wsd+td

ταχέως adv. of ταχύς, positive (Hom.+; pap, LXX; En 98:16; TestSol 6:5 D; TestAbr.; JosAs cod. A 16, 2 and ch. 19 [p. 63, 5; 69, 6 Bat.]; ApcMos 21).—Comp. τάχιον ([ταχεῖον Sod. and Vog.; τάχειον t.r. Hippocr., Mul. Morb. 1, 2; Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 98; Diod S 13, 106, 1; oft. in colloq. speech in general, incl. ViHab 8 [p. 86, 11 Sch.]; Jos., Bell. 5, 537, Ant 2, 142 al.; ins, pap; Wsd 13:9; 1 Macc 2:40; TestIss 6:3. This form was rejected by the Atticists; the Attic form θᾶττον [also 2 Macc; AssMos Fgm. f; Philo, Aet. M. 30; Jos., Ant. 12, 143—WSchmidt 505], which replaced the Homeric θᾶσσον, is found in our lit. only 1 Cl 65:1a; MPol 13:1.—B-D-F §61, 1; 244, 1; W-S. §11, 3; Mlt-H. 164).—Superl. τάχιστα only once (Ac 17:15 s. 1c below), in an expr. taken fr. the literary lang. (B-D-F §60, 2; 244, 1; 453, 4; Rob. 488; 669.—Alcaeus 70, 15 D.²; Menand., Per. 537 S. [287]; Arrian., Anab. 6, 2, 2; Ael. Aristid. 24, 26 K.=44 p. 833 D.; SIG 1168, 4 [IV B.C.]; PSI 360, 12 [252/251 B.C.]; 792, 10; 3 Macc 1:8; TestSol 6:3 D; Jos., Vi. 16). In some instances there may be semantic overlap between mngs. 1 and 2.

① pert. to a very brief extent of time, with focus on speed of action

ⓐ positive

α. in a favorable sense quickly, at once, without delay, soon (Diod S 13, 106, 4; 17, 4, 6; En 98:16; EpArist 291; Jos., Bell. 7, 31; Ant.9, 51) Lk 14:21; 15:22 D; 16:6; J 11:31; B 3:4; AcPl Ha 3, 4; οὓτως ταχέως AcPlCor 2:2 (cp. Gal 1:6 under β).

β. in a remonstrative sense too quickly, too easily, hastily (Pr 25:8; Wsd 14:28; SibOr Fgm. 1, 2) Gal 1:6 (cp. AcPlCor 2:2 under α); 2 Th 2:2; 1 Ti 5:22; Pol 6:1.

ⓑ comp.

α. more quickly, faster Hb 13:19. τάχ. τοῦ Πέτρου faster than Peter J 20:4. The comparison is supplied fr. the context, more quickly (than the others), be the first to … MPol 13:2. θᾶττον ἤ more quickly than 13:1. As quickly, as soon as possible (TestIss 6:3; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 1, 14) 1 Cl 65:1a (θᾶττον) and b (τάχιον). All the more quickly MPol 3:1.

β. without any suggestion of comparison quickly, soon, without delay (PGM 4, 1467 θᾶττον; Jos., Vi. 310 θᾶσσον) J 13:27; difft. Mussies 128: ‘very quickly’; Hm 10, 1, 6.

ⓒ superl. ὡς τάχιστα as soon as possible Ac 17:15.

② pert. to a future point of time that is subsequent to another point of time, with focus on brevity of interval rather than on speed of activity, soon

ⓐ positive 1 Cor 4:19; Phil 2:19 (τ. πέμπ. as Plut., Mor. 612e), 24; 2 Ti 4:9.

ⓑ comp. τάχιον without any suggestion of comparison 1 Ti 3:14 v.l.; Hb 13:23.—DELG s.v. ταχύς. M-M.

φθαρτός, ή, όν (φθείρω) subject to decay/destruction, perishable (Aristot., Anal. 2, 22; Diod S 1, 6, 3 [γεννητὸς καὶ φθαρτός in contrast to ἀγέννητος and ἄφθαρτος; so also Just. D. 5, 4]; Plut., Mor. 106d; 717e; Sext. Emp., Math. 9, 141; TestAbr A 4 p. 81, 18 [Stone p. 10]; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 3, Cher. 5; 48 χρυσὸς καὶ ἄργυρος, οὐσίαι φθαρταί; 2 Macc 7:16; apolog. exc. Tat.) of pers. mortal ἄνθρωπος (Ps.-Callisth. 2, 22, 12; Philo, Somn. 1, 172) Ro 1:23; Hs 9, 23, 4. Of things στέφανος 1 Cor 9:25. σπορά 1 Pt 1:23. τὰ ἐνθάδε 2 Cl 6:6. ἀγῶνες perishable contests, i.e. contests for a perishable prize 7:1, 4. τὸ κατοικητήριον τῆς καρδίας φθαρτὸν καὶ ἀσθενές B 16:7. ὕλη (Wsd 9:15 σῶμα) Dg 2:3. σάρξ Hs 5, 7, 2 (Philo, Congr. Erud. Grat. 112).—Subst. οἱ φ. the perishable of humanity Dg 9:2. τὸ φ. (Wsd 14:8; Philo, Op. M. 82) τὸ φθαρτὸν τοῦτο this perishable (nature) 1 Cor 15:53f. τὰ φθ. perishable things (Test Benj 6:2; Philo, Ebr. 209 [opp. τὰ ἄφθαρτα]; Just., A II, 7, 9; Ath. 15, 3) 1 Pt 1:18; B 19:8; Dg 6:8.—DELG s.v. φθείρω. TW.

φυλακίζω (cp. φυλακή; Wsd 18:4; TestJos 2:3; Ar. [JTS 25, 1924, p. 74 ln. 23]; Achmes 84, 3; 87, 12) aor. pass inf. φυλακισθῆναι Wsd 18:4, ptc. pl. φυλακισθέντας (Ar.) take into custody, imprison Ac 22:19; 1 Cl 45:4. S. φυλακή 3.—DELG s.v. φύλαξ.

φυλάσσω (-ττ-Ar. [Milne 76, 32]; s. Gignac I 152f) fut. φυλάξω; 1 aor. ἐφύλαξα; pf. πεφύλαχα. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 pl. φυλαχθήσονται (TestSol 13:8 C; JosAs 15:6); 1 aor. ἐφυλάχθην; pf. 3 sg. πεφύλακται Ezk 18:9, ptc. πεφύλαγμένος LXX (also PsSol 6:2; Just., D. 102, 4) (Hom.+).

① to carry out sentinel functions, watch, guard, act.

ⓐ φυλάσσειν φυλακάς Lk 2:8 (s. also 2 below; φυλακή 1). φυλάσσειν κατὰ φρουράν GPt 9:35 (φρουρά 1).

ⓑ τινά guard someone to prevent the pers. fr. escaping (Plut., Mor. 181a) Mk 15:25 D; Ac 12:4; 28:16. Pass. Lk 8:29; Ac 23:35.

ⓒ abs. stand guard (Hom. et al.) GPt 8:33.

② to protect by taking careful measures, guard, protect, act.

ⓐ φυλάσσειν φυλακάς Lk 2:8 (s. also 1a above).

ⓑ w. acc. someone or someth. τινά someone (ChronLind D, 47 τούς ἀνθρώπους τούτους θεοὶ φυλάσσουσι; Ex 23:20; Pr 13:6; ParJer 6:10; ApcSed 7:11; ApcMos 7) J 17:12 (w. τηρέω as Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 150); 2 Pt 2:5. Of Joseph (in the sense of Mt 1:25) GJs 13:1; 14:2. τὶ someth. (Gen 3:24; TestJob 9:3 οἶκον; ParJer 3:11 τὰ σκεύη τῆς λειτουργίας ApcMos 28) αὐλήν Lk 11:21. τὸν πύργον (EpArist 102) Hs 9, 5, 1. πάντα τὰ στοιχεῖα Dg 7:2a. Clothes, to prevent them fr. being stolen Ac 22:20. τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ (εἰς ζωὴν αἰώνιον) φυλάσσειν preserve his life (for eternal life; cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 199 ἔλαιον φ. εἰς τ. λύχνους) J 12:25. τὴν παραθήκην what has been entrusted so that it is not lost or damaged 1 Ti 6:20; 2 Ti 1:14; foll. by an indication of time (Aelian, VH 9, 21 ὦ Ζεῦ, ἐς τίνα με καιρὸν φυλάττεις;) εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν vs. 12. Cp. B 19:11; D 4:13. ἀκακίαν 1 Cl 14:5 (Ps 36:37). θνητὴν ἐπίνοιαν Dg 7:1. τὴν ἁγνείαν Hm 4, 1, 1. τὴν πίστιν κτλ. 6, 1, 1. ὡς ναὸν θεοῦ φυλάσσειν τὴν σάρκα 2 Cl 9:3. τινά w. a predicate acc. (Wsd 14:24) φυλάξαι ὑμᾶς ἀπταίστους Jd 24. τινὰ ἀπό τινος (X., Cyr. 1, 4, 7; Menand., Sam. 302f S. [87f Kö.]) 2 Th 3:3 (PGM 4, 2699 φύλαξόν με ἀπὸ παντὸς δαίμονος; 36, 177 ἀπὸ παντὸς πράγματος; Sir 22:26; Ps 140:9). ἑαυτὸν ἀπό τινος (Horapollo 2, 94; Herm. Wr. p. 434, 13 Sc.; TestReub 4:8; JosAs 7:6) 1J 5:21. Of a cultic image χρῄζων ἀνθρώπου τοῦ φυλάξαντος ἵνα μὴ κλαπῇ needing a person to guard (it) so that it may not be stolen Dg 2:2.

