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1 πίνω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to drink'Other forms: Aeol., also Dor. (Call. Cer. 95) πώνω, fut. πίομαι, aor. ἔπιον, πιεῖν (all Hom.; later πεῖν), ipv. πῖθι (com. a.o.), Aeol. πῶθι, pass. ἐπόθην with fut. ποθήσομαι, perf. act. πέπωκα (all Att.), midd. πέπομαι (Od.); besides as causat. πιπίσκω, fut. πίσω, aor. πῖσαι, πισθῆναι, also w. προ-, ἐν-, συν- a.o. `give to drink, water' (Pi., Hp., Nic.).Derivatives: Many derivv. (condensed survey): A. From the zero grade πο-, most with τ-sufflx: 1. ποτόν n. `beverage' (Il.), ποτός `drinkable' (trag., Th.; ἔμποτος Aret.), πότος m. `drinking, beverage' (Att., Theoc.); from this πότ-ιμος `drinkable, fresh, pleasant' (IA; Arbenz 50f.), - ικός `inclined towards drinking etc.' (Alc. com., Plu.), most συμ- πίνω `belonging to the bacchanalia, pot companion' (Att.: συμπό-της, - σιον, s. v.); - ίζω, Dor. - ίσδω, also with προ- a.o., `to make drink, to drench' (IA., Theoc.) with - ισμός, - ισμα, - ιστές, - ιστήριον, - ιστρίς, - ίστρα. 2. ποτή f. `drink, draught' (pap.) gen. a. acc. - ῆτος, - ῆτα (Hom.; metr. enlerged, orig. at verse-end; Schwyzer 529 w. n. 1 a. lit.; not haplolog. from *ποτο-τη-τος, - τη-τα with Fraenkel Gnomon 21, 40 a.o.); πότ-ημα n. `(medical) drink' (medic.; enlarged form, Chantraine Form. 178). 3. πόσις f. (also w. προ-, κατα- a.o. in diff. senses) `drinking, drink, bacchanalia' (Il.) with πόσιμος `drinkable' (pap. IVp, Ps.-Callisth.; cf. πότιμος above); πόμα s.v. 4. ποτήρ m. `drinking cup' (E.), - ήριον n. `id.' (Aeol. IA.); πότης m. `drinker' (only in πότης λύχνος Ar. Nu. 57), f. πότις (com.); both from the usual compp., e.g. συμπό-της (Pi.), οἰνο-πό-της, - τις (Anacr. etc.), disjoined? (Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 12 = Kl. Schr. 226); superl. ποτίστατος (Ar. a.o.); to this derivv. like συμπόσ-ιον `bacchanalia' (Pi., Alc.), καταπότ-ιον `pill' (medic.; καταπότης `throat' H., Suid.); οἰνοποτ-ά-ζω `to drink wine' (Hom.). 5. καταπό-θρα f. `(region of the) throat' (Paul. Aeg.). -- B. From the full grade: πῶμα n. `draught, drink, beverage' (Att.), ἔκπω-μα n. `drinking ware' (IA.), beside πόμα ( πρό-, κατά-, ἔκ- πίνω) n. `id.' (Pi., Ion. hell.); ἔκπωτις = ἄμπωτις ( Cat. Cod. Astr.); εὔπωνος ὄμβρος εὔποτος H., γακου-πώνης ἡδυπότης H. -- C. From the zero grade πῑ-: 1. πίστρα f., πῖστρα n. pl. `drinks' (E. Kyk., Str.), also πισμός, πιστήρ, πιστήριον H.; with analog. - σ- as 2. πιστός `drinkable, fluid' (A.; after χριστός, Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 79 = Kl. Schr. 264), πιστικός `id.' (Ev. Marc., Ev. Io.); 3. Boeot. πιτεύω `to drench, to water' with ἀ-πίτευτος `unwatered' (Thespiae IIIa), from a noun *πῑτ(ο)-; cf. below. To be rejected Brugmann IF 39, 149 ff. (to πίων, OCS pitati `to feed' etc.); cf. Benveniste BSL 51, 29 f. w. lit.Etymology: The above system developed on the basis of an IE starting point independently inside Greek. From the imperatives πῖ-θι and πῶ-θι we can conclude to two athematic root-aorists *ἔ-πῑ-ν and *ἔ-πω-ν; to the latter provides Skt. á-pā-m (with pā-hí = πῶ-θι) an exact agreement: IE *é-peh₃-m. As zero grade was pī- in the plur. at home: IE *é-piH-me, which in Skt. was replaced by full grade á-pā-ma but in Greek πῖθι left a trace; note further OCS 2. a. 3. sg. aor. pi. Further, in Greek the athemat. forms wer replaced by the themat. ἔ-πι-ον with generalized zero grade. The origin of the form piH- is not well known. The shortvocalic subj. of this root-aorist lives on in fut. πί-ο-μαι (like ἔδ-ο-μαι; s. ἔδω); to the aorist still the nasal prsesents πί-ν-ω and πώ-ν-ω; cf. ἔ-δῡ-ν: δύ̄-ν-ω. To *ἔ-πῑ-ν was formed the factitive ἔ-πῑ-σα `I gave to drink' after ἔ-στη-ν: ἔ-στη-σα, ἔ-φῡν: ἔ-φῡ-σα a.o.; to this the reduplicated pres. πι-πί-σκω (cf. δι-δά-σκω: δα-ῆναι, βι-βά-σκω: ἔ-βη-σα: ἔ-βη-ν). The strongly spread zero grade πο- ( πέποται, ἐπόθην, πόσις usw.) is a Greek innovation after δο- ( δέδοται, ἐδόθην, δόσις). The perf. act. πέ-πω-κα agrees with Skt. pa-páu, but can also have been created newly to *ἔ-πω-ν. The nominal stem πῑτ- in πιτεύω is inherited and is found also in Skt. pī-tá- `drunk(en)', pī-ti ́'drinking, drink'. The 2. member in εὔ-πωνος and γακου-πώνης agrees with Skt. pā́-na-m n. `drink'. In ablaut deviating are πο-τήρ `drinking cup' (only E.; οἰνο-ποτῆρας acc. pl. θ 456 metr. for - πότας) and Skt. pā-tár- 'drinker', comparable πό-σις and pī-tí- (s. ab.); rather parallel innovations than old inherited material. -- Among the remaining many representatives of this family we mention only the reduplicated zero grade themat. pres. Sk. pí-b-ati, Lat. bi-b-ō, OIr. 2. pl. ipv. i-b-id (phonetically in detail uncertain) and the Lat. nouns pō-tus, pō-culum. (The Skt. caus. pāy-áyati goes back on *po-i-ei̯-, not a full grade *pōi̯-) -- On the histoy of the Greek forms s. Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 75ff. (= Kl. Schr. 260ff.); further material of the other languages with rich lit. in WP. 2, 71 f., Pok. 839 f., W.-Hofmann s. bibō, Mayrhofer s. píbati and pā́ti 2. -- On ἄμπωτις and πῖνον s. v.Page in Frisk: 2,540-542Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πίνω
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2 πήγνυμι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: to fix, to stick, to join, to congeal or to coagulate' (Il.).Other forms: Dor. Aeol. πάγ-, also - ύω (X., Arist.), πήσσω, - ττω (hell.), aor. πῆξαι ( ἔπηκτο Λ 378; Schwyzer 751; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 383), pass. παγῆναι, πηχθῆ-ναι, fut. πήξω, perf. act. intr. πέπηγα (all Il.), trans. plqu. ἐπεπήχεσαν (D. C.), midd. πέπηγμαι (D. H., Arr.).Compounds: Often w. prefix, e.g. ἐν-, συν-, κατα-, παρα-. Compounds: πηγεσί-μαλλος `dense of wool' (Γ 197; - εσι- prob. only enlarging, Schwyzer 444 w. n. 4); - πηξ, e.g. in ἀντί-πηξ, - γος f. `kind of chest' (E.; Bergson Eranos 58, 12 ff.); ναυ-πηγ-ός m. `shipbuilder' (Att. etc.); - πηγ-ής and - παγ-ής, e.g. εὑ-πηγ-ής. εὑ-παγ-ής `well built' (φ 334, Pl.), περιπηγ-ής `frozen around' (Nic.); συμπαγ-ής `put together' (Pl.).Derivatives: A. From the full grade: 1. πηγός `solid, dense, strong' (ep. poet. I 124), prob. prop, `fixing' (cf. Schwyzer 459, Chantraine Form. 13); second. `white', also `black' (late poetry; wrongly concluded from Hom., Kretschmer Glotta 31, 95ff., Leumann Hom. Wörter 214 n. 8, to it also Reiter Die griech. Bez. der Farben weiß, grau und braun 74 f.). 