾶν S.OT 468

(lyr.);

φυγᾷ ποδὶ ἴχνος ἔφερε E.Or. 1468

(lyr.);

φ. ἐξαλύξωμεν ποδί Id.El. 218

, cf. Ba. 437, Hec. 1066 (lyr.); φεύγειν φ., φ. ἀναχωρεῖν, Pl. Smp. 195b, 221a;

φ. φευκτέον Luc.Ind.16

: pl., ἐν ταῖς φυγαῖς, of the flight of the country people of Attica into the city, in the Pelop. war, Ar.Ec. 243;

φεύγουσί τινας οὐκ αἰσχρὰς φ. Pl.Lg. 706c

.

2 flight or escape from a thing, avoidance of it, c. gen.,

γάμον A.Supp. 395

(lyr.);

νόσων ἀμηχάνων φυγὰς ξυμπέφρασται S.Ant. 364

(lyr.), cf. OC 280;

λέκτρων φυγαί E.Hel. 799

;

ἀγαθῶν φυγάς Pl.Ti. 69d

;

τῶν σιτίων Gal.15.180

; opp. αἵρεσις, Epicur.Ep.3p.62U., al., cf. S.E.P. 1.87;

τὰς ὀρθὰς αἱρέσεις καὶ φ. Phld.Herc.1251.11

; opp. δίωξις, Epicur.Sent.25.

3 place of refuge, D.S.17.78.

4 slipping of a bandage, Hp.Off.9.

II banishment, exile,

νῦν μὲν δικάζεις ἐκ πόλεως φυγὴν ἐμοί A.Ag. 1412

, cf. Ch. 254;

ἐκ γῆς S.OT 659

, etc.;

ἐνιαυσία ἔκδημος φ. E.Hipp.37

;

τῆς φυγῆς ἧς αὐτοὶ ἔφυγον Lys.13.74

; συμφυγεῖν τὴν φ. ταύτην (sc. ὑμῖν ) to go into banishment with.. Pl.Ap. 21a; φυγὴν ἐπιβαλὼν ἑωυτῷ imposing banishment on oneself Hdt.7.3;

φυγῇ ζημιοῦν E.Or. 900

, cf.IG12.39.7, Pl.Grg. 516d;

φυγὴν καταγνῶναί τινος And.1.106

, Lys.14.38; φυγῆς τιμήσασθαι (sc. δίκην ) the penalty of exile, Pl.Ap. 37c, cf. Cri. 52c; ἐπὶ φόνῳ.. φ. Decr. ap. And.1.78 (dub.l.);

τῆς πατρίδος φ. ποιήσασθαι Lys.3.42

; εὐθύνας.. εἶναι.. πλὴν φυγῆς καὶ θανάτου καὶ ἀτιμίας IGl.c. 73: pl., E.Hipp. 1043, Pl.Prt. 325b, etc.;

φυγὰς ἐμὰς χθονός E.Med. 400

;

φυγαὶ καὶ διώξεις Pl.Lg. 638a

.

2 as a collect. Noun, = φυγάδες, body of exiles or refugees, A.Supp.74 (lyr.), Th.8.64, Aeschin.2.143; κατάγειν τὴν φυγήν to recall them, X.HG5.2.9; pl.,

συλλέξαι τὰς φυγάς Pl.Lg. 682e

, cf. Plu.Flam.12.

ἐνύπν-ιον, τό, ([etym.] ὕπνος)

A thing seen in sleep, in appos. with ὄνειρος, θεῖός μοι ἐνύπνιον ἦλθεν ὄνειρος a dream from the gods, a vision in sleep, came to me, Od.14.495, Il.2.56;

ἐ. τὰ ἐς ἀνθρώπους πεπλανημένα Hdt.7.16

.β; ἐ. παιδός the vision of a boy, AP12.125 (Mel.): used adverbially, ἐ. ἑστιᾶσθαι 'to feast with the Barmecide', Ar.V. 1218;

κακοδαίμον' οὕτω δεσπότην οὐδ' ἐ. ἰδών Men.Pk. 169

; later

κατ' ἐνύπνιον AP11.150

(Ammian.); cf.sq.