③ to be on one’s guard against, look out for, avoid mid. (Hom. et al.; LXX. Test12Patr; ParJer 2:5; Just.) w. acc. of pers. or thing avoided τινά (Aeschyl., Prom. 717; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 25 §96 τὸν Πομπήιον; 5, 8 §32: Ps.-Liban., Charact. Ep. p. 30, 12; Just., D. 82, 1) 2 Ti 4:15; IEph 7:1; ITr 7:1. τὶ (Hdt., Aristot. et al.; Jos., Bell. 4, 572) Ac 21:25; ITr 2:3. Also ἀπό τινος (PLond IV, 1349, 35; Dt 23:10; TestSim 4:5; 5:3) Lk 12:15; Hm 5, 1, 7; Hs 5, 3, 6. Foll. by ἵνα μή (B-D-F §392, 1b; cp. Gen 31:29; Just., A I, 14, 1 μή) 2 Pt 3:17.

④ to hold in reserve, keep, reserve pass. (Diod S 1, 8, 7) τί τινι someth. for someone Dg 10:7.

⑤ to continue to keep a law or commandment from being broken

ⓐ act. observe, follow (νόμον Soph., Trach. 616; Dio Chrys. 58 [75], 1; νόμους X., Hell. 1, 7, 29; Pla., Rep. 6, 484b, Pol. 292a. Cp. Aristoxenus, Fgm. 18 p. 13, 31 τὰ ἤθη καὶ τὰ μαθήματα; OGI 669, 28; PTebt 407, 9; POxy 905, 9; PFay 124, 13; Wsd 6:4; Sir 21:11; 4 Macc 5:29; 15:10; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 60; TestJud 26:1; TestIss 5:1; Just., D. 11, 2 al.; Ath., R. 20 p. 73, 25) τὶ someth. Mt 19:20; Lk 18:21; 1 Ti 5:21; Hm 1:2a; 3:5ab; 4, 4, 3; 8:9; Hs 5, 3, 4. τὸν νόμον (ViEzk 17 [p. 76, 5 Sch.]; Just., D. 10, 4; Lucian, Jud. 5) Ac 7:53; 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὴν ἐντολήν Hm 1:2b; 2:7; 8:12a. τὰς ἐντολάς (Jos., Ant. 6, 336; TestZeb 5:1; TestBenj 10:3, 5; ApcEsdr 5:19; ApcMos 10; Ar. 15:3; Just., D. 46, 4) 2 Cl 8:4; B 4:11; Hv 5, 5, 7; m 2:7; 4, 2, 4ab; 4, 4, 4ab; 5, 2, 8; 12, 5, 1; Hs 5, 3, 2f al. Pass. Hm 12, 3, 4f; Hs 1:7. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ νόμου the requirements of the law Ro 2:26 (ParJer 6:23 τὰ δικαιώματά μου). τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 11:28. τὰ ῥήματα (i.e. of Christ) J 12:47 (cp. ApcMos 3 τὸ ῥῆμα). τὰ δόγματα Ac 16:4. φυλ. τὸ σάββατον keep the Sabbath B 15:2 (cp. Ex 31:16). τὴν Ἰουδαίων δεισιδαιμονίαν φυλ. practice Judean fanaticism/superstition Dg 1. τά μέτρα τῶν τῆς ἡμέρας δρόμων φυλ. 7:2b (μέτρον 2a).

ⓑ OT infl. is prob. felt in the use of the mid. for the act. (s. B-D-F §316, 1) in sense a: keep, observe, follow (Lev 20:22; 26:3; Ps 118:5 al. But as early as Hesiod, Op. 263 ταῦτα φυλασσόμενοι=if you observe this; 765; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 56 Harder φυλάττεσθαι τὸ … γίνεσθαι) ταῦτα πάντα Mt 19:20 v.l.; Mk 10:20; Lk 18:21 v.l.

⑥ to store up, lay up for oneself, mid. (=‘look out for oneself’) PtK 2 p. 15, 2.—B. 752. DELG s.v. φύλαξ. M-M. TW.

χράομαι (χρή) mid. dep. pres. 2 sg. χρᾶσαι (B-D-F §87), ind. and subj. 3 sg. χρῆται IRo 9:1; 1 Ti 1:8 (B-D-F §88); impf. ἐχρώμην; fut. χρήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἐχρησάμην; pf. κέχρημαι (Mlt-H. 200) (Hom.+) ‘use’, a common multivalent term.

① make use of, employ

ⓐ w. dat. τινί someth. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 102 §427f θαλάσσῃ; Wsd 2:6; 13:18; 4 Macc 9:2; GrBar 6:12; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 5 Jac.; Philo, Aet. M. 70; 71; Jos., Bell. 3, 341; Just., A I, 14, 2, D. 57, 2; Tat. 12, 5.—B-D-F §193, 5; Rob. 532f) βοηθείαις ἐχρῶντο Ac 27:17 (s. βοήθεια 2).—1 Cor 7:31 v.l.; 9:12, 15; 1 Ti 5:23 (οἶνος 1); 2 Cl 6:5; Dg 6:5; 12:3 (ᾗ μὴ καθαρῶς χρησάμενοι not using it in purity); ITr 6:1; IPhld 4; Hs 9, 16, 4 (of the use of a seal as PHib 72, 16 [III B.C.]). διαλέκτῳ use a language Dg 5:2. Of law (Trag., Hdt. et al.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 125) τοῖς νόμοις live in accordance with the laws (Jos., Ant. 16, 27; Ath. 1, 1) Hs 1:3f; cp. 6. ἐάν τις αὐτῷ (=τῷ νόμῳ) νομίμως χρῆται 1 Ti 1:8. προφήταις χρῆσθαι appeal to the prophets AcPlCor 1:10. A dat. is to be supplied w. μᾶλλον χρῆσαι make the most of, take advantage of 1 Cor 7:21, either τῇ δουλείᾳ (so the Peshitta, Chrysostom, Theodoret, and many modern interpreters and translators, among the latter, 20th Century, Goodsp., NRSV; s. also HBellen, Ac 6, ’63, 177–80) or τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ (so Erasmus, Luther, Calvin, FGodet, Lghtf., Zahn, Moffatt, RSV, NRSV mg., REB); s. μᾶλλον 2a.—If μ. χ. is construed without an implied dat., the phrase can be understood in the sense be all the more useful, work all the harder (cp. Vi. Aesopi G 17 P. on the theme of dedication to a task) i.e. as a freedperson be as industrious as a slave. (On this subj.: TZahn, Sklaverei u. Christentum in d. alten Welt [1879]: Skizzen aus dem Leben d. alten Kirche² 1898, 116–59; EvDobschütz, Sklaverei u. Christent.: RE³ XVIII 423–33; XXIV 521; JvWalter, Die Sklaverei im NT 1914; FKiefl, Die Theorien des modernen Sozialismus über den Ursprung d. Christentums, Zugleich ein Komm. zu 1 Cor 7:21, 1915, esp. p. 56–109; JWeiss, Das Urchristentum 1917, 456–60; ASteinmann, Zur Geschichte der Auslegung v. 1 Cor 7:21: ThRev 16, 1918, 341–48; AJuncker, D. Ethik des Ap. Pls II 1919, 175–81; JKoopmans, De Servitute Antiqua et Rel. Christ., diss. Amsterdam 1920, 119ff; ELohmeyer, Soz. Fragen im Urchrist. 1921; FGrosheide, Exegetica [1 Cor 7:21]: GereformTT 24, 1924, 298–302; HGreeven [s.v. πλοῦτος 1]; MEnslin, The Ethics of Paul 1930, 205–10; WWestermann, Enslaved Persons Who Are Free, AJP 59, ’38, 1–30; HGülzow, Christent. u. Sklaverei [to 300 A.D.], ’69, 177–81; SBartchy, MALLON CHRESAI, ’73=SBLDS 11, ’85; TWiedmann, Greek and Roman Slavery ’81; COsiek, Slavery in the Second Testament World: BTB 22, ’92, 174–79 [lit.]; JHarril, The Manumission of Slaves in Early Christianity ’95, esp. 68–128. On slavery in antiquity gener.: WWestermann, Pauly-W. Suppl. VI ’35, 894–1068, The Slave Systems of Gk. and Rom. Antiquity, ’55; WKristensen, De antieke opvatting van dienstbaarheid ’34; MPohlenz, D. hellen. Mensch ’47, 387–96; Kl. Pauly V 230–34; BHHW III 1814f; MFinley, Slavery in Classical Antiquity ’60; KBradley, The Problem of Slavery in Classical Culture: ClPh 92, ’97, 273–82 [lit.]; PGarnsey, Ideas of Slavery from Aristotle to Augustine ’96.) τινὶ εἴς τι use someth. for someth. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 33, 14; Simplicius In Epict. p. 27, 52 Düb.; cp. Tat. 17, 4 πρὸς τὸ κακοποιεῖν) Hv 3, 2, 8. σὺ αὐτὸς χρᾶσαι ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν λίθων you yourself function as one from these same stones 3, 6, 7 (s. app. in Whittaker and Joly; for lit. s. Leutzsch, Hermas 418 n. 355).—W. a double dat. (Trag. et al.) σχοινίῳ χρώμενοι τῷ πνεύματι using as a rope the Holy Spirit IEph 9:1. W. double dat. of pers. (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 227; Just., D. 7, 1; Tat. 36, 1; Ath. 32, 1) of the Syrian ἐκκλησία, which ποιμένι τῷ θεῷ χρῆται resorts to God as shepherd IRo 9:1.

