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1 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.■ Downs, Charles. "Comissões de Moradores and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 4 (1986): 267-94.■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.■ Eisfeid, Rainer. "Portugal: What Role/What Future?" In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution. New York: RIIC, Columbia University, 1984.■. Sozialistischer Pluralismus in Europa: Ansãtze und Scheitern am Beispiel Portugal. Cologne: Verlag Wissenchaft ünd Politik, 1985.■. "Portugal and Western Europe." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 29-62. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Farinha, Luis. "Regresso a Europa. Uma opcao feliz." Historia. XXIX; 95, III series (March 2007), 23-33.■ Faye, Jean-Pierre, ed. Portugal: The Revolution in the Labyrinth. Nottingham, U.K.: Spokesman, 1976. Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Michael W. Marshall. Portugal's Revolution: Ten Years On. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Figueira, João Costa. Cavaco Silva: Homem de Estado. Lisbon, 1987. Filoche, Gérard. Printemps Portugais. Paris: Editions Action, 1984. Frémontier, Jacques. Os Pontos nos ii. Lisbon, 1976. Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian. 25 de Abril-10 anos depois. Lisbon, 1984. Futscher Pereira, Bernardo. "Portugal and Spain." In K. Maxwell, ed. Portugal in the 1980s, 63-87. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Gama, Jaime. Política Externa Portuguesa 1983-85: Ministério dos Negôcios Estrangeiros. Lisbon, 1986.■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.■ Martyn, John R. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
-
2 II)
F.1. Общее
В настоящем стандарте приводится большое число общих требований, которые могут или не могут быть применены в отношении отдельной машины. Поэтому простое, без квалифицированной оценки утверждение о соответствии оборудования всем требованиям настоящего стандарта является недостоверным. Прежде чем приступить к выполнению требований настоящего стандарта, его необходимо тщательно изучить. Техническими комитетами разрабатываются стандарты на отдельные виды продукции или на отдельные продукты (тип С в СЕН) и для конкретных производителей продукции. До выхода этих стандартов следует руководствоваться настоящим стандартом посредством:
a) установления соответствия и
b) выбора наиболее близких понятий к требованиям соответствующих разделов, и
c) изменения требований разделов, если необходимо там, где специфические требования на машину перекрываются другими стандартами, относящимися к данному вопросу.
В этом случае необходимо обеспечить правильный подбор модификаций и опций без снижения уровня защиты, необходимой для машины в соответствии с оценкой рисков.
При использовании всех трех вышеприведенных принципов рекомендуется:
- руководствоваться соответствующими разделами и пунктами настоящего стандарта:
1) если указано соответствие применяемой опции,
2) если требования могут быть конкретизированы для отдельной машины или оборудования;
- руководствоваться напрямую соответствующими стандартами, в которых требования к электрооборудованию аналогичны настоящему стандарту.
Во всех случаях экспертизой устанавливается:
- завершенность оценки рисков для машины;
- прочтение и понимание всех требований настоящего стандарта;
- правильность выбора варианта реализации требований настоящего стандарта при наличии альтернативы;
- понимание альтернативы или специфических требований, определяемых для машины или ее эксплуатации, при отсутствии или отличии от соответствующих требований настоящего стандарта;
- точность определения таких специфических требований.
Приведенная на рисунке 1 блок-схема типичной машины должна быть использована в качестве отправной точки при решении данной задачи. Это определяется пунктами и разделами, имеющими отношение к специфическим требованиям к оборудованию.
Настоящий стандарт является комплексным документом, и таблица F.1 призвана помочь в понимании применения требований настоящего стандарта к специальным машинам и установлении связей с другими стандартами по данной тематике.
Таблица F.1 - Выбор вариантов применения требований стандарта
Наименование раздела, пункта или подпункта
Номер раздела, пункта или подпункта
I)
II)
III)
IV)
Область применения
1
X
ИСО 121 00 (все части) ИСО 14121 [28]
Общие требования
4
X
X
X
МЭК 60439
Электрооборудование, соответствующее требованиям МЭК 60439
4.2.2
X
X
Устройство отключения питания (изолирующий распределитель)
5.3
X
Цепи, на которые не распространяются общие правила по подключению к источнику питания
5.3.5
X
X
ИСО 12100 (все части)
Предотвращение непреднамеренных пусков, изоляция
5.4, 5.5, 5.6
X
X
X
ИСО 14118 [13]
Защита от поражения электрическим током
6
X
МЭК 60364-4-41
Аварийное управление
9.2.5.4
X
X
ИСО 13850
Двуручное управление
9.2.6.2
X
X
ИСО 13851 [14]
Дистанционное управление
9.2.7
X
X
X
Функции управления в случае отказа
9.4
X
X
X
ИСО 14121 [28]
Датчики положения
10.1.4
X
X
X
ИСО 14119 [29]
Цвета и маркировка операционного интерфейса
10.2, 10.3, 10.4
X
X
МЭК 60073
Устройства аварийной остановки
10.7
X
X
ИСО 13850
Устройства аварийного отключения
10.8
X
Аппаратура управления, защита от внешних воздействий
10.1.3, 11.3
X
X
X
МЭК 60529
Идентификация проводов
13.2
X
Подтверждение соответствия (испытания и проверка)
18
X
X
X
Дополнительные требования (опросный лист)
приложение В
X
X
«X» обозначены разделы, пункты и подпункты настоящего стандарта, которые могут быть применены при следующих условиях:
I) применение приведенных в разделе, пункте или подпункте материалов;
II) использование дополнительных специфических требований;
III) использование других требований;
IV) использование других стандартов, в которых требования к электрооборудованию аналогичны настоящему стандарту.
