Перевод: со всех языков на английский

work+on+the+aircraft

81 bauen

I v/t

1. build; (errichten) erect, put up; (herstellen) make, build, manufacture, produce, TECH. auch construct

2. umg. auch fig. (machen) do; (Examen) take; Betten bauen make (the) beds; den oder seinen Doktor bauen take a ( oder one’s) doctorate, do a Ph.D.; eine Eins / Sechs bauen get a first-class mark / fail (badly), Am. get an A / F; einen Unfall bauen have ( oder be involved in) an accident; Mist1 3

3. fig.: seine Hoffnungen etc. auf etw. (Akk) bauen base one’s hopes etc. on s.th.

II v/i

1. build; (ein Eigenheim) build a house; wir werden nächstes Jahr bauen we are going to start building next year; in unserer Straße wird viel gebaut there’s a lot of building going on in our street; er hat jetzt gebaut he has had a house built; an etw. (Dat) bauen work on s.th.; großzügig / umweltbewusst bauen build on a generous scale / with environmental considerations in mind; hoch bauen build high

2. fig.: auf jemanden / etw. bauen count ( oder depend oder rely) on s.o. / s.th.

* * *

das Bauen

building

* * *
bau|en ['bauən]
1. vt

1) (= erbauen) to build, to construct; (= anfertigen auch) to make; Satz to construct; Höhle to dig, to make

ein Haus báúen — to build oneself a house

ein Nest báúen — to make or build oneself a nest (auch fig)

seine Hoffnung auf jdn/etw báúen —

die Betten báúen (esp Mil) — to make the beds

See:

→ auch gebaut

2) (inf = verursachen) Unfall to cause

da hast du Scheiße gebaut (inf) — you really messed (inf) or cocked (Brit inf)

bleib ruhig, bau keine Scheiße (inf) — cool it, don't make trouble (inf)

3) (inf = machen, ablegen) Prüfung etc to pass

den Führerschein báúen — to pass one's driving test

seinen Doktor báúen — to get one's doctorate

2. vi

1) (= Gebäude errichten) to build

wir haben neu/auf Sylt gebaut — we built a new house/a house on Sylt

nächstes Jahr wollen wir báúen — we're going to build or to start building next year

báúen — to be working on sth, to be building sth (auch fig)

hier wird viel gebaut — there is a lot of building or development going on round (Brit) or around here

hoch báúen — to build high-rise buildings

2) (= vertrauen) to rely, to count (
auf +acc on)
* * *

1) (to form or construct from parts: build a house/railway/bookcase.) build

2) (to build; to put together: They are planning to construct a new supermarket near our house; Construct a sentence containing `although'.) construct

3) (to be built: There are office blocks going up all over town.) go up

* * *

bau·en

[ˈbauən]

I. vt

1. (errichten)

▪ [jdm] etw \bauen to build [or construct] sth [for sb]

▪ sich dat etw \bauen to build oneself sth

2. (zusammenbauen)

▪ etw \bauen to construct [or make] sth

ein Auto/eine Bombe/ein Flugzeug/ein Schiff \bauen to build a car/bomb/an aircraft/ship

ein Gerät \bauen to construct a machine

eine Violine \bauen to make a violin

3. (herstellen)

▪ etw \bauen to build sth

ein Nest \bauen to build a nest; s.a. Bett

4. (fam: verursachen)

Mist \bauen to mess things up

einen Unfall \bauen to cause an accident

5. (fam: schaffen)

▪ etw \bauen to do sth

den Führerschein \bauen to do one's driving test

II. vi

1. (ein Haus errichten lassen) to build a house, to have a house built

billig \bauen to build cheaply

teuer \bauen to spend a lot on building a house

▪ an etw dat \bauen to work on sth

an einem Haus \bauen to be building [or working on] a house

2. (vertrauen)

▪ auf jdn/etw \bauen to rely [or count] on sb/sth

darauf \bauen, dass etwas passiert to rely on sth happening

* * *
1.
transitives Verb

1) build; build, construct <house, road, bridge, etc.>; make <violin, piano, burrow>; s. auch Bett 1)

2) (ugs.)

seinen Doktor bauen — do one's Ph.D.

3) (ugs.): (verursachen)

einen Unfall bauen — have an accident
2.
intransitives Verb

1) build

wir wollen bauen — we want to build a house; (bauen lassen) we want to have a house built

an etwas (Dat.) bauen — do building work on something

2) (fig.)

auf jemanden/etwas bauen — rely on somebody/something

* * *

bauen

A. v/t

1. build; (errichten) erect, put up; (herstellen) make, build, manufacture, produce, TECH auch construct

2. umg auch fig (machen) do; (Examen) take;

Betten bauen make (the) beds;

den oder

seinen Doktor bauen take a ( oder one’s) doctorate, do a Ph.D.;

eine Eins/Sechs bauen get a first-class mark/fail (badly), US get an A/F;

einen Unfall bauen have ( oder be involved in) an accident; → Mist¹ 3

3. fig:

seine Hoffnungen etc

auf etwas (akk)

bauen base one’s hopes etc on sth

B. v/i

1. build; (ein Eigenheim) build a house;

wir werden nächstes Jahr bauen we are going to start building next year;

in unserer Straße wird viel gebaut there’s a lot of building going on in our street;

er hat jetzt gebaut he has had a house built;

an etwas (dat)

bauen work on sth;

großzügig/umweltbewusst bauen build on a generous scale/with environmental considerations in mind;

hoch bauen build high

2. fig:

auf jemanden/etwas bauen count ( oder depend oder rely) on sb/sth

* * *
1.
transitives Verb

1) build; build, construct <house, road, bridge, etc.>; make <violin, piano, burrow>; s. auch Bett 1)

2) (ugs.)

seinen Doktor bauen — do one's Ph.D.

3) (ugs.): (verursachen)

einen Unfall bauen — have an accident
2.
intransitives Verb

1) build

wir wollen bauen — we want to build a house; (bauen lassen) we want to have a house built

an etwas (Dat.) bauen — do building work on something

2) (fig.)

auf jemanden/etwas bauen — rely on somebody/something

* * *

v.

to build v.

(§ p.,p.p.: built)

to put up v.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bauen
82 lenken

I v/t

1. MOT. steer; (fahren, auch Pferdewagen) drive; FLUG. pilot, be at the controls of; (Rakete, Tier) guide; (wenden) steer, turn ( nach towards, to); das Pferd am Zügel lenken guide ( oder steer) a horse by the reins

2. fig. (richten) (Person, Gedanken, Gespräch etc.) guide, direct; geschickt: steer; die Aufmerksamkeit auf etw. / sich (Akk) lenken draw attention to s.th. / draw attention to o.s., attract attention; seinen Blick auf jemanden / etw. lenken turn one’s gaze on s.o. / to(wards) s.th.; das Gespräch / die Diskussion lenken auf (+ Akk) steer ( oder bring) the conversation / discussion [a]round to; seine Schritte nach X / heimwärts lenken geh. head for X / home; lit. turn ( oder direct) one’s steps towards X / home; Verdacht

3. (kontrollieren) (Person, Wirtschaft, Presse etc.) control; (Staat) govern; das Kind lässt sich schwer lenken the child is difficult to manage; ihm fehlt die lenkende Hand he has no one to keep him under control; gelenkt