ⓑ w. acc. (X., Ages. 11, 11; Ps.-Aristot., Oecon. 2, 22, 1350a, 7 χρ. τὰ τέλη εἰς διοίκησιν τῆς πόλεως; Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 162 D.; SIG 1170, 27 ἄνηθον μετʼ ἐλαίου χρ.; PTebt 273, 28 ὕδωρ χρ.; Wsd 7:14 v.l.; 2 Macc 4:19.—B-D-F §152, 4; Rob. 476) τὸν κόσμον 1 Cor 7:31 (cp. Simplicius In Epict. p. 29, 30 Düb. τὸ τοῖς μὴ ἐφʼ ἡμῖν ὡς ἐφʼ ἡμῖν οὖσι κεχρῆσθαι=to use that which is not in our power as if it were in our power; s. also MDibelius, Urchristentum u. Kultur 1928).

② act, proceed (Hdt. et al.; POxy 474, 38 et al.) w. dat. of characteristic shown (Aelian, VH 2, 15; Jos., Ant. 10, 25; Just., D. 79, 2; Tat. 40, 1; Mel., HE 4, 26, 13) τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ 2 Cor 1:17. πολλῇ παρρησίᾳ 3:12. ὑποταγῇ 1 Cl 37:5.—W. adv. (PMagd 6, 12 [III B.C.] et al.) ἀποτόμως 2 Cor 13:10.

③ treat a person in a certain way, w. dat. of pers. and an adv. (X., Mem. 1, 2, 48 φίλοις καλῶς χρ.; OGI 51, 8 [III B.C.] τοῖς τεχνίταις φιλανθρώπως χρῆται; PPetr III, 115, 8 [III B.C.] πικρῶς σοι ἐχρήσατο; POxy 745, 6; Esth 2:9; TestJob 20:3 ὡς ἐβούλετο; Jos., Ant. 2, 315, C. Ap. 1, 153 φιλανθρώπως; Just., A I, 27, 1 αἰσχρῶς) φιλανθρώπως ὁ Ἱούλιος τῷ Παύλῳ χρησάμενος; cp. Hs 5, 2, 10.—DELG s.v. χράομαι p. 1274. M-M. EDNT.

ἀγαθότης, ητος, ἡ goodness (s. prec. ἀγαθ- entries; Philo, Leg. All. 1, 59 ἡ γενικωτάτη ἀρετή, ἥν τινες ἀγαθότητα καλοῦσιν; Albinus, Didasc, 10 p. 165, 8) of God (Sallust. 3 p. 4, 4; 7 p. 14, 1 al.; Themist., Or. 1, p. 8, 28 D; Procl. on Pla., Rep. I p. 27, 10; 28, 4 al. WKroll; Simplicius in Epict. p. 12, 7; Cat. Cod. Astr. VIII/2 p. 156, 16; Sb 2034, 7; Wsd 7:26; 12:22; TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 29 [Stone p. 36]; ParJer 6:13; ApcEsdr 5, 18; Philo, Deus Imm. 73 al.) and of humans (Wsd 1:1; Sir 45:23; TestAsh 3:1; TestBenj 8:1), as 2 Cl 13:4; Hm 8:10 v.l.

ἀγανακτέω (Aristoph. Vesp. 287+; Thu. 8, 43, 4; ins, pap; LXX, ApcrEzk [Epiph. 70, 70]) fut. 3 sg. ἀγανακτήσει Wsd 5:22; 1 aor. ἠγανάκτησα (s. ἀγανάκτησις) be indignant against what is assumed to be wrong, be aroused, indignant, angry (Bel 28 Theod.; Jos., Ant. 2, 284) Mt 21:15; 26:8; Mk 10:14; 2 Cl 19:2; Ox 1224 Fgm. 2, II, 3. W. the pers. mentioned ἀ. περί τινος at someone Mt 20:24; Mk 10:41 (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 349d; Jos., Ant. 14, 182; B-D-F §229, 2). ἀ. ἐπί τινι (Lysias 1, 1; Isocr. 16, 49; PLond I, 44, 20 p. 34 [II B.C.]=UPZ 8, 20 ἀγανακτοῦντα ἐφʼ οἷς διετελοῦντο ἐν τοιούτῳ ἱερῷ; Wsd 12:27) at someone GPt 4:14; at someth. (Diod S 4, 63, 3 ἐπὶ τῷ γεγονότι; Appian, Macedon. 1, 3) 1 Cl 56:2; Mk 14:4 ἦσαν δέ τινες ἀγανακτοῦντες πρὸς ἑαυτούς is difficult; perh. some expressed their displeasure to each other (but elsewh. πρός introduces the one against whom the displeasure is directed: Dio Chrys. 13 [7], 43 ὁ ἄρχων ἠγανάκτησε πρός με; Socrat., Ep. 6, 7.—D reads οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ διεπονοῦντο καὶ ἔλεγον). A reason for displeasure is added w. ὅτι (Herodian 3, 2, 3) Lk 13:14.—DELG. M-M. Spicq.

ἀλαζονεία, ας, ἡ (also -ία; s. ἀλαζών; Aristoph., Pla.+; Wsd 5:8; 4 Macc 1:26; 2:15; 8:19; TestJos 17:8; TestJob 21:3; JosAs 4:16; Philo, Virt. 162ff; Jos., Ant. 6, 179; 14, 111; Tat.; pap [PLond 1927 (IV A.D.) Christ., 32]; on the spelling s. Kühner-Bl. II p. 275; Rob. 196f; for def. s. Theophr., Char. 23; Pla., Def. 416) pretension, arrogance in word and deed καυχᾶσθαι ἐν ταῖς ἀλαζονείαις boast in arrogance, make arrogant boasts Js 4:16. ἐγκαυχᾶσθαι ἐν ἀ. τοῦ λόγου boast w. arrogant words 1 Cl 21:5. ἀποτίθεσθαι ἀ. (w. τύφος [as Ep. 3 of Apollonius of Tyana: Philostrat. I 345, 22 K.], ἀφροσύνη, ὀργαί) 13:1; (w. ἀκαταστασία) 14:1; (w. ὑπερηφανία) 16:2. W. other vices 35:5; Hm 6, 2, 5; 8:5; D 5:1. Of Judean pride Dg 4:1, 6. ἡ ἀ. τοῦ βίου pride in one’s possessions 1J 2:16 (cp. X., Hell. 7, 1, 38; Polyb. 6, 57, 6 ἀ. περὶ τοὺς βίους; Wsd 5:8).—PJoüon, RSR 28, ’38, 311–14.—DELG s.v. ἀλαζών. M-M. TW. Spicq.

ἀλλαγή, ῆς, ἡ (Aeschyl. et al.; pap; Wsd 7:18; Just., A I, 23, 2; Ath. 22, 3; Theoph. Ant. 1, 6 [p. 70, 1]; DELG I 64 s.v. ἄλλος) a change τὰς τῶν καιρῶν ἀλλαγὰς καταδιαιρεῖν make a distinction betw. the changes of the seasons Dg 4:5 (cp. Wsd 7:18; SibOr 2, 257).

ἀνόμοιος, ον (s. ὅμοιος; Pind., Pla. et al.; POxy 237 VI, 29; Wsd 2:15; Philo; Tat. 12:3; Ath. 8:1) unlike w. dat. (Pla., Gorg. 513b; Wsd) of a star πόθεν ἡ καινότης ἡ ἀ. αὐτοῖς whence the new thing, unlike them (the other stars), might come IEph 19:2.—DELG s.v. ὁμός.

ἀντοφθαλμέω 1 aor. inf. ἀντοφθαλμῆσαι Wsd 12:14 (s. ὀφθαλμός; oft. in Polyb., w. whom it is a characteristic word, in var. mngs.; also UPZ 110, 43 [II B.C.]) the term suggests an eye that is focused directly on someth. look directly at, of the sun εἰς τὰς ἀκτῖνας αὐτοῦ B 5:10 (cp. Antig. Car. 46; GrBar 7:4). τινί look someone in the face: τῷ ἐργοπαρέκτῃ his employer 1 Cl 34:1. ἀ. τῇ ἀληθείᾳ look the truth in the face honestly or defiantly (Περὶ ὕψους 34, 4 α. τοῖς ἐκείνου πάθεσιν=the passions of that person; Wsd 12:14) Ac 6:10 D. Metaph. of a ship τοῦ πλοίου μὴ δυναμένοι ἀ. τῷ ἀνέμῳ since the ship was not able to face the wind, i.e. with its bow headed against the force of the waves Ac 27:15 (s. Breusing 167f; CVoigt, Hansa 53, 1916, 728).—DELG s.v. ὄπωπα. M-M.