<2>Приложение G
Таблица G.1 иллюстрирует сравнение поперечных сечений проводников в Американском сортаменте проволоки (AWG) с квадратными миллиметрами, квадратными дюймами и круговыми милами.
Таблица G.1 - Сравнение размеров проводников
Номерной размер,
Номер диаметра
Площадь поперечного сечения
Сопротивление медного провода при постоянном токе при 20°С,
Круговой мил
мм2
дюйм2
0,2
0,196
0,000304
91,62
387
24
0,205
0,000317
87,60
404
0,3
0,283
0,000438
63,46
558
22
0,324
0,000504
55,44
640
0,5
0,500
0,000775
36,70
987
20
0,519
0,000802
34,45
1020
0,75
0,750
0,001162
24,80
1480
18
0,823
0,001272
20,95
1620
1,0
1,000
0,001550
18,20
1973
16
1,31
0,002026
13,19
2580
1,5
1,500
0,002325
12,20
2960
14
2,08
0,003228
8,442
4110
2,5
2,500
0,003875
7,56
4934
12
3,31
0,005129
5,315
6530
4
4,000
0,006200
4,700
7894
10
5,26
0,008152
3,335
10380
6
6,000
0,009300
3,110
11841
8
8,37
0,012967
2,093
16510
10
10,000
0,001550
1,840
19735
6
13,3
0,020610
1,320
26240
16
16,000
0,024800
1,160
31576
4
21,1
0,032780
0,8295
41740
25
25,000
0,038800
0,7340
49339
2
33,6
0,052100
0,5211
66360
35
35,000
0,054200
0,5290
69073
1
42,4
0,065700
0,4139
83690
50
47,000
0,072800
0,3910
92756
Сопротивление при температурах, отличных от 20 °С, вычисляют по формуле:
R = RI[1 + 0,00393(t - 20)],
где RI - сопротивление при 20°С;
R - сопротивление при температуре t°C.
<2>Приложение Н
Таблица Н.1
Обозначение ссылочного международного стандарта
Обозначение и наименование соответствующего национального стандарта
МЭК 60034-1
ГОСТ 28330-89 Машины электрические асинхронные мощностью от 1 до 400 кВт включительно. Общие технические требования
МЭК 60034-5
*
МЭК 60034-11
*
МЭК 60072-1
*
МЭК 60072-2
*
МЭК 60073:2002
ГОСТ 29149-91 Цвета световой сигнализации и кнопок
МЭК 60309-1:1999
ГОСТ 29146.1-91 Соединители электрические промышленного назначения. Часть 1. Общие требования
МЭК 60364-4-41:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.3-94( МЭК 60364-4-41-92) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 4. Требования по обеспечению безопасности. Защита от поражения электрическим током
МЭК 60364-4-43:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.5-95 (МЭК 60364-4-43-77) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 4. Требования по обеспечению безопасности. Защита от сверхтока
МЭК 60364-5-52:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.15-97( МЭК 60364-5-52-93) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 5. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Глава 52. Электропроводки
МЭК 60364-5-53:2002
*
МЭК 60364-5-54:2002
ГОСТ Р 50571.10-96( МЭК 60364-5-54-80) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 5. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Глава 54. Заземляющие устройства и защитные проводники
МЭК 60364-6-61:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.16-99 Электроустановки зданий. Часть 6. Испытания. Глава 61. Приемо-сдаточные испытания
МЭК 604 17-DB 2002
*
МЭК 60439-1:1999
ГОСТ Р 51321.1-2000 Устройства комплектные низковольтные распределения и управления. Часть 1.Устройства, испытанные полностью или частично. Общие технические требования и методы испытаний
МЭК 60446:1 999
*
МЭК 60447:2004
ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000 Интерфейс человеко-машинный. Принципы приведения в действие
МЭК 60529:1999
ГОСТ 14254-96( МЭК 529-89) Степени защиты, обеспечиваемые оболочками (Код IP)
МЭК 60617-06:2001
*
МЭК 60621-3:1979
*
МЭК 60664-1:1992
*
МЭК 60947-1:2004
ГОСТ Р 50030.1-2007( МЭК 60947-1: 2004) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 1. Общие требования
МЭК 60947-2:2003
ГОСТ Р 50030.2-99( МЭК 60947-2-98) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 2. Автоматические выключатели
МЭК 60947-5-1:2003
ГОСТ Р 50030.5.1-2005 (МЭК 60947-5-1:2003) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 5. Аппараты и коммутационные элементы цепей управления. Глава 1. Электромеханические аппараты для цепей управления
МЭК 60947-7-1:2002
ГОСТ Р 50030.7.1-2000 (МЭК 60947-7-1-89) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 7. Электрооборудование вспомогательное. Раздел 1. Клеммные колодки для медных проводников
МЭК 61082-1:1991
*
МЭК 61082-2:1993
*
МЭК 61082-3:1993
*
МЭК 61082-4:1996
*
МЭК 61140:2001
ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000 Защита от поражения электрическим током. Общие положения по безопасности, обеспечиваемой электрооборудованием и электроустановками в их взаимосвязи
МЭК 61310 -2
ГОСТ 28690-90 Знак соответствия технических средств требованиям электромагнитной совместимости. Форма, размеры, технические требования
МЭК 61 310 (все части за исключением части 2)
*
МЭК 61 346 (все части)
*
МЭК 61557-3:1997
ГОСТ Р МЭК 61557-3 2006 Сети электрические распределительные низковольтные напряжением до 1000 В переменного 1500 В постоянного тока. Электробезопасность. Аппаратура для испытаний, измерения и контроля средств защиты. Часть 3. Полное сопротивление контура
МЭК 61 558-1: 1997
*
МЭК 61558-2-6
*
МЭК 61984:2001
*
МЭК 62023:2000
*
МЭК 62027:2000
*
МЭК 62061:2005
*
МЭК 62079:2001
*
ИСО 7000:2004
