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1 Hofmann
Макаров: Гофмана -
2 Hofmann's bacillus
Hofmann-Wellenhof-Bakterium n, Pseudodiphtheriebakterium n, Corynebacterium n pseudodiphtheriticumFachwörterbuch Medizin Englisch-Deutsch > Hofmann's bacillus
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3 Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 April 1818 Giessen, Germanyd. 2 May 1892 Berlin, Germany[br]German organic chemist.[br]The son of an architect, Hofmann began studying law and languages but was increasingly drawn to chemistry, attracted by Liebig's teaching at Giessen. In 1841 Hofmann took his doctorate with a study of coal tar. He became Privatdozent at Bonn University in 1845, but later that year he was persuaded to take up the post of first Director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London, after tenure was guaranteed as a result of Prince Albert's influence. He remained there for twenty years until he was offered professorships in chemistry at Bonn and Berlin. He accepted the latter. Hofmann continued the method of teaching chemistry, based on laboratory instruction, developed by Liebig at Giessen, and extended it to England and Berlin. A steady stream of well-trained chemists issued forth from Hofmann's tuition, concerning themselves especially with experimental organic chemistry and the industrial applications of chemistry. In 1848 one of his students, C.B. Mansfield, devised the method of fractional distillation of coal tar, to separate pure benzene, xylene and toluene, thus laying the foundations of the coal-tar industry. In 1856 another student, W.H. Perkin, prepared the first synthetic dyestuff, aniline purple, heralding the great dyestuffs industry, in which several other of his students distinguished themselves. Although keenly interested in the chemistry of dyestuffs, Hofmann did not pursue their large-scale preparation, but he stressed the importance of scientific research for success on a commercial scale. Hofmann's stimulus in this direction flagged after his return to Germany, and this was a factor in the failure of British industry to follow up their initial advantage and allow it to pass to Germany. In 1862 Hofmann prepared a dye from a derivative of triphenylmethane, which he called rosaniline. From this he derived a series of beautiful colours, ranging from blue to violet, which he patented as "Hofmann's violets" the following year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsEnnobled 1888.Further ReadingJ.Volhard and E.Fischer, 1902, August Wilhelm von Hofmann, ein Lebensbild, Berlin (the basic biography).K.M.Hammond, 1967, bibliography, unpublished, (Diploma in Librarianship, London University (lists 373 items; deposited in University College, London)).LRDBiographical history of technology > Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
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4 Hofmann's bacillus
s.Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, bacilo de Hofmann. -
5 Hofmann's test
s.prueba de Hofmann. -
6 Hofmann degradation
Химия: перегруппировка Гофмана -
7 Hofmann rearrangement
Химия: перегруппировка Гофмана -
8 Hofmann rule
Макаров: Гофмана правило -
9 Hofmann's bacillus
عُصَيَّةُ هوفْمان -
10 hofmann's reaction
• metoda za dobijanje primarnih -
11 Hofmann clamp
ściskacz śrubowy -
12 Hofmann degradation
degradacja Hofman naEnglish-Polish dictionary for engineers > Hofmann degradation
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13 hofmann degradation
ஒபுமான்-படிகுறைத்தல் -
14 Ernst Hofmann
Имена и фамилии: Эрнст Гофманн -
15 Albert Hofmann
◙ n. אלברט הופמן (יליד 1906), מדען וכימאי שוויצרי שגילה את האל-אס-די והיה הראשון לסנתז אותו* * *◙ ותוא זתנסל ןושארה היהו יד-סא-לאה תא הליגש ירציווש יאמיכו ןעדמ,(6091 דילי) ןמפוה טרבלא◄ -
16 Ernst Hofmann
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17 Perkin, Sir William Henry