II v/i MOT. steer; (fahren) drive; ( mehr) nach links lenken steer (a bit more) to the left; Anweisung: left hand down (a bit more); mit einer Hand lenken drive with one hand; darf ich mal lenken? can I (have a) drive?; denken

* * *

das Lenken

driving

* * *
lẹn|ken ['lɛŋkn]
1. vt

1) (= führen, leiten) to direct, to guide; (fig = beeinflussen) Sprache, Presse etc to influence; Kind to guide

gelenkte Wirtschaft — planned economy

staatlich gelenkte Medien — state-controlled media

2) (= steuern) Auto, Flugzeug, Schiff etc to steer; Pferde to drive

sich leicht lenken lassen — to be easy to steer/drive

3) (fig) Schritte, Gedanken, seine Aufmerksamkeit, Blick to direct (
auf +acc to); jds Aufmerksamkeit, Blicke to draw ( auf +acc to); Verdacht to throw, to draw ( auf +acc onto); Gespräch to lead, to steer; Schicksal to guide
das Gespräch in eine andere Richtung lenken — to steer the conversation in another direction

die Geschicke des Landes/der Partei lenken — to control the future of the country/party

2. vi
(= steuern) to steer
seine Schritte heimwärts lenken (liter, hum inf) — to wend one's way homewards (liter, hum), to turn one's steps to home (liter, hum)

* * *

1) (to point, aim or turn in a particular direction: He directed my attention towards the notice.) direct

2) (to direct into a particular course: He channelled all his energies into the project.) channel

3) (to control the movement of: The teacher guided the child's hand as she wrote.) guide

4) (to direct; to aim or point: He turned his attention to his work.) turn

* * *

len·ken

[ˈlɛŋkn̩]

I. vt

1. (steuern)

▪ etw \lenken to steer sth

so, jetzt lenke das Auto nach rechts right, now turn [the car] off to the right

2. (dirigieren)

▪ jdn \lenken to direct [or guide] sb

3. (beeinflussen)

▪ jdn/etw \lenken to control sb/sth

▪ gelenkt planned, managed

die staatlich gelenkte Presse the state-controlled press

gelenkte Wirtschaft controlled economy

4. (geh: wenden)

▪ etw wohin \lenken to direct sth somewhere

seinen Blick auf jdn/etw \lenken to turn one's gaze on sb/sth

5. (richten)

▪ etw auf etw akk \lenken to direct sth to sth

jds Aufmerksamkeit auf etw akk \lenken to draw sb's attention to sth

geschickt lenkte sie das Gespräch/die Unterhaltung auf ein weniger heikles Thema she cleverly steered the conversation round to a less controversial subject

II. vi to drive

▶ der Mensch denkt, Gott lenkt (prov) man proposes, God disposes prov

* * *

transitives Verb

1) auch itr. steer < car, bicycle, etc.>; be at the controls of < aircraft>; guide < missile>; (fahren) drive <car etc.>

wenn du geschickt lenkst — if you do some crafty steering

2) direct, guide <thoughts etc.> (auf + Akk. to); turn < attention> (auf + Akk. to); steer < conversation>

die Diskussion auf etwas/jemanden lenken — steer or bring the discussion round to something/somebody

den Verdacht auf jemanden lenken — throw suspicion on somebody

3) control < person, press, economy>; rule, govern < state>

eine gelenkte Wirtschaft — a planned economy

* * *

lenken

A. v/t

1. AUTO steer; (fahren, auch Pferdewagen) drive; FLUG pilot, be at the controls of; (Rakete, Tier) guide; (wenden) steer, turn (

nach towards, to);

das Pferd am Zügel lenken guide ( oder steer) a horse by the reins

2. fig (richten) (Person, Gedanken, Gespräch etc) guide, direct; geschickt: steer;

die Aufmerksamkeit auf etwas/sich (akk)

lenken draw attention to sth/draw attention to o.s., attract attention;

seinen Blick auf jemanden/etwas lenken turn one’s gaze on sb/to(wards) sth;

das Gespräch/die Diskussion lenken auf (+akk) steer ( oder bring) the conversation/discussion [a]round to;

seine Schritte nach X/heimwärts lenken geh head for X/home; liter turn ( oder direct) one’s steps towards X/home; → Verdacht

3. (kontrollieren) (Person, Wirtschaft, Presse etc) control; (Staat) govern;

das Kind lässt sich schwer lenken the child is difficult to manage;

ihm fehlt die lenkende Hand he has no one to keep him under control; → gelenkt

B. v/i AUTO steer; (fahren) drive;

(mehr) nach links lenken steer (a bit more) to the left; Anweisung: left hand down( a bit more);

mit einer Hand lenken drive with one hand;

darf ich mal lenken? can I (have a) drive?; → denken

* * *

transitives Verb

1) auch itr. steer <car, bicycle, etc.>; be at the controls of < aircraft>; guide < missile>; (fahren) drive <car etc.>

wenn du geschickt lenkst — if you do some crafty steering

2) direct, guide <thoughts etc.> (auf + Akk. to); turn < attention> (auf + Akk. to); steer < conversation>

die Diskussion auf etwas/jemanden lenken — steer or bring the discussion round to something/somebody

den Verdacht auf jemanden lenken — throw suspicion on somebody

3) control <person, press, economy>; rule, govern < state>

eine gelenkte Wirtschaft — a planned economy

* * *

adj.

direct adj. v.

to drive v.

(§ p.,p.p.: drove, driven)

to guide v.

to mastermind v.

to steer v.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > lenken
83 оборудование