*
ИСО 12100-1:2003
*
ИСО 12100-2:2003
*
ИСО 13849-1:1999
*
ИСО 13849-2:2003
*
ИСО 13850:1996
*
*Соответствующий национальный стандарт отсутствует. До его утверждения рекомендуется использовать перевод на русский язык данного международного стандарта. Перевод данного международного стандарта находится в Федеральном информационном фонде технических регламентов и стандартов
<2>Библиография
[1] МЭК 60038:2002
Стандартные напряжения
[2] МЭК 60204-11:2000
Безопасность машин. Электрическое оборудование машин. Часть 11. Требования к высоковольтному оборудованию на напряжения свыше 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока, но не свыше 36 кВ
[3] МЭК 60204-31:1996
Электрооборудование промышленных машин. Частные требования к швейным машинам, установкам и системам
[4] МЭК 60204-32:1998
Безопасность оборудования. Электрооборудование промышленных машин. Часть 32. Требования к грузоподъемным машинам
[5] МЭК 61000-6-1:1997
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 1. Устойчивость к электромагнитным помехам в жилой, коммерческой и среде легкой индустрии
[6] МЭК 61000-6-2:2005
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6-2. Общие требования. Устойчивость к электромагнитным помехам в промышленных зонах
[7] СИСПР 61000-6-3:1996
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 3. Нормы эмиссии для жилых, коммерческих и среды легкой индустрии
[8] МЭК 61000-6-4:1997
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 4. Эмиссия помех в промышленных зонах
[9] МЭК 61000-5-2:1997
Электромагнитная совместимость. Часть 5. Монтаж и снижение помех в проводке. Раздел 2. Заземление и скрутка
[10] МЭК 61496-1:2004
Безопасность машин. Электрочувствительное защитное оборудование. Часть 1. Общие требования и испытания
[11] МЭК 61800-3:2004
Электроприводы регулируемые. Часть 3. Требования по электромагнитной совместимости и методы испытаний
[12] МЭК 60947-5-2:1997
Аппараты коммутационные и управления низковольтные. Часть 5-2. Устройства управления и переключатели. Выключатели конечные Дополнение 1 (1999) Дополнение 2 (2003)
[13] ИСО 14118:2000
Безопасность машин. Предотвращение непредусмотренного пуска
[14] ИСО 13851:2002
Безопасность машин. Средства управления обоими руками. Функциональные аспекты и принципы проектирования
[15] ИСО 14122 серия
Безопасность машин. Средства постоянного доступа к машине
[16]СЕНЕЛЕК НD 516 S2
Руководство по применению гармонизированных кабелей
[17] МЭК 60287 (все части)
Кабели. Расчет номинальных токов нагрузок в условиях установившегося режима
[18] МЭК 60757:1983
Коды для обозначения цветов
[19] МЭК 60332 (все части)
Испытания на огнестойкость электрических и оптических кабелей
[20] МЭК 61084-1: 1991
Кабельные проводящие и канализирующие системы для электрического монтажа. Часть 1. Основные требования
[21] МЭК 60364 (все части)
Электроустановки зданий
[22] МЭК 61557 (все части)
Безопасность в низковольтных системах электроснабжения напряжением до 1000 В переменного тока и до 1500 В постоянного тока. Оборудование для проведения испытаний, измерений и контроля исполнения защитных функций
[23] МЭК 60228:2004
Жилы токопроводящие изолированных кабелей
[24] МЭК 61200-53:1994
Устройства электрические. Часть 53. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Аппаратура коммутационная и управления
[25] МЭК 61180-2:1994
Техника для проведения высоковольтных испытаний низковольтного электрооборудования. Часть 2. Испытательное оборудование
[26] МЭК 60335 (все части)
Бытовое и аналогичное ему применение электричества. Безопасность
[27] МЭК 60269-1:1998
Предохранители низковольтные. Часть 1. Общие требования
[28] ИСО 14121:1999
Безопасность машин. Принципы оценки риска
[29] ИСО 14119:1998
Безопасность машин. Блокировочные устройства для ограждений. Принципы конструкции и выбора
<2>
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007: Безопасность машин. Электрооборудование машин и механизмов. Часть 1. Общие требования оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > II)
-
3 III)
F.1. Общее
В настоящем стандарте приводится большое число общих требований, которые могут или не могут быть применены в отношении отдельной машины. Поэтому простое, без квалифицированной оценки утверждение о соответствии оборудования всем требованиям настоящего стандарта является недостоверным. Прежде чем приступить к выполнению требований настоящего стандарта, его необходимо тщательно изучить. Техническими комитетами разрабатываются стандарты на отдельные виды продукции или на отдельные продукты (тип С в СЕН) и для конкретных производителей продукции. До выхода этих стандартов следует руководствоваться настоящим стандартом посредством:
a) установления соответствия и
b) выбора наиболее близких понятий к требованиям соответствующих разделов, и
c) изменения требований разделов, если необходимо там, где специфические требования на машину перекрываются другими стандартами, относящимися к данному вопросу.
В этом случае необходимо обеспечить правильный подбор модификаций и опций без снижения уровня защиты, необходимой для машины в соответствии с оценкой рисков.