2 after Hom., = ὄνειρος, dream, ὄψις ἐνυπνίου the vision of a dream, Hdt.8.54;

ὄψις ἐμφανὴς ἐνυπνίων A. Pers. 518

, cf. 226, Pl.R. 572b;

ἐνυπνίῳ πιθέσθαι Pi.O.13.79

;

ἐ. ἰδεῖν Ar.V.25

, Pl.Plt. 290b;

τέλεον τὸ ἐ. ἀποτετέλεσται Id.R. 443b

;

ἐνύπνια κρίνειν Theoc.21.29

, Sammelb. 685 (ii B. C.):—Artem. (1.1 b) distinguishes ἐνύπνιον a mere dream, and ὄνειρος a significant, prophetic one; but the distn. is not generally observed, exc. by Philo.

ἡλῐκί-α, [dialect] Ion. - ίη, [dialect] Dor. [full] ἁλικία, ἡ, ([etym.] ἧλιξ)

A time of life, age,

ἤν πως ἡλικίην αἰδέσσεται ἠδ' ἐλεήσῃ γῆρας Il.22.419

;

γηραιὸν μέρος ἁλικίας Pi.P.4.157

;

παρὰ τὸν ἁλικίας ἐοικότα χρόνον Id.O.4.29

; τήνδ' ἡ. ἀστῶν, i.e. their old age, A.Pers. 914: acc. used adverbially, in age,

νέος ἡλικίην Hdt.3.134

;

ἐτέων ἐὼν ἡλικίην πέντε καὶ τριήκοντα Id.1.26

, cf. X.Cyn.2.3: so in dat.,

ἡλικίᾳ ἔτι τότε ὢν νέος Th.5.43

; προεληλυθότες ταῖς ἡ. X.HG6.1.4; also ὑπὸ τῆς ἡ. from our age, Pl.La. 180d;

αἱ δι' ἡλικίαν ἄτοκοι Id.Tht. 149c

; οἱ ἐν τῇ αὐτῆ ἡ. Th.1.80; τὸ ἀχρεῖον τῆς ἡ. Id.2.44; ὅταν.. τοῦ γεννᾶν ἐκβῶσι τὴν ἡ. Pl.R. 461b; πόρρω τῆς ἡ. to an advanced age, Id.Grg. 484c; προήκων ἐς βαθὺ τῆς ἡ. Ar. Nu. 514; προϊούσης τῆς ἡ, Pl.Phdr. 279a; ὁ παρ' ἡλικίαν νοῦς beyond one's age, Men.Mon. 690: in pl., ἐν ἁπάσαις ταῖς ἡ. Pl.R. 412e, cf. Lg. 625b, al.

2 prime of life, manhood,

ἐν ἁλικίᾳ πρώτᾳ Pi.N.9.42

;

αὐτὴ ἡ ἡ. τῶν νέων κατέκρινε Antipho 4.4.2

; ἡλικίαν ἔχειν, εἰς ἡ. ἐλθεῖν, ἀφικέσθαι, Pl.Euthd. 306d, Tht. 142d, Men. 89b; ἡλικίην ἔχειν c. inf., to be of fit age for doing, Hdt.1.209, cf. Pl.Tht. 146b;

ἡλικίας μετέχειν Th.7.60

; οἱ ἐν τῇ ἡλικίᾳ men of military age, Id.8.75;

ἐν ἡλικίᾳ στρατεύεσθαι D.4.7

;

ἐστρατευμένος ἁπάσας τὰς ἐν ἡλικίᾳ στρατείας Id.21.95

;

οἱ τῆς ἡ. ἐντὸς γεγονότες Lys.2.50

; ἡ καθεστηκυῖα ἡ. maturity, Th.2.36, cf. IG12(7).239.21 ([place name] Amorgos); of women, womanhood, marriageable age, Hp.Prorrh.2.30, D.59.22;

αἱ ἐν ἡ. γυναῖκες Pl.R. 461b

;

τὴν ἡλικίαν τὴν ἑαντοῦ καταμεμψάμενος Is.7.14

: in pl.,

οἱ ταῖς ἡ. οὐ καλῶς κεχρημένοι Aeschin.1.194

.

3 youthful passion,

ἡλικίῃ καὶ θυμῷ ἐπιτρέπειν Hdt.3.36

;

εἴκειν Id.7.18

.

4 maidenhood,

τὴν ἡ. οὐ καλῶς διαφυλάξασαν Aeschin.1.182

.