[br]b. 12 March 1838 London, Englandd. 14 July 1907 Sudbury, England[br]English chemist, discoverer of aniline dyes, the first synthetic dyestuffs.[br]He early showed an aptitude for chemistry and in 1853 entered the Royal College of Chemistry as a student under A.W.von Hofmann, the first Professor at the College. By the end of his first year, he had carried out his first piece of chemical research, on the action of cyanogen chloride on phenylamine, which he published in the Journal of the Chemical Society (1857). He became honorary assistant to von Hofmann in 1857; three years previously he had set up his own chemical laboratory at home, where he had discovered the first of the azo dyes, aminoazonapththalene. In 1856 Perkin began work on the synthesis of quinine by oxidizing a salt of allyl toluidine with potassium dichromate. Substituting aniline, he obtained a dark-coloured precipitate which proved to possess dyeing properties: Perkin had discovered the first aniline dye. Upon receiving favourable reports on the new material from manufacturers of dyestuffs, especially Pullars of Perth, Perkin resigned from the College and turned to the commercial exploitation of his discovery. This proved highly successful. From 1858, the dye was manufactured at his Greenford Green works as "Aniline Purple" or "Tyrian Purple". It was later to be referred to by the French as mauve. Perkin's discovery led to the development of the modern dyestuffs industry, supplanting dyes from the traditional vegetable sources. In 1869, he introduced two new methods for making the red dye alizarin, in place of the process that involved the use of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). In spite of German competition, he dominated the British market until the end of 1873. After eighteen years in chemical industry, Perkin retired and devoted himself entirely to the pure chemical research which he had been pursuing since the 1850s. He eventually contributed ninety papers to the Chemical Society and further papers to other bodies, including the Royal Society. For example, in 1867 he published his synthesis of unsaturated organic acids, known as "Perkin's synthesis". Other papers followed, on the structure of "Aniline Purple". In 1881 Perkin drew attention to the magnetic-rotatory power of some of the substances he had been dealing with. From then on, he devoted particular attention to the application of this phenomenon to the determination of chemical structure.Perkin won wide recognition for his discoveries and other contributions to chemistry.The half-centenary of his great discovery was celebrated in July 1906 and later that year he received a knighthood.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1906. FRS 1866. President, Chemical Society 1883–5. President, Society of Chemical Industry 1884–5. Royal Society Royal Medal 1879; Davy Medal 1889.Bibliography26 August 1856, British patent no. 1984 (Aniline Purple).1867, "The action of acetic anhydride upon the hydrides of salicyl, etc.", Journal of the Chemical Society 20:586 (the first description of Perkin's synthesis).Further ReadingS.M.Edelstein, 1961, biography in Great Chemists, ed. E.Farber, New York: Interscience, pp. 757–72 (a reliable, short account).R.Meldola, 1908, Journal of the Chemical Society 93:2,214–57 (the most detailed account).LRDBiographical history of technology > Perkin, Sir William Henry
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18 LSD
arg., Stups. LSD; fam. acide [diéthylamide de l'acide lysergique, tiré de l'ergot de seigle; découvert accidentellement par le chimiste suisse Albert Hofmann, en 1943]English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > LSD
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19 Polish-Americans
Крупнейшая этническая группа славянского происхождения. По различным оценкам выходцы из Польши и их потомки насчитывают от 5 до 6 млн. человек. Первые поляки были приглашены колониальными властями в Новые Нидерланды [ New Netherland] в XVII в. А. Куртиус [Curtius (Kurcyusz), Alexander] основал в Нью-Амстердаме первую латинскую школу. Среди поляков - героев Войны за независимость [ Revolutionary War] - Т. Костюшко [ Kosciusko, Thaddeus] и К. Пуласки [ Pulaski, Casimir (Kazimierz)]. Наиболее значительный приток эмигрантов из Польши приходится на рубеж XIX - XX вв. Большая их часть оседала в крупных городах. С 1960-70-х эмиграция из Польши незначительна. Сохранению языка и традиций во многом способствует сеть католических приходских школ [ parochial school] Польской