При использовании всех трех вышеприведенных принципов рекомендуется:
- руководствоваться соответствующими разделами и пунктами настоящего стандарта:
1) если указано соответствие применяемой опции,
2) если требования могут быть конкретизированы для отдельной машины или оборудования;
- руководствоваться напрямую соответствующими стандартами, в которых требования к электрооборудованию аналогичны настоящему стандарту.
Во всех случаях экспертизой устанавливается:
- завершенность оценки рисков для машины;
- прочтение и понимание всех требований настоящего стандарта;
- правильность выбора варианта реализации требований настоящего стандарта при наличии альтернативы;
- понимание альтернативы или специфических требований, определяемых для машины или ее эксплуатации, при отсутствии или отличии от соответствующих требований настоящего стандарта;
- точность определения таких специфических требований.
Приведенная на рисунке 1 блок-схема типичной машины должна быть использована в качестве отправной точки при решении данной задачи. Это определяется пунктами и разделами, имеющими отношение к специфическим требованиям к оборудованию.
Настоящий стандарт является комплексным документом, и таблица F.1 призвана помочь в понимании применения требований настоящего стандарта к специальным машинам и установлении связей с другими стандартами по данной тематике.
Таблица F.1 - Выбор вариантов применения требований стандарта
Наименование раздела, пункта или подпункта
Номер раздела, пункта или подпункта
I)
II)
III)
IV)
Область применения
1
X
ИСО 121 00 (все части) ИСО 14121 [28]
Общие требования
4
X
X
X
МЭК 60439
Электрооборудование, соответствующее требованиям МЭК 60439
4.2.2
X
X
Устройство отключения питания (изолирующий распределитель)
5.3
X
Цепи, на которые не распространяются общие правила по подключению к источнику питания
5.3.5
X
X
ИСО 12100 (все части)
Предотвращение непреднамеренных пусков, изоляция
5.4, 5.5, 5.6
X
X
X
ИСО 14118 [13]
Защита от поражения электрическим током
6
X
МЭК 60364-4-41
Аварийное управление
9.2.5.4
X
X
ИСО 13850
Двуручное управление
9.2.6.2
X
X
ИСО 13851 [14]
Дистанционное управление
9.2.7
X
X
X
Функции управления в случае отказа
9.4
X
X
X
ИСО 14121 [28]
Датчики положения
10.1.4
X
X
X
ИСО 14119 [29]
Цвета и маркировка операционного интерфейса
10.2, 10.3, 10.4
X
X
МЭК 60073
Устройства аварийной остановки
10.7
X
X
ИСО 13850
Устройства аварийного отключения
10.8
X
Аппаратура управления, защита от внешних воздействий
10.1.3, 11.3
X
X
X
МЭК 60529
Идентификация проводов
13.2
X
Подтверждение соответствия (испытания и проверка)
18
X
X
X
Дополнительные требования (опросный лист)
приложение В
X
X
«X» обозначены разделы, пункты и подпункты настоящего стандарта, которые могут быть применены при следующих условиях:
I) применение приведенных в разделе, пункте или подпункте материалов;
II) использование дополнительных специфических требований;
III) использование других требований;
IV) использование других стандартов, в которых требования к электрооборудованию аналогичны настоящему стандарту.
<2>Приложение G
Таблица G.1 иллюстрирует сравнение поперечных сечений проводников в Американском сортаменте проволоки (AWG) с квадратными миллиметрами, квадратными дюймами и круговыми милами.
Таблица G.1 - Сравнение размеров проводников
Номерной размер,
Номер диаметра
Площадь поперечного сечения
Сопротивление медного провода при постоянном токе при 20°С,
Круговой мил
мм2
дюйм2
0,2
0,196
0,000304
91,62
387
24
0,205
0,000317
87,60
404
0,3
0,283
0,000438
63,46
558
22
0,324
0,000504
55,44
640
0,5
0,500
0,000775
36,70
987
20
0,519
0,000802
34,45
1020
0,75
0,750
0,001162
24,80
1480
18
0,823
0,001272
20,95
1620
1,0
1,000
0,001550
18,20
1973
16
1,31
0,002026
13,19
2580
1,5
1,500
0,002325
12,20
2960
14
2,08
0,003228
8,442
4110
2,5
2,500
0,003875
7,56
4934
12
3,31
0,005129
5,315
6530
4
4,000
0,006200
4,700
7894
10
5,26
0,008152
3,335
10380
6
6,000
0,009300
3,110
11841
8
8,37
0,012967
2,093
16510
10
10,000
0,001550
1,840
19735
6
13,3
0,020610
1,320
26240
16
16,000
0,024800
1,160
31576
4
21,1
0,032780
0,8295
41740
25
25,000
0,038800
0,7340
49339
2
33,6
0,052100
0,5211
66360
35
35,000
0,054200
0,5290
69073
1
42,4
0,065700
0,4139
83690
50
47,000
0,072800
0,3910
92756
Сопротивление при температурах, отличных от 20 °С, вычисляют по формуле:
R = RI[1 + 0,00393(t - 20)],
где RI - сопротивление при 20°С;
R - сопротивление при температуре t°C.