ἀξίως adv. fr. ἄξιος (Soph., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; ApcEsdr 2:20 p. 26, 12 Tdf.; EpArist 32:39; Just.; Tat. 7, 2) worthily, in a manner worthy of, suitably w. gen. in ref. to a deity or person τοῦ θεοῦ (Hyperid. 3:25 τῆς θεοῦ; Just., A I, 15, 5, D. 58, 2) 1 Th 2:12; 3J 6; cp. Pol 5:2; 1 Cl 21:1. τοῦ κυρίου Col 1:10 (on these formulas, which have many counterparts in ins relating to publicspirited pers., s. Dssm. NB 75f [BS 248f]; Nägeli 54; Thieme 21; their use in connection with ordinary Christians suggests an extraordinary status in the new order). τῶν ἁγίων Ro 16:2. ὑπηρετῶν Dg 11:1. W. gen. of thing (Diod S 1, 51, 7 τῆς ἀληθείας ἀ.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 36 §146 ἀ. τῆς ἀνάγκης=in a manner corresponding to the necessity; Wsd 7:15) τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Phil 1:27. τῆς κλήσεως Eph 4:1. τῆς ἐντολῆς Pol 5:1. Without such a gen. ἀγαπᾶν τινα ἀ. love someone in a suitable manner (=‘as the pers. deserves’; cp. Thu. 3, 40, 8 κολάσατε ἀξίως τούτους. Wsd 16:1; Sir 14:11; Tat. 7, 2) MPol 17:3.—M-M. s.v. ἄξιος.

ἀπαιτέω 1 aor. pass. ptc. ἀπαιτηθείς Wsd 15:8; fut. 2 sg. pass. ἀπαιτηθήσῃ Is 30:33; inf. ἀπαιτηθήσεσθαι (Just., A I, 17, 4) and ἀπαιτήσεσθαι (Ath. 36, 1) (s. αἰτέω; Trag., Hdt.+)

① to demand someth. back or as due, ask for, demand of a loan (as in ‘payment on demand’= dun) or stolen property (Theophr., Char. 10, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 83, 1; 2; SIG 955, 18; pap, e.g., BGU 183, 8; PYadin 17, 9 al.; Poxy 3058, 13 [II A.D.]; Sir 20:15; Philo, De Jos. 227; Just., D. 125, 2 τὰ ἴδια παρὰ πάντων) τὶ ἀπό τινος Lk 6:30. W. obj. supplied from the context ἀπό τινος Hs 8, 1, 5; cp. D 1:4. Abs. 1:5. Using the image of life as a loan (Cicero, De Rep. 1, 3, 4; cp. Epict. 4, 1, 172; Wsd 15:8; other reff. Horst, Ps.-Phocyl., p. 190) τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπαιτοῦσιν ἀπὸ σοῦ they are demanding your soul fr. you, i.e. your soul will be demanded of you Lk 12:20 (v.l. αἰτοῦσιυ).

② gener. to ask for with a note of urgency, demand, desire (Diod S 16, 56, 3; Dio Chrys. 31, 3; Jos., Ant. 12, 181; PBerl 11662, 26 [I A.D.]=Olsson 34, p. 100: ὁ τόπος ἀπαιτεῖ=the place demands) ὁ καιρὸς ἀπαιτεῖ σε the time demands you, i.e. a person like you IPol 2:3 (Procop. Soph., Ep. 54 καιρὸς γράμματα ἀπαιτῶν=time that demands a letter). 1 Pt 3:15 v.l.—DELG s.v. αἰτέω. M-M. TW.

ἀπαύγασμα, ατος, τό (s. αὐγάζω; Heliod. 5, 27, 4 φωτὸς ἀ.; TestAbr A 16 p. 97, 17 [Stone p. 42]; Philo; Wsd 7:26; Tat. 15, 3 τῆς … ὕλης καὶ πονηρίας [of hostile spirits]; Plut. has ἀπαυγασμός Mor. 83d and 934d; PGM 4, 1130 καταύγασμα) act. radiance, effulgence, in the sense of brightness from a source; pass., reflection, i.e. brightness shining back. The mng. cannot always be determined w. certainty. The pass. is prob. to be preferred in Plut. The act. seems preferable for Wsd and Philo (Op. Mundi 146, Spec. Leg. 4, 123, Plant. 50), corresp. to Hesychius: ἀ.=ἡλίου φέγγος. Philo uses the word of the relation of the Logos to God. Christ is described as ἀ. τῆς δόξης radiance of his glory Hb 1:3 (the act. mng. in the Gk. fathers Orig.; Gregory of Nyssa; Theodoret; Chrysostom: φῶς ἐκ φωτός. Likew. Theodore of Mopsu.; Severian of Gabala; Gennadius of Constantinople: KStaab, Pauluskommentare ’33, 201; 346; 421). For this ἀ. τῆς μεγαλωσύνης 1 Cl 36:2.—FDölger, Ac I 1929, 269ff. DELG s.v. αὐγή.

ἀργός, ή, όν (contr. fr. ἄεργος ‘without performance’, s. ἔργον; Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; Herm. Wr. 11, 5; ins, pap, LXX; Philo; Joseph.; on the number of endings s. Nägeli 31; B-D-F §69, 1).

① pert. to being without anything to do, unemployed, idle (BGU 1078, 6ff [39 A.D.] οὐ γὰρ ἀργὸν δεῖ με καθῆσθαι). Of unemployed in the marketplace Mt 20:3, 6 (Aesop, Fab. 81 H.=291 P.=Babr. 20, 3 ἀργὸς εἱστήκει=stood idle). Of unoccupied widows 1 Ti 5:13 (twice). μὴ ἀ. μεθʼ ὑμῶν ζήσεται Χριστιανός D 12:4.

② pert. to being unwilling to work, idle, lazy (Sir 37:11) ἀ. πρὸς τ. ἔντευξιν neglectful of, careless in prayer Hs 5, 4, 3f (ἀ. πρός τι as Vi. Aesopi I c. 15 p. 268, 2 Eberh.; Wsd 15:15). ἐπὶ πᾶν ἔργον ἀγαθόν for every good work 1 Cl 34:4 (w. παρειμένος). ὄρνεα ἀ. καθήμενα B 10:4. Of Cretans γαστέρες ἀργαί lazy gluttons Tit 1:12 (fr. Epimenides? cp. Vorsokr.⁵ 3 Fgm. B 1. f [=4th ed. II 188]; Plut., Mor. 1108c. See MDibelius, Hdb. ad loc.—With this unfavorable description of persons cp. Diod S 19, 41, 1 ὦ κακαὶ κεφαλαί).

③ pert. to being unproductive, useless, worthless (SIG 884, 23f; PAmh 97, 9f; Wsd 14:5; 15:15; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 86; 88; Jos., Ant. 12, 378) ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τ. ἔργων ἀ. ἐστιν faith without deeds is useless Js 2:20 (νεκρά v.l. and κενή P⁷⁴); ἀ. εἰς τ. Χριστοῦ ἐπίγνωσιν (w. ἀκαρπος) 2 Pt 1:8 (cp. OdeSol 11:23); ῥῆμα ἀ. a careless utterance which, because of its worthlessness, had better been left unspoken (Pythagoras in Stob., Flor. III 34, 11 p. 684 W. αἱρετώτερόν σοι ἔστω λίθον εἰκῆ βαλεῖν ἢ λόγον ἀργόν; cp. Jos., Ant. 15, 224) Mt 12:36 (EbNestle, Philologica Sacra, 1896, 58f; Jülicher, Gleichn. 126; JViteau, La Vie spirituelle ’31, 16–28: abuse, slander; EStauffer, Von jedem unnützen Wort: EFascher Festschr., ’58, 94–102).—B. 315. DELG s.v. ἔργον. M-M. TW. Spicq.

ἀρνέομαι fut. ἀρνήσομαι; 1 aor. ἠρνησάμην (B-D-F §78; BGU 195, 22); pf. ἤρνημαι; mid.-pass. aor. inf. ἀρνηθῆναι (Just., D. 69, 4) (Hom.+).

① to refuse consent to someth., refuse, disdain (Hes., Works 408; Appian, Syr. 5 §19; Artem. 1, 78 p. 72, 26; 5, 9; Diog. L. 2, 115; 6, 36; Jos., Ant. 4, 86; 5, 236, Vi. 222) w. inf. foll. (Hdt. 6, 13, 2; Wsd 12:27; 17:9) ἠρνήσατο λέγεσθαι υἱός he refused to be known as the son Hb 11:24 (JFeather, ET 43, ’32, 423–25).

② to state that someth. is not true, deny (Hippol., Ref. 6, 42, 1; opp. ὁμολογεῖν=admit, say ‘yes’, as Diog. L. 6, 40; Jos., Ant. 6, 151; Did., Gen. 176, 14) w. ὅτι foll.: ἀ. ὅτι Ἰης. οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ Χριστός 1J 2:22 (the neg. is redundant as Demosth. 9, 54 ἀ. ὡς οὐκ εἰσὶ τοιοῦτοι; Alciphron 4, 17, 4 v.l.). W. acc. τὶ someth. (Jos., Ant. 6, 151 τ. ἁμαρτίαν, Vi. 255) IMg 9:1. W. acc. and inf. foll. PtK 2 p. 14, 22. W. inf. foll. (Epict. 3, 24, 81; Wsd 16:16) ἠρνησάμην δεδωκέναι I said that I had not given (it) Hv 2, 4, 2. Abs. (SIG 780, 25; Gen 18:15) Lk 8:45; J 1:20; Ac 4:16.