equipment
(аппаратура, приборы)
- (установка приборов, агрегатов) — installation. installation of instruments in the cockpit.
-, аварийное — emergency equipment
-, аварийное (входящее в основную конструкцию самолета: аварийные выходы, люки и устройства для nокидания самолета в аварийных условиях, при посадке на воду) — emergency provisions emergency provisions include ditching provisions, emergency evacuation means, flight crew and passenger emergency exits and their access.
-, аварийно-спасательное (надувные трапы, желоба, кислородные баллоны, маски, огнетушители и т.п.) — emergency equipment
-, авиационное — aircraft equipment
- аэродрома — aerodrome facilities
- аэродрома, осветительное — aerodrome lighting equipment
-, аэродромное (предназначенное для обслуживания и ремонта ла) — ground equipment
-, бортовое — airborne /aircraft/ equipment development work on airborne equipment.
- буфета-кухни — buffet/galley equipment
-, бытовое — furnishing equipment, furnishings
-, бытовое и аварийное (раздел 25 рэ) — equipment/furnishings
- в герметичных залитых блоках — solid-state equipment
-, вспомогательное — auxiliary equipment
- встроенного контроля — built-in test equipment (bite)
-, высотное (гермошлемы, скафандры) — high-altitude (flying) equipment
-, высотное (система наддува и кондиционирования) оборудование системы кондиционирования воздуха, служащее для герметизации (наддува), обогрева и вентиляции гермокабины ла. — air conditioning system units and components which furnish a means of pressurizing, heating, cooling, moisture controlling, filtering and treating the air used to ventilate the cabins.
-, авиационно-десантное (адо) — aerial-delivery system (ads)
-, грузовое (погрузочно-разгрузочное — cargo handling equipment
-, десантное (адо) — aerial-delivery system (ads)
-, десантно-транспортное (дто) — aerial-delivery system (ads)
- для аварийного приводнения — ditching equipment
- для аварийного покидания ла (на земле) — emergency evacuation means
- для аварийного покидания самолета (люки, аварийные выходы) — emergency provisions
- для гашения пожара — fire extinguishing equipment
- для воздушного десантирования грузов (сброс) — cargo paradropping equipment
- для (посадочного) десантирования людей — troop carrying equipment
- для десантирования парашютистов — paratroop (carrying) equipment
- для десантирования техники и грузов — vehicle and cargo aerial-delivery equipment
- для запуска и обслуживания самолетов, наземное — ground equipment for aircraft starting and servicing
- для испытаний (опробывания) двигателей — engine test equipment
- для наземного обслуживания — ground service equipment
- для ночных полетов — night-flying equipment
- для парашютного десантирования грузов — cargo paradropping equipment
- для перевозки людей [личного состава] — personnel /troop/ carrying equipment
- для (воздушной) перевозки техники — vehicular carrying equipment
- для погрузки и выгрузки лебедками — winch-assisted cargo handling /loading/unloading/ equipment
- для погрузки (выгрузки) техники своим ходом — self-propelled vehicle loading/unloading equipment
- для полетов в сложных метеоусловиях — all-weather flying equipment
- для посадочного десантирования людей — landing party (carrying) equipment
- для принудительного раскрытия парашютов — static (link) parachute deployment equipment
- для сельскохозяйственных работ (опыливание, опрыскивание и сев) — external dispensing equipment
-, доплеровское — doppler /doppler/ equipment
-, доплеровское навигационное радиолокационное — doppler navigation radar equipment
включает антенно-электронный блок, измеритель путевой скорости и сноса, навигационный вычислитель, автоматический навигационный планшет, индикатор оставшегося пути и отклонения от курса (рис. 82). — consists of doppler sensor (antenna/electronic unit), ground speed and drift meter, navigation computer, roller map or along/across track display (unit).
-, жизненно важное — essential equipment
-, заправочное — (re)fueling equipment
-, испытываемое — equipment under test
- кабины экипажа — flight compartment equipment and furnishings
оборудование кабины экипажа включает кресла (сиденья), столики, контрольные карты, контейнеры с питанием, шторки, формуляры, инструкции, электронное сборудование, этажерки, запасные лампы, предохранители и т.п. — flight compartment equipment and furnishings include seats, tables, pilot check lists, pilot food containers, curtains, manuals, electronic equipment, racks, spare bulbs, fuses, etc.
- кабины экипажа приборами (установка приборов) — installation of instruments in flight compartment
-, кислородное — oxygen equipment
-, кислородное (раздел 035) — oxygen
-, кислородное, для экипажа — crew oxygen equipment
-, кислородное, переносное — portable oxygen equipment
-, кислородное переносное (используемое при передвиженин по самолету) — portable walkaround oxygen equipment
-, контрольно-измерительное — test and measuring equipment
-, контрольно-поверочное — test equipment
-, наземное — ground equipment
-, нестационарное — loose equipment
(напр., микротелефонная трубка, ручной микрофон, радиогарнитура, ключи от кабины, и т.п.) — (such as handset, hand microphone, headset, flight deck door key, etc.)
- нестационарное (съемное) — removable equipment
-, несъемное — fixed equipment
-, нивелировочное — rigging equipment
-, пассажирское (сиденья, буфат, туалеты и т.п.) — equipment/furnishings
- пассажирской кабины — passenger compartment equipment and furnishings
оборудование пассажирской кабины включает сиденья, спальные места, полки, занавески, шторки, облицовку стен, звукоизоляцию, съемные перегородки, ковровые дорожки, полки для литературы, настенные термометры, запасные лампы, предохранители и т.п. — passenger cabin equipment and furnishings include seats, berths, hatracks, curtains, wall coverings and soundproofing, carpets, magazine racks, movable partitions, wall-type thermometers, spare bulbs, fuses, ets.
-, пилотажно-навигационное (пно) — flight and navigation equipment (flt/nav еq)
-, погрузочно-разгрузочное — cargo handling equipment
-, погрузочное — cargo loading equipment
-, пожарное — fire extinguishing equipment
-, пожарное (для тушения, напр., лесных пожаров) — (forest) fire fighting equipment
- пожарной сигнализации — fire detection equipment
- полетного контроля — (in) flight test equipment
- посадки no приборам, бортовое — airborne ils equipment
-, противообледенительное противообледенительное (раздел 30 pэ) — anti-icing equipment ice and rain protection
противопожарное — fire extinguishing equipment
-, противопожарное (раздел 26 рэ) — fire protection
-, радиосвязное — radio communications equipment
-, радиосвязное (раздел 023) — communications
-, радиотехническое (радиодальномер, арк, рв, рлс, сро, спу, сгу, радиостанции укв и кв) — radio/radar equipment (dме, adf, radio altimeter, transponder interphone, audio system, vhf and hf radio)
-, радиоэлектронное (ла) включает радиосвязные и радионавигационные средстba: kb и укв радиостанции, спу, арк, дальномер, доплер) — electronic equipment covers communications and navigation systems, such as hf, vhf radio, adf, dме, doppler, etc.
-, радиоэлектронное (авиационное, бортовое) — avionics
-, регистрирующее — recording equipment
-, роликовое (рольганговое) для закатки грузов в кабину. — roller track equipment
-, светотехническое (раздел 033) — lights
-, связное — communications equipment
-, сельскохозяйственное — agricultural equipment
с/х оборудование самолета (вертолета) предназначается для опрыскивания и опыливания посевов сыпучими и жидкими химикатами (рис. 135). — agricultural equipment includes dusting and spraying systems to spread and discharge dry and liquid chemicals at dispersal rate of... kg/sec.
- слепой посадки (система осп) — осп instrument landing system, осп ils
- спасательного плота — liferaft equipment
-, спасательное — emergency equipment, safety equipment
спасательное оборудование включает устройства для аварийного покидания ла на земле и после приводнения, аварийные радиостанции, привязные ремни, леера, переносные огнетушители и др. — safety equipment includes emergency exit descent devices, ditching equipment (liferaft, survival equipment), life-preservers (jackets), life lines, long-range signaling devices, safety belts, hand fire extinguishers.
-, съемное — removable equipment
-, съемное бытовое (для салонов, кухни, бара) — removable service equipment (for cabins, galley, bar)
-, швартовочное (ла) — mooring equipment
-, швартовочное (грузов в кабине) — tie-down /anchoring, lashing/ equipment
-, учебно-тренировочное — training equipment
-, энергоемкое (требующее большого расхода электроэнергии) элемент о. — high electrical load equipment equipment component

Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > оборудование
84 Korolov (Korolyev), Sergei Pavlovich

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 12 January 1907 (30 December 1906 Old Style) Zhitomir, Ukraine

d. 14 January 1966 Moscow, Russia

[br]

Russian engineer and designer of air-and spacecraft.