2. πηγάς, - άδος f. `hoar-frost, rime' (Hes.); 3. πηγυλίς f. `frosty, icecold' (ξ 476, A. R.), `hoar-frost, rime' (AP a.o.). 3. πῆγμα ( διά-, παρά-, σύμ-, πρόσ- πήγνυμι a.o.) n. `smth. joint together, stage, scaffold etc.' (Hp., hell.; coni. ap. A. Ag. 1198), - μάτιον (Ph., Procl.); 4. πῆξις ( σύμ-, ἔκ-, ἔμ- πήγνυμι a.o.) f. `fixing, fastening, coagulation' (Hp., Arist.); πήγνυσις f. `id.' (Ps.-Thales). 5. πηκτός, Dor. πᾱκ- ( κατά-, σύμ-, εὔ- πήγνυμι a.o.) `solid etc.' (in Att.); πηκτή f. `set up net, framework' (Ar., Arist.), πακτά f. `fresh cheese' (Theoc. a.o.; cf. Rohlfs ByzZ 37, 47); ἐμπήκτης m. `one who sticks up (the Athen. judicial notes)' (Arist.; Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 74); πηκτίς (Dor. Aeol. πακ-), - ίδος f. name of a Lydian harp (IA.); πηκτικός ( ἐκ- πήγνυμι) `making coagulate, congeal' (Thphr.. Dsc.). 6. πηγετός m. = παγ- (D. P.). -- B. From the zero grade: πάγος, - ετός, - ερός, πάγη, πάξ, πάχνη, s. vv. (not πάσσαλος); also πάγιος `stout, solid' (Pl., Arist.) and παγεύς m. `pedestal' (Hero). Further also πᾰκ-τός in καταπακ-τός, (Hdt.) and πακτό-ω ( ἐπι-, ἐμ- πήγνυμι) `to fix' (IA.; πακτός for trad. πηκτός in Hom.?; Wackernagel Unt. 11 f.).Etymology: Beside the νυ-present πήγ-νυ-μι (with second. full grade) stands in Latin and Germ. a zero grade formation with nasalinfix: Lat. pa-n-g-ō `consolidate, fix together' (on the semant. agreement between Greek and Lat. Schulze KZ 57, 297 = Kl. Schr. 217), Germ., e.g. Goth. fahan, OHG fāhan from PGerm. * fa-n-χ-an (IE *paḱ- beside *paǵ-) `fasten, catch'. An analogous pair is ζεύγ-νυ-μι: iu-n-g-ō. Also the reduplicated perfekt πέ-πηγ-α has a formal agreement in Lat. pe-pig-ī with zero grade as in opt. πεπαγοίην (Eup.). Phonet. identical are further πηγός and pāgus m. `district, village'; also, with secondary full grade, πηκτός and com-pāctus, πῆξις and com-pācti-ō. The original zero grade is in πακτός and păctus ( sum, beside păciscor) retained. Zero grade also, without direct connection with the Greek formations πάγος etc., in Germ., e.g. OS fac n. `encompassing frontier, NHG Fach. -- An aspirated byform Meillet finds BSL 36, 110 in Arm. p'akem `close, shut off'. -- Further forms w. lit. in WP. 2, 2 f., Pok. 787f., W.-Hofmann s. pangō and pacīscō. (Not here πήγανον.)Page in Frisk: 2,525-526Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πήγνυμι
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3 πέτομαι
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to fly' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. πτάσθαι, πτέσθαι (all Il.); to this pres. πέταμαι (poet. since Sapph., Arist.) with aor. πετασθῆναι (Arist., LXX), ἴπταμαι (late; s. v.); aor. act. πτῆναι, ptc. πτάς etc. (poet. Hes., also hell. prose); fut. πτήσομαι (IA.), πετήσομαι (Ar.), perf. κατ-έπτηκα (Men.).Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. ἀνα-, ἀπο-, δια-, εἰσ-, ἐκ-, κατα-, ὑπερ-. Compounds: a. - πέτης, Dor. - πέτας m.., e.g. ὑψι-πέτης, - ας m. `flying high' (Hom., Pi.), enlarged - ήεις (Hom.); b. - πετής, e.g. ὑπερπετ-ής `flying over' (hell.); c. ἐκπετ-ήσιμος `ready to fly' (Ar. a.o.; hypothesis on the formation in Arbenz 60); d. ἀερσι-πότης and - πότη-τος `flying high' (Hes., AP, Norm.); in spite of Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 95 rather to ποτάομαι as from ποτή.Derivatives: 1. ποτή f. `flying, flight' (ε 337, h. Merc. 544 [v. l. πτερύγεσσι]); 2. πτῆσις f. `id.' (A., Arist.) with πτήσιμος (Jul.; Arbenz 61); πτῆμα n. `id.' (Suid.). 3. Adj. w. νο-suffix: a. πτηνός, Dor. πτᾱνός `winged, fledged' (Pi., trag., Pl.); b. πετεινός, - ηνός `id.' (Thgn.; Πετήνη Att. shipsname [inscr.]), hardly from *πέτος (cf. Chantraine Form. 196, Benveniste Origines 14), but rather direct from πέτομαι after φαεινός, ὀρεινός a.o.; πετηνός after πτηνός?; c. πετε-ηνός, - εινός `id.' (Il.), w. diektasis (Risch $ 35 d); d. ποτᾱνός `id.' (Pi., Epich., trag. in lyr.; - ηνός ep. poetry in Pl. Phdr. 252 b), prob. rather after ποτάομαι as with Detschew KZ 63, 228 from the rare ποτή. -- 4. Deverbat.: ποτάομαι, - έομαι, also w. ἀμφι-, περι-, ἐκ- a.o., `to fly, to flap' (Il.); πωτάομαι, also w. ἐκ-, ἐπι-, ὑπερ-, `id.' (Μ 287, h. Ap. 442 a.o.; cf. Schwyzer 719 n. 3); to this πωτήεις `flapping' (Nonn.), also πωτήματα pl. `flight' (A. Eu. 250; usu. with Dindorf corrected in ποτ-). -- On πτερόν, πτέρυξ s. vv.Etymology: Beside the thematic πέτ-ο-μαι, πτ-έ-σθαι stands the athematic zero grade root-aorist πτά-σθαι, ἔ-πτα-το, πτά-μενος wie φθά-μενος ( φθί-μενος, φθί-σθαι, ἔ-φθι-το). The corresponding full grade in πτῆ-ναι, ἔ-πτᾱ-ν, πτή-σομαι can be old (s. however below). More doubtful is the originality of the disyll. πέτα-μαι, as analogy to πτά-σθαι after πτέ-σθαι: πέτο-μαι may be considered. Certain innovations are ἴπταμαι (after ἵσταμαι) and πετή-σομαι (after πέτομαι). Details w. lit. in Schwyzer 742 a. 681 w. n. 9. -- With πέτομαι agree formally, partly also semantically, Skt., OIr., Lat. a. Celt. forms, e.g. Skt. pátati, Av. pataiti `fly, fall, attack, hurry etc.', Lat. petō `move somewhere, hurry, look for, desire', OWelsh hedant `volant'; doubtful on the contrary the in any case diff. built Hitt. piddāi- (pittii̯ami, pittāizzi usw.) `run, hurry, flee'. Thus ποτέομαι and Skt. patáyati `fly, hurry' agree; however πωτάομαι is independent of Skt. pātáyati `let fall, throw down'. Further the Greek a. Skt. systems are apart. Beside the zero grade thematic Aorist πτ-έσθαι, ἐ-πτ-όμην stands in Skt. an also zero grade and thematic but reduplicated aor. a-pa-pt-at. The zero grade πτᾰ- in πτά-σθαι is found in forms like pa-pti-ma (pf. 1. pl.) (IE pth₂-); the corresponding full grade ptā- is however not represented in Skt. (so πτῆ-ναι analogical after φθῆ-ναι, στῆ-ναι a.o.?, Schwyzer 742). Thus the disyll. πετᾰ- in πέτα-μαι and pati- (e.g. fut. pati-ṣyáti) go without historical connection side by side. -- Further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 19ff., Pok. 825f., W.-Hofmann s. petō. Cf. πίπτω, not πίτυλος.Page in Frisk: 2,521-522Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πέτομαι