II as collective Noun,= οἱ ἥλικες, those of the same age, comrades,

ὃς ἡλικίην ἐκέκαστο ἔγχεϊ Il.16.808

, cf. Pi.P.1.74; esp. those of military age,

τῆς ἡ. ἀπούσης ἐν ταῖς ναυσί Lys.2.49

, cf. Th.3.67, 8.1, etc.; also, men of any age, παίδων τε καὶ ἀνδρῶν καὶ πάσης ἡ. Pl.Lg. 959e.

III time, ταῦτα ἡλικίην ἂν εἴη κατὰ Λάϊον about the time of Laius, Hdt.5.59, cf. 60, 71;

ἡ. τετρακοσίοισι ἔτεσι.. πρεσβυτέρους Id.2.53

.

IV age, generation, ἐπὶ τῆς νῦν ἡ. Isoc.4.167; πρὸ τῆς ἡμετέρας ἡ. Din. 1.38; εἰς τὴν νῦν ζῶσαν ἡ. D.60.11; πολλαῖς ἔμπροσθεν ἡ. Plu.Per. 27, cf. D.L.5.37.

V of the body, stature, as a sign of age, Hdt. 3.16, Pl.Euthd. 271b, D.40.56;

τῇ ἡ. μικρός Ev.Luc.19.3

(but προσθεῖναι ἐπὶ τὴν ἡ. πῆχυν ἕνα add a cubit to one's age (cf. πήχυιος), Ev.Matt.6.27); ἄνδρας ἡμισταδιαίους τὰς ἡ. Luc.VH1.40; height of a pillar, Id.Syr.D.28.

used adverbially

〈 taalkunde〉

1  adverbial

♦voorbeelden:

1   bijwoordelijk gebruik • adverbial use

     bijwoordelijk gebruikt • used adverbially

ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+)

① the commencement of someth. as an action, process, or state of being, beginning, i.e. a point of time at the beginning of a duration.

