-
21 Edafuhri Cloth
Cotton fabrics made on hand looms in the Maldive Islands in plain weave and mostly violet and green coloured. They are chiefly noted for the excellence of the dyes used. Although the price is higher than the cloth imported from India, everyone is expected to wear this native-made cloth on public occasions. The quality varies considerably. One cloth is made 44 ends and 40 picks per inch, 24's warp, 32's weft. -
22 degrade
[dıʹgreıd] v1. 1) ухудшатьto degrade man to the level of beasts - низводить человека до уровня животных
2) ухудшаться, деградировать2. 1) приводить в упадок; портить, разлагать2) приходить в упадок, деградировать; вырождаться; портиться, разлагаться3. 1) понижать, снижать (цену и т. п.)2) уменьшать (масштаб, силу)4. разжаловать; понизить в должности, в чине и т. п.to degrade smb. from the priesthood - лишить кого-л. духовного сана
5. унижать, подрывать авторитетto degrade oneself - уронить себя, унизиться
it degrades a man to think too much about money - унизительно чересчур много думать о деньгах
6. жив. ослаблять интенсивность тона или цвета7. хим., физ. деградировать8. биол. вырождаться9. геол.1) размывать2) понижаться ( о местности)10. отложить экзамен на год ( при получении степени бакалавра искусств в Кембриджском университете) -
23 Ningshia Carpets
Hand-knotted wool carpets, made at Ningshia, China, and considered by the natives as the best grade made by them. The warp ends average about 12 per inch and are made of very fine wools. The dyes are very fast. Used mostly for saddlebags for the wealthy. -
24 degrade
1. v ухудшать2. v ухудшаться, деградировать3. v приводить в упадок; портить, разлагать4. v приходить в упадок, деградировать; вырождаться; портиться, разлагаться5. v понижать, снижать6. v уменьшать7. v унижать, подрывать авторитетto degrade oneself — уронить себя, унизиться
8. v жив. ослаблять интенсивность тона или цвета9. v хим. физ. деградировать10. v биол. вырождаться11. v геол. размывать12. v геол. понижатьсяСинонимический ряд:1. break (verb) break; bump; bust; cashier; declass; demerit; demote; depress; disgrade; disrate; downgrade; lessen; put down; reduce2. corrupt (verb) corrupt; debauch; degenerate; deprave; deteriorate3. humiliate (verb) abase; bemean; cast down; cheapen; debase; demean; disgrace; dishonor; dishonour; downgrade; humble; humiliate; lower; shame; sink; vitiateАнтонимический ряд: -
25 Jamakalam
A pileless cotton carpet, manufactured in parts of Madras Presidency. Dimensions vary, but the usual sizes are 6 feet by 3 feet and 4 feet by 2 feet. The dyes used are mostly from vegetable ingredients. -
26 Caro, Heinrich
[br]b. 13 February 1834 Poznan, Polandd. 11 October 1911 Dresden, Germany[br]German dyestuffi chemist.[br]Caro received vocational training as a dyer at the Gewerbeinstitut in Berlin from 1852, at the same time attending chemistry lectures at the university there. In 1855 he was hired as a colourist by a firm of calico printers in Mulheim an der Ruhr, where he was able to demonstrate the value of scientific training in solving practical problems. Two years later, the year after Perkin's discovery of aniline dyes, he was sent to England in order to learn the latest dyeing techniques. He took up a post an analytical chemist with the chemical firm Roberts, Dale \& Co. in Manchester; after finding a better way of synthesizing Perkin's mauve, he became a partner in the business. Caro was able to enlarge both his engineering experience and his chemical knowledge there, particularly by studying Hofmann's researches on the aniline dyes. He made several discoveries, including induline, Bismark brown and Martius yellow.Like other German chemists, however, he found greater opportunities opening up in Germany, and in 1866 he returned to take up a post in Bunsen's laboratory in Heidelberg. In 1868 Caro obtained the important directorship of Badische Anilin-Soda- Fabrik (BASF), the first true industrial research organization and leading centre of dyestuffs research. A steady stream of commercial successes followed. In 1869, after Graebe and Liebermann had showed him their laboratory synthesis of the red dye alizarin, Caro went on to develop a cheaper and commercially viable method. During the 1870s he collaborated with Adolf von Baeyer to make methylene blue and related dyes, and then went on to the azo dyes. His work on indigo was important, but was not crowned with commercial success; that came in 1897 when his successor at BASF discovered a suitable process for producing indigo on a commercial scale. Caro had resigned his post in 1889, by which time he had made notable contributions to German supremacy in the fast-developing dyestuffs industry.[br]Further ReadingA.Bernthsen, 1912, obituary, Berichte derDeutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 45; 1,987–2,042 (a substantial obituary).LRD -