③ to disclaim association with a pers. or event, deny, repudiate, disown (verbally or nonverbally) w. acc. someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 39 §154 ἀρνούμενοι τὸν Δύρραχον) or someth., or abs., with obj. supplied fr. the context; usu. of backsliders.

ⓐ of repudiating Moses Ac 7:35

ⓑ of repudiating Christ ἀ. με ἔμπροσθεν τ. ἀνθρώπων Mt 10:33a; Lk 12:9; ἀ. (αὐτὸν) κατὰ πρόσωπον Πιλάτου Ac 3:13; cp. vs. 14; ἀ. τὸν κύριον Hv 2, 2, 8; Hs 9, 26, 6; 9, 28, 8; Dg 7:7. τὸν Ἰησοῦν 2 Cl 17:7; cp. 3:1. Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν Jd 4. τὸν υἱόν 1J 2:23. τὸν δεσπότην (s. below c) 2 Pt 2:1; cp. ISm 5:1. Of Peter’s denial (MGoguel, Did Peter Deny His Lord? HTR 25, ’32, 1–27) Mt 26:70, 72; Mk 14:68, 70; Lk 22:57; J 13:38; 18:25, 27. ἀ. τὴν ζωήν = τὸν Χριστόν Hv 2, 2, 7. Without obj. 2 Ti 2:12a; Hv 2, 3, 4; Hs 9, 26, 5; 9, 28, 4 and 7; MPol 9:2.

ⓒ of repudiating God (Aesop, Fab. 323 P.=Babrius 152 Crus. τὸν πρότερόν σου δεσπότην [Apollo] ἠρνήσω) ἀ. θεὸν τοῖς ἔργοις disown God by deeds Tit 1:16. ἀ. τὸν πατέρα καὶ τ. υἱόν 1J 2:22. μὴ θέλειν ἀ. θεόν Dg 10:7.

ⓓ of Christ’s repudiation of pers. (cp. the Egypt. ins HTR 33, ’40, 318 τοῦτον ἀπηρνήσαντο θεοί) Mt 10:33b; 2 Ti 2:12b.

ⓔ w. impers. obj. refuse, reject, decline someth. (Lycophron v. 348 γάμους=marriage; Himerius, Or. 18 [Ecl. 19], 2 the χάρις of a god, the gracious gift offered by the deity; 4 Macc 8:7; 10:15; Nägeli 23) ἀ. τὴν πίστιν repudiate the (Christian) faith 1 Ti 5:8; Rv 2:13. τὸ ὄνομά μου 3:8. τὸν νόμον Hs 8, 3, 7.

ⓕ of behavior that in effect repudiates one’s standards for self-identity ἀ. ἑαυτόν be untrue to oneself 2 Ti 2:13.

ⓖ gener. ἀ. ποικίλαις ἀρνήσεσι deny in many different ways Hs 8, 8, 4.

④ to refuse to pay any attention to, disregard, renounce ἀ. ἑαυτόν deny, disregard oneself =act in a wholly selfless way Lk 9:23 (s. ἀπαρνέομαι). ἀ. τὴν δύναμιν εὐσεβείας deny the function of piety (by contradictory conduct) 3:5. τὴν ἀσέβειαν ἀ. renounce impiety Tit 2:12.—HRiesenfeld, The Mng. of the Verb ἀρνεῖσθαι: ConNeot 11, ’47, 207–19; CMasson, Le reniement de Pierre: RHPR 37, ’57, 24–35; MWilcox, NTS 17, ’70/71, 426–36; s. lit. s.v. ἀπαρνέομαι.—B. 1269; 1273. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἀρχή, ῆς, ἡ (Hom.+)

① the commencement of someth. as an action, process, or state of being, beginning, i.e. a point of time at the beginning of a duration.

ⓐ gener. (opp. τέλος; cp. Diod S 16, 1, 1 ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τοῦ τέλους; Ael. Aristid. 30, 24 K.=10 p. 123 D.: ἐξ ἀ. εἰς τέλος; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 9, §36; Wsd 7:18) B 1:6; IEph 14:1; IMg 13:1; IRo 1:2, cp. vs. 1. W. gen. foll. (OGI 458, 10 life) ἡμέρας ὀγδόης B 15:8; ἡμερῶν (2 Km 14:26) Hb 7:3; τῶν σημείων first of the signs J 2:11 (ἀ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου δόγματος Orig., C. Cels. 2, 4, 20; cp. Isocr., Paneg. 10:38 Blass ἀλλʼ ἀρχὴν μὲν ταύτην ἐποιήσατο τ. εὐεργεσιῶν, τροφὴν τοῖς δεομένοις εὑρεῖν=but [Athens] made this the starting point of her benefactions: to provide basic needs for livelihood; Pr 8:22; Jos., Ant. 8, 229 ἀ. κακῶν); ὠδίνων Mt 24:8; Mk 13:8; κακῶν ISm 7:2. As the beginning, i.e. initial account, in a book (Ion of Chios [V B.C.] 392 Fgm. 24 Jac. [=Leurini no. 114] ἀρχὴ τοῦ λόγου; Polystrat. p. 28; Diod S 17, 1, 1 ἡ βύβλος τὴν ἀ. ἔσχε ἀπὸ …; Ael. Aristid. 23, 2 K.=42 p. 768 D.: ἐπʼ ἀρχῇ τοῦ συγγράμματος; Diog. L. 3, 37 ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς Πολιτείας; cp. Sb 7696, 53; 58 [250 A.D.]) ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰ. Χ. Beginning of the gospel of J. C. Mk 1:1 (cp. Hos 1:2 ἀ. λόγου κυρίου πρὸς Ὡσηέ; s. RHarris, Exp. 8th ser., 1919, 113–19; 1920, 142–50; 334–50; FDaubanton, NThSt 2, 1919, 168–70; AvanVeldhuizen, ibid., 171–75; EEidem, Ingressen til Mkevangeliet: FBuhl Festschr. 1925, 35–49; NFreese, StKr 104, ’32, 429–38; AWikgren, JBL 61, ’42, 11–20 [ἀρχή=summary]; LKeck, NTS 12, ’65/66, 352–70). ἀ. τῆς ὑποστάσεως original commitment Hb 3:14. ἀρχὴν ἔχειν w. gen. of the inf. begin to be someth. IEph 3:1. ἀρχὴν λαμβάνειν begin (Polyb.; Aelian, VH 2, 28; 12, 53; Diog. L., Prooem. 3, 4; Sext. Emp., Phys. 1, 366; Philo, Mos. 1, 81) λαλεῖσθαι to be proclaimed at first Hb 2:3; cp. IEph 19:3.—W. prep. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς from the beginning (Paus. 3, 18, 2; SIG 741, 20; UPZ 160, 15 [119 B.C.]; BGU 1141, 44; JosAs 23:4; Jos., Ant. 8, 350; 9, 30) J 6:64 v.l.; 15:27; 1J 2:7, 24; 3:11; 2J 5f; Ac 26:4; MPol 17:1; Hs 9, 11, 9; Dg 12:3. οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. αὐτόπται those who fr. the beginning were eyewitnesses Lk 1:2. Also ἐξ ἀρχῆς (Diod. Sic. 18, 41, 7; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 45 [189]; SIG 547, 9; 634, 4; UPZ 185 II 5; PGen 7, 8; BGU 1118, 21; Jos., Bell. 7, 358) J 6:64; 16:4; 1 Cl 19:2; Pol 7:2; Dg 2:1. πάλιν ἐξ ἀ. (Ael. Aristid. 21, 10 K.=22 p. 443 D.; SIG 972, 174) again fr. the beginning (=afresh, anew; a common expr., Renehan ’75, 42) B 16:8. ἐν ἀρχῇ (Diod S 19, 110, 5; Palaeph. p. 2, 3; OGI 56, 57; PPetr II, 37, 2b verso, 4; PTebt 762, 9; POxy 1151, 15; BGU 954, 26; ViHab 14 [p. 87, 4 Sch.]) at the beginning, at first Ac 11:15; AcPlCor 2:4. ἐν ἀ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου when the gospel was first preached Phil 4:15; sim., word for word, w. ref. to beg. of 1 Cor: 1 Cl 47:2.—τὴν ἀ. J 8:25, as nearly all the Gk. fathers understood it, is emphatically used adverbially=ὅλως at all (Plut., Mor. 115b; Dio Chrys. 10 [11], 12; 14 [31], 5; 133; Lucian, Eunuch. 6 al.; Ps.-Lucian, Salt. 3; POxy 472, 17 [c. 130 A.D.]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 121; Jos., Ant. 1, 100; 15, 235 al.; as a rule in neg. clauses, but the negation can inhere in the sense: 48th letter of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 356, 17]; Philo, Abrah. 116, Decal. 89; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 6, 11; without art. ApcSed 10:3; cp. Hs 2:5 cj. by W., endorsed by Joly; s. Field, Notes, 93f) τὴν ἀ. ὅτι καὶ λαλῶ ὑμῖν (how is it) that I even speak to you at all? But s. B-D-F §300, 2. More prob. the mng. is somewhat as follows: What I said to you from the first (so NT in Basic English; sim. REB et al.; cp. τὴν ἀρχήν ‘at the beginning’ Thu 2, 74, 2; s. also RFunk, HTR 51, ’58, 95–100; B-D-F §300, 2, but appeal to P⁶⁶ is specious, s. EMiller, TZ 36, ’80, 261).

