devastation

devastation, wasting / population

devastation, ravaging

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clādes, is ( gen. plur. usu. cladium, Liv. 2, 63, 7; 5, 22, 8 et saep.:

cladum,

Sil. 1, 41; 7, 505; 9, 353; 16, 672; Amm. 29, 1, 14; 32, 2, 1), f. [kindr. with Sanscr. klath, laedere; Gr. klaô, to break, break in pieces; cf.: per - cello, clava, gladius].

Prop., a breaking, beating, dashing to pieces; hence,

In gen., destruction, devastation, injury, mischief, harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity (cf.: calamitas, pernicies;

class. and freq.): clades calamitasque, intemperies modo in nostram advenit domum,

Plaut. Capt. 4, 4, 3:

haec igitur subito clades nova pestilitasque Aut in aquas cadit aut fruges persidit in ipsas,

Lucr. 6, 1125:

dare late cladem magnasque ruinas,

id. 5, 347:

etsi cursum ingeni tui, Bruti, premit haec inportuna clades civitatis,

Cic. Brut. 97, 332:

atque haec vetusta... Luctifica clades nostro infixa est corpori,

id. Tusc. 2, 10, 25:

et illam meam cladem... maximum esse rei publicae volnus judicastis,

id. Sest. 13, 31:

cum tibi ad pristinas cladis accessio fuisset Aetoliae repentinus interitus,

id. Pis. 37, 91:

quod si primo proelio Catilina superior discessisset, profecto magna clades atque calamitas rem publicam oppressisset,

Sall. C. 39, 4:

captae urbis Romanae clades,

Liv. 5, 21, 16:

publica,

Tac. A. 14, 64:

tum urbs tota eorum conruit et Taygeti montis magna pars... abrupta cladem eam insuper ruinā pressit,

Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191:

plus populationibus quam proeliis cladium fecit (cf. B. 1. infra),

Liv. 8, 2, 8:

quidve superbia spurcitia ac petulantia? Quantas Efficiunt clades!

Lucr. 5, 48:

aliam quamvis cladem inportare pericli,

id. 5, 369:

agrum omni belli clade pervastat,

Liv. 22, 4, 1:

colonias belli clade premi,

Curt. 9, 7, 22:

colonias omni clade vastare,

id. 4, 1, 10:

majestas populi Romani... vastata cladibus fuerat,

Plin. 16, 32, 57, § 132:

per sex dies septemque noctes eā clade saevitum est,

of the burning of Rome, Suet. Ner. 38:

quo tantae cladis pretio,

i. e. the burning of the Capitol, Tac. H. 3, 72; id. A. 13, 57:

recens,

the destruction of the amphitheatre, id. A. 4, 63 sq.:

Lugdunensis,

the burning of Lyons, id. ib. 16, 13 Nipp. ad loc.—With gen. obj.:

si denique Italia a dilectu, urbs ab armis, sine Milonis clade numquam esset conquietura,

without ruining Milo, Cic. Mil. 25, 68: tum privatae per domos clades vulgatae sunt, the losses of particular families at Cannae, Liv. 22, 56, 4.— Poet.:

cladibus, exclamat, Saturnia, pascere nostris,

Ov. M. 9, 176:

Trojae renascens alite lugubri Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur,

Hor. C. 3, 3, 62.—

Esp.

In war or battle, a disaster, defeat, overthrow, discomfiture, massacre:

ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu facerent,

Sall. J. 59, 3:

exercitatior hostis magnā clade eos castigavit,

Liv. 39, 1, 4:

iret ut... subitā turbaret clade Latinos,

Verg. A. 12, 556:

quodsi... supervenisset, ingens clades accipi potuit,

Curt. 4, 12, 15;

so freq.: accipere cladem,

to be defeated, beaten, Liv. 3, 26, 3; 5, 11, 5; 8, 12, 17;