27 Perkin, Sir William Henry
[br]b. 12 March 1838 London, Englandd. 14 July 1907 Sudbury, England[br]English chemist, discoverer of aniline dyes, the first synthetic dyestuffs.[br]He early showed an aptitude for chemistry and in 1853 entered the Royal College of Chemistry as a student under A.W.von Hofmann, the first Professor at the College. By the end of his first year, he had carried out his first piece of chemical research, on the action of cyanogen chloride on phenylamine, which he published in the Journal of the Chemical Society (1857). He became honorary assistant to von Hofmann in 1857; three years previously he had set up his own chemical laboratory at home, where he had discovered the first of the azo dyes, aminoazonapththalene. In 1856 Perkin began work on the synthesis of quinine by oxidizing a salt of allyl toluidine with potassium dichromate. Substituting aniline, he obtained a dark-coloured precipitate which proved to possess dyeing properties: Perkin had discovered the first aniline dye. Upon receiving favourable reports on the new material from manufacturers of dyestuffs, especially Pullars of Perth, Perkin resigned from the College and turned to the commercial exploitation of his discovery. This proved highly successful. From 1858, the dye was manufactured at his Greenford Green works as "Aniline Purple" or "Tyrian Purple". It was later to be referred to by the French as mauve. Perkin's discovery led to the development of the modern dyestuffs industry, supplanting dyes from the traditional vegetable sources. In 1869, he introduced two new methods for making the red dye alizarin, in place of the process that involved the use of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). In spite of German competition, he dominated the British market until the end of 1873. After eighteen years in chemical industry, Perkin retired and devoted himself entirely to the pure chemical research which he had been pursuing since the 1850s. He eventually contributed ninety papers to the Chemical Society and further papers to other bodies, including the Royal Society. For example, in 1867 he published his synthesis of unsaturated organic acids, known as "Perkin's synthesis". Other papers followed, on the structure of "Aniline Purple". In 1881 Perkin drew attention to the magnetic-rotatory power of some of the substances he had been dealing with. From then on, he devoted particular attention to the application of this phenomenon to the determination of chemical structure.Perkin won wide recognition for his discoveries and other contributions to chemistry.The half-centenary of his great discovery was celebrated in July 1906 and later that year he received a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1906. FRS 1866. President, Chemical Society 1883–5. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1884–5. Royal Society Royal Medal 1879; Davy Medal 1889.Bibliography26 August 1856, British patent no. 1984 (Aniline Purple).1867, "The action of acetic anhydride upon the hydrides of salicyl, etc.", Journal of the Chemical Society 20:586 (the first description of Perkin's synthesis).Further ReadingS.M.Edelstein, 1961, biography in Great Chemists, ed. E.Farber, New York: Interscience, pp. 757–72 (a reliable, short account).R.Meldola, 1908, Journal of the Chemical Society 93:2,214–57 (the most detailed account).LRDBiographical history of technology > Perkin, Sir William Henry
-
28 mangrove
------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] kind of mangrove, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza[Swahili Word] muwi[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove[Swahili Word] mkandaa[Swahili Plural] mikandaa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove[English Plural] mangroves[Taxonomy] Rhizophora mucronata[Swahili Word] mkoko[Swahili Plural] mikoko[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for house building and the bark for the soles of sandals[English Example] if you want to buy mangrove in quantity or fish, go to Lamu[Swahili Example] ukitaka kununua mikoko kwa wingi ama samaki, nenda Lamu [Masomo 153][Terminology] botany------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove (type of)[English Plural] mangroves[Taxonomy] Ceriops tagal[Swahili Word] mkoko mwekundu[Swahili Plural] mikoko miekundu[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for building material, paddles, oars, firewood, charcoal, dyes, and