[br]

His early life was spent in the Ukraine and he then studied at Tupolev's aeroplane institute in Moscow. In the mid-1930s, just before his thirtieth birthday, he joined the GIRD (Group Studying Rocket Propulsion) under Frederick Zander, a Latvian engineer, while earning a living designing aircraft in Tupolev's bureau. In 1934 he visited Konstantin Tsiolovsky. Soon after this, under the Soviet Armaments Minister, Mikhail N.Tukhachevsky, who was in favour of rocket weapons, financial support was available for the GIRD and Korolov was appointed General-Engineer (1-star) in the Soviet Army. In June 1937 the Armaments Minister and his whole staff were arrested under Stalin, but Korolov was saved by Tupolev and sent to a sharaska, or prison, near Moscow where he worked for four years on rocket-and jet-propelled aircraft, among other things. In 1946 he went with his superior, Valentin Glushko, to Germany where he watched the British test-firing of possibly three V-2s at Altenwaide, near Cuxhaven, in "Operation Backfire". They were not allowed within the wire enclosure. He remained in Germany to supervise the shipment of V-2 equipment and staff to Russia (it is possible that he underwent a second term of imprisonment from 1948), the Germans having been arrested in October 1946. He kept working in Russia until 1950 or the following year. He supervised the first Russian ballistic missile, R-1, in late 1947. Stalin died in 1953 and Korolov was rehabilitated, but freedom under Nikita Kruschev was almost as restrictive as imprisonment under Stalin. Kruschev would only refer to him as "the Chief Designer", never naming him, and would not let him go abroad or correspond with other rocket experts in the USA or Germany. Anything he published could only be under the name "Sergeyev". He continued to work on his R-7 without the approval that he sought for a satellite project. This was known as semyorka, or "old number seven". In January 1959 he added a booster stage to semyorka. He may have suffered confinement in the infamous Kolyma Gulag around this time. He designed all the Sputnik, Vostok and some of the Voshkod units and worked on the Proton space booster. In 1966 he underwent surgery performed by Dr Boris Petrovsky, then Soviet Minister of Health, for the removal, it is said, of tumours of the colon. In spite of the assistance of Dr Aleksandr Vishaevsky he bled to death on the operating table. The first moon landing (by robot) took place three weeks after his death and the first flight of the new Soyuz spacecraft a little later.

[br]

Further Reading

Y.Golanov, 1975, Sergey Korolev. The Appren-ticeship of a Space Pioneer, Moscow: Mir.

A.Romanov, 1976, Spacecraft Designers, Moscow: Novosti Press Agency. J.E.Oberg, 1981, Red Star in Orbit, New York: Random House.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Korolov (Korolyev), Sergei Pavlovich
85 شيء

شَيْء \ article: a particular thing: an article of clothing. element: a part of sth.; a quality that is noticed: There is an element of truth in what you say. object: sth. that can be seen or touched: The dead man had been struck with some sharp object, such as an axe. thing: an action: You did the wrong thing, any object I can’t lift heavy things, a matter; an affair He told me some strange things. \ أَشْياء متعاقِبَة أو متتالِيَة \ succession: a number of things that follow each other: a succession of accidents. \ أَشْياء مُسْتَنْقَذَة \ salvage: things that are salvaged; waste material (such as paper and iron) that can be collected, treated and reused. \ أَشْياء نفيسة جدًّا \ treasure: sth. very valuable and rare: art treasures. \ شَيْءٌ آخَر \ other: (in comparisons) a different one: Some smoke; others do not. He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any others. This side is dry; the other is wet. \ الشَّيْءُ الأَقَلّ \ least: one that is smallest: That is the least of my troubles! Helping him was the least we could do. \ شَيْءٌ تافه \ trifle: a small unimportant matter: Don’t quarrel over trifles. \ شَيْءٌ ثَمين \ asset: a valuable quality or possession: A fast runner is an asset to his team. \ See Also قيم (قَيِّم)، مكسب (مَكْسَب)‏ \ شَيْءٌ جَذّاب \ attraction: power of attracting; sth. that attracts. \ See Also جذب (جَذْب)‏ \ شَيْءٌ حَرِيّ بالنَّظَر \ sight: sth. that is seen, or is worth seeing: The spring flowers in the public gardens are a wonderful sight. We are going to Rome to see the sights. \ شَيْءٌ شبيه بِـ \ something like: rather like: A rat looks something like a mouse, but it’s bigger. \ See Also مثل (مِثْل)‏ \ شَيْءٌ عَجيب \ wonder: sth. that causes surprise or admiration: Read about the wonders of modern science. Clever men can work wonders (produce surprising results). \ شَيْءٌ عديم القيمة \ dud: sth. useless because it is badly or dishonestly made; sth. that doesn’t work: We bought a dud washing-machine. This coin is a dud. \ شَيْءٌ غَرِيب \ curiosity: a strange object. \ الشَّيْءُ القليل \ little: hardly anything; less than a reasonable amount: He did little to help her. \ شَيْءٌ مؤسِف \ shame: (with a) an unfortunate thing: It’s a shame that you can’t go with us to the park. \ See Also محزن (مُحْزِن)‏ \ شَيْءٌ مَا \ anything: pron. a thing of any kind: Will you have anything to eat?. something: some thing (but usu. anything in questions or negative sentences): Give him something to eat. \ شَيْءٌ مُخْجِل \ shame: a dishonourable thing: It’s a shame to play tricks on a blind man. \ See Also مخز (مُخْزٍ)‏ \ شَيْءٌ مُخَيِّب للأَمَل \ disappointment: (a cause for) being disappointed. \ شَيْءٌ معروض \ exhibit: sth. that is put on show. \ شَيْءٌ مِنْ \ any: pron. in questions; after if or whether: Have you any money? Have you any books on art? I wonder if / whether she has any milk / any bottles of beer?, after not and without: I haven’t got any money / books. He did it without any difficulty. some: (with nouns) an amount of: I need some money. Can you lend me some?. \ See Also أي (أيّ)‏ \ شَيْءٌ مُنْتَج \ production: producing; the quantity of things produced; an act of producing (a play or film): We must increase car production. They saw a new production of ‘Romeo and Juliet’. \ See Also إنتاج (إنْتَاج)‏ \ شَيْءٌ نادر الحصول \ freak: sth. that is rare and peculiar; a living creature of unnatural form: By some strange freak, a little snow fell in Egypt. This animal is a freak; it has two tails. \ شَيْءٌ هائِل الحَجْم \ monster: an unusually large (and often strangely shaped) person or thing; a nasty cruel person: They found the bones of some ancient monster. An aircraft with 500 seats is a real monster. \ شَيْءٌ يُشْتَرَى للاستثمار \ investment: sth. expensive that seems worth it: I bought this picture as an investment (I hope to sell it at a higher price later). \ شَيْءٌ يُشْعَل به (وَلْعَة)‏ \ light: the use of a match or lighter for a cigarette: Can you give me a light?. \ شَيْءٌ يُلهي \ distraction: sth. that takes one’s mind off one’s work. \ See Also يُشْغِل \ والشَّيءُ بالشّيءِ يُذكَر (عِلى فِكْرَة)‏ \ by the way: (used when adding a new idea to what one has said): By the way, did you know his wife was ill?.

Arabic-English dictionary > شيء
86 Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 14 December 1911 Dessau, Germany

[br]

German engineer who designed the first jet engine to power an aeroplane successfully.