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4 αὐδή
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `(human) voice, sound, speech' (Il.).Other forms: *οὐδήεσσα is a suggestion of Aristotle for αὐδ., meant as `ἐπίγειος'; Beekes, Die Spr. 18, 1972, 127f.Derivatives: αὐδήεις `with (human) voice' (Il.); denom. verb αὐδάω, aor. αὐδῆσαι `talk, speak, speak to' (Il.). (Chantr.'s opposition of a god(dess) with a human voice, language as opposed to the language of the gods is wrong. It means `having a voice (to speak with)', which may be `human' or `beautiful' as the context requires; s. Beekes, l.c. 128 n.3.Etymology: Long since derived from a root au̯ed-, seen in ἀείδω, and with long grade in ἀ(Ϝ)ηδ-ών. An o-grade (* h₂uod-, perhaps with loss of the laryngeal: De Saussure's law) would be found in ` Ησί-(Ϝ)οδος and in Ϝοδόν (written γοδόν) γόητα and Ϝοδᾶν (written γ-) κλαίειν H. (but Chantr. considers the glosses unreliable). The zero grade was seen in ὑδέω. The problem is that * h₂u-ed- beside * h₂u-ei-d is not easy, and that a long vowel in *h₂u-ēd- is also not very probable; there is also discussion whether * h₂ud- gave ὑδ- (Beekes) or αὐδ- (Peters, Lar. 65ff, 72). - Outside Greek * h₂ued- perhaps in Skt. vádati `speak', with zero grade ud- in ud-itá-. (Lith. vadinù `call, name', however, has *- dʰ-: Winter's law). Long grade e. g. Skt. vāda- m. `sound, call', OCS vada `calumnia', OHG far-wāʒan `deny'. Uncertain Toch. A wätk-, B watk- `order'. - S. ἀηδών, ἀείδω, ὑδέω, οὐδήεσσα.Page in Frisk: 1,184Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > αὐδή
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5 γυνή
γυνή, γυναικόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `wife, woman' (Il.),Other forms: Boeot. βανά (Corinn.), pl. βανῆκας γυναῖκας H.; Cypr. *βονα does not exist (Masson, Inscr, chypr. 1961, 298). Voc. γύναι from *γυναικ, see Schwyzer 582f. The stem γυν-αικ- prob. from adj. * gʷneh₂-iko- (Szemerényi, AION 2 (1960) 13-30; against Lejeune, Rev. ét. anc. 63 (1961) 435).Compounds: On the forms of γυνή as second member ἄ- ἀνδρό- κατά- μισό- φιλόγυνος, ἀ- ἡμι- καλλι- ὀρσι- φιλογύναιξ, ἀγύναικος, ἀ- ἡμι- κακο- κατα- μισο- πολυ- φιλογύναιος, ἀ- ἀνδρο- μισο- νεο- πολυ- φιλογύνης Sommer Nominalkomp. 62f. Exceptional γύν-ανδρος `hermaphrodite', and γυναι-μανής (Il.). Survey DELG.Derivatives: Diminut. γυναικάριον (Diokl. Com.), γυναίκιον (Longos), γυναικίσκιον παιδίσκιον H. - γυναικίας m. `womanish man' (Eup.; as νεανίας); γυναικωνῖτις `womens room' (Lys.; s. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 110), rare γυναικών (X., as ἀνδρών). - Adj. γυναικήϊος, - εῖος (Od.; as ἀνδρήϊος, - εῖος), γυναικικός (Arist.; as ἀνδρικός), γυναικώδης (Plb.: ἀνδρώδης), γυναικηρός (Diokl. Com.; after πονηρός etc.). - Denom. γυναικίζω, - ομαι `behave like a woman' (Ion.-Att.) with γυναίκισις (Ar.) and γυναικισμός (Plb.); γυναικόομαι, - όω `be, make womanish' (Hp.). - Not from γυναικ- γύννις, - ιδος `womanish man' and γύναιος (cf. δείλαιος), γύναιον `woman'.Etymology: Old word for `woman, wife'. Exact agreement in Skt. (Ved.) gnā́ `woman, goddess' (often disyll.), Av. gǝnā `woman'. With γυναι- agrees Arm. kanay- in plural kanay-k` (nom.) etc.; a - κ- also in Messap. gunakhai `γυναικί' (?), and NPhr. knaikan, knaiko. - Labiovelar also in Goth. qino (n-stem), OIr. ben (ā-stem) `woman', both \< *guen-. The full grade, in Greek replaced by the zero grade, seen in Arm. kin, OPr. genna, OCS žena, Skt. jáni-, Toch. A śäṃ B śana, OIr. ben. Zero grade in OIr. ban- (in comp.), gen. sg. mnā (\< * bnā-s). Lengthened grade in Goth. qens (i-stem) `woman'. Original paradigm proterodynmic h₂-stem gʷen-h₂ (seen in Skt. jáni-), gen. * gʷn-eh₂-s. - On μνάομαι `woo for one's bride' s.s.v.. - Full grade in βενέω, variant of βινέω acc. to De Lamberterie, RPh 65 (1991) 149-160?Page in Frisk: 1,334-335Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γυνή
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6 γυναικός
γυνή, γυναικόςGrammatical information: f.Meaning: `wife, woman' (Il.),Other forms: Boeot. βανά (Corinn.), pl. βανῆκας γυναῖκας H.; Cypr. *βονα does not exist (Masson, Inscr, chypr. 1961, 298). Voc. γύναι from *γυναικ, see Schwyzer 582f. The stem γυν-αικ- prob. from adj. * gʷneh₂-iko- (Szemerényi, AION 2 (1960) 13-30; against Lejeune, Rev. ét. anc. 63 (1961) 435).Compounds: On the forms of γυνή as second member ἄ- ἀνδρό- κατά- μισό- φιλόγυνος, ἀ- ἡμι- καλλι- ὀρσι- φιλογύναιξ, ἀγύναικος, ἀ- ἡμι- κακο- κατα- μισο- πολυ- φιλογύναιος, ἀ- ἀνδρο- μισο- νεο- πολυ- φιλογύνης Sommer Nominalkomp. 62f. Exceptional γύν-ανδρος `hermaphrodite', and γυναι-μανής (Il.). Survey DELG.Derivatives: Diminut. γυναικάριον (Diokl. Com.), γυναίκιον (Longos), γυναικίσκιον παιδίσκιον H. - γυναικίας m. `womanish man' (Eup.; as νεανίας); γυναικωνῖτις `womens room' (Lys.; s. Redard Les noms grecs en - της 110), rare γυναικών (X., as ἀνδρών). - Adj. γυναικήϊος, - εῖος (Od.; as ἀνδρήϊος, - εῖος), γυναικικός (Arist.; as ἀνδρικός), γυναικώδης (Plb.: ἀνδρώδης), γυναικηρός (Diokl. Com.; after πονηρός etc.). - Denom. γυναικίζω, - ομαι `behave like a woman' (Ion.-Att.) with γυναίκισις (Ar.) and γυναικισμός (Plb.); γυναικόομαι, - όω `be, make womanish' (Hp.). - Not from γυναικ- γύννις, - ιδος `womanish man' and γύναιος (cf. δείλαιος), γύναιον `woman'.Etymology: Old word for `woman, wife'. Exact agreement in Skt. (Ved.) gnā́ `woman, goddess' (often disyll.), Av. gǝnā `woman'. With γυναι- agrees Arm. kanay- in plural kanay-k` (nom.) etc.; a - κ- also in Messap. gunakhai `γυναικί' (?), and NPhr. knaikan, knaiko. - Labiovelar also in Goth. qino (n-stem), OIr. ben (ā-stem) `woman', both \< *guen-. The full grade, in Greek replaced by the zero grade, seen in Arm. kin, OPr. genna, OCS žena, Skt. jáni-, Toch. A śäṃ B śana, OIr. ben. Zero grade in OIr. ban- (in comp.), gen. sg. mnā (\< * bnā-s). Lengthened grade in Goth. qens (i-stem) `woman'. Original paradigm proterodynmic h₂-stem gʷen-h₂ (seen in Skt. jáni-), gen. * gʷn-eh₂-s. - On μνάομαι `woo for one's bride' s.s.v.. - Full grade in βενέω, variant of βινέω acc. to De Lamberterie, RPh 65 (1991) 149-160?Page in Frisk: 1,334-335Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γυναικός