fishing traps[Terminology] botany------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove (type of)[English Plural] mangroves[Taxonomy] Rhizophora mucronata[Swahili Word] mkoko magondi[Swahili Plural] mikoko magondi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is mainly used for building and high quality charcoal, and also for firewood, dyes, medicines, ointments, bow-nets (using roots) fishing traps, and weapons[Terminology] botany------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove (type of)[English Plural] mangroves[Taxonomy] Ceriops tagal[Swahili Word] mkandaa[Swahili Plural] mikandaa[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for building material, paddles, oars, firewood, charcoal, dyes, and fishing traps[Terminology] botany------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove (type of)[English Plural] mangroves[Taxonomy] Xylocarpus moluccensis[Swahili Word] mkomafi dume[Swahili Plural] mikomafi dume[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for high quality timber, bed construction, window and door frames, charcoal, and firewood[Terminology] botany------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove (type of)[English Plural] mangroves[Taxonomy] Xylocarpus granatum[Swahili Word] mkomafi[Swahili Plural] mikomafi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used especially for canoes and charcoal, and also for firewood, and of which the fruits provide a remedy for stomach aches[Terminology] botany------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mangrove variety (Sonneratia caesolaria or acida)[Swahili Word] mlilana[Swahili Plural] mililana[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] mchu (a species of mangrove, Avicennia marina)[Swahili Word] mchu[Swahili Plural] michu[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] species of mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata[Swahili Word] msizi[Swahili Plural] misizi[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] species of mangrove,Rhizophora mucronata;[Swahili Word] msindi[Swahili Plural] misindi[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------[English Word] species of mangrove,Rhizophora mucronata;[Swahili Word] msinzi[Swahili Plural] misinzi[Part of Speech] noun------------------------------------------------------------ -
29 Immunised Cotton
A chemically-treated cotton that resists ordinary cotton dyes, but has a marked affinity for basic dyes and some acid dyes. Fabrics in which this yam is used together with ordinary cotton yarns when dyed with direct or other cotton dye will give white effects on the immunised cotton, thereby yielding two-colour effects. The yarn can be used with wool, silk, linen, viscose, acetate and other fibres as effect threads. This chemical treatment produces a yarn differing greatly from ordinary cotton - the fibres shrink, lose lustre and become almost cylindrical. -
30 dye
I [daɪ]1) (commercial product) tintura f., tinta f.2) (substance) colorante m.II 1. [daɪ]verbo transitivo tingere, colorare2.to dye sth. red — tingere qcs. di rosso
verbo intransitivo [ fabric] tingersi* * *1. past tense, past participle - dyed; verb(to give a permanent colour to (clothes, cloth etc): I've just dyed my coat green; I'm sure she dyes her hair.) tingere, colorare2. noun(a powder or liquid for colouring: a bottle of green dye.) tinta, colore* * *[daɪ]1. ncolore m, (chemical) colorante m, tinturahair dye — tinta per capelli, tintura per capelli
2. vt(fabric) tingereto dye sth red — tingere qc di or in rosso
* * *dye /daɪ/n. [cu]tintura; colore: fast dye, colore indelebile; vegetable dyes, tinture vegetali: hair dye, tintura per capelli● dye house, tintoria ( il locale, lo stabilimento) □ ( arti grafiche) dye toning, viraggio □ dye transfer, fotoriproduzione.(to) dye /daɪ/A v. t.1 tingere: to dye a dress red, tingere di rosso un vestito; to dye one's hair black, tingersi di nero i capelli2 (lett.) colorare; fare arrossire: A warm flush dyed her cheeks, una vampata di calore le fatto arrossire le guanceB v. i.( di stoffa) tingersi; prendere il colore: This cloth dyes well, questa stoffa prende bene il colore● dyed-in-the-wool, ( di tessuto) tinto prima della filatura; (fig.) radicato, inveterato; ( di sportivo e sim.) appassionato, fanatico; ( di politico) dalla testa ai piedi, tutto d'un pezzo; ( di un o una single) impenitente.* * *I [daɪ]1) (commercial product) tintura f., tinta f.2) (substance) colorante m.II 1. [daɪ]verbo transitivo tingere, colorare2.to dye sth. red — tingere qcs. di rosso
verbo intransitivo [ fabric] tingersi -
31 dye
daɪ
1. сущ.