[br]

Von Ohain studied engineering at the University of Göttingen, where he carried out research on gas-turbine engines, and centrifugal compressors in particular. In 1935 he patented a design for a jet engine (in Britain, Frank Whittle patented his jet-engine design in 1930). Von Ohain was recruited by the Heinkel company in 1936 to develop an engine for a jet aircraft. Ernst Heinkel was impressed by von Ohain's ideas and gave the project a high priority. The first engine was bench tested in September 1937. A more powerful version was developed and tested in air, suspended beneath a Heinkel dive-bomber, during the spring of 1939. A new airframe was designed to house the revolutionary power plant and designated the Heinkel He 178. A short flight was made on 24 August 1939 and the first recognized flight on 27 August. This important achievement received only a lukewarm response from the German authorities. Von Ohain's turbojet engine had a centrifugal compressor and developed a thrust of 380 kg (837 lb). An improved, more powerful, engine was developed and installed in a new twin-engined fighter design, the He 280. This flew on 2 April 1941 but never progressed beyond the prototype stage. By this time two other German companies, BMW and Junkers, were constructing successful turbojets with axial compressors: luckily for the Allies, Hitler was reluctant to pour his hard-pressed resources into this new breed of jet fighters. After the war, von Ohain emigrated to the United States and worked for the Air Force there.

[br]

Bibliography

1929, "The evolution and future of aeropropulsion system", The Jet Age. 40 Years of Jet Aviation, Washington, DC: National Air \& Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution.

Further Reading

Von Ohain's work is described in many books covering the history of aviation, and aero engines in particular, for example: R.Schlaifer and S.D.Heron, 1950, Development of Aircraft Engines and fuels, Boston. G.G.Smith, 1955, Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion.

Grover Heiman, 1963, Jet Pioneers.

JDS

Biographical history of technology > Ohain, Hans Joachim Pabst von
87 comercial

adj.

1 commercial.

relaciones comerciales trade relations

2 store.

f. & m.

sales rep (vendedor, representante).

m.

commercial, ad, advertisement, advert.

* * *

comercial

► adjetivo

1 (del comercio) commercial

2 (de tiendas) shopping

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 (vendedor) seller; (hombre) salesman; (mujer) saleswoman

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

banco comercial commercial bank

tratado comercial commercial treaty

* * *

adj.

commercial

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=de tiendas) [área, recinto] shopping antes de s

un centro comercial — a shopping centre

2) (=financiero) [carta, operación] business antes de s ; [balanza, déficit, guerra, embargo] trade antes de s ; [intercambio, estrategia] commercial

el interés comercial de la empresa — the commercial o trading interests of the company

su novela alcanzó un gran éxito comercial — his novel was very successful commercially, his novel achieved great commercial success

han reanudado las relaciones comerciales — they have resumed trading relations
agente 1., local 2., 1)
3) [aviación, avión, piloto] civil

4) [cine, teatro, literatura] commercial

una película muy comercial — a very commercial film

2.

SMF (=vendedor) salesperson

* * *
I
adjetivo

a) <zona/operación/carta> business (before n)

una firma comercial — a company

el desequilibrio comercial entre los dos países — the trade imbalance between the two countries

el déficit comercial — the trade deficit

nuestra división comercial — our sales o marketing department; galería, centro

b) <película/arte> commercial
II
masculino

1) (AmL) commercial, advert (BrE)

2) (CS) (Educ) business school
III
femenino o masculino ( tienda)

Comercial Hernández — Hernandez's Stores

* * *

= commercial, commercially available, entrepreneurial, fee-based, marketing, priceable, for-profit, consumer-like, business-like, business-related, market-orientated [market orientated], profit-making, profit-related, readily available, trade-oriented, profit-orientated, marketable, business, off-the-shelf, commercially operated, market-oriented [market oriented], profit-oriented, out of the box, profit-generating.

Ex. It is these features which have led co-operative members to select these systems rather than those of the commercial software vendor.

Ex. Computerized information-retrieval systems are also very prominent in commercially available online search systems and applications.

Ex. It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.

Ex. The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.

Ex. Business International Inc. is another US service covering economic and marketing activities in over seventy countries.

Ex. Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.

Ex. The friction in this industry between private, for-profit services and not-for-profit learned societies or government bodies is deep-seated.

Ex. I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.

Ex. It was generally felt that US libraries are organised on more business-like lines than those in the Netherlands.

Ex. Twinning of libraries in different countries can bring benefits in terms of joint projects, student exchanges, and other buisness-related affairs.

Ex. In the middle range of authorship there is, then, quite a wide band of writing stretching from the scholarly to the market-orientated = En el nivel medio de autoría existe, pues, a una gran gama de producciones escritas que van desde lo científico a lo comercial.

Ex. Many types of budgets are not really applicable to libraries, since libraries are not primarily profit-making institutions.

Ex. However these distinctions are not always clear cut, the public sector may pursue profit-related goals and the private sector may adopt other goals besides profit (improving work environments, quality of life).

Ex. Librarians generally adopt the common strategy of simply using readily available sources of information.

Ex. Trade-oriented scholarly presses also predict more titles, smaller press runs and higher prices.

Ex. Information producers and sellers are profit-orientated.

Ex. Central to this is the belief that information is a marketable commodity.

Ex. A major concern of the journal will be the business, economic, legal, societal and technological relationships between information technology and information resource management.

Ex. A standard off-the-shelf version costs 450 and fully tailored systems usually fall into the range 1,250 -- 1,450.

Ex. There are a number of microfilming centres in the country including two commercially operated microfilming services.

Ex. The market oriented economy is changing the role of information and business information services.

Ex. The author points out dangers inherent in the fact that on-line data bases are privately owned and profit-oriented.

Ex. Software vendors provide manuals for the ' out of the box' programs they sell.

Ex. Examples of determined efforts to erase the intellectual boundaries between the profit-generating models of business and the intellectual pursuits of the academic community are considered.

----

* actividad comercial = commercial activity.

* anuncio comercial = commercial.

* aplicación comercial = commercial application, business application.

* aplicaciones comerciales = commercial software.

* argumento comercial = business case.

* asequible en establecimiento comercial = over the counter.

* aviación comercial = commercial aviation.

* bajo comercial = commercial premise.

* banco comercial = business bank.

* barrera comercial = trade barrier.

* carta comercial = business letter.

* casa comercial = house.

* caso comercial = business case.

* catálogo comercial de compra por correo = mail order catalogue.

* centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, plaza.

* comercial 7 papel comercial = commercial paper.

* compañía comercial = business firm.

* correspondencia comercial = business correspondence.

* déficit comercial = trade deficit.

* déficit de la balanza comercial = trade deficit.

* de gran éxito comercial = high selling.

* demanda comercial = market demand, commercial demand.

* de modo comercial = on a commercial basis.

* de un gran éxito comercial = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.

* de uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* director comercial = chief commercial officer.

* directorio comercial = trade directory, traders' list, traders' catalogue.

* directorio comercial por calles = street directory.

* distrito comercial = business district.

* diversificación comercial = business diversification.

* edificio comercial = commercial building.

* editor comercial = commercial publisher.

* editorial comercial = publishing firm, publishing press.

* emporio comercial = emporium [emporia, -pl.].

* empresa comercial = business firm.

* estafa comercial = business scam.

* estrategia comercial = business plan, market strategy.

* éxito comercial = commercial success, financial success.

* firma comercial = commercial firm, firm, commercial enterprise, business firm.

* galería comercial = shopping arcade, walking arcade.

* horario comercial = business hours.

* industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.

* inglés "comercial" = pidgin English.

* licencia comercial = trading licence.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* marca comercial = brand name, servicemark, trade name.

* mundo comercial, el = commercial world, the.