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7 κέρας
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `horn, for blowing and drinking', metaph. `branch (of a river), part of an army, top etc.'.Other forms: gen. ep. *-ραος, Hdt. - ρεος, Att. - ρως, -ρᾱτος, dat. ep. -ραϊ, Hdt. -ρεϊ, Att. - ρᾳ, nom. acc. pl. ep. - ρα(α), Hp. and Att. -ρᾱτα, gen. ep. - ράων, Att. - ρῶν, -ρᾱτων, dat. -ρᾱ̆σι, ep. also - ράεσσι; late ep. gen. sg. -ρά̄ατος, n. a. pl. -ρά̄ατα (further see Schwyzer 515).Compounds: As 1. member a. o. in κερασ-φόρος `with a horn' (trag.), also κερατο-φόρος `id.' (Arist.); κεραο-ξόος `polishing horn' (Δ 110, AP; on the euphonically determined thematic vowel Schwyzer 440, Sommer Nominalkomp. 20 n. 2), thematically reshaped e. g. in κερο-φόρος (E.), also κερε-αλκής `with strong horn' (A. R.; cf. Schwyzer 440). As 2. member mostly - κερως (m. f.) \< - κερα(σ)-ος in ὑψί-, ἄ-κερως etc.; with special feminine form ὑψι-, καλλι-κέραν acc. (B.; Sommer 20 n. 1); quite isolated -κέρᾱτος, e. g. ἀ-κέρατος (Pl., Arist.; τῆς ἀκεράτου beside την ἀκέρων Pl. Plt. 265b, c), also ἀ-κέρωτος (AP), - κερος e. g. in νή-κεροι pl. `hornless' (Hes. Op. 529); with the subst. δί-κερας n. `double horn' (Callix.) and, as plant names, αἰγό-, βού-, ταυρό-κερας n. (after the form of the fruit, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 54); also αἰγο-κέρως `Capricornus' with metrically conditioned gen. - κερῆος (Arat., Q. S.; cf. Bosshardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 64).Derivatives: Diminutives: κεράτιον `little horn' (Arist., hell.), `name of a weight a. a coin, "carat" (Hero) = Lat. siliqua (inscr. and pap.); τὰ κεράτια `the fruits of the carob-tree' (Ev. Luc. 15, 16, Dsc.); from there κερατία f. `carob-tree' (Str., Plin.), also - τέα (pap., Gp.; after the tree names in - έα), κερωνία `id.' (Thphr., Plin.; as βρυωνία a. o.; Chantraine Formation 207f.), from cross κερατωνία `id.' (Gal., Aët.). Further substantives: κερασ-τής m. `horned being' (S., E.; of ἔλαφος, Πάν etc.), name of a snake, `Cerastes cornutus' (Nic. a. o.), f. - στίς (A).; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 209; also surname of the island of Cyprus (Hdn. 1, 104, 15: " ἀπὸ τοῦ πολλὰς ἄκρας ἔχειν"); κερατῖτις ( μήκων) `kind of poppy' (Thphr., Dsc.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 72f.); κεραΐτης m. = Lat. cornicularius (Lyd. Mag.), κεραϊ̃τις f. "Hornpflanze" = τῆλις a. o. (Redard 41 and 72, Strömberg Pflanzennamen 54); however κεραΐτης and κεραϊ̃τις belong rather to κεραία (s. below); κερατίας m. name of Dionysos (D. S.), also name of a comet (Plin.; Scherer Gestirnnamen 107); κεραία f. name of several hornlike objects, e. g. `yard, beam, cornucopia', as sign of writing = Lat. apex (Att., hell.); dimin. κερᾳδιον (Attica, Delos; or κεραΐδιον?); κερατών, - ῶνος m. name of an altar on Delos (hell.; prop. "place adorned with horns"; after the place names in - ών). - Adjectives: κεράτινος `made of horn' (X., Pl. Com.), κερατίνης m. `the fallacy called the Horns' (D. L., Luc.); κερατώδης `hornlike' (Thphr.); κερόεις `horned' (Anakr., Simon.); κερέϊνος `id.' (Aq., Sm.). - Denomin. verb: 1. κερατίζω `but with the horns' (LXX); from there κερατιστής (LXX), κεράτισις (Apollod. Poliork.); κερατισμός `loss on excange of solidi in ceratia' as if from κερατίζω *`change in ceratia' (pap. VIp, Lyd. Mag.); 2. κερατόω `change in horn' (Ael.); 3. κεράω `provide with horns' (Arat.), `form a wing' (Plb.). - On κεραός, κεραΐς, κεράμβυξ, κερανίξαι, κερουτιάω, κέρνα s. vv.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [574] *ḱer-h₂(e)s- `horn, head'Etymology: Beside κέρας `horn' stands in κάρᾱ, κάρηνα `head' a reduced grade *καρασ- (\< *ḱerh₂-es-), in κρᾱνίον `skull' a zero grade *κρᾱσ- (\< ḱr̥h₂s-); on the meaning s. below. A zero grade also in Skt. śíras- n. `head' (\< *ḱr̥h₂es-); Av. sarah- n. `head' is polyinterpr.); zero grade in gen. śīrṣ-ṇ-ás (\< *ḱr̥h₂s-nos; κρά̄ατος \< *ḱr̥h₂s-n̥-tos, cf. on κάρᾱ). The full grade with e- in Lat. cerebrum `brain' (IE. *ḱerh₂(e)s-ro-m \> * keras-ro-m). - The s-stem has an u-complement in κερα(Ϝ)-ός (s. v.); further there is an n-fomation in Germ., e. g. NHG Horn, Lat. corn-ū, Skt. śŕ̥ṇ-g-am `horn'. Full discussion in Nussbaum, Head and Horm, 1986. The original meaning was prob. `horn, Gehörn', from where `horned animal-head' and `head in gen.' - Further forms s. on κάρᾱ, κρᾱνίον, κρήδεμνον, κράνος; also W.-Hofmann s. cerebrum and cornū.Page in Frisk: 1,826-827Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > κέρας
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8 νίζω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `wash, bathe'.Other forms: - ομαι (Il.), analog. νίπτω (Men., NT), - ομαι (v. l. σ 179, Hp.), aor. νίψαι, - ασθαι (Il.), pass. νιφθῆναι (Hp.). fut. νίψω, - ομαι (Od.), pass. νιφήσομαι (LXX), perf. midd. νένιπται (Ω 419), νένιμμαι (Ar.).Derivatives: 1. νίπτρον ( ἀπό-), mostly pl., n. `water for washing' (trag., Ar.), ποδάνιπτρα pl. (- ον) through syllabledissim. from *ποδ-απόνιπτρον (to be rejected Bechtel Lex. s.v.), second. ποδό-νιπτρον, `water for washing one's feet' (Od.); besides ποδανιπτήρ m. (sec. ποδο-) `washing basin for one's feet' (Stesich., Hdt., inscr.), νιπτήρ m. `washing basin' (Ev. Jo.); 2. κατανίπ-της m. `washer', who washes the peplos of Athene Polias (AB, EM; 3. ( ἀπό-, κατά-)νίμμα n. `washing water'; 4. ( ἀπό-, ἔκ-)νίψις f. `washing' (Plu., medic.). On the forms in gen. Wackernagel Syntax 2, 187. -- On χέρνιψ s. v.Etymology: From νίψαι, νίψω (from where second. νίπτω) it follows that for νίζω the basis was a zero grade yot-present IE *nigʷ-i̯ō, which is also retained in Celt., OIr. nigim `wash'. Sankrit has a full grade athematic reduplicated formation né-nek-ti `washes' with zero grade niddle ne-nik-té. The sigmatic aorist is also in Sanskrit represented by middle nik-ṣ-i (1. sg.), beside which with regular lengthened grade act. a-naik-ṣam. Greek abandoned ablaut completely and generalized the zero grade ( νίψω, νίμμα etc.). Formal agreement show the privative verbal adj. ἄ-νιπ-τος and Skt. nik-tá- `washen', OIr. necht `pure'. An isolated verbal noun seems preserved in Germ., e.g. OHG nihhus, nichus `river-monster, waterghost', f. nihhussa, NHG. Nix, Nixe, PGm. *nik-u̯es-, * nik-us-; Lat. pollingō `wash the corpses' prob. remains far, s. W.-Hofmann s.v. -- Further details in WP. 2, 322, Pok. 761, Mayrhofer s. nénekti and niktáḥ.Page in Frisk: 2,Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > νίζω