22, 51, 11: apud Chaeroneam accepta,

Quint. 9, 2, 62:

classe devictā multas ipsi lacrimas, magnam populo Romano cladem attulit,

Cic. N.D. 2, 3, 7:

postquam is... contractae cladi superesset... fusa est Romana acies,

Liv. 25, 19, 16:

omnibus pacis modo incurrisse agentibus magna clades inlata,

id. 29, 3, 8:

non vulnus super vulnus sed multiplex clades,

id. 22, 54, 9: paene exitiabilem omnibus cladem intulit, Vell. 2, 112, 4:

tantā mole cladis obrui,

Liv. 22, 54, 10:

terrestri simul navalique clade obruebantur,

Curt. 4, 3, 14; Sen. Med. 207: clades illa pugnae Cannensis vastissima, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 5, 17, 5:

binaque castra clade unā deleta,

Liv. 30, 6, 6:

exercituum,

Tac. A. 3, 6; 3, 73; Sall. H. 1, 41, 5 Dietsch:

quis cladem illius noctis fando Explicet,

Verg. A. 2, 362:

Germanica,

Tac. H. 4, 12:

Variana,

id. A. 1, 57:

Pharsaliam Philippos et Perusiam ac Mutinam, nota publicarum cladium nomina loquebantur,

id. H. 1, 50. — Poet.:

ut barbarorum Claudius agmina... diruit... Primosque et extremos metendo Stravit humum, sine clade victor (i.e. of his own men),

Hor. C. 4, 14, 32.—

Of the plague:

inque ipsos saeva medentes Erumpit clades,

Ov. M. 7, 562; cf.:

sue abstinent merito cladis, quā ipsos scabies quondam turpaverat, cui id animal obnoxium,

Tac. H. 5, 4 Heraeus ad loc.—

Of the loss of a limb:

Mucius, cui postea Scaevolae a clade dextrae manūs cognomen inditum,

Liv. 2, 13, 1.—

Transf.

Of persons who bring destruction, etc., a destroyer, scourge, pest:

geminos, duo fulmina belli, Scipiadas, cladem Libyae,

Verg. A. 6, 843:

haec clades,

of Heliogabalus, Lampr. Heliog. 34, 1: illa, of immodest women as a class, id. Alex. Sev. 34, 4.—

Of dissolute morals, corruption:

fecunda culpae saecula nuptias inquinavere... Hoc fonte derivata clades In patriam populumque fluxit,

Hor. C. 3, 6, 19.

ferrum, i, n. [cf. Sanscr. dharti, firmness; Lat. firmus], iron.

Lit., Plin. 34, 14, 39, § 138; Lucr. 1, 571; 5, 1241; 1286; Cic. N. D. 2, 60, 151; id. Leg. 2, 18, 45; Caes. B. G. 5, 12, 5; Hor. S. 1, 4, 20 et saep.:

mustum quod resipit ferrum,

has a taste of iron, Varr. R. R. 1, 54, 3.—

Poet.

As a fig. of hard-heartedness, unfeelingness, cruelty, etc.:

gerere ferrum in pectore,

Ov. M. 9, 614; cf.:

ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde,

id. ib. 7, 33:

durior ferro,

id. ib. 14, 712; hence for the iron age, id. ib. 1, 127; 15, 260; Hor. Epod. 16, 65.—

As an image of firmness, endurance, Ov. Pont. 4, 10, 3.—

Transf., any thing made of iron, an iron implement, as a plough: glebas proscindere ferro, Lucil. ap. Non. 401, 19:

solum terrae,

Lucr. 5, 1295; cf.

also, campum,

Ov. M. 7, 119:

ferro scindimus aequor,

Verg. G. 1, 50; a hatchet:

ferro mitiget agrum,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 186; an axe:

mordaci velut icta ferro Pinus,

id. C. 4, 6, 9; 4, 4, 60 (for which, shortly before, bipennis); cf. Lucr. 6, 168; a dart:

petita ferro belua,

Hor. Epod. 5, 10; the tip of an arrow:

exstabat ferrum de pectore aduncum,

Ov. M. 9, 128; the head (of a spear), Tac. G. 6; an iron stylus:

dextra tenet ferrum,

id. ib. 9, 522; hair-scissors:

solitus longos ferro resecare capillos,

id. ib. 11, 182; curling-irons:

crines vibratos calido ferro,

Verg. A. 12, 100 et saep.—Esp. freq. a sword:

Drusum ferro. Metellum veneno sustulerat,

Cic. N. D. 3, 33, 81:

in aliquem cum ferro invadere,

id. Caecin. 9, 25:

aut ferro aut fame interire,

Caes. B. G. 5, 30 fin.:

uri virgis ferroque necari,

Hor. S. 2, 7, 58; cf.:

gladiator, ferrum recipere jussus,

the stroke of the sword, Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 41. So, ferrum et ignis, like our fire and sword, to denote devastation, utter destruction:

huic urbi ferro ignique minitantur,

Cic. Phil. 11, 14, 37; cf.:

hostium urbes agrique ferro atque igni vastentur,

Liv. 31, 7, 13:

pontem ferro, igni, quacumque vi possent, interrumpant,

id. 2, 10, 4; 30, 6, 9; 1, 59, 1:

ecce ferunt Troës ferrumque ignemque Jovemque In Danaas classes,

Ov. M. 13, 91:

inque meos ferrum flammasque penates Impulit,

id. ib. 12, 551; so, conversely, igni ferroque, Cic. Phil. 13, 21, 47; Liv. 35, 21, 10; cf. Tac. A. 14, 38; Suet. Claud. 21:

flamma ferroque,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 78; Flor. 2, 17, 15; 3, 18, 14; Sen. Const. Sap. 2, 2: ferrum, i. q. arms, for battle, war, force of arms: ferro, non auro, vitam cernamus, utrique, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 202 ed. Vahl.); cf.: quem nemo ferro potuit superare nec auro, id. ap. Cic. Rep. 3, 3 (Ann. v. 220 ed. Vahl.): adnuit, sese mecum decernere ferro, id. ap. Prisc. p. 822 P. (Ann. v. 136 ed. Vahl.):

decernere ferro,

Cic. de Or. 2, 78, 317; Liv. 40, 8 fin.; Verg. A. 7, 525; 11, 218:

cernere ferro,

id. ib. 12, 709:

ferro regna lacessere,

with war, id. ib. 12, 186; cf.:

atque omnis, Latio quae servit purpura ferro,

i. e. made subject by the force of arms, Luc. 7, 228.— Prov.: ferrum meum in igni est, i. q. mea nunc res agitur, Sen. Mort. Claud.

pŏpŭlātĭo, ōnis, f. [populor], a laying waste, ravaging, plundering, spoiling, devastation, etc. (not in Cic.).

Lit.:

populationem effuse facere,

Liv. 2, 64.—In plur.:

populationibus incursionibusque,

Liv. 3, 3 fin.:

hostem rapinis, pabulationibus populationibusque prohibere,

Caes. B. G. 1, 15.—

Transf.

Concr., things plundered, plunder, booty:

Veientes pleni populationum,

Liv. 2, 43.—

A ravaging, destroying done by animals:

a populatione murium formicarumque frumenta defendere,

Col. 2, 20; so,

volucrum,

id. 3, 21.—

Trop., destruction, corruption, ruin (post-Aug.):

morum,

Plin. 9, 34, 53, § 104; of ruin through luxury, Col. 1, 5, 7.

pŏpŭlātĭo, ōnis, f. [1. populus], population; concr., a people, a multitude (late Lat.):

flebat populatio praesens,

Sedul. 4, 275.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f. [populor] (she who protects against devastation), a surname of Juno, Macr. S. 3, 11; Arn. 3, 118; Mart. Cap. 2, § 149; Sen. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 6, 10 fin.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f., also Pŏpŭlō-nĭum, ĭi, n., and Pŏpŭlōnĭi, ōrum, m., a town on the coast of Etruria, now the ruins of Poplonia, near Piombino. —Form Populonia, Verg. A. 10, 172; Mel. 2, 4, 9:

Populonium,

Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 50:

Populonii,

Liv. 30, 39, 2.—Hence,

Pŏpŭlōnĭen-ses, ĭum, m., the inhabitants of Populonia, the Populonians, Liv. 28, 45.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f. [populor] (she who protects against devastation), a surname of Juno, Macr. S. 3, 11; Arn. 3, 118; Mart. Cap. 2, § 149; Sen. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 6, 10 fin.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f., also Pŏpŭlō-nĭum, ĭi, n., and Pŏpŭlōnĭi, ōrum, m., a town on the coast of Etruria, now the ruins of Poplonia, near Piombino. —Form Populonia, Verg. A. 10, 172; Mel. 2, 4, 9:

Populonium,

Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 50:

Populonii,

Liv. 30, 39, 2.—Hence,

Pŏpŭlōnĭen-ses, ĭum, m., the inhabitants of Populonia, the Populonians, Liv. 28, 45.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f. [populor] (she who protects against devastation), a surname of Juno, Macr. S. 3, 11; Arn. 3, 118; Mart. Cap. 2, § 149; Sen. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 6, 10 fin.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f., also Pŏpŭlō-nĭum, ĭi, n., and Pŏpŭlōnĭi, ōrum, m., a town on the coast of Etruria, now the ruins of Poplonia, near Piombino. —Form Populonia, Verg. A. 10, 172; Mel. 2, 4, 9:

Populonium,

Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 50:

Populonii,

Liv. 30, 39, 2.—Hence,

Pŏpŭlōnĭen-ses, ĭum, m., the inhabitants of Populonia, the Populonians, Liv. 28, 45.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f. [populor] (she who protects against devastation), a surname of Juno, Macr. S. 3, 11; Arn. 3, 118; Mart. Cap. 2, § 149; Sen. ap. Aug. Civ. Dei, 6, 10 fin.

Pŏpŭlōnĭa, ae, f., also Pŏpŭlō-nĭum, ĭi, n., and Pŏpŭlōnĭi, ōrum, m., a town on the coast of Etruria, now the ruins of Poplonia, near Piombino. —Form Populonia, Verg. A. 10, 172; Mel. 2, 4, 9:

Populonium,

Plin. 3, 5, 8, § 50:

Populonii,

Liv. 30, 39, 2.—Hence,

Pŏpŭlōnĭen-ses, ĭum, m., the inhabitants of Populonia, the Populonians, Liv. 28, 45.

vastĭtas, ātis, f. [vastus], an empty place, a waste, desert.

Lit.: te propter tot tantasque habemus vastitatis funerum, Att. ap. Non. 417, 12 (Trag. Rel. v. 175 Rib.):

audistis, quae solitudo in agris esset, quae vastitas, quae fuga aratorum, quam deserta, quam inculta, quam relicta omnia,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 5, § 114; so (with solitudo) Tac. A. 13, 55:

judiciorum et fori,

Cic. Brut. 6, [p. 1960] 21.—

Transf. (acc. to vastus, II.).

Desolation, devastation, ruin, destruction:

cum caedem a vobis, vastitatem a templis, urbe, Italiā depellebam,

Cic. Fl. 1, 1:

Italiam totam ad exitium et vastitatem vocas,

id. Cat. 1, 5, 12:

vastitatem efficere,

id. Pis. 35, 85:

inferre vastitatem tectis atque agris,

id. Har. Resp. 2, 3:

ut studiis civilibus bellum atque vastitas Italiae finem faceret,

Sall. J. 5, 2:

vastitatem reddere,

Liv. 3, 26, 2:

et plus vastitatis hinc urbi secunda nostra fortuna faciet, quam adversa fecit?

id. 5, 51, 3:

fugam ac vastitatem late fecerunt,

id. 8, 9, 12:

protritis arboribus ac frugibus dira vastitas,

Tac. H. 2, 70.—

Trop., of persons:

et has duplices pestis sociorum, publicanorum ruinas, provinciarum vastitates,

destroyers, Cic. Prov. Cons. 6, 13.—

Terrible size, hugeness, immensity, vastness (post-Aug.;

but cf. vastus, II. B.): beluae pari vastitate,

of like vast size, Col. 3, 8, 3:

roborum Hercyniae silvae,

Plin. 16, 2, 2, § 6; cf.:

immensa aequorum,

id. 3, praef. 1, §

1: hostis formidandae vastitatis,

Gell. 9, 13, 4:

caeli,

Plin. 2, 41, 41, § 110:

solis,

id. 2, 11, 8, § 49:

odoris,

id. 31, 6, 32, § 60:

vocis,

Col. 1, 9, 2. —

Trop.:

vastitas instantis laboris,

the fearful magnitude, immensity, vastness, Col. 4, 18, 2:

scientiae rei rusticae,

id. 5, 1, 1.