* nación comercial = trading nation.

* no comercial = non-profit making, non-commercial [noncommercial].

* novedad comercial = industry update.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* parque comercial = business estate.

* poco comercial = uncommercial.

* polígono comercial = business estate.

* presentación comercial = technical presentation.

* producto comercial = retail product.

* programa informático comercial = commercial application, commercial software.

* programas comerciales = commercial software.

* propuesta comercial = business proposition.

* proyecto comercial = marketing project.

* razonamiento comercial = business case.

* relaciones comerciales = business dealings.

* rentabilidad comercial = business profitability.

* representante comercial = business traveller.

* riesgo comercial = business risk.

* secreto comercial = competitive information.

* sector comercial, el = profit-oriented sector, the, profit sector, the, commercial sector, the, for-profit sector, the.

* sector no comercial, el = not-for-profit sector, the, non-profit sector, the.

* servicio comercial = commercial service.

* sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.

* situado en la calle comercial = shop-front [shopfront] .

* socio comercial = business associate.

* software comercial = commercial software.

* valor comercial = commercial paper.

* vehículo comercial = commercial vehicle.

* viajante comercial = business traveller.

* visión comercial = business acumen.

* vuelo comercial = commercial flight.

* zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.

* * *
I
adjetivo

a) <zona/operación/carta> business (before n)

una firma comercial — a company

el desequilibrio comercial entre los dos países — the trade imbalance between the two countries

el déficit comercial — the trade deficit

nuestra división comercial — our sales o marketing department; galería, centro

b) <película/arte> commercial
II
masculino

1) (AmL) commercial, advert (BrE)

2) (CS) (Educ) business school
III
femenino o masculino ( tienda)

Comercial Hernández — Hernandez's Stores

* * *

= commercial, commercially available, entrepreneurial, fee-based, marketing, priceable, for-profit, consumer-like, business-like, business-related, market-orientated [market orientated], profit-making, profit-related, readily available, trade-oriented, profit-orientated, marketable, business, off-the-shelf, commercially operated, market-oriented [market oriented], profit-oriented, out of the box, profit-generating.

Ex: It is these features which have led co-operative members to select these systems rather than those of the commercial software vendor.

Ex: Computerized information-retrieval systems are also very prominent in commercially available online search systems and applications.

Ex: It was noteworthy that nearly all SLIS were maintaining their IT materials as much, if not more, from earnings from entrepreneurial activity than out of institutional allocation.

Ex: The imposition of fee-based services may radically curtail the breadth of resources available to library users where historically information has been offered freely.

Ex: Business International Inc. is another US service covering economic and marketing activities in over seventy countries.

Ex: Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.

Ex: The friction in this industry between private, for-profit services and not-for-profit learned societies or government bodies is deep-seated.

Ex: I tried to say at the very outset of my remarks that there probably has not been sufficient consumer-like and assertive leverage exerted upon our chief suppliers.

Ex: It was generally felt that US libraries are organised on more business-like lines than those in the Netherlands.

Ex: Twinning of libraries in different countries can bring benefits in terms of joint projects, student exchanges, and other buisness-related affairs.

Ex: In the middle range of authorship there is, then, quite a wide band of writing stretching from the scholarly to the market-orientated = En el nivel medio de autoría existe, pues, a una gran gama de producciones escritas que van desde lo científico a lo comercial.

Ex: Many types of budgets are not really applicable to libraries, since libraries are not primarily profit-making institutions.

Ex: However these distinctions are not always clear cut, the public sector may pursue profit-related goals and the private sector may adopt other goals besides profit (improving work environments, quality of life).

Ex: Librarians generally adopt the common strategy of simply using readily available sources of information.

Ex: Trade-oriented scholarly presses also predict more titles, smaller press runs and higher prices.

Ex: Information producers and sellers are profit-orientated.

Ex: Central to this is the belief that information is a marketable commodity.

Ex: A major concern of the journal will be the business, economic, legal, societal and technological relationships between information technology and information resource management.

Ex: A standard off-the-shelf version costs 450 and fully tailored systems usually fall into the range 1,250 -- 1,450.

Ex: There are a number of microfilming centres in the country including two commercially operated microfilming services.

Ex: The market oriented economy is changing the role of information and business information services.

Ex: The author points out dangers inherent in the fact that on-line data bases are privately owned and profit-oriented.

Ex: Software vendors provide manuals for the ' out of the box' programs they sell.

Ex: Examples of determined efforts to erase the intellectual boundaries between the profit-generating models of business and the intellectual pursuits of the academic community are considered.

* actividad comercial = commercial activity.

* anuncio comercial = commercial.

* aplicación comercial = commercial application, business application.

* aplicaciones comerciales = commercial software.

* argumento comercial = business case.

* asequible en establecimiento comercial = over the counter.

* aviación comercial = commercial aviation.

* bajo comercial = commercial premise.

* banco comercial = business bank.

* barrera comercial = trade barrier.

* carta comercial = business letter.

* casa comercial = house.

* caso comercial = business case.

* catálogo comercial de compra por correo = mail order catalogue.

* centro comercial = shopping centre, shopping precinct, mall of shops, plaza.

* comercial 7 papel comercial = commercial paper.

* compañía comercial = business firm.

* correspondencia comercial = business correspondence.

* déficit comercial = trade deficit.

* déficit de la balanza comercial = trade deficit.

* de gran éxito comercial = high selling.

* demanda comercial = market demand, commercial demand.

* de modo comercial = on a commercial basis.

* de un gran éxito comercial = best selling [bestselling/best-selling], top-selling.

* de uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* director comercial = chief commercial officer.

* directorio comercial = trade directory, traders' list, traders' catalogue.

* directorio comercial por calles = street directory.

* distrito comercial = business district.

* diversificación comercial = business diversification.

* edificio comercial = commercial building.

* editor comercial = commercial publisher.

* editorial comercial = publishing firm, publishing press.

* emporio comercial = emporium [emporia, -pl.].

* empresa comercial = business firm.

* estafa comercial = business scam.

* estrategia comercial = business plan, market strategy.

* éxito comercial = commercial success, financial success.

* firma comercial = commercial firm, firm, commercial enterprise, business firm.

* galería comercial = shopping arcade, walking arcade.

* horario comercial = business hours.

* industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.

* inglés "comercial" = pidgin English.

* licencia comercial = trading licence.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* marca comercial = brand name, servicemark, trade name.

* mundo comercial, el = commercial world, the.

* nación comercial = trading nation.

* no comercial = non-profit making, non-commercial [noncommercial].

* novedad comercial = industry update.

* para uso comercial = commercially-owned.

* parque comercial = business estate.

* poco comercial = uncommercial.

* polígono comercial = business estate.

* presentación comercial = technical presentation.

* producto comercial = retail product.

* programa informático comercial = commercial application, commercial software.

* programas comerciales = commercial software.

* propuesta comercial = business proposition.

* proyecto comercial = marketing project.

* razonamiento comercial = business case.

* relaciones comerciales = business dealings.

* rentabilidad comercial = business profitability.

* representante comercial = business traveller.

* riesgo comercial = business risk.

* secreto comercial = competitive information.

* sector comercial, el = profit-oriented sector, the, profit sector, the, commercial sector, the, for-profit sector, the.

* sector no comercial, el = not-for-profit sector, the, non-profit sector, the.