ⓐ gener. (opp. τέλος; cp. Diod S 16, 1, 1 ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τοῦ τέλους; Ael. Aristid. 30, 24 K.=10 p. 123 D.: ἐξ ἀ. εἰς τέλος; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 9, §36; Wsd 7:18) B 1:6; IEph 14:1; IMg 13:1; IRo 1:2, cp. vs. 1. W. gen. foll. (OGI 458, 10 life) ἡμέρας ὀγδόης B 15:8; ἡμερῶν (2 Km 14:26) Hb 7:3; τῶν σημείων first of the signs J 2:11 (ἀ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου δόγματος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 4, 20; cp. Isocr., Paneg. 10:38 Blass ἀλλʼ ἀρχὴν μὲν ταύτην ἐποιήσατο τ. εὐεργεσιῶν, τροφὴν τοῖς δεομένοις εὑρεῖν=but [Athens] made this the starting point of her benefactions: to provide basic needs for livelihood; Pr 8:22; Jos., Ant. 8, 229 ἀ. κακῶν); ὠδίνων Mt 24:8; Mk 13:8; κακῶν ISm 7:2. As the beginning, i.e. initial account, in a book (Ion of Chios [V B.C.] 392 Fgm. 24 Jac. [=Leurini no. 114] ἀρχὴ τοῦ λόγου; Polystrat. p. 28; Diod S 17, 1, 1 ἡ βύβλος τὴν ἀ. ἔσχε ἀπὸ …; Ael. Aristid. 23, 2 K.=42 p. 768 D.: ἐπʼ ἀρχῇ τοῦ συγγράμματος; Diog. L. 3, 37 ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς Πολιτείας; cp. Sb 7696, 53; 58 [250 A.D.]) ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰ. Χ. Beginning of the gospel of J. C. Mk 1:1 (cp. Hos 1:2 ἀ. λόγου κυρίου πρὸς Ὡσηέ; s. RHarris, Exp. 8th ser., 1919, 113–19; 1920, 142–50; 334–50; FDaubanton, NThSt 2, 1919, 168–70; AvanVeldhuizen, ibid., 171–75; EEidem, Ingressen til Mkevangeliet: FBuhl Festschr. 1925, 35–49; NFreese, StKr 104, ’32, 429–38; AWikgren, JBL 61, ’42, 11–20 [ἀρχή=summary]; LKeck, NTS 12, ’65/66, 352–70). ἀ. τῆς ὑποστάσεως original commitment Hb 3:14. ἀρχὴν ἔχειν w. gen. of the inf. begin to be someth. IEph 3:1. ἀρχὴν λαμβάνειν begin (Polyb.; Aelian, VH 2, 28; 12, 53; Diog. L., Prooem. 3, 4; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 366; Philo, Mos. 1, 81) λαλεῖσθαι to be proclaimed at first Hb 2:3; cp. IEph 19:3.—W. prep. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς from the beginning (Paus. 3, 18, 2; SIG 741, 20; UPZ 160, 15 [119 B.C.]; BGU 1141, 44; JosAs 23:4; Jos., Ant. 8, 350; 9, 30) J 6:64 v.l.; 15:27; 1J 2:7, 24; 3:11; 2J 5f; Ac 26:4; MPol 17:1; Hs 9, 11, 9; Dg 12:3. οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. αὐτόπται those who fr. the beginning were eyewitnesses Lk 1:2. Also ἐξ ἀρχῆς (Diod. Sic. 18, 41, 7; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 45 [189]; SIG 547, 9; 634, 4; UPZ 185 II 5; PGen 7, 8; BGU 1118, 21; Jos., Bell. 7, 358) J 6:64; 16:4; 1 Cl 19:2; Pol 7:2; Dg 2:1. πάλιν ἐξ ἀ. (Ael. Aristid. 21, 10 K.=22 p. 443 D.; SIG 972, 174) again fr. the beginning (=afresh, anew; a common expr., Renehan ’75, 42) B 16:8. ἐν ἀρχῇ (Diod S 19, 110, 5; Palaeph. p. 2, 3; OGI 56, 57; PPetr II, 37, 2b verso, 4; PTebt 762, 9; POxy 1151, 15; BGU 954, 26; ViHab 14 [p. 87, 4 Sch.]) at the beginning, at first Ac 11:15; AcPlCor 2:4. ἐν ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου when the gospel was first preached Phil 4:15; sim., word for word, w. ref. to beg. of 1 Cor: 1 Cl 47:2.—τὴν ἀ. J 8:25, as nearly all the Gk. fathers understood it, is emphatically used adverbially=ὅλως at all (Plut., Mor. 115b; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 12; 14 [31], 5; 133; Lucian, Eunuch. 6 al.; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 3; POxy 472, 17 [c. 130 A.D.]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 121; Jos., Ant. 1, 100; 15, 235 al.; as a rule in neg. clauses, but the negation can inhere in the sense: 48th letter of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 356, 17]; Philo, Abrah. 116, Decal. 89; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 6, 11; without art. ApcSed 10:3; cp. Hs 2:5 cj. by W., endorsed by Joly; s. Field, Notes, 93f) τὴν ἀ. ὅτι καὶ λαλῶ ὑμῖν (how is it) that I even speak to you at all? But s. B-D-F §300, 2. More prob. the mng. is somewhat as follows: What I said to you from the first (so NT in Basic English; sim. REB et al.; cp. τὴν ἀρχήν ‘at the beginning’ Thu 2, 74, 2; s. also RFunk, HTR 51, ’58, 95–100; B-D-F §300, 2, but appeal to P⁶⁶ is specious, s. EMiller, TZ 36, ’80, 261).

ⓑ beginning, origin in the abs. sense (ἀ. τῆς τῶν πάντων ὑποστάσεως Orig. C. Cels. 6, 65, 4) ἀ. πάντων χαλεπῶν Pol 4:1; ἀ. κακῶν ISm 7:2 (cp. 1 Ti 6:10, which has ῥίζα for ἀ., and s. e.g. Ps 110:10; Sir 10:13); ἀ. κόσμου B 15:8; ἀ. πάντων PtK 2, p. 13, 21. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς fr. the very beginning (Is 43:13; Wsd 9:8; 12:11; Sir 24:9 al.; PsSol 8:31; GrBar 17:2) Mt 19:4, 8; J 8:44; 1J 1:1 (of the Hist. beg. of Christianity: HWendt, D. Johannesbriefe u. d. joh. Christent. 1925, 31f; HWindisch, Hdb. ad loc.; difft. HConzelmann, RBultmann Festschr., ’54, 194–201); 3:8; 2 Th 2:13; ὁ ἀπʼ ἀ. 1J 2:13f; Dg 11:4; οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. those at the very beginning, the first people 12:3; τὰ ἀπʼ ἀ. γενόμενα 1 Cl 31:1; ἀπʼ ἀ. κτίσεως Mk 10:6; 13:19; 2 Pt 3:4 (on ἀ. κτίσεως cp. En 15:9); ἀπʼ ἀ. κόσμου Mt 24:21. Also ἐξ ἀ. (X., Mem. 1, 4, 5; Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D. [of the existence of Zeus]; TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 11 [Stone p. 40]; B 4 p. 109, 7 [St. p. 66]; Ath., R. 16, p. 67, 18; Philo, Aet. M. 42, Spec. Leg. 1, 300; Did., Gen. 50, 1) Dg 8:11; ἐν ἀ. in the beginning (Simplicius in Epict. p. 104, 2; Did., Gen. 29, 25 al.) J 1:1f; ἐν ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως B 15:3. κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beg. Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26; cp. Hdt. 3, 153 et al.; Diod S; Plut.; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 92, Det. Pot. Insid. 118; Ps 118:152; Just., D. 2, 3).