1) окраска;
цвет (как результат окрашивания) Syn: tinge, hue
2) краска;
красящее вещество;
краситель to apply dye to ≈ наносить краску на fading dye ≈ непрочная краска fast dye ≈ прочная краска natural dyes ≈ натуральные красители to take a dye ≈ окрашиваться synthetic dyes ≈ синтетические красители
3) перен. в различных сочетания означает высокую интенсивность, степень (provocation) of blackest dye ≈ чистой воды (провокация) (rascal) of the deepest dye ≈ отъявленный (мошенник)
2. гл.
1) а) красить, окрашивать They dyed their faces in order to terrify their enemies. ≈ Они раскрасили свои лица, чтобы испугать своих врагов. Syn: colour, tincture, paint, stain б) пропитать краской (о ткани)
2) приобрести окраску, приобрести оттенок, окраситься She dyed the dress blue. ≈ Она покрасила платье в синий цвет. краска, краситель, красящее вещество - synthetic * синтетическая краска - fast * прочная /стойкая/ краска - fading * непрочная /нестойкая/ краска - vat * кубовый краситель - to take a * окрашиваться, принимать окраску краска, окраска, цвет - rainbow *s цвета радуги > of the blackest /deepest/ * отъявленный, прожженный, закоренелый;
отвратительный, мерзкий красить, окрашивать - to * one's hair красить волосы - to * smth. red окрасить что-л. в красный цвет - to * a blue over a white перекрасить( что-л.) из белого в голубой цвет - to * smth. in the wool /in the grain/ окрашивать что-л. в пряже, прочно пропитывать краской что-л. - to have a dress *d отдать покрасить платье окрашиваться, краситься, принимать краску - to * well хорошо краситься dye красить, окрашивать ~ краска;
красящее вещество;
краситель ~ окраска ~ принимать краску, окрашиваться;
dye in the wool (или in the grain) окрашивать в пряже, прочно пропитывать краской ~ цвет;
scoundrel of the deepest dye отъявленный негодяй ~ принимать краску, окрашиваться;
dye in the wool (или in the grain) окрашивать в пряже, прочно пропитывать краской ~ цвет;
scoundrel of the deepest dye отъявленный негодяй -
32 Chilim Carpets
The best type of carpets made in Servia by the peasant women. The groundwork is usually brilliant red, with patterns woven in blue, purple, green, yellow and other colours. There is no pile and the surface is smooth and hard. Originally vegetable dyes made by the weavers were used, but the imported dyes now used have proved a detriment to the native dye industry. -
33 tattoo
[tə'tu:, ]( American[) tæ-] 1. American - tattoos; verb(to make coloured patterns or pictures on part of a person's body by pricking the skin and putting in dyes: The design was tattooed on his arm.) tatovere2. noun(a design tattooed on the skin: His arms were covered with tattoos.) tatovering- tattooed* * *[tə'tu:, ]( American[) tæ-] 1. American - tattoos; verb(to make coloured patterns or pictures on part of a person's body by pricking the skin and putting in dyes: The design was tattooed on his arm.) tatovere2. noun(a design tattooed on the skin: His arms were covered with tattoos.) tatovering- tattooed -
34 vegetable
've‹təbl1) (a plant or part of a plant, other than a fruit, used as food: We grow potatoes, beans and other vegetables; (also adjective) vegetable oils.) verdura, hortaliza2) (a plant: Grass is a vegetable, gold is a mineral and a human being is an animal.) vegetal•- vegetarianism
- vegetate
- vegetation