ⓑ beginning, origin in the abs. sense (ἀ. τῆς τῶν πάντων ὑποστάσεως Orig. C. Cels. 6, 65, 4) ἀ. πάντων χαλεπῶν Pol 4:1; ἀ. κακῶν ISm 7:2 (cp. 1 Ti 6:10, which has ῥίζα for ἀ., and s. e.g. Ps 110:10; Sir 10:13); ἀ. κόσμου B 15:8; ἀ. πάντων PtK 2, p. 13, 21. ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς fr. the very beginning (Is 43:13; Wsd 9:8; 12:11; Sir 24:9 al.; PsSol 8:31; GrBar 17:2) Mt 19:4, 8; J 8:44; 1J 1:1 (of the Hist. beg. of Christianity: HWendt, D. Johannesbriefe u. d. joh. Christent. 1925, 31f; HWindisch, Hdb. ad loc.; difft. HConzelmann, RBultmann Festschr., ’54, 194–201); 3:8; 2 Th 2:13; ὁ ἀπʼ ἀ. 1J 2:13f; Dg 11:4; οἱ ἀπʼ ἀ. those at the very beginning, the first people 12:3; τὰ ἀπʼ ἀ. γενόμενα 1 Cl 31:1; ἀπʼ ἀ. κτίσεως Mk 10:6; 13:19; 2 Pt 3:4 (on ἀ. κτίσεως cp. En 15:9); ἀπʼ ἀ. κόσμου Mt 24:21. Also ἐξ ἀ. (X., Mem. 1, 4, 5; Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D. [of the existence of Zeus]; TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 11 [Stone p. 40]; B 4 p. 109, 7 [St. p. 66]; Ath., R. 16, p. 67, 18; Philo, Aet. M. 42, Spec. Leg. 1, 300; Did., Gen. 50, 1) Dg 8:11; ἐν ἀ. in the beginning (Simplicius in Epict. p. 104, 2; Did., Gen. 29, 25 al.) J 1:1f; ἐν ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως B 15:3. κατʼ ἀρχάς in the beg. Hb 1:10 (Ps 101:26; cp. Hdt. 3, 153 et al.; Diod S; Plut.; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 92, Det. Pot. Insid. 118; Ps 118:152; Just., D. 2, 3).

② one with whom a process begins, beginning fig., of pers. (Gen 49:3 Ῥουβὴν σὺ ἀρχὴ τέκνων μου; Dt 21:17): of Christ Col 1:18. W. τέλος of God or Christ Rv 1:8 v.l.; 21:6; 22:13 (Hymn to Selene 35 ἀ. καὶ τέλος εἶ: Orphica p. 294, likew. PGM 4, 2836; 13, 362; 687; Philo, Plant. 93; Jos., Ant. 8, 280; others in Rtzst., Poim. 270ff and cp. SIG 1125, 7–11 Αἰών, … ἀρχὴν μεσότητα τέλος οὐκ ἔχων, expressed from the perspective of historical beginning).

③ the first cause, the beginning (philos. t.t. ODittrich, D. Systeme d. Moral I 1923, 360a, 369a;—Ael. Aristid. 43, 9 K.=1 p. 3 D.: ἀρχὴ ἁπάντων Ζεύς τε καὶ ἐκ Διὸς πάντα; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 190 God as ἀρχὴ κ. μέσα κ. τέλος τῶν πάντων [contrast SIG 1125, 10f]) of Christ ἡ ἀ. τῆς κτίσεως Rv 3:14; but the mng. beginning=‘first created’ is linguistically probable (s. above 1b and Job 40:19; also CBurney, Christ as the Ἀρχή of Creation: JTS 27, 1926, 160–77). [ὁ γὰ]ρ π̣̄ρ̣̄ (=πατὴρ) [ἀρ]|χή ἐ[ς]τ̣[ιν τῶν μ]ελλόν|των for the Father is the source of all who are to come into being in contrast to the προπάτωρ, who is without a beginning Ox 1081, 38f (SJCh 91, 1 ἀρχή; on the context, s. WTill, TU 60/5, ’55 p. 57).

④ a point at which two surfaces or lines meet, corner (from the perspective of an observer the object appears to begin at that point), pl. corners of a sheet Ac 10:11; 11:5 (cp. Hdt. 4, 60; Diod S 1, 35, 10).

⑤ a basis for further understanding, beginning τὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς ἀ. elementary principles Hb 5:12 (perh. w. an element of gentle satire: ‘the discrete items or ABC’s that compose the very beginning [of divine instructions]’; cp. MKiley, SBLSP 25, ’86, 236–45, esp. 239f). ὁ τῆς ἀ. τοῦ Χ. λόγος elementary Christian teaching 6:1.

⑥ an authority figure who initiates activity or process, ruler, authority (Aeschyl., Thu. et al.; ins; pap, e.g. PHal 1, 226 μαρτυρείτω ἐπὶ τῇ ἀρχῇ καὶ ἐπὶ τῷ δικαστηρίῳ; Gen 40:13, 21; 41:13; 2 Macc 4:10, 50 al., s. Magie 26; so as a loanw. in rabb. ἀ. = νόμιμος ἐπιστασία Did., Gen. 60, 9) w. ἐξουσία Lk 20:20; pl. (Oenomaus in Eus., PE 6, 7, 26 ἀρχαὶ κ. ἐξουσίαι; 4 Macc 8:7; Jos., Ant. 4, 220) Lk 12:11; Tit 3:1; MPol 10:2 (αἱ ἀρχαί can also be the officials as persons, as those who took part in the funeral procession of Sulla: Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 106 §497.—The same mng. 2, 106 §442; 2, 118 §498 al. Likewise Diod S 34+35 Fgm. 2, 31).—Also of angelic or transcendent powers, since they were thought of as having a political organization (Damascius, Princ. 96 R.) Ro 8:38; 1 Cor 15:24; Eph 1:21; 3:10; 6:12; Col 1:16; 2:10, 15; AcPl Ha 1, 7. Cp. TestJob 49, 2; Just., D. 120, 6 end.

⑦ the sphere of one’s official activity, rule, office (Diod S 3, 53, 1; Appian, Bell. Civ. 1, 13 §57; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 177, Ant. 19, 273), or better domain, sphere of influence (Diod S 17, 24, 2; Appian, Syr. 23 §111; Arrian, Anab. 6, 29, 1; Polyaen. 8:55; Procop. Soph., Ep. 139) of angels Jd 6. Papias (4 v.l. for ἄρχω).—S. the lit. on ἄγγελος and HSchlier, Mächte u. Gewalten im NT: ThBl 9, 1930, 289–97.—144–50 (‘Archai’). EDNT. DELG s.v. ἄρχω D. M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀσφαλής, ές (s. ἀσφάλεια; Hom. et al.; Epict., ins, pap, LXX, TestSol, Philo, Joseph., Just.; Ath., R.)

① pert. to being stable, firm ἄγκυρα Hb 6:19 (w. βέβαιος, as Cebes 18, 3; 31, 1; Sext. Emp., Adv. Math. 8, 374; BGU 419, 18; Wsd 7:23; Dio Chrys. 34, 17 and 37; cp. 33, 17). τὸν ἀ. θεμέλιον the sure foundation 1 Cl 33:3 (cp. Wsd 4:3).

② fig. (Philo, Exs. 153; Jos., Bell. 2, 524) pert. to expression that ensures certainty about someth., certain, ἀσφαλές τι γράφειν write someth. definite Ac 25:26; τὸ ἀ. the certainty = the truth (in ref. to ferreting out the facts; cp. Mitt-Wilck, I/2, 17, 8 [Traj.] ἵνα τὸ ἀ. ἐπιγνῶ) γνῶναι 21:34; 22:30; ἡ ἀ. γνῶσις 1 Cl 1:2; Dg 12:4.

③ pert. to being in someone’s best interest, safe, secure (Demosth. 10, 70 βίος ἀ.; Jos., Ant. 3, 41 ἀ. καὶ σῶφρον=the safest and wisest) ὑμῖν (ἐστιν) ἀσφαλές it is (a) safe (course) for you Phil 3:1. ἀσφαλὲς εἷναι ISm 8:2.—B. 756; 1237. DELG s.v. σφάλλω. M-M. TW. Spicq.

ἁρπάζω fut. ἁρπάσω J 10:28; 1 aor. ἥρπασα; pf. 3 sg. ἥρπακεν Hos 6:1. Mid.: fut. ἁρπῶμαι LXX. Pass.: 2 fut. ἁρπαγήσομαι 1 Th 4:17; 1 aor. ἡρπάσθην Rv 12:5 (cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 69); 2 aor. ἡρπάγην 2 Cor 12:2, 4; Wsd 4:11 (Jos., Ant. 6, 14; 12, 144; B-D-F §71, 2) (s. ἁρπαγή; Hom.+) ‘snatch, seize’, i.e. take suddenly and vehemently, or take away in the sense of

① to make off w. someone’s property by attacking or seizing, steal, carry off, drag away (so mostly LXX; En 102:9) τὶ someth. of wild animals (Gen 37:33; Ps 7:3; JosAs 12:10) J 10:12 (X., Mem. 2, 7, 14); 1 Cl 35:11 (Ps 49:22). Of thieving people (SIG 1168, 111 [IV B.C.]; TestJob 18:1; Jos., Ant. 20, 214) τὰ σκεύη his property Mt 12:29. τὰ ἀλλότρια other people’s property B 10:4.