② one with whom a process begins, beginning fig., of pers. (Gen 49:3 Ῥουβὴν σὺ ἀρχὴ τέκνων μου; Dt 21:17): of Christ Col 1:18. W. τέλος of God or Christ Rv 1:8 v.l.; 21:6; 22:13 (Hymn to Selene 35 ἀ. καὶ τέλος εἶ: Orphica p. 294, likew. PGM 4, 2836; 13, 362; 687; Philo, Plant. 93; Jos., Ant. 8, 280; others in Rtzst., Poim. 270ff and cp. SIG 1125, 7–11 Αἰών, … ἀρχὴν μεσότητα τέλος οὐκ ἔχων, expressed from the perspective of historical beginning).

③ the first cause, the beginning (philos. t.t. ODittrich, D. Systeme d. Moral I 1923, 360a, 369a;—Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D.: ἀρχὴ ἁπάντων Ζεύς τε καὶ ἐκ Διὸς πάντα; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190 God as ἀρχὴ κ. μέσα κ. τέλος τῶν πάντων [contrast SIG 1125, 10f]) of Christ ἡ ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως Rv 3:14; but the mng. beginning=‘first created’ is linguistically probable (s. above 1b and Job 40:19; also CBurney, Christ as the Ἀρχή of Creation: JTS 27, 1926, 160–77). [ὁ γὰ]ρ π̣̄ρ̣̄ (=πατὴρ) [ἀρ]|χή ἐ[ς]τ̣[ιν τῶν μ]ελλόν|των for the Father is the source of all who are to come into being in contrast to the προπάτωρ, who is without a beginning Ox 1081, 38f (SJCh 91, 1 ἀρχή; on the context, s. WTill, TU 60/5, ’55 p. 57).

④ a point at which two surfaces or lines meet, corner (from the perspective of an observer the object appears to begin at that point), pl. corners of a sheet Ac 10:11; 11:5 (cp. Hdt. 4, 60; Diod S 1, 35, 10).

⑤ a basis for further understanding, beginning τὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς ἀ. elementary principles Hb 5:12 (perh. w. an element of gentle satire: ‘the discrete items or ABC’s that compose the very beginning [of divine instructions]’; cp. MKiley, SBLSP 25, ’86, 236–45, esp. 239f). ὁ τῆς ἀ. τοῦ Χ. λόγος elementary Christian teaching 6:1.

⑥ an authority figure who initiates activity or process, ruler, authority (Aeschyl., Thu. et al.; ins; pap, e.g. PHal 1, 226 μαρτυρείτω ἐπὶ τῇ ἀρχῇ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ δικαστηρίῳ; Gen 40:13, 21; 41:13; 2 Macc 4:10, 50 al., s. Magie 26; so as a loanw. in rabb. ἀ. = νόμιμος ἐπιστασία Did., Gen. 60, 9) w. ἐξουσία Lk 20:20; pl. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 26 ἀρχαὶ κ. ἐξουσίαι; 4 Macc 8:7; Jos., Ant. 4, 220) Lk 12:11; Tit 3:1; MPol 10:2 (αἱ ἀρχαί can also be the officials as persons, as those who took part in the funeral procession of Sulla: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 106 §497.—The same mng. 2, 106 §442; 2, 118 §498 al. Likewise Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 2, 31).—Also of angelic or transcendent powers, since they were thought of as having a political organization (Damascius, Princ. 96 R.) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:10, 15; AcPl Ha 1, 7. Cp. TestJob 49, 2; Just., D. 120, 6 end.