vegetable n verdura / hortalizatr['veʤtəbəl]1 (as food) verdura, hortaliza2 (as plant) vegetal nombre masculino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthe vegetable kingdom el reino vegetalvegetable garden huerto, huertavegetable matter materia vegetalvegetable ['vɛʤtəbəl, 'vɛʤət̬ə-] adj: vegetal1) : vegetal mthe vegetable kingdom: el reino vegetal2) : verdura f, hortaliza f (para comer)adj.• vegetal adj.n.• hortaliza s.f.• legumbre s.f.• vegetal s.m.• verdura s.f.• verduras s.f.pl.'vedʒtəbəl1)vegetable garden/patch — huerto m, huerta f
b) ( plant) vegetal m; (before n) <oil, fats> vegetal; <dyes, colors> (de origen) vegetal2) ( person) vegetal m['vedʒɪtǝbl]1. N1) (Bot) vegetal m, planta f ; (Culin) (=food) hortaliza f, verdura fwe grow a few vegetables in our garden — tenemos plantadas algunas verduras or hortalizas en el jardín
green vegetables — verdura(s) f(pl)
diced vegetables — menestra f de verduras
vegetables are an important part of the diet — la verdura es or las hortalizas son una parte importante de la dieta
root 4.come along, eat up your vegetables! — ¡vamos, cómete la verdura!
2) (=human vegetable) vegetal m2.CPDvegetable dish N — (=food) plato m de verdura(s); (=vessel) fuente f de verdura(s)
vegetable fat N — grasa f vegetal
vegetable garden N — (big) huerta f ; (small) huerto m
vegetable marrow N — (esp Brit) calabacín m
vegetable matter N — materia f vegetal
vegetable oil N — aceite m vegetal
vegetable patch N — huerto m, huertecito m
vegetable salad N — ensalada f verde, macedonia f de verduras con mayonesa, ≈ ensaladilla f rusa
vegetable soup N — sopa f de verduras
* * *['vedʒtəbəl]1)vegetable garden/patch — huerto m, huerta f
b) ( plant) vegetal m; (before n) <oil, fats> vegetal; <dyes, colors> (de origen) vegetal2) ( person) vegetal m -
35 pigment
['piɡmənt]1) (any substance used for colouring, making paint etc: People used to make paint and dyes from natural pigments.) farvestof2) (a substance in plants or animals that gives colour to the skin, leaves etc: Some people have darker pigment in their skin than others.) pigment•* * *['piɡmənt]1) (any substance used for colouring, making paint etc: People used to make paint and dyes from natural pigments.) farvestof2) (a substance in plants or animals that gives colour to the skin, leaves etc: Some people have darker pigment in their skin than others.) pigment• -
36 Benzo Colours
The direct dyes produced by the Farben Fabriken Co., Germany (see Dyes) -
37 Diazotizing
A dyeing process for producing fast colours from semi-fast or fugitive dyes by treating the fabric after the dyeing in a solution of sodium nitrate and sulphuric acid, and then with some developer, such as ammonia, carbolic acid, napthylamines and other organic compounds (see Developing agents and Developing dyes) -
38 dye
[daɪ] 1. сущ.1) окраска; цвет ( как результат окрашивания)Syn:2) краска; красящее вещество; краситель••2. гл.of the blackest / deepest dye — отъявленный, закоренелый
1) красить, окрашиватьSyn:2) пропитать краской ( о ткань)3) приобрести окраску, приобрести оттенок, окраситься -
39 Columbia Colours
A range of "direct" dyes, produced by the Berlin Anilin Works (see Dyes) -
40 Congo Colours
A range of " direct " dyes produced by the Berlin Anilin Works (see Dyes)
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