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9 πολύς
Grammatical information: adj.Meaning: `much, many, often' (Il.).Compounds: As 1. member very productive, e.g. πολύ-τροπος `much-wandering, much-turned, wily' (of Odysseus, Hermes a.o.; Od., h. Merc.), `many-shaped' (Th.); on the meaning Kakridis Glotta 11, 288 ff.; on the πολυ-compp. in Hom. in gen. Stanford ClassPhil. 45, 108ff.; besides rarely πολλα-, e.g. πολλα-πλάσιος, - πλήσιος `manifold' (IA.), as δεκα-πλάσιος, πολλά-κις a.o.; s. also δι-πλάσιος. Compar. a. superl. πλείων, πλέων, πλεῖστος (from * pleh₁-is-to-), s. v.; innovation πόλιστος (Tab. Heracl.), s. Seiler Steigerungsformen 61.Derivatives: πολλότης f. `plurality' (Damasc.), πολλ-οστός "the manieth", `one of many, small' (Att.; after εἰκοστός a. o.), - άκις (ep. lyr. also - κι) `often' (Il.; like δεκά-κις a.o.; explanation uncertain, s. Schwyzer 299 a. 597) a. o.Etymology: Beside πολύς, -ύ stand the zero grade Skt. purú- `many' (IE *pl̥h₁ú-) and the full grade Celt., e.g. OIr. il `many', and Germ., e.g. Goth. OHG filu `many' (IE * pelh₁u-). For the full grade forms orig. subst. function is most prob. ("quantity, mass, fullness"); opposed is the certain zero grade Skt. adj. purú-; one would like to assume zero grade also for πολύς (so for *παλύς? Schmidt KZ 32, 382, Specht KZ 59, 111 w. diff. explanations; cf. also πόλις). -- The geminated πολλο-, πολλᾱ- agree with the (semant.) close μεγα-λο-, -λᾱ- and could be explained by loss of a syll. from *πολυ-λο-, -λᾱ-. More in Schwyzer 265 w. lit. a. discussion of other interpretations; on the inflection etc. Schwyzer 584. The word for `many' is a very old deriv. of the verb for `fill' (s. πίμπλημι). -- WP. 2, 64f., Pok. 800, W.-Hofmann s. plūs, Mayrhofer s. purú- w. further forms a. lit.Page in Frisk: 2,577-578Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πολύς
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10 πούς
πούς, ποδόςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `foot', also metaph. in several. mean. (Il.).Compounds: Very often in compp., e.g. Πόδ-αργος m. n. of a horse (Il.; = Myc. podako n. of an ox [Chantraine Rev. de phil. 89, 13]?), also as appellative `swift- (white-?) footed' (Lyc.; cf. ἀργί-πους s. ἀργός); τρί-πους (- πος) `three-footed', m. `tripod' (Il.; Myc. tiripo; on ποδ- as 2. member extensiv. Sommer Nominalkomp. 28 ff.). With ιο-suffix (hypostases), e.g. ἐμ-πόδ-ιος `at one's feet, in the way, obstuctive' (IA.), ὑπο-πόδ-ιον n. `footstool' (LXX, hell. inscr. a. pap.).Derivatives: 1. Dimin. πόδ-ιον n. (Epich., Hp.; on ὑπο-πόδ-ιον ab.), - άριον n. (com.), - ίσκος m. (Herod.; Myc. tiripodiko). Further subst. 2. ποδ-εῖα n. pl. des. of a footware, approx. `leggings' (Critias, com.); 3. - εών, - εῶνος m. `foot-end of an animal skin, strip, sheet' (Ion., Theoc. a. o.); 4. - ία f. `sail-sheet' (Gloss., Serv. ad Verg.; Scheller Oxytonierung 29 n. 3, 54); 5. - ίδες f. pl. des. of a footware (Poll.); 6. - ότης f. `the property of being provided with feet' (Arist.; artificial formation, s. Scheller l.c.); 7. - ωμα n. `floor, base' (pap.; on the nomin. abl. Chantraine Form. 187). Adj. 8. - ιαῖος `measuring one foot' (IA.); - ικός `concerning a metrical foot' (Aristid. Quint.). Verbs 9. - ίζομαι `to be bound by the feet' (S., X.), also metr. `to divide in feet, to scan' (Eust.), with - ισμός m. `measuring by feet' (sp.), - ίστρα f. `foot-trap' (AP); also w. prefix, e.g. ἐμ-ποδ-ίζω `to bind the feet' (Hdt., A.), but usu. = `to hinder, to obstruct' (Att.) to ἐμποδ-ών (s.v.), ἐμπόδιος (s. ab.); ἀνα-ποδ-ίζω `to make to step back, to call back, to go back' (IA.; hypostasis); 10. - όω, - όομαι with - ωτός `to tighten the sail-sheet, to be provided with feet' (Lyc. a.o.).Etymology: Old des. of the foot, in most languages either unchanged as sonsonantstem or in transformed or. enlarged form maintained: Arm. ot-k` pl. = πόδες, to which acc. a. nom. sg. ot-n, prop. acc. = πόδα, IE *pód-m̥; with lenthened grade Germ., e.g. OWNo. fōtr, OE fēt pl. from PGm. * fōt-iz, IE *pṓd-es; to this with innovation after the u-st. e.g. Goth. fōt-u-s (acc. fōt-u \< IE *pṓd-m̥); with e-grade Lat. pēs, ped-is; with unrecogn. quality Skt. pā́t, acc. pā́d-am, gen. pad-ás; so old qualitative and quantitative ablaut IE *pē̆d-: pō̆d-. The e-grade is retained in Greek in a series of derivations: πέδη, πέζα, πεζός, πέδον, πέδιλον, πεδά (s. vv.); further old zero grade in ἔπιβδα (s. v.). -- Thematic enlargement in Lith. pãd-a-s `sole of the foot, threshing-floor etc.', Slav., e.g. Russ. pód `bottom, ground, plank-bed', perh. also in Hitt. pat(a)- (Luw. pati-) `foot'. Also Toch. A pe, B paiyye `foot' contains an enlargement, perh. a i̯o-suffix like πεζός a. o. (v. Windekens Orbis 10, 383 f.). -- The orig. lengthened grade of the nom. sg. is in Greek found only in Dor. πώς (only H.); for it Dor. πός, Hom. τρί-πος after the oblique forms; Att. etc. πούς like δούς a.o.; not certainly explained (Schwyzer 565 n. 3). -- Details from several languages with lit. in the dict.; cf WP. 2, 23ff., Pok. 790f.Page in Frisk: 2,587-588Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πούς
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11 ποδός