⑦ the sphere of one’s official activity, rule, office (Diod S 3, 53, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 13 §57; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 177, Ant. 19, 273), or better domain, sphere of influence (Diod S 17, 24, 2; Appian, Syr. 23 §111; Arrian, Anab. 6, 29, 1; Polyaen. 8:55; Procop. Soph., Ep. 139) of angels Jd 6. Papias (4 v.l. for ἄρχω).—S. the lit. on ἄγγελος and HSchlier, Mächte u. Gewalten im NT: ThBl 9, 1930, 289–97.—144–50 (‘Archai’). EDNT. DELG s.v. ἄρχω D. M-M. TW. Sv.

* * *

prep. w. dat.

I. Of place:

1) off, from;

G. hljóp af hesti sínum, G. jumped off his horse;

ganga af mótinu, to go away from the meeting;

Flosi kastaði af sér skikkjunni, threw off his cloak;

Gizzur gekk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from the south-west;

hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he had taken off his shoes;

Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off;

tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms;

bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus;

land af landi, from one land to the other;

hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession;

vil ek þú vinnir af þér skuldina, work off the debt;

muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand;

rísa af dauða, to rise from the dead;

vakna af draumi, to awaken from a dream;

lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse;

vindr stóð af landi, the wind blew from the land;

2) out of;

verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world;

gruflar hón af læknum, she scrambles out of the brook;

Otradalr var mjök af vegi, far out of the way.

Connected with út; föstudaginn fór út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town.

II. Of time; past, beyond:

af ómagaaldri, able to support oneself, of age;

ek em nú af léttasta skeiði, no longer in the prime of life;

þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, when seven weeks of summer are past;

var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past.

III. In various other relations:

1) þiggja lið af e-m, to receive help from one;

hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy;

vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of one;

féll þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s men fell there;

þá eru þeir útlagir ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their goðorð;

þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim;

ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to give up;

2) off, of;

höggva fót, hönd, af e-m, to cut off one’s foot, hand;

vil ek, at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, whatever you like of the stores;

þar lá forkr einn ok brotit af endanum, with the point broken off;

absol., beit hann höndina af, bit the hand off;

fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off;

3) of, among;

hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum, the most promising of the young men;

4) with;

hláða, (ferma) skip af e-u, to load (freight) a ship with;

fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring;

5) of (= ór which is more frequent);

húsit var gert af timbr stokkum, was built of trunks of trees;

6) fig., eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him;

hvat hefir þú gert af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar?;

7) denoting parentage, descent, origin;

ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, are descended from them;

kominn af Trójumönnum, descended from the Trojans;

8) by, of (after passive);

ek em sendr hingat af Starkaði, sent hither by;

ástsæll af landsmónnum, beloved of;

9) on account of, by reason of, by;

úbygðr at frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold;

ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds;

af ástæld hans, by his popularity;

af því, therefore;

af hví, wherefor why;

af því at, because;

10) by means of, by;

framfœra e-n af verkum sínum, by means of his own labour;

af sínu fé, by one’s own means;

absol., hann fekk af hina mestu sœmd, derived great honour from it;

11) with adjectives, in regard to;

mildr af fé, liberal of money;

góðr af griðum, merciful;

fastr af drykk, close (stingy) in regard to drink;

12) used absol. with a verb, off away;

hann bað hann þá róa af fjörðinn, to row the firth off;

ok er þeir höfðu af fjörðung, when they had covered one forth of the way;

sofa af nóttina, to sleep the night away.