* servicio comercial = commercial service.

* sistema comercial = market system, commercial system.

* situado en la calle comercial = shop-front [shopfront].

* socio comercial = business associate.

* software comercial = commercial software.

* valor comercial = commercial paper.

* vehículo comercial = commercial vehicle.

* viajante comercial = business traveller.

* visión comercial = business acumen.

* vuelo comercial = commercial flight.

* zona comercial = business district, shopping area, shopping district.

* * *

comercial¹

adjective

1 ‹distrito/operación› business ( before n)

una importante firma comercial an important company

el desequilibrio comercial entre los dos países the trade imbalance between the two countries

un emporio comercial fenicio a Phoenician trading post

algunos critican su agresividad comercial some people criticize their aggressive approach to business

el déficit comercial the trade deficit

una carta comercial a business letter

nuevas iniciativas comerciales new business initiatives

nuestra división comercial our sales o marketing department

el derribo de un avión comercial the shooting down of a civil aircraft

ver tb agente comercial (↑ agente), centro comercial (↑ centro), galería, etc

2 ‹película/arte› commercial

comercial²

masculine

( AmL)

commercial, advert ( BrE)

comercial³

feminine

or

masculine

A

(tienda): [ S ] Comercial Hernández Hernandez's Stores

B (CS) ( Educ) business school

* * *

comercial adjetivo
a) ‹zona/operación/carta› business ( before n);

◊ una firma comercial a company;

el déficit comercial the trade deficit;
See Also→ galería, centro
b) ‹película/arte› commercial

■ sustantivo masculino
a) ( anuncio) commercial, advert (BrE)

b) (CS) (Educ) business school

comercial adjetivo commercial
' comercial' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
balanza
- centro
- depresión
- erotizar
- galería
- propaganda
- recibo
- Sres.
- feria
- gerente
- pasaje
- relación
- señalización
- señalizar
- zona
English:
accessible
- arcade
- brand name
- business
- commercial
- commercialize
- delay
- delegation
- head-hunt
- mall
- merchant bank
- moneymaker
- profit margin
- rep
- run across
- sales brochure
- sales promotion
- sales rep
- selling point
- shopping centre
- trade agreement
- trade deficit
- trade embargo
- trade gap
- trade route
- tradename
- trading partner
- trading results
- unbusinesslike
- break
- cash
- fair
- for
- mix
- opening
- plaza
- precinct
- representative
- shopping
- trade
- trading

* * *

comercial

♦ adj

1. [de empresas] commercial;
[embargo, déficit, disputa] trade;
relaciones comerciales trade relations;

aviación comercial civil aviation;

política comercial trade policy;

gestión comercial business management

2. [que se vende bien] commercial;

una película muy comercial a very commercial film

♦ nmf
[vendedor, representante] sales rep
♦ nm
Am commercial, Br advert
* * *

comercial

I adj commercial; de negocios business atr ;

el déficit comercial the trade deficit

II m/f representative

III m L.Am. ( anuncio) commercial

* * *

comercial adj & nm

: commercial

♦ comercialmente adv

* * *

comercial¹ adj commercial

comercial² n salesman [pl. salesmen] / saleswoman [pl. saleswomen]

Spanish-English dictionary > comercial
88 Ford, Henry

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport

[br]

b. 30 July 1863 Dearborn, Michigan, USA

d. 7 April 1947 Dearborn, Michigan, USA

[br]

American pioneer motor-car maker and developer of mass-production methods.

[br]

He was the son of an Irish immigrant farmer, William Ford, and the oldest son to survive of Mary Litogot; his mother died in 1876 with the birth of her sixth child. He went to the village school, and at the age of 16 he was apprenticed to Flower brothers' machine shop and then at the Drydock \& Engineering Works in Detroit. In 1882 he left to return to the family farm and spent some time working with a 1 1/2 hp steam engine doing odd jobs for the farming community at $3 per day. He was then employed as a demonstrator for Westinghouse steam engines. He met Clara Jane Bryant at New Year 1885 and they were married on 11 April 1888. Their only child, Edsel Bryant Ford, was born on 6 November 1893.

At that time Henry worked on steam engine repairs for the Edison Illuminating Company, where he became Chief Engineer. He became one of a group working to develop a "horseless carriage" in 1896 and in June completed his first vehicle, a "quadri cycle" with a two-cylinder engine. It was built in a brick shed, which had to be partially demolished to get the carriage out.

Ford became involved in motor racing, at which he was more successful than he was in starting a car-manufacturing company. Several early ventures failed, until the Ford Motor Company of 1903. By October 1908 they had started with production of the Model T. The first, of which over 15 million were built up to the end of its production in May 1927, came out with bought-out steel stampings and a planetary gearbox, and had a one-piece four-cylinder block with a bolt-on head. This was one of the most successful models built by Ford or any other motor manufacturer in the life of the motor car.

Interchangeability of components was an important element in Ford's philosophy. Ford was a pioneer in the use of vanadium steel for engine components. He adopted the principles of Frederick Taylor, the pioneer of time-and-motion study, and installed the world's first moving assembly line for the production of magnetos, started in 1913. He installed blast furnaces at the factory to make his own steel, and he also promoted research and the cultivation of the soya bean, from which a plastic was derived.

In October 1913 he introduced the "Five Dollar Day", almost doubling the normal rate of pay. This was a profit-sharing scheme for his employees and contained an element of a reward for good behaviour. About this time he initiated work on an agricultural tractor, the "Fordson" made by a separate company, the directors of which were Henry and his son Edsel.

In 1915 he chartered the Oscar II, a "peace ship", and with fifty-five delegates sailed for Europe a week before Christmas, docking at Oslo. Their objective was to appeal to all European Heads of State to stop the war. He had hoped to persuade manufacturers to replace armaments with tractors in their production programmes. In the event, Ford took to his bed in the hotel with a chill, stayed there for five days and then sailed for New York and home. He did, however, continue to finance the peace activists who remained in Europe. Back in America, he stood for election to the US Senate but was defeated. He was probably the father of John Dahlinger, illegitimate son of Evangeline Dahlinger, a stenographer employed by the firm and on whom he lavished gifts of cars, clothes and properties. He became the owner of a weekly newspaper, the Dearborn Independent, which became the medium for the expression of many of his more unorthodox ideas. He was involved in a lawsuit with the Chicago Tribune in 1919, during which he was cross-examined on his knowledge of American history: he is reputed to have said "History is bunk". What he actually said was, "History is bunk as it is taught in schools", a very different comment. The lawyers who thus made a fool of him would have been surprised if they could have foreseen the force and energy that their actions were to release. For years Ford employed a team of specialists to scour America and Europe for furniture, artefacts and relics of all kinds, illustrating various aspects of history. Starting with the Wayside Inn from South Sudbury, Massachusetts, buildings were bought, dismantled and moved, to be reconstructed in Greenfield Village, near Dearborn. The courthouse where Abraham Lincoln had practised law and the Ohio bicycle shop where the Wright brothers built their first primitive aeroplane were added to the farmhouse where the proprietor, Henry Ford, had been born. Replicas were made of Independence Hall, Congress Hall and the old City Hall in Philadelphia, and even a reconstruction of Edison's Menlo Park laboratory was installed. The Henry Ford museum was officially opened on 21 October 1929, on the fiftieth anniversary of Edison's invention of the incandescent bulb, but it continued to be a primary preoccupation of the great American car maker until his death.