национальной церкви Америки [Polish National Church of America], которая насчитывает около 282,5 тыс. прихожан; к носителям польского языка в США себя относят около 2,4 млн. человек. Наиболее крупные общины существуют в Чикаго, Детройте, Нью-Йорке, Милуоки, Питсбурге, Буффало и Кливленде. В Чикаго создан Польский музей [Polish Museum of America]. Среди видных деятелей культуры и науки польского происхождения - социолог и государственный деятель З. Бжезинский [ Brzezinski, Zbigniew K.], биохимики К. Функ [Funk, Casimir] и Э. Шелли [Schelly, Andrew Victor], микробиолог А. Сэбин [ Sabin, Albert Bruce], математик А. Тарски [ Tarski, Alfred], поэт Чеслав Милош [Milosz, Czeslaw], скульптор И. Мейдельман [Madelman, Elie], пианист Дж. Хофман [Hofmann, Josef Casimir]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Polish-Americans
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20 ernst
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См. также в других словарях:
HOFMANN (M.) — HOFMANN MELCHIOR (1495 env. 1543) Propagandiste de la foi anabaptiste, Melchior Hofmann appartient à cette génération de prophètes engendrés par la Réforme que leur exégèse personnelle de la Bible et leur enthousiasme rendent suspects à toutes… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Hofmann — Hofmann, 1) August Konrad, Freiherr von, hess. Staatsmann, geb. 28. April 1776 zu Nidda in Oberhessen, gest. 9. Ang. 1841, studierte die Rechte, wurde 1820 Geheimer Staatsrat im Departement der Finanzen, nach Grolmanns Tod (1829) Präsident des… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Hofmann [1] — Hofmann, 1) Hofbedienter höheren Ranges; 2) Jemand, der auf dem Hof u. mit den Sitten desselben bekannt ist u. sich in alle Verhältnisse zu schicken weiß; 3) so v.w. Verwalter, Schirrmeister, Hofmeister; 4) so v.w. Hofhöriger Mann … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Hofmann [2] — Hofmann, eine im Großherzogthum Hessen angesessene Familie, welche 1827 in den Freiherrnstand erhoben wurde in der Person des 1) Freiherrn August Konrad, geb. 1776 zu Nidda in Oberhessen, wurde 1820 Geheimer Staatsrath, 1837 großherzoglich… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Hofmann [3] — Hofmann, 1) Heinrich, im 17. Jahrh. Prediger zu Masko in Finnland, gab mit Anderen die Finnische Übersetzung der Bibel, Stockh. 1642, Fol., Abo 1685 heraus. 2) Gregor, s. Haloander. 3) Julius August, geb. 1800, Arzt in Dresden u. st. das. 1842;… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Hofmann — Hofmann, Aug. Wilh. von, Chemiker, geb. 8. April 1818 zu Gießen, 1845 Prof. in Bonn, 1848 64 am Royal College of Chemistry in London, seit 1865 in Berlin, gest. das. 5. Mai 1892; hochverdient um die organische Chemie, speziell um die Kenntnis der … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Hofmann [2] — Hofmann, Franz Adolf, Hygieniker, geb. 14. Juni 1843 zu München, 1878 Prof. und Direktor des Hygienischen Instituts in Leipzig … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Hofmann [3] — Hofmann, Heinr., Komponist, geb. 13. Jan. 1842 zu Berlin, gest. 16. Juli 1902 in Großtabarz; schrieb die Opern »Armin« (1872), »Ännchen von Tharau« (1878), die Chorwerke »Die schöne Melusine«, »Aschenbrödel«, »Prometheus«, »Haralds Brautfahrt«,… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Hofmann [4] — Hofmann, Heinr., Historienmaler, geb. 19. März 1824 in Darmstadt, seit 1870 Prof. an der Akademie in Dresden; Hauptwerke: Ehebrecherin vor Christus, Zwölfjähriger Jesus im Tempel (beide in Dresden), Predigt Christi am See Genezareth (Berlin),… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Hofmann [5] — Hofmann, Konrad, Germanist und Romanist, geb. 14. Nov. 1819 bei Bamberg, seit 1853 Prof. in München, gest. 1. Okt. 1890 in Waging bei Traunstein, bekannt durch textkritische german. und roman. Arbeiten und Ausgaben von Dichtwerken des… … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Hofmann [6] — Hofmann, Ludw. von, Maler, geb. 17. Aug. 1861 in Darmstadt, seit 1903 Lehrer an der Akademie in Weimar, 1905 Prof. Hauptwerke: Verlorenes Paradies, Frauen am Meer, Heiße Nacht. – Biogr. von Fischel (1903) … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