* * *

prep. often used elliptically by dropping the case, or even merely adverbially, [Ulf. af; A. S. and Engl. of, off; Hel. ab; Germ. ab; Gr. άπό; Lat. a, ab.] With dat. denoting a motion a loco; one of the three prepp. af, ór, frá, corresponding to those in loco—á, í, við, and ad locum—á, í, at. It in general corresponds to the prepp. in loco—á, or in locum— til, whilst ór answers more to í; but it also frequently corresponds to yfir, um or í. It ranges between ór and frá, generally denoting the idea from the surface of, while ór means from the inner part, and frá from the outer part or border. The motion from a hill, plain, open place is thus denoted by af; by ór that from an enclosed space, depth, cavity, thus af fjalli, but ór of a valley, dale; af Englandi, but ór Danmörk, as mörk implies the notion of a deep wood, forest. The wind blows af landi, but a ship sets sail frá landi; frá landi also means a distance from: af hendi, of a glove, ring; ór hendi, of whatever has been kept in the hand (correl. to á hendi and í hendi). On the other hand af is more general, whilst frá and ór are of a more special character; frá denoting a departure, ór an impulse or force; a member goes home af þingi, whereas ór may denote an inmate of a district, or convey the notion of secession or exclusion from, Eb. 105 new Ed.; the traveller goes af landi, the exile ór landi: taka e-t af e-m is to take a thing out of one’s hand, that of taka frá e-m to remove out of one’s sight, etc. In general af answers to Engl. of, off, ór to out of, and frá to from: the Lat. prepp. ab, de, and ex do not exactly correspond to the Icelandic, yet as a rule ór may answer to ex, af sometimes to ab, sometimes to de. Of, off, from among; with, by; on account of by means of, because of concerning, in respect of.

A. Loc.

I. With motion, off, from:

1. prop. corresp. to á,

α. konungr dró gullhring af hendi sér (but á hendi), Ld. 32; Höskuldr lætr bera farm af skipi, unload the ship (but bera farm á skip), id.; var tekit af hestum þeirra, they were unsaddled, Nj. 4; Gunnarr hafði farit heiman af bæ sínum, he was away from home, 82; Gunnarr hljóp af hesti sínum, jumped off his horse (but hl. á hest), 83; hlaupa, stökkva af baki, id., 112, 264 ; Gunnarr skýtr til hans af boganum, from the bow, where af has a slight notion of instrumentality, 96; flýja af fundinum, to fly from off the battle-field, 102; ríða af Þríhyrningshálsum, 206; út af Langaholti, Eg. 744 ; sunnan ór Danmörk ok af Saxlandi, 560; ganga af mótinu, to go from the meeting, Fms. vii. 130; af þeirra fundi reis María upp ok fór, 625. 85 ; Flosi kastaði af ser skikkjunni, threw his cloak off him (but kasta á sik),Nj. 176; taka Hrungnis fót af honum, of a load, burden, Edda 58; land þat er hann fiskði af, from which he set off to fish, Grág. i. 151, is irregular, frá would suit better; slíta af baki e-s, from off one’s back, ii. 9 ; bera af borði, to clear the table, Nj. 75.

β. where it more nearly answers to í; þeir koma af hafi, of sailors coming in (but leggja í haf), Nj. 128 ; fara til Noregs af Orkneyjum (but í or til O.), 131; þeim Agli fórst vel ok komu af hafi i Borgarfjörð, Eg. 392 ; hann var útlagi ( outlawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to take a levy from, 51; hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sunnlendingafjórðungi, the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prestar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða tekinn af heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum, scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af horninu í einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343.

γ. of things more or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; láta þeir þegar af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he untied his shoes (but binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér, throw him off, of one clinging to one’s body, 747; tók Gísli þá af sér vápnin, took off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj. 143; far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætlaði Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphéðinn flettr af klæðunum, Nj. 209: now more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.

δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church, now út úr, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something impregnated with the earth, Laekn. 402.

ε. more closely corresponding to frá, being in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope’s bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magnúsi konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af mér í eilífan eld, Hom. 143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43.

ζ. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af öðru, one after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at öðrum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages).

2. metaph., at ganga af e-m dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi eigi taka af þér starf þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar hans glöddust af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af sér er settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þú vinriir af þér skuldina, work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífdögum, Fms. vii. 204; ek mun ná lögum af því máli, get the benefit of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my hand, 414; rísa af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum þó af þessi sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, draumi, svefni, to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér etc., e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18; gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; éf þú gerir eigi meira af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; góðr (illr) af sér, good ( bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum sér, proud, bold, stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér, the greatest hero, Bret.: góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af sér kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse).

II. WITHOUT MOTION:

1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie the ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir tóku út af borðum, jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from off a horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem álpt af baru, Fás. i. 186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjóðleið, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þá mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi. 160; gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10.

2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood off the land, Bárð. 166.

β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4.

γ. ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll. 348; also, austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc.

3. denoting absence; þingheyendr skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi ( away from the meeting), eðr lengr, þá eru þeir af þingi ( away from (be meeting) ef þeir eru or ( out of) þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþingi, 115; meðan hann er af landi héðan, abroad, 150.