πούς, ποδόςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: `foot', also metaph. in several. mean. (Il.).Compounds: Very often in compp., e.g. Πόδ-αργος m. n. of a horse (Il.; = Myc. podako n. of an ox [Chantraine Rev. de phil. 89, 13]?), also as appellative `swift- (white-?) footed' (Lyc.; cf. ἀργί-πους s. ἀργός); τρί-πους (- πος) `three-footed', m. `tripod' (Il.; Myc. tiripo; on ποδ- as 2. member extensiv. Sommer Nominalkomp. 28 ff.). With ιο-suffix (hypostases), e.g. ἐμ-πόδ-ιος `at one's feet, in the way, obstuctive' (IA.), ὑπο-πόδ-ιον n. `footstool' (LXX, hell. inscr. a. pap.).Derivatives: 1. Dimin. πόδ-ιον n. (Epich., Hp.; on ὑπο-πόδ-ιον ab.), - άριον n. (com.), - ίσκος m. (Herod.; Myc. tiripodiko). Further subst. 2. ποδ-εῖα n. pl. des. of a footware, approx. `leggings' (Critias, com.); 3. - εών, - εῶνος m. `foot-end of an animal skin, strip, sheet' (Ion., Theoc. a. o.); 4. - ία f. `sail-sheet' (Gloss., Serv. ad Verg.; Scheller Oxytonierung 29 n. 3, 54); 5. - ίδες f. pl. des. of a footware (Poll.); 6. - ότης f. `the property of being provided with feet' (Arist.; artificial formation, s. Scheller l.c.); 7. - ωμα n. `floor, base' (pap.; on the nomin. abl. Chantraine Form. 187). Adj. 8. - ιαῖος `measuring one foot' (IA.); - ικός `concerning a metrical foot' (Aristid. Quint.). Verbs 9. - ίζομαι `to be bound by the feet' (S., X.), also metr. `to divide in feet, to scan' (Eust.), with - ισμός m. `measuring by feet' (sp.), - ίστρα f. `foot-trap' (AP); also w. prefix, e.g. ἐμ-ποδ-ίζω `to bind the feet' (Hdt., A.), but usu. = `to hinder, to obstruct' (Att.) to ἐμποδ-ών (s.v.), ἐμπόδιος (s. ab.); ἀνα-ποδ-ίζω `to make to step back, to call back, to go back' (IA.; hypostasis); 10. - όω, - όομαι with - ωτός `to tighten the sail-sheet, to be provided with feet' (Lyc. a.o.).Etymology: Old des. of the foot, in most languages either unchanged as sonsonantstem or in transformed or. enlarged form maintained: Arm. ot-k` pl. = πόδες, to which acc. a. nom. sg. ot-n, prop. acc. = πόδα, IE *pód-m̥; with lenthened grade Germ., e.g. OWNo. fōtr, OE fēt pl. from PGm. * fōt-iz, IE *pṓd-es; to this with innovation after the u-st. e.g. Goth. fōt-u-s (acc. fōt-u \< IE *pṓd-m̥); with e-grade Lat. pēs, ped-is; with unrecogn. quality Skt. pā́t, acc. pā́d-am, gen. pad-ás; so old qualitative and quantitative ablaut IE *pē̆d-: pō̆d-. The e-grade is retained in Greek in a series of derivations: πέδη, πέζα, πεζός, πέδον, πέδιλον, πεδά (s. vv.); further old zero grade in ἔπιβδα (s. v.). -- Thematic enlargement in Lith. pãd-a-s `sole of the foot, threshing-floor etc.', Slav., e.g. Russ. pód `bottom, ground, plank-bed', perh. also in Hitt. pat(a)- (Luw. pati-) `foot'. Also Toch. A pe, B paiyye `foot' contains an enlargement, perh. a i̯o-suffix like πεζός a. o. (v. Windekens Orbis 10, 383 f.). -- The orig. lengthened grade of the nom. sg. is in Greek found only in Dor. πώς (only H.); for it Dor. πός, Hom. τρί-πος after the oblique forms; Att. etc. πούς like δούς a.o.; not certainly explained (Schwyzer 565 n. 3). -- Details from several languages with lit. in the dict.; cf WP. 2, 23ff., Pok. 790f.Page in Frisk: 2,587-588Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ποδός
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12 ῥέζω 1
ῥέζω 1.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to act, to perform', esp. of a sacrifice, `to offer a sacrifice' (ep. Il.).Derivatives: Vbaladj. ἄ-ρεκ-τος `undone' (Τ 150, Simon.), Nom. ag. ῥεκτήρ, - ῆρος m. `doer' (Hes., Man.; Benveniste Noms d'ag. 39), - τήριος `effective' (Ion Hist.), f. - τειρα (Man.); ῥέκτης m. `id.' (Plu., Aret.), - τικός `capable of smth.' (Porph.), also ῥέκτας `sacrificer' (Tauromenion; Rom. times); παρρέκτης πάντα πράττων ἐπὶ κακῳ̃ H.; cf. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 150 a. 175; on ῥέζω with derivv. E. Kretschmer Glotta 18, 85 f.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1168] *u̯erǵ- `work'Etymology: Beside the full grade (Ϝ)έργον stood originally a zero grade yot-present, IE *u̯r̥ǵ-i̯-eti (= Av. vǝrǝzyeiti a.o.), of which he Greek representative *Ϝράζω (= Myc. woze), was replaced by the full grade ἔρδω \< *Ϝέργ-ι̯ω (after Ϝέργον). As secondary full grade, with diff. position of the liquida, came for it Ϝρεγ-, first in the aor. a. fut. ῥέξαι, ῥέξω, to which the pres. ῥέζω was formed, vbaladj. ἄ-ρ(ρ)εκτος etc.; cf. Schwyzer 716 n. 2 w. lit. On traces of the same full grade in Alban. a. Celt. Pok. 1168 w. lit.; on this w. extensive treatment Bader Les composés grecs du type de demiourgos (Études et Comm. 57 [Paris 1965]) 1ff. -- Further s. ἔρδω and ἔργον.Page in Frisk: 2,647Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥέζω 1
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13 βιω-
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `live' (Il.).Other forms: ἐβίων, βιῶναι; βείομαι ( βέομαι) (Il.) fut. = subj. (cf. ἔδομαι); βιώσομαι, ἐβίωσα (Hdt.) Med. fact. (θ 468), βεβίωκα. βιόμεσθα (h. Ap. 528 for *βειομεθα? DELG); pres. βιόω (Arist.).Derivatives: βίος `(way of, means of) life'. βιοτή f. `id.' (Od.), βίοτος m. `id.' (Il.); also Cret. βίετος (below). - βιωτός `worth living' (Att.). βιώσιμος `to be lived' (Hdt.) - With δ from *gu, Heracl. ἐνδεδιωκότα, if = ἐμβεβιωκότα, cf. Schwyzer 300. In PN Βιο-; Βίτων \< Βιο-.Etymology: The root ended in a laryngeal, the zero grade * gʷiH- is seen in Av. ǰī-ti-, OCS ži-tь, also in Lat. vīta, Osc. bíitam (acc.); with suffix - uo- it is seen in Skt. jīvá-, OCS živъ Lat. vīvus, etc. `alive' and in Lat. vīvō, Skt. jī́vati, OCS živǫ. (The forms with short i, Goth. qiwa-, Welsh byw, may be due to the following stress (Schrijver Larrr. Lat. 355, 526). - Greek does not have forms with long i, as all its forms have a vowel after the root: * gʷiH-o- \> βίος, * gʷih₃-eto- \> βίοτος (with the suffix agreeing with the meaning; Cret. βίετος will have - ετος restored; cf. for the formation θάνατος); ὑγιής \< *h₁su-gʷih₃-ēs (the vocalism analogically restored). The aorist ἐβίων has been reconstructed as containing the aor.-suffix -ē- (as in ἐμάνην): * gʷih₃-eh₁-. - The full grade I * gʷeih₃- must be assumed for βέ(ί)ομαι (Chantr. Gramm. hom. 1, 452); it is also seen in Skt. gáya-, Av. gaya- `life' (*gʷe\/oih₃-o-); also ORuss. gojь `peace'. - The full grade II * gʷieH- is seen in Av. ǰyā-tu- `life' (Skt. * jyā-tu- reshaped, after jívati, in jīvā́tu-); from this root form prob. Gr. ζωϜός (not from the zero grade of the root). This root form seems also found in Gr. ζώ-ω, ζῆ-ν, s. s. ζώω (so Schwebeablaut cannot be avoided (pace Anttila, PIE Schwebeablaut 1969, 137). Difficult are Arm. kea-m `I live' (see LIV) and Toch. B śāw-.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > βιω-
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14 γνύξ