② to grab or seize suddenly so as to remove or gain control, snatch/take away

ⓐ forcefully τινά someone (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 113 §474; Polyaenus 8, 34; Ps.-Apollod. 1, 5, 1, 1 of Persephone; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 24, 3; Judg 21:21; TestJob 39:1) ἁ. αὐτόν take him away J 6:15 (cp. Jos., Bell. 4, 259, Ant. 19, 162; Philogonius, who ἐκ μέσης τ. ἀγορᾶς ἁρπασθείς was made a bishop [Chrysost. I p. 495d Montf.]; AcThom 165 [Aa II/2, 278, 5]); Ac 23:25 v.l. Of an arrest ἁ. τινὰ ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν take someone away fr. among them Ac 23:10. Of seed already sown tear out Mt 13:19. ἁ. ἐκ τ. χειρός snatch fr. the hand (cp. 2 Km 23:21) J 10:28f; Hv 2, 1, 4. Of rescue from threatening danger (JosAs 12:8): ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἁ. snatch fr. the fire Jd 23.

ⓑ in such a way that no resistance is offered (Herodian 1, 11, 5; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 291 [Aphrodite ‘snatches away’ Aeneas, who is in danger]; Wsd 4:11; ApcEsdr 5:7; ApcMos 37 εἰς τὴν Ἀχερουσίαν λίμνην; cp. ViEzk 15 [p. 75, 14 Sch.]; cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 113), esp. of the πνεῦμα κυρίου, which carries someone away Ac 8:39 (v.l. has ἄγγελος κυρίου.—On the word πνεῦμα, which can signify either ‘spirit’ or ‘wind’, cp. Apollon. Rhod. 3, 1114, where ἀναρπάζειν is used of winds which transport a person from one place to another far away). Pass. ἁρπαγῆναι ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ be caught up to the third heaven 2 Cor 12:2 (Hesych. Miles. [VI A.D.], Vir. Ill. c. 66 JFlach [1880]: Tribonian, a polytheist, says of Emperor Justinian ὅτι οὐκ ἀποθανεῖται, ἀλλὰ μετὰ σαρκὸς εἰς οὐρανοὺς ἁρπαγήσεται); ἁ. εἰς τ. παράδεισον vs. 4; ἁ. ἐν νεφέλαις εἰς ἀέρα 1 Th 4:17; ἁ. πρὸς τ. θεόν Rv 12:5.—The mng. of ἁ. τὴν βασιλείαν τ. οὐρανῶν Mt 11:12 is difficult to determine; ἁ. beside βιάζειν (as Plut., Mor. 203c et al.; s. HAlmqvist, Plut. u. d. NT, ’46, 38; 117f; s. βιάζω 1a) prob. means someth. like seize or claim for oneself (cp. X., An. 6, 5, 18; 6, 6, 6; Epict. 4, 7, 22; Plut., Mor. 81c; Iren. 1, 16, 2 [Harv. I 161, 9]; s. WKnox, HTR 41, ’48, 237). Another possibility is plunder (Libanius, Or. 1 p. 147, 4 F. κώμας ἁ.; Polyaenus 8, 11 τ. πόλεως ἁρπαγή=plundering of the city).—Finally ἁ. τι grasp something quickly, eagerly, with desire (Musonius in Stob. 3, 7, 23 [III 315, 4 H.] ἅρπαζε τὸ καλῶς ἀποθνῄσκειν; Aelian, NA 2, 50; Libanius, Declam. 4, 81 vol. V 281, 16 F. ἁ. τὴν δωρεάν).—B. 744. DELG. EDNT. M-M. TW. Sv.

I. ἄν (after relatives ἐάν [q.v.] is oft. used for ἄν, but the mss. vary greatly, s. B-D-F §107; 377; Mlt. 42ff, 165ff; Mayser 152f; Crönert 130f; Thackeray 67; Dssm., NB 30ff [BS 202ff]). A particle peculiar to Gk. (Hom.+) denoting aspect of contingency, incapable of translation by a single English word; it denotes that the action of the verb is dependent on some circumstance or condition; the effect of ἄν upon the meaning of its clause depends on the mood and tense/aspect of the verb w. which it is used. The NT use of ἄν corresponds in the main to older Gk., although the rich variety of its employment is limited, as is generally the case in later Greek. In certain constructions (s. aβ) an aspect of certainty is indicated, suggesting the gloss would. In most other instances aspects of varying possibility or conditionality find expression in ways that can be rendered ever, but with other glosses required when ἄν is used in conjunction with other particles.

ⓐ ἄν w. aor. or impf. indic.

α. denoting repeated action in past time, but only under certain given conditions, esp. after relatives (B-D-F §367; Rob. index): aor. (Gen 30:42; Num 9:17; 1 Km 14:47; Ezk 10:11) ὅσοι ἂν ἥψαντο αὐτοῦ, ἐσῴζοντο whoever touched him was cured Mk 6:56. Impf. (Ezk 1:20; 1 Macc 13:20; Tob 7:11) ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο εἰς κώμας wherever he went (as he was accustomed to do—ADebrunner, D. hellenist. Nebensatziterativpräteritum mit ἄν: Glotta 11, 1920, 1–28) into villages Mk 6:56. καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν as anyone was in need Ac 2:45; 4:35. Similarly ὡς ἂν ἤγεσθε (v.l. ἀνήγεσθε) 1 Cor 12:2. Cp. also ὅταν 1bγ and δ.

β. in the apodosis of a contrary to fact (unreal) condition w. εἰ (B-D-F §360; but ἄν is not always used [s. the vv.ll. J 18:36]: §360, 1; Mlt. 199ff; PMelcher, De sermone Epicteteo 1905, 75); it is found

א. w. impf. (4 Macc 17:7; Bar 3:13; ParJer 5:20; GrBar 6:6; ApcMos 39) οὗτος εἰ ἦν προφήτης, ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν if he were a prophet, he would (now) know (but he does not) Lk 7:39. εἰ ἔχετε πίστιν …, ἐλέγετε ἄν if you had faith …, you would say 17:6. εἰ ἐπιστεύετε Μωϋσεῖ, ἐπιστεύετε ἂν ἐμοί J 5:46. εἰ ἐμὲ ᾔδειτε, καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου ἄν ᾔδειτε 8:19; cp. vs. 42; 9:41; 15:19. εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην Gal 1:10; cp. 3:21. εἰ ἑαυτοὺς διεκρίνομεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐκρινόμεθα 1 Cor 11:31. εἰ ἦν ἐπὶ γῆς, οὐδʼ ἂν ἦν ἱερεύς if he were on earth, he would not even be a priest Hb 8:4; cp. 4:8; 8:7; 11:15.

ב. w. aor., placing the assumption in the past (Gen 30:27; Wsd 11:25; Jdth 11:2; 4 Macc 2:20; TestJob 7:9 al.; ParJer 5:5; GrBar 8:7; PGiss 47, 17) εἰ ἐγένοντο αἱ δυνάμεις, πάλαι ἂν … μετενόησαν if the miracles had been performed, they would long ago have repented Mt 11:21. εἰ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ ἂν ἐσταύρωσαν 1 Cor 2:8; cp. Ro 9:29 (Is 1:9). εἰ ἐγνώκειτε, οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε if you had recognized, you would not have condemned Mt 12:7. εἰ ἠγαπᾶτέ με, ἐχάρητε ἄν if you loved me, you would have rejoiced J 14:28; cp. 11:21. The plpf. for aor. indic. (PGiss 79 II, 6 εἰ δυνατόν μοι ἦν, οὐκ ἂν ὠκνήκειν; BGU 1141, 27f) εἰ ἦσαν, μεμενήκεισαν ἄν 1J 2:19; cp. J 11:21 v.l.—In κἀγὼ ἐλθὼν σὺν τόκῳ ἂν αὐτὸ ἔπραξα Lk 19:23, ἐλθών functions as an unreal-temporal protasis (B-D-F §360, 2); cp. καὶ ἐλθὼν ἐγὼ ἐκομισάμην ἂν τὸ ἐμόν Mt 25:27. Sim. ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσαντο προσφερόμεναι; where ἐπεί functions as protasis, otherwise (i.e. if the sacrifices had really brought about a lasting atonement) would they not have ceased to offer sacrifices? Hb 10:2.

ⓑ ἄν w. subjunc. after relatives, the rel. clause forming virtually the protasis of a conditional sentence (B-D-F §380, 1) of the future more vivid or present general type.

α. w. fut. or impf. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results are thought of as in the future, of single and repeated action (IG XIV, 865 [VI B.C.] ὸ̔ς δʼ ἄν με κλέψῃ, τυφλὸς ἔσται; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 10 [Stone p. 66]). ὸ̔ς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται but whoever does and teaches=if a person does and teaches it Mt 5:19. ὸ̔ς ἂν ἐσθίῃ …, ἔνοχος ἔσται 1 Cor 11:27. οὓς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) δοκιμάσητε, τούτους πέμψω 16:3—Mt 10:11; 1 Cor 16:2.