β. metaph., gud hvíldi af öllum verkum sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3.

4. denoting distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjök af vegi, far out of the way, Háv. 53.

B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond:

1. of a person’s age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life, Háv. 40.

2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en nótt er af þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þá er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, Íb. 10; var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mikið af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af nótt, a third of the night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sumri, Gþl. 103.

3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði, at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.

C. In various other relations:

I. denoting the passage or transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from.

1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one’s pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; verða viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umboð af e-m, to be another’s deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12.

2. where an object is taken by force:

α. prop. out of a person’s hand; þú skalt hnykkja smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, þrífa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from.

β. metaph. of a person’s deprival of anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menn af e-m, for one, slay one’s man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind’s people fell there, 261.

γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose, miss; var svá ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist mega af öðrum sjá, neither of them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mörg við ver sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 163.

3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af goðorði sínu, have forfeited their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fjár síns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fjárheimtunni, forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grág. i. 381.

β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grág. i. 140.

II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-um, to cut one’s hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðurarfi sínum, nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem þér líkar af varningi, take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist slíkt af fé okkru sem þú vili, 94.

β. ellipt., en nú höfum vér kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; Þórðr gaf Skólm frænda sínum af landnámi sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the point broken off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169.

γ. absol. off; beit hann höndina af, þar sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af höfuðit, the head flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29.

2. with the notion of—among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the greatest heroine in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum í Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð. 364; af ( among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest skáld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar útiá vegginum, ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115.

β. from, among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til móður, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27.

γ. metaph., kunna mikit (lítið) af e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else, Edda 17.

δ. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð, en þú vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to decide; þó mun faðir minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kveðst því mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364.

3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a ship with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skipaðr af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af glóðum, fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to fill the world with his offspring, Ver. 3.

III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, though ór be more frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði hans sæinn ok vötnin, of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, 147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæði af lérepti, linen, Sks. 287.

2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-n ( to dispose of), verða af ( become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, svá eigi vita menn hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5.

IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode:

1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below—frá honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda I.

β. metaph., vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr ávöxtr af íllri rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17.

2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Scandinavian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan af löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl.

β. especially denoting a man’s abode, and answering to á and í, the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hlíðarenda (more usual frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.; cp. ór and frá.

V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive:

1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; þó at alþýða væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virðr af mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsmönnum, beloved, íb. 16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirlæti af þeim feðgum, hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukkið af alþjóð, there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum, they will not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér búit af mér, if í had so made everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fárætt um af föður hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154.

2. it is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af e-m, written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers.

VI. denoting cause, ground, reason:

1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, for kinship’s sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i. 5.

β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hví, why? 686 B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. Þ. K. 20.

2. denoting instrumentality, by means of; af sinu fé, by one’s own means, Grág. i. 293; framfæra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of one’s own labour, K. Þ. K. 142; draga saman auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; af sínum kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217.

β. absol., hún fellir á mik dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hina mestu sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti á hendr honum svá at hann lagðist í rekkju af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.

3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust ( were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; lítt var lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þá tók at myrkja af nótt, the ‘mirk-time’ of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tók þá brátt at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230.

4. metaph., standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hlýtst íllt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women’s gossip (a proverb), Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb. 42; þó mun her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90.

5. in adverbial phrases, denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116; af móð, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186; af létta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg. 46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr. (in a verse); af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400.

VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect of, as regards:

1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir af grasi því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menn spurðu af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8.

β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér sé nokkut af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about, how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.

2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr af griðum, merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj. 90, cp. auðigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq.

VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one’s behalf, v. those words.

IX. in adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; af hljóði, silently; v. those words.

β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá róa af fjörðinn, pass the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá af farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er þeir höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skína af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sér, when the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; leið af nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off;

γ. in exclamations; af tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49.

δ. in the phrases, þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, á fram, on, advance.

X. it often refers to a whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but also redundantly to hvaðan, héðan, þaðan, whence, hence, thence.

2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was taken off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hvert tár af ( from) augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúka af fé vegaiula, pay off, from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted—var þá af borið borðinu—and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, þar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g. oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97.

XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII).

D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between:

I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, but afrækja, negligere; aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik, recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc.

II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. á fram = af fram; ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those words.