Grammatical information: adv.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [380] *ǵenu- `knee'Etymology: From γόνυ (s. v.) with zero grade and analogal -ξ after πύξ, λάξ etc. (Schwyzer 620). The zero grade of γόνυ and πίπτειν was also seen in some other forms from H. which in fact appear to contain another root, s. γνυπ(ε)τ-. The zero grade of γόνυ is found in πρόχνυ `kneeling' and metaph. `utterly' (Il.); the aspiration is not well explained; cf. Av. fra-šnu- `with the knees forward', Mayrhofer, EWAia 1, 585. The zero grade prob. also in Hitt. ganut.Page in Frisk: 1,317Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > γνύξ
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15 ἔρδω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `do, make, complete', also `sacrifice';Other forms: Aor. ἔρξαι (Cypr. ἔϜερξα), perf. ἔοργα (Il.), med. ἐ]ργμένος (B. 12, 207; uncertain), fut. ἔρξω (Od.)Derivatives: ἔργμα `deed' (h. Hom., Archil.; cf. Porzig Satzinhalte 268), ἕρκτωρ `perpetrator' (Antim.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [1168] *u̯erǵ- `work'Etymology: The present (Ϝ)έρδω (Cret. βέρδηι; cf. Schwyzer 224; on the digamma also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 135; on the sec. aspiration in ἕρδω ibid.1, 187f., Sommer Lautstud. 131) can through *Ϝέρzδω go back on *Ϝέργι̯ω and differs only im ablaut from the weak-grade. Jot presents Av. vǝrǝzyeiti = Goth. waurkeiÞ, OHG wurchit, IE *u̯r̥ǵ-i̯eti. The full grade from (Ϝ)έργον; thus OS wirkiu after werk; cf. Schwyzer 716 n. 2. - The non-present forms show the expected full grade with regular o- in the perfekt. Cf. ῥέζω.Page in Frisk: 1,549Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔρδω
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16 ἔχω 1
ἔχω 1.Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `possess, get(back-), have', aor. `conquer, take (in possession)', intr. `hold oneself', med. `id.';Other forms: also ἴσχω, aor. σχεῖν, ἔσχον, fut. ἕξω, σχήσω (Il.), perf. act. ἔσχηκα (Pl. Lg. 765a), med. ἔσχημαι, aor. pass. ἐσχέθην (late).Compounds: very often with prefix in various meanings, ἀν-, ἀπ-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-, κατ-, μετ-, προσ-, συν- etc. As 1. member in e. g. ἐχέ-φρων, ἐχ-έγγυος, ἐχεπευκής (s. v.), ἐκεχειρία (s. v.); also ἰσχέ-θυρον a. o. (hell.); cf. Schwyzer 441; as 2. member e. g. in προσ-, συν-εχής with προσ-, συν-έχεια.Derivatives: From the ε-grade (= present-stem): ἔχμα `obstacle, support, defence' (Il.) with ἐχμάζω (H., Sch.; cf. ὀχμάζω below); Myc. e-ka-ma?; ἕξις `attitude, situation etc.', often in derivv. of prefix-compp., e. g. πρόσ-, κάθ-εξις from προσ-, κατ-έχειν (Ion.-Att.); with ( προσ-, καθ-) ἑκτικός (s. also s. v.); ἑξῆς s. v.; ἐχέ-τλη, - τλιον `plough-handle' (cf. καὶ ἡ αὖλαξ, καὶ ἡ σπάθη τοῦ ἀρότρου Η. and ἐχελεύειν ἀροτριᾶν H.); ἕκτωρ `the holder' (Lyc. 100; also Pl. Kra. 393a as explanation of the PN [s. v.]; Sapph. 157 as surname of Zeus); ἐχυρός s. v. From εὖ ἔχειν: εὑεξία `good condition' (Ion.-Att.; opposite καχεξία from κακῶς ἔχειν) with εὑέκ-της, - τικός, - τέω, also - τία (Archyt.); retrograde formation εὔεξος εὑφυής H. (not with Schwyzer 516 σο-Suffix). From the reduplicated present (s. below): ἰσχάς f. `anchor' (S. Fr. 761, Luc. Lex. 15); lengthened forms ἰσχάνω, - νάω (Il.). From the zero grade (= aorist-stem): σχέσις `situation, character, relation, holding back' (Ion.-Att.), often in derivv. from prefix-compp., e. g. ἀνά-, ἐπί-, ὑπό-, κατά-σχεσις from ἀνα-σχεῖν, - έσθαι etc.; σχῆμα (cf. σχ-ήσω) `attitude, form, appearance' (Ion.-Att.; Schwyzer 523); secondarily σχέμα (H.) Lat. schĕma f. (Leumann Sprache 1, 206); with σχηματίζω with σχημάτ-ισις, - ισμός etc.; verbal adjective ἄ-σχετος `not to hold, irresistable' (Il.); from virtual verbal adjectives come also the abstract-formations ἐπισχεσίη `attitude, pretext' (φ 71), ὑποσχεσίη `promise' (Ν 369, A. R.), cf. Schwyzer 469, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 86f.; here also *σχερός (s. ἐπισχερώ), σχεδόν, σχέτλιος, σχολή, σκεθρός (s. vv.); (not to ἰσχύς). From the o-grade: ὄχοι m. pl. `holder, preserver' ( λιμένες νηῶν ὄχοι ε 404); ὀχός `fest, certain' (Ph. Byz.), further in verbal adjectives to the prefix-compp. like ἔξ-, κάτ-, μέτοχος (from ἐξ-έχειν etc.); ὀχή f. `holding, support' (Call., Lyc., Ath.); to the prefix-compp. συν-, μετ-, ἐξ-, ἐπ-οχή etc. (from συν-έχειν etc.); ὀχεύς "holder", `helm-strap, girdle-clasp, door-bolt etc.' (Il.; cf. Boßhardt Die Nom. auf - ευς 30, also on ὀχεύω `pounce upon' etc.; cf. s. v.); ὄχανον `shield-holder' (Anakr., Hdt.), also ὀχάνη (Plu.; cf. Chantraine Formation 198); ὀχυρός, s. ἐχυρός; ὄχμος `fortress' (Lyc.), ὄχμα πόρπημα H.; with ὀχμάζω `hold fest' (A., E.); adv. ὄχα `widely, by far' (ὄχ' ἄριστος Il.), ἔξοχα `in front of' (ἔχω 1 πάντων; Il.). Reduplicated formation: ἀν-οκωχή s. v.; also (ἐν) συνεοχμῳ̃?; s. v., w. compositional lengthening: εὑωχέω, s. v. - On συνοκωχότε (Β 218) s. v.Origin: IE [Indo-European] [888] *seǵh- `hold, have'Etymology: ἔχω, with reduplication ἴ-σχ-ω (\< *ἵ-σχ-ω, ( σ)ί-σχ-ω), has an exact agreement in Skt. sáhate `force, conquer' (= ἔχεται, IE *séǵʰetoi); but the zero grade aorist and the other verbal forms are isolated (GAv. zaēma not = σχοῖμεν, s. Humbach Münch. Stud. 10, 39 n. 12). In Greek the word group knew a strong development; cf. Meillet Άντίδωρον 9ff., Porzig Gliederung 115f. On the other hand in Greek fail the neutral s-stem Skt. sáhas- `force, srength, victoy', Av. hazah- `id.', Goth. sigis (cf. on ἐχυρός). The group is also represented in Celtic, e. g. in the Gaulish names Σεγο-δουνον, Sego-vellauni. - Older lit. and further forms in Bq s. v., Pokorny 888f.Page in Frisk: 1,603-604Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔχω 1