<2>Приложение Н
Таблица Н.1
Обозначение ссылочного международного стандарта
Обозначение и наименование соответствующего национального стандарта
МЭК 60034-1
ГОСТ 28330-89 Машины электрические асинхронные мощностью от 1 до 400 кВт включительно. Общие технические требования
МЭК 60034-5
*
МЭК 60034-11
*
МЭК 60072-1
*
МЭК 60072-2
*
МЭК 60073:2002
ГОСТ 29149-91 Цвета световой сигнализации и кнопок
МЭК 60309-1:1999
ГОСТ 29146.1-91 Соединители электрические промышленного назначения. Часть 1. Общие требования
МЭК 60364-4-41:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.3-94( МЭК 60364-4-41-92) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 4. Требования по обеспечению безопасности. Защита от поражения электрическим током
МЭК 60364-4-43:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.5-95 (МЭК 60364-4-43-77) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 4. Требования по обеспечению безопасности. Защита от сверхтока
МЭК 60364-5-52:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.15-97( МЭК 60364-5-52-93) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 5. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Глава 52. Электропроводки
МЭК 60364-5-53:2002
*
МЭК 60364-5-54:2002
ГОСТ Р 50571.10-96( МЭК 60364-5-54-80) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 5. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Глава 54. Заземляющие устройства и защитные проводники
МЭК 60364-6-61:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.16-99 Электроустановки зданий. Часть 6. Испытания. Глава 61. Приемо-сдаточные испытания
МЭК 604 17-DB 2002
*
МЭК 60439-1:1999
ГОСТ Р 51321.1-2000 Устройства комплектные низковольтные распределения и управления. Часть 1.Устройства, испытанные полностью или частично. Общие технические требования и методы испытаний
МЭК 60446:1 999
*
МЭК 60447:2004
ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000 Интерфейс человеко-машинный. Принципы приведения в действие
МЭК 60529:1999
ГОСТ 14254-96( МЭК 529-89) Степени защиты, обеспечиваемые оболочками (Код IP)
МЭК 60617-06:2001
*
МЭК 60621-3:1979
*
МЭК 60664-1:1992
*
МЭК 60947-1:2004
ГОСТ Р 50030.1-2007( МЭК 60947-1: 2004) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 1. Общие требования
МЭК 60947-2:2003
ГОСТ Р 50030.2-99( МЭК 60947-2-98) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 2. Автоматические выключатели
МЭК 60947-5-1:2003
ГОСТ Р 50030.5.1-2005 (МЭК 60947-5-1:2003) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 5. Аппараты и коммутационные элементы цепей управления. Глава 1. Электромеханические аппараты для цепей управления
МЭК 60947-7-1:2002
ГОСТ Р 50030.7.1-2000 (МЭК 60947-7-1-89) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 7. Электрооборудование вспомогательное. Раздел 1. Клеммные колодки для медных проводников
МЭК 61082-1:1991
*
МЭК 61082-2:1993
*
МЭК 61082-3:1993
*
МЭК 61082-4:1996
*
МЭК 61140:2001
ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000 Защита от поражения электрическим током. Общие положения по безопасности, обеспечиваемой электрооборудованием и электроустановками в их взаимосвязи
МЭК 61310 -2
ГОСТ 28690-90 Знак соответствия технических средств требованиям электромагнитной совместимости. Форма, размеры, технические требования
МЭК 61 310 (все части за исключением части 2)
*
МЭК 61 346 (все части)
*
МЭК 61557-3:1997
ГОСТ Р МЭК 61557-3 2006 Сети электрические распределительные низковольтные напряжением до 1000 В переменного 1500 В постоянного тока. Электробезопасность. Аппаратура для испытаний, измерения и контроля средств защиты. Часть 3. Полное сопротивление контура
МЭК 61 558-1: 1997
*
МЭК 61558-2-6
*
МЭК 61984:2001
*
МЭК 62023:2000
*
МЭК 62027:2000
*
МЭК 62061:2005
*
МЭК 62079:2001
*
ИСО 7000:2004
*
ИСО 12100-1:2003
*
ИСО 12100-2:2003
*
ИСО 13849-1:1999
*
ИСО 13849-2:2003
*
ИСО 13850:1996
*
*Соответствующий национальный стандарт отсутствует. До его утверждения рекомендуется использовать перевод на русский язык данного международного стандарта. Перевод данного международного стандарта находится в Федеральном информационном фонде технических регламентов и стандартов
<2>Библиография
[1] МЭК 60038:2002
Стандартные напряжения
[2] МЭК 60204-11:2000
Безопасность машин. Электрическое оборудование машин. Часть 11. Требования к высоковольтному оборудованию на напряжения свыше 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока, но не свыше 36 кВ
[3] МЭК 60204-31:1996
Электрооборудование промышленных машин. Частные требования к швейным машинам, установкам и системам
[4] МЭК 60204-32:1998
Безопасность оборудования. Электрооборудование промышленных машин. Часть 32. Требования к грузоподъемным машинам
[5] МЭК 61000-6-1:1997
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 1. Устойчивость к электромагнитным помехам в жилой, коммерческой и среде легкой индустрии
[6] МЭК 61000-6-2:2005
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6-2. Общие требования. Устойчивость к электромагнитным помехам в промышленных зонах
[7] СИСПР 61000-6-3:1996
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 3. Нормы эмиссии для жилых, коммерческих и среды легкой индустрии
[8] МЭК 61000-6-4:1997
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 4. Эмиссия помех в промышленных зонах
[9] МЭК 61000-5-2:1997
Электромагнитная совместимость. Часть 5. Монтаж и снижение помех в проводке. Раздел 2. Заземление и скрутка
[10] МЭК 61496-1:2004
Безопасность машин. Электрочувствительное защитное оборудование. Часть 1. Общие требования и испытания
[11] МЭК 61800-3:2004
Электроприводы регулируемые. Часть 3. Требования по электромагнитной совместимости и методы испытаний
[12] МЭК 60947-5-2:1997
Аппараты коммутационные и управления низковольтные. Часть 5-2. Устройства управления и переключатели. Выключатели конечные Дополнение 1 (1999) Дополнение 2 (2003)
[13] ИСО 14118:2000
Безопасность машин. Предотвращение непредусмотренного пуска
[14] ИСО 13851:2002