β. w. pres. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results involve repeated action, regardless of the time element: ἃ ἂν ἐκεῖνος ποιῇ, ταῦτα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὁμοίως ποιεῖ whatever he does, the Son does likewise J 5:19. ὅπου ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) αὐτὸν καταλάβῃ, ῥήσσει αὐτόν wherever it seizes him Mk 9:18. ὑμῖν ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία …, ὅσους ἂν προσκαλέσηται κύριος Ac 2:39. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) βουληθῇ φίλος εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου, ἐχθρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ καθίσταται whoever wishes to be a friend of the world Js 4:4. Cp. ὅπου ἄν 3:4 v.l.—Where ὅς or ὅστις appears w. subj. without ἄν (but cp. IG XII/1, 671 ὸ̔ς ἀνασπαράξῃ τ. τάφον; CPR I, 24, 33; 25, 19; AcThom 93 [Aa II/2, 206], 19; Is 7:2; 31:4), the reading that gives the fut. ind. is prob. the right one: ὅστις τηρήσῃ (v.l.-σει) Js 2:10. ὅσοι (without ἄν PPetr I, 13, 3;5; CPR I, 237, 3; IPergamon 249, 26 ὅσοι … ἐγλίπωσι τὴν πόλιν; Vett. Val. 125, 16): ὅσοι μετανοήσωσιν καὶ καθαρίσωσιν Hs 8, 11, 3 (s. W. and Joly app. for the textual tradition). See Reinhold 108; B-D-F §380, 4.

ⓒ In temporal clauses ἄν is found w. the subjunct. when an event is to be described which can and will occur, but whose occurrence cannot yet be assumed w. certainty. So

α. ὅταν (=ὅτε ἄν; s. ὅταν) w. pres. subjunct. to indicate regularly recurring action (Wsd 12:18): ὅταν ἄρτον ἐσθίωσιν whenever they eat bread Mt 15:2. ὅταν λαλῇ τὸ ψεῦδος whenever he tells a lie J 8:44. ὅταν λέγῃ τις whenever anyone says 1 Cor 3:4.—W. aor. subjunct. to express action in the future which is thought of as already completed (Sir Prol. ln. 22; Tob 8:21) ὅταν ποιήσητε πάντα when you have done Lk 17:10. ὅταν ἔλθῃ ὁ κύριος when the owner has come Mt 21:40; ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐν τῇ δόξῃ Mk 8:38; cp. J 4:25; 16:13; Ac 23:35. ὅταν πάλιν εἰσαγάγῃ τὸν πρωτότοκον Hb 1:6.

β. ἡνίκα ἄν every time that (Ex 1:10; 33:22; 34:24 al.; POxy 104, 26 [96 A.D.]; PTebt 317, 18 [174/75] ἡνίκα ἐὰν εἰς τὸν νόμον παραγένηται). ἡνίκα ἂν (also ἐάν mss.) ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς every time that Moses is read aloud 2 Cor 3:15; cp. vs. 16.

γ. ὁσάκις ἐάν as often as: ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) πίνητε 1 Cor 11:25. ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) ἐσθίητε vs. 26.

δ. ὡς ἄν as soon as (PHib 59, 2 [c. 245 B.C.] ὡς ἂν λάβῃς; 66, 4; PEleph 9, 3 [III B.C.]; PParis 46, 18 [143 B.C.]; BGU 1209, 13 [23 B.C.]; Josh 2:14; Jdth 11:15; 1 Macc 15:9): ὡς ἂν πορεύωμαι as soon as I travel Ro 15:24. ὡς ἂν ἔλθω as soon as I come 1 Cor 11:34. ὡς ἂν ἀφίδω τὰ περὶ ἐμέ as soon as I see how it will go with me Phil 2:23. ὡς ἐάν (PFay 111, 16 [95/96]) Hv 3, 8, 9; 3, 13, 2.—ἀφʼ οὗ ἄν after Lk 13:25.—In the case of temporal particles indicating a goal, viz. ἕως οὗ, ἄχρις (οὗ), μέχρις (οὗ), the mss. show considerable variation; the addition of ἄν is prob. correct only in rare cases (see B-D-F §383, 2). Only ἕως ἄν (PPetr II, 40a, 28 [III B.C.] ἕως ἂν ὑγιαίνοντας ὑμᾶς ἴδωμεν; Gen 24:14, 19; 49:10; Ex 23:30 al.) has certain attestation: μείνατε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε stay until you go away Mt 10:11. ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 9:27.—Mt 2:13; 5:26. ἕως ἂν λάβῃ Js 5:7 v.l.—ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) ἔλθῃ 1 Cor 11:26. ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) θῇ 15:25; ἄχρις οὗ ἂν ἥξω Rv 2:25 (v.l. ἄχρι). ἄχρις ἂν ἔλθῃ (cp. BGU 830, 13 [I A.D.] ἄχρις ἄν σοι ἔλθω) Gal 3:19 v.l.—πρὶν ἄν: πρὶν ἢ ἂν (vv.ll. πρὶν ἄν, πρὶν ἢ, only πρὶν or ἕως ἂν) ἴδῃ τὸν Χριστόν Lk 2:26 (B-D-F §383, 3).

ⓓ In purpose clauses the Attic (EHermann, Griech. Forschungen I, 1912, 267f; JKnuenz, De enuntiatis Graec. finalibus 1913, 13ff; 26ff) ὅπως ἄν, esp. freq. in earlier ins (Meisterhans³-Schw. 254), has become quite rare (LXX still rather often: Gen 18:19; 50:20; Ex 33:13; Jer 7:23 al.) ὅπως ἂν ἀποκαλυφθῶσιν διαλογισμοί Lk 2:35. ὅπως ἂν ἔλθωσιν καιροί Ac 3:20.—15:17 (Am 9:12 v.l.); Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6); Mt 6:5 v.l.

ⓔ The opt. w. ἄν in a main clause (potential opt.) has almost wholly disappeared; a rare ex. is εὐξαίμην (v.l. εὐξάμην) ἄν Ac 26:29 in Paul’s speech before Agrippa (literary usage; s. B-D-F §385, 1; also Rob. 938; Themist. 6 p. 80 D.—On the rarity of the potential opt. in pap, LXX, Apost. Fathers see CHarsing, De Optat. in Chartis Aeg. Usu, diss. Bonn 1910, 28; Reinhold 111). Cp.—also in the literary lang. of Lk—direct rhetor. questions (Gen 23:15; Job 19:23; Sir 25:3; 4 Macc 7:22; 14:10 v.l.; TestJob 13:5 τίς ἄν δώῃ 35:5) πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην; Ac 8:31. τί ἂν θέλοι οὗτος λέγειν; 17:18. Dg has also preserved the opt. as a mark of elegant style (2:3, 10; 3:3f; 4:5; 7:2f; 8:3). MPol 2:2 has τίς οὐκ ἂν θαυμάσειεν;—More freq. in an indirect question, after an impf. or histor. pres. (B-D-F §386, 1; Rob. 938f) τὸ τί ἂν θέλοι καλεῖσθαι αὐτό what he wanted the child’s name to be Lk 1:62. τίς ἂν εἴη περὶ οὗ λέγει J 13:24. τὸ τίς ἂν εἴη μείζων αὐτῶν which of them was the greatest Lk 9:46; cp. 18:36 v.l. τί ἂν ποιήσαιεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ what they should do to Jesus 6:11. τί ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο Ac 5:24. τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὅραμα 10:17. (IMagnMai 215 [I A.D.] ἐπερωτᾷ … τί ἂν ποιήσας … ἀδεῶς διατελοίη; Esth 3:13c πυθομένου δέ μου … πῶς ἂν ἀχθείη τοῦτο.)

ⓕ The use of ἄν w. inf. and ptc., freq. in earlier Gk., is not found in the NT at all (B-D-F §396); ἵνα μὴ δόξω ὡς ἂν (or ὡσὰν, q.v.) ἐκφοβεῖν ὑμᾶς 2 Cor 10:9 is surely to be expl. in such a way that ὡς ἂν=Lat. quasi: I would not want it to appear as if I were frightening you; s. B-D-F §453, 3; Mlt. 167.—On εἰ μήτι ἂν (sc. γένηται) ἐκ συμφώνου except perhaps by agreement 1 Cor 7:5 s. B-D-F §376; Mlt. 169.—M-M.

II. ἄν for ἐάν is rare in Hellen. Gk. (B-D-F §107; Mlt. 43 n. 2; cp. Hyperid. 4, 5; 5, 15; Teles p. 31, 6; Plut., Mor. 547a; Epict., index Schenkl; pap [Mayser 152]; ins, esp. of the Aegean Sea [Rdm.² 198, 3; s. also SIG index IV 204]; 1 Esdr 2:16; 4 Macc 16:11; Jos., Ant. 4, 70; 219; Test12Patr; Mel. Fgm. 8b 24), but appears J 13:20; 16:23; 20:23; as v.l. 5:19; 9:22; 12:32; 19:12; Ac 9:2; and IMg 10:1.—Mlt. 63, 1.—M-M.