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17 καλύπτω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `cover, hide' (Il.).Other forms: Aor. καλύψαι, perf. med. κεκάλυμμαι.Compounds: very often with prefix, e. g. ἀμφι-, κατα-, περι-, συν-, also with ἀνα-, ἀπο-, ἐκ- `open up, reveal'.Derivatives: 1. καλύβη s.v. 2. καλυφή `submerged land' with ἀποκάλυφος ( αἰγιαλός, ἄρουρα) `land that can be cultivated after the inundation' (pap.), περικαλυφή `envelopment' (Pl. Lg. 942d); on - βη and - φη beside καλύ-πτω Schwyzer 332f. 3. ( προ-, παρα- etc.) κάλυμμα `cover, veil etc.' (Il.) with καλυμμάτιον (Ar.). 4. συγκαλυμμός `cover' (Ar. Av. 1496). 5. ἐγ-, κατα-, ἀπο-κάλυψις `cover etc.' (hell.); here, prob. as endearing name (Schwyzer 478, Risch par. 58a; diff. Meillet REGr. 32, 384ff.) Καλυψώ f. "one who covers" (Od.), after Güntert Kalypso prop. death-goddess; doubts in Kretschmer Glotta 12, 212f., s. also Bérard REGr. 67, 503f. - 6. καλυπτήρ, - ῆρος m. "who covers, hides", `cover, tile' (Hp., Arist., Att.) with καλυπτηρίζω `cover with tiles' (inscr.), f. καλύπτειρα `veil' (AP); ἐπι-, ἐγ-, ἀνακαλυπτήριον, - ια `cover, feast of unveiling' (Arist.). 7. καλύπτρα, - ρη f. `veil, cover' (Il.; on the formation Schwyzer 532, Chantraine Formation 333). - 8. ἐκ-καλυπτικός `revealing' ( Stoic., S. E.).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: One compares κρύπτω. One connects a full grade thematic root present in the western sphere e.g. in OIr. celim, Lat. *cĕlō, -ĕre (in oc-culere), Germ., e. g. OHG helan ` hehlen, hide'. Further with lengthened grade the deverbative in Lat. cēlō, - āre `hide' and a zero grade yot-present in Germ., e. g. Goth. huljan ` hüllen'. (Zero grade in Lat. clam `secretly'.) (On κέλυφος s. v.) Cf. Pok. 553f., W.-Hofmann and Ernout-Meillet s. cēlō. - Cf. καλιά, κολεός, and κλέπτω. - However, in this way neither the a-vocalism nor the element υ + labial can be accounted for. The root καλυβ\/π\/φ- is clearly Pre-Greek. Cf. on καλύβη, where Pre-Greek origin is proven.Page in Frisk: 1,768-769Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > καλύπτω
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18 λείχω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `lick' (IA).Compounds: also with περι-, δια-, ἀνα-, ἐκ- a.o.. As 1. member in Λειχ-ήνωρ a. other parodising PN (Batr.).Derivatives: λειχήν, - ῆνος m. "the licker", `lichen, efflorescence, moss' (A., Hp., Thphr.; on the formation Schwyzer 487, Chantraine Form. 167) with λειχήν-η plantname = μυρτάκανθος (Dsc.), - ώδης, - ικός `lichen-like' resp. `belonging to moss' (medic.), - ιάω `have the λ.' (Thphr.). - ἔκλειγ-μα (: ἐκ-λείχω) `tablette, bonbon', ἐκλεικ-τόν `id.' (medic.). - With diff. ablaut: 1. λιχανός ( δάκτυλος) m. `the lick-, i.e. forefinger' (Hp., pap.), with oppositive accent (Schwyzer 380) λίχανος m. `the string stricken by the forefinger' (Aristox., Arist.); λιχάς, - άδος f. `the distance between the forefinger and the thumb' (Hero, Poll.), after διχάς, πεντάς a. o. (s. Chantraine 358) for expected *λιχανάς. 2. λιχμάομαι, - άω, also with ἀπο-, περι- a. o., `lick' (since Φ 123; λελιχμότες Hes. Th. 826 prob. analogical innovation with Leumann Hom. Wörter 218; hardly for *λελοιχότες to λείχω with Fraenkel Mél. Boisacq 1, 378) with λιχμ-ήμων, - ήρης `licking' (Nic.), λιχμάς θρῖναξ. καὶ ἁπαλη πόα καὶ χαμαιπετής, ἥν τὰ ἐρπετὰ ἐπιλείχουσι H.; lengthened forms λιχμάζω (Hes. Sc. 235, Nic.), - αινω (Opp.) `id.' 3. λίχνος `fond of sweets, greedy, rapacious, sweet' (Att., hell.) with λιχνώδης `id.' (Ael.), λιχνότης `greediness' (sch.); denom.. verb λιχνεύω, - ομαι, also with ἐπι-, περι-, `be greedy, swallow' (D. H., Ph., Plu.) with λίχνευμα `titbit' (Sophr.), λιχνεία `dainty, rapacity' (Pl., X.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [668] *leiǵh- `lick'Etymology: Beside the thematic rootpresent λείχω, from which all other stemforms derive, there are in the related languages several formations: full grade yotpresent in Lith. liežiù, OCS ližǫ; nasalpresent in Lat. lingō; iterative-formations in Goth. bi-laigon, Lith. laižýti (IE *loiǵh-); several full grade formtions in Arm. liz-um, -em, - anem; zero grade form in OIr. ligim, with expressive gemination in OHG lecchōn ' lecken' etc. An athematic presens with old ablaut is retained in Skt. léh-mi, 1. pl. lih-más (IE *léiǵh-mi, *liǵh-més); that Greek also once had zero grade verbal forms, is shown by the nouns λιχανός (: πιθανός a.o.; Chantraine Form. 197), λίχνος (with remarkable barytonesis, Schwyzer 489) and the denominative λιχμάομαι, which presupposes an μ-stem λιχ-μ- (Schwyzer 725 n. 9). - More forms in WP. 2, 400f., Pok. 668, W.-Hofmann s. lingō, Fraenkel s. liẽžti, Vasmer s. lizátь.Page in Frisk: 2,102Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λείχω
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19 λεύσσω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `see (clearly), look, observe' (Il., also Arc.; cf. Ruijgh L'élém. achéen 132, also Risch Gnomon 30, 92), only presentstem ewcept isolated and late aoristforms ( λεύσσατε, λεύσσειε (ν)); on the notation Debrunner IF 21, 254, Kretschmer Glotta 22, 223f.; on the meaning and the construction Treu Von Homer zur Lyrik 64.Other forms: also λεύσω.Etymology: Beside the full grade yotpresent λεύσ(σ)ω from *λευκ-ι̯ω Sanskrit has a full grade thematic root present lokate ( locate, with locanam `eye') `note, notice', which differs only in the phonetic development from rócate `light' (s. λευκός). An athematic present is preserved in Hitt. luk-zi `become light, day' (stemvowel uncertain); further the iterative-intensive resp. causative Lat. lūceō `light (let become light)' = Skt. rocáyati `let become light' (IE *loukéiō, - eti); diff. Toch. A. lk-ā-m `I see' (zero grade with Toch. ā-lengthening), B lkā-sk-au `id.' ( sk-present; cf. Lat. lūcēscit) beside primary full grade lyuketrä `it lights'. The meaning `see (clearly)' arose from `light'; s. Bechtel Lex. s. αὑγάζομαι, Lommel KZ 50, 262 ff., Fraenkel Wb. s. láukti, Frisk GHÅ 56: 3, 11 f. - Cf. λευκός, λύχνος, λοῦσσον.Page in Frisk: 2,110Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λεύσσω
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20 μάλα
Grammatical information: adv.Meaning: `very, quite, completely',Etymology: Formation like ἅμα, τάχα, πάρα etc. (Schwyzer 622) and like these with zero grade stem opposed to full grade Lat. mel-ius `better' beside mul-tus `many' (prob. from ml̥-tós; cf. W.-Hofmann s. v.); zero grade also in Latv. milns `very many'. μᾶλλον (with secondary lengthening, after θᾶσσον) stands for orig. full grade *μέλλον (: melius). An innovation is μάλιον μᾶλλον H. (after this also to be inserted in Tyrt. 12, 6) with μαλιωτέρα προσφιλεστέρα H. -- WP. 2, 292, Pok. 720, W.-Hofmann s. melior, Schwyzer 342 a. 538, Seiler Steigerungsformen 67 f. Cf. μαλερός and μέλω(?).Page in Frisk: 2,165Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάλα
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