Безопасность машин. Средства управления обоими руками. Функциональные аспекты и принципы проектирования
[15] ИСО 14122 серия
Безопасность машин. Средства постоянного доступа к машине
[16]СЕНЕЛЕК НD 516 S2
Руководство по применению гармонизированных кабелей
[17] МЭК 60287 (все части)
Кабели. Расчет номинальных токов нагрузок в условиях установившегося режима
[18] МЭК 60757:1983
Коды для обозначения цветов
[19] МЭК 60332 (все части)
Испытания на огнестойкость электрических и оптических кабелей
[20] МЭК 61084-1: 1991
Кабельные проводящие и канализирующие системы для электрического монтажа. Часть 1. Основные требования
[21] МЭК 60364 (все части)
Электроустановки зданий
[22] МЭК 61557 (все части)
Безопасность в низковольтных системах электроснабжения напряжением до 1000 В переменного тока и до 1500 В постоянного тока. Оборудование для проведения испытаний, измерений и контроля исполнения защитных функций
[23] МЭК 60228:2004
Жилы токопроводящие изолированных кабелей
[24] МЭК 61200-53:1994
Устройства электрические. Часть 53. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Аппаратура коммутационная и управления
[25] МЭК 61180-2:1994
Техника для проведения высоковольтных испытаний низковольтного электрооборудования. Часть 2. Испытательное оборудование
[26] МЭК 60335 (все части)
Бытовое и аналогичное ему применение электричества. Безопасность
[27] МЭК 60269-1:1998
Предохранители низковольтные. Часть 1. Общие требования
[28] ИСО 14121:1999
Безопасность машин. Принципы оценки риска
[29] ИСО 14119:1998
Безопасность машин. Блокировочные устройства для ограждений. Принципы конструкции и выбора
<2>
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007: Безопасность машин. Электрооборудование машин и механизмов. Часть 1. Общие требования оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > III)
-
4 IV)
F.1. Общее
В настоящем стандарте приводится большое число общих требований, которые могут или не могут быть применены в отношении отдельной машины. Поэтому простое, без квалифицированной оценки утверждение о соответствии оборудования всем требованиям настоящего стандарта является недостоверным. Прежде чем приступить к выполнению требований настоящего стандарта, его необходимо тщательно изучить. Техническими комитетами разрабатываются стандарты на отдельные виды продукции или на отдельные продукты (тип С в СЕН) и для конкретных производителей продукции. До выхода этих стандартов следует руководствоваться настоящим стандартом посредством:
a) установления соответствия и
b) выбора наиболее близких понятий к требованиям соответствующих разделов, и
c) изменения требований разделов, если необходимо там, где специфические требования на машину перекрываются другими стандартами, относящимися к данному вопросу.
В этом случае необходимо обеспечить правильный подбор модификаций и опций без снижения уровня защиты, необходимой для машины в соответствии с оценкой рисков.
При использовании всех трех вышеприведенных принципов рекомендуется:
- руководствоваться соответствующими разделами и пунктами настоящего стандарта:
1) если указано соответствие применяемой опции,
2) если требования могут быть конкретизированы для отдельной машины или оборудования;
- руководствоваться напрямую соответствующими стандартами, в которых требования к электрооборудованию аналогичны настоящему стандарту.
Во всех случаях экспертизой устанавливается:
- завершенность оценки рисков для машины;
- прочтение и понимание всех требований настоящего стандарта;
- правильность выбора варианта реализации требований настоящего стандарта при наличии альтернативы;
- понимание альтернативы или специфических требований, определяемых для машины или ее эксплуатации, при отсутствии или отличии от соответствующих требований настоящего стандарта;
- точность определения таких специфических требований.
Приведенная на рисунке 1 блок-схема типичной машины должна быть использована в качестве отправной точки при решении данной задачи. Это определяется пунктами и разделами, имеющими отношение к специфическим требованиям к оборудованию.
Настоящий стандарт является комплексным документом, и таблица F.1 призвана помочь в понимании применения требований настоящего стандарта к специальным машинам и установлении связей с другими стандартами по данной тематике.
Таблица F.1 - Выбор вариантов применения требований стандарта
Наименование раздела, пункта или подпункта
Номер раздела, пункта или подпункта
I)
II)
III)
IV)
Область применения
1
X
ИСО 121 00 (все части) ИСО 14121 [28]
Общие требования
4
X
X
X
МЭК 60439
Электрооборудование, соответствующее требованиям МЭК 60439
4.2.2
X
X
Устройство отключения питания (изолирующий распределитель)
5.3
X
Цепи, на которые не распространяются общие правила по подключению к источнику питания
5.3.5
X
X
ИСО 12100 (все части)
Предотвращение непреднамеренных пусков, изоляция
5.4, 5.5, 5.6
X
X
X
ИСО 14118 [13]
Защита от поражения электрическим током
6
X
МЭК 60364-4-41
Аварийное управление
9.2.5.4
X
X
ИСО 13850
Двуручное управление
9.2.6.2
X
X
ИСО 13851 [14]
Дистанционное управление
9.2.7
X
X
X
Функции управления в случае отказа
9.4
X
X
X
ИСО 14121 [28]
Датчики положения
10.1.4
X
X
X
ИСО 14119 [29]
Цвета и маркировка операционного интерфейса
10.2, 10.3, 10.4
X
X
МЭК 60073
Устройства аварийной остановки
10.7
X
X
ИСО 13850
Устройства аварийного отключения
10.8
X
Аппаратура управления, защита от внешних воздействий
10.1.3, 11.3
X
X
X
МЭК 60529
Идентификация проводов
13.2
X
Подтверждение соответствия (испытания и проверка)
18
X
X
X
Дополнительные требования (опросный лист)
приложение В
X
X
«X» обозначены разделы, пункты и подпункты настоящего стандарта, которые могут быть применены при следующих условиях:
I) применение приведенных в разделе, пункте или подпункте материалов;
II) использование дополнительных специфических требований;
III) использование других требований;
IV) использование других стандартов, в которых требования к электрооборудованию аналогичны настоящему стандарту.
<2>Приложение G
Таблица G.1 иллюстрирует сравнение поперечных сечений проводников в Американском сортаменте проволоки (AWG) с квадратными миллиметрами, квадратными дюймами и круговыми милами.
Таблица G.1 - Сравнение размеров проводников
Номерной размер,
Номер диаметра
Площадь поперечного сечения
Сопротивление медного провода при постоянном токе при 20°С,
Круговой мил
мм2
дюйм2
0,2
0,196
0,000304
91,62
387
24
0,205
0,000317
87,60
404
0,3
0,283
0,000438
63,46
558
22
0,324
0,000504
55,44
640
0,5
0,500
0,000775
36,70
987
20
0,519
0,000802
34,45
1020
0,75
0,750
0,001162
24,80
1480
18
0,823
0,001272
20,95
1620
1,0
1,000
0,001550
18,20
1973
16
1,31
0,002026
13,19
2580
1,5
1,500
0,002325
12,20
2960
14
2,08
0,003228
8,442
4110
2,5
2,500
0,003875
7,56
4934
12
3,31
0,005129
5,315
6530
4
4,000
0,006200
4,700
7894
10
5,26
0,008152
3,335
10380
6
6,000
0,009300
3,110
11841
8
8,37
0,012967
2,093
16510
10
10,000
0,001550
1,840
19735
6
13,3
0,020610
1,320
26240
16
16,000
0,024800
1,160
31576
4
21,1
0,032780
0,8295
41740
25
25,000
0,038800
0,7340
49339
2
33,6
0,052100
0,5211
66360
35
35,000
0,054200
0,5290
69073
1
42,4
0,065700
0,4139
83690
50
47,000
0,072800
0,3910
92756
Сопротивление при температурах, отличных от 20 °С, вычисляют по формуле:
R = RI[1 + 0,00393(t - 20)],
где RI - сопротивление при 20°С;
R - сопротивление при температуре t°C.
<2>Приложение Н
Таблица Н.1
Обозначение ссылочного международного стандарта
Обозначение и наименование соответствующего национального стандарта
МЭК 60034-1
ГОСТ 28330-89 Машины электрические асинхронные мощностью от 1 до 400 кВт включительно. Общие технические требования
МЭК 60034-5
*
МЭК 60034-11
*
МЭК 60072-1
*
МЭК 60072-2
*
МЭК 60073:2002
ГОСТ 29149-91 Цвета световой сигнализации и кнопок
МЭК 60309-1:1999
ГОСТ 29146.1-91 Соединители электрические промышленного назначения. Часть 1. Общие требования
МЭК 60364-4-41:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.3-94( МЭК 60364-4-41-92) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 4. Требования по обеспечению безопасности. Защита от поражения электрическим током
МЭК 60364-4-43:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.5-95 (МЭК 60364-4-43-77) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 4. Требования по обеспечению безопасности. Защита от сверхтока
МЭК 60364-5-52:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.15-97( МЭК 60364-5-52-93) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 5. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Глава 52. Электропроводки
МЭК 60364-5-53:2002
*
МЭК 60364-5-54:2002
ГОСТ Р 50571.10-96( МЭК 60364-5-54-80) Электроустановки зданий. Часть 5. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Глава 54. Заземляющие устройства и защитные проводники
МЭК 60364-6-61:2001
ГОСТ Р 50571.16-99 Электроустановки зданий. Часть 6. Испытания. Глава 61. Приемо-сдаточные испытания
МЭК 604 17-DB 2002
*
МЭК 60439-1:1999
ГОСТ Р 51321.1-2000 Устройства комплектные низковольтные распределения и управления. Часть 1.Устройства, испытанные полностью или частично. Общие технические требования и методы испытаний
МЭК 60446:1 999
*
МЭК 60447:2004
ГОСТ Р МЭК 60447-2000 Интерфейс человеко-машинный. Принципы приведения в действие
МЭК 60529:1999
ГОСТ 14254-96( МЭК 529-89) Степени защиты, обеспечиваемые оболочками (Код IP)
МЭК 60617-06:2001
*
МЭК 60621-3:1979
*
МЭК 60664-1:1992
*
МЭК 60947-1:2004
ГОСТ Р 50030.1-2007( МЭК 60947-1: 2004) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 1. Общие требования
МЭК 60947-2:2003
ГОСТ Р 50030.2-99( МЭК 60947-2-98) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 2. Автоматические выключатели
МЭК 60947-5-1:2003
ГОСТ Р 50030.5.1-2005 (МЭК 60947-5-1:2003) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 5. Аппараты и коммутационные элементы цепей управления. Глава 1. Электромеханические аппараты для цепей управления
МЭК 60947-7-1:2002
ГОСТ Р 50030.7.1-2000 (МЭК 60947-7-1-89) Аппаратура распределения и управления низковольтная. Часть 7. Электрооборудование вспомогательное. Раздел 1. Клеммные колодки для медных проводников
МЭК 61082-1:1991
*
МЭК 61082-2:1993
*
МЭК 61082-3:1993
*
МЭК 61082-4:1996
*
МЭК 61140:2001
ГОСТ Р МЭК 61140-2000 Защита от поражения электрическим током. Общие положения по безопасности, обеспечиваемой электрооборудованием и электроустановками в их взаимосвязи
МЭК 61310 -2
ГОСТ 28690-90 Знак соответствия технических средств требованиям электромагнитной совместимости. Форма, размеры, технические требования
МЭК 61 310 (все части за исключением части 2)
*
МЭК 61 346 (все части)
*
МЭК 61557-3:1997
ГОСТ Р МЭК 61557-3 2006 Сети электрические распределительные низковольтные напряжением до 1000 В переменного 1500 В постоянного тока. Электробезопасность. Аппаратура для испытаний, измерения и контроля средств защиты. Часть 3. Полное сопротивление контура
МЭК 61 558-1: 1997
*
МЭК 61558-2-6
*
МЭК 61984:2001
*
МЭК 62023:2000
*
МЭК 62027:2000
*
МЭК 62061:2005
*
МЭК 62079:2001
*
ИСО 7000:2004
*
ИСО 12100-1:2003
*
ИСО 12100-2:2003
*
ИСО 13849-1:1999
*
ИСО 13849-2:2003
*
ИСО 13850:1996
*
*Соответствующий национальный стандарт отсутствует. До его утверждения рекомендуется использовать перевод на русский язык данного международного стандарта. Перевод данного международного стандарта находится в Федеральном информационном фонде технических регламентов и стандартов
<2>Библиография
[1] МЭК 60038:2002
Стандартные напряжения
[2] МЭК 60204-11:2000
Безопасность машин. Электрическое оборудование машин. Часть 11. Требования к высоковольтному оборудованию на напряжения свыше 1000 В переменного тока или 1500 В постоянного тока, но не свыше 36 кВ
[3] МЭК 60204-31:1996
Электрооборудование промышленных машин. Частные требования к швейным машинам, установкам и системам
[4] МЭК 60204-32:1998
Безопасность оборудования. Электрооборудование промышленных машин. Часть 32. Требования к грузоподъемным машинам
[5] МЭК 61000-6-1:1997
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 1. Устойчивость к электромагнитным помехам в жилой, коммерческой и среде легкой индустрии
[6] МЭК 61000-6-2:2005
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6-2. Общие требования. Устойчивость к электромагнитным помехам в промышленных зонах
[7] СИСПР 61000-6-3:1996
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 3. Нормы эмиссии для жилых, коммерческих и среды легкой индустрии
[8] МЭК 61000-6-4:1997
Совместимость технических средств электромагнитная. Часть 6. Общие требования. Секция 4. Эмиссия помех в промышленных зонах
[9] МЭК 61000-5-2:1997
Электромагнитная совместимость. Часть 5. Монтаж и снижение помех в проводке. Раздел 2. Заземление и скрутка
[10] МЭК 61496-1:2004
Безопасность машин. Электрочувствительное защитное оборудование. Часть 1. Общие требования и испытания
[11] МЭК 61800-3:2004
Электроприводы регулируемые. Часть 3. Требования по электромагнитной совместимости и методы испытаний
[12] МЭК 60947-5-2:1997
Аппараты коммутационные и управления низковольтные. Часть 5-2. Устройства управления и переключатели. Выключатели конечные Дополнение 1 (1999) Дополнение 2 (2003)
[13] ИСО 14118:2000
Безопасность машин. Предотвращение непредусмотренного пуска
[14] ИСО 13851:2002
Безопасность машин. Средства управления обоими руками. Функциональные аспекты и принципы проектирования
[15] ИСО 14122 серия
Безопасность машин. Средства постоянного доступа к машине
[16]СЕНЕЛЕК НD 516 S2
Руководство по применению гармонизированных кабелей
[17] МЭК 60287 (все части)
Кабели. Расчет номинальных токов нагрузок в условиях установившегося режима
[18] МЭК 60757:1983
Коды для обозначения цветов
[19] МЭК 60332 (все части)
Испытания на огнестойкость электрических и оптических кабелей
[20] МЭК 61084-1: 1991
Кабельные проводящие и канализирующие системы для электрического монтажа. Часть 1. Основные требования
[21] МЭК 60364 (все части)
Электроустановки зданий
[22] МЭК 61557 (все части)
Безопасность в низковольтных системах электроснабжения напряжением до 1000 В переменного тока и до 1500 В постоянного тока. Оборудование для проведения испытаний, измерений и контроля исполнения защитных функций
[23] МЭК 60228:2004
Жилы токопроводящие изолированных кабелей
[24] МЭК 61200-53:1994
Устройства электрические. Часть 53. Выбор и монтаж электрооборудования. Аппаратура коммутационная и управления
[25] МЭК 61180-2:1994
Техника для проведения высоковольтных испытаний низковольтного электрооборудования. Часть 2. Испытательное оборудование
[26] МЭК 60335 (все части)
Бытовое и аналогичное ему применение электричества. Безопасность
[27] МЭК 60269-1:1998
Предохранители низковольтные. Часть 1. Общие требования
[28] ИСО 14121:1999
Безопасность машин. Принципы оценки риска
[29] ИСО 14119:1998
Безопасность машин. Блокировочные устройства для ограждений. Принципы конструкции и выбора
<2>
Источник: ГОСТ Р МЭК 60204-1-2007: Безопасность машин. Электрооборудование машин и механизмов. Часть 1. Общие требования оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > IV)
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