Henry Ford was also responsible for a number of aeronautical developments at the Ford Airport at Dearborn. He introduced the first use of radio to guide a commercial aircraft, the first regular airmail service in the United States. He also manufactured the country's first all-metal multi-engined plane, the Ford Tri-Motor.

Edsel became President of the Ford Motor Company on his father's resignation from that position on 30 December 1918. Following the end of production in May 1927 of the Model T, the replacement Model A was not in production for another six months. During this period Henry Ford, though officially retired from the presidency of the company, repeatedly interfered and countermanded the orders of his son, ostensibly the man in charge. Edsel, who died of stomach cancer at his home at Grosse Point, Detroit, on 26 May 1943, was the father of Henry Ford II. Henry Ford died at his home, "Fair Lane", four years after his son's death.

[br]

Bibliography

1922, with S.Crowther, My Life and Work, London: Heinemann.

Further Reading

R.Lacey, 1986, Ford, the Men and the Machine, London: Heinemann. W.C.Richards, 1948, The Last Billionaire, Henry Ford, New York: Charles Scribner.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Ford, Henry
89 Parseval, August von

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 1861

d. 22 February 1942 Berlin, Germany

[br]

German designer of tethered observation balloons and non-rigid airships.

[br]

Major von Parseval and his colleague Captain von Sigsfeld were serving in the German army during the 1890s when improved military observation from the air was being pursued. Tethered observation balloons, raised and lowered by a winch, had been used since 1794, but in strong winds a spherical balloon became very unstable. Manned kites were being developed by "Colonel" S.F. Cody, in Britain, and others, but kites were a problem if the wind dropped. A very successful compromise was achieved in 1897 by von Parseval and von Sigsfeld, who developed a kite-balloon, the Drachen ("Dragon"), which was elongated like an airship and fitted with large inflated fins. It was attached to its tethering cable in such a way that it flew with a positive incidence (nose up) to the wind, thus producing some lift—like a kite. The combination of these factors made the kite-balloon very stable. Other countries followed suit and a version designed by the Frenchman Albert Caquot was widely used during the First World War for observing the results of artillery fire. Caquot balloons were also used around London as a barrage to obstruct enemy aircraft, and "barrage balloons" were widely used during the Second World War. After working at a government balloon factory in Berlin where non-rigid airships were built, von Parseval designed his own non-rigid airship. The Parseval I which flew in 1906 was small, but larger and faster non-rigids followed. These were built by Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H. of Berlin founded in 1908 to build and operate Parseval airships. The British Admiralty ordered three Parseval airships, two to be built by Vickers of Barrow (who had built the rigid airship R 1 Mayfly in 1911), and one to be built in Berlin. This one was flown from Berlin to Farnborough in 1913 and joined the Vickers-built Parseval in the Naval Air Service. During the First World War, Parseval airships had the unique distinction of serving on both sides. Three small Parseval airships were built between 1929 and 1932 for use in advertising.

[br]

Further Reading

A.Hildebrandt, 1908, Airships Past and Present, London (describes the kite-balloon). Fred Gütschow, 1985, Das Luftschiff, Stuttgart (includes a record of all the airships). Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).

Basil Collier, 1974, The Airship: A History, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).

Biographical history of technology > Parseval, August von
90 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology

[br]

b. 30 July 1889 Mourum (near Moscow), Russia

d. 29 July 1982 New York City, New York, USA

[br]

Russian (naturalized American 1924) television pioneer who invented the iconoscope and kinescope television camera and display tubes.

[br]

Zworykin studied engineering at the Institute of Technology in St Petersburg under Boris Rosing, assisting the latter with his early experiments with television. After graduating in 1912, he spent a time doing X-ray research at the Collège de France in Paris before returning to join the Russian Marconi Company, initially in St Petersburg and then in Moscow. On the outbreak of war in 1917, he joined the Russian Army Signal Corps, but when the war ended in the chaos of the Revolution he set off on his travels, ending up in the USA, where he joined the Westinghouse Corporation. There, in 1923, he filed the first of many patents for a complete system of electronic television, including one for an all-electronic scanning pick-up tube that he called the iconoscope. In 1924 he became a US citizen and invented the kinescope, a hard-vacuum cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display of television pictures, and the following year he patented a camera tube with a mosaic of photoelectric elements and gave a demonstration of still-picture TV. In 1926 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Pittsburgh and in 1928 he was granted a patent for a colour TV system.

In 1929 he embarked on a tour of Europe to study TV developments; on his return he joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) as Director of the Electronics Research Group, first at Camden and then Princeton, New Jersey. Securing a budget to develop an improved CRT picture tube, he soon produced a kinescope with a hard vacuum, an indirectly heated cathode, a signal-modulation grid and electrostatic focusing. In 1933 an improved iconoscope camera tube was produced, and under his direction RCA went on to produce other improved types of camera tube, including the image iconoscope, the orthicon and image orthicon and the vidicon. The secondary-emission effect used in many of these tubes was also used in a scintillation radiation counter. In 1941 he was responsible for the development of the first industrial electron microscope, but for most of the Second World War he directed work concerned with radar, aircraft fire-control and TV-guided missiles.

After the war he worked for a time on high-speed memories and medical electronics, becoming Vice-President and Technical Consultant in 1947. He "retired" from RCA and was made an honorary vice-president in 1954, but he retained an office and continued to work there almost up until his death; he also served as Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1954 until 1962.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Zworykin received some twenty-seven awards and honours for his contributions to television engineering and medical electronics, including the Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1965; US Medal of Science 1966; and the US National Hall of Fame 1977.

Bibliography

29 December 1923, US patent no. 2,141, 059 (the original iconoscope patent; finally granted in December 1938!).

13 July 1925, US patent no. 1,691, 324 (colour television system).

1930, with D.E.Wilson, Photocells and Their Applications, New York: Wiley. 1934, "The iconoscope. A modern version of the electric eye". Proceedings of the

Institute of Radio Engineers 22:16.

1946, Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope.

1940, with G.A.Morton, Television; revised 1954.

1949, with E.G.Ramberg, Photoelectricity and Its Applications. 1958, Television in Science and Industry.

Further Reading

J.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.

See also: Baird, John Logie; Farnsworth, Philo Taylor; Jenkins, Charles Francis

KF

Biographical history of technology > Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma
91 помощь

аптечка первой помощи
first-aid kit
ведомый с помощью радиолокатора
radar-guided
включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
switch to the proper tank
включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
turn the proper tank on
воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
aircraft requiring assistance
выдерживание курса полета с помощью инерциальной системы
inertial tracking
выполнение полетов с помощью радиосредств
radio fly
выпуск шасси с помощью скоростного напора
wind-assisted extension
герметизация фонаря кабины с помощью шланга
canopy strip seal
дистанционное управление рулями с помощью электроприводов
fly-by-wire
крен с помощью элеронов
aileron roll
машина технической помощи
wrecking truck
наблюдение при помощи радиозонда
radiosonde observation
необратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителей
power-operated control
обратимое управление с помощью гидроусилителей
power-boost control
оказывать помощь при эвакуации
assist in evacuation
определение местоположения с помощью радиосредства
radio fixing
переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
switch to the autopilot
пилотировать при помощи автопилота
fly under the autopilot
пилотировать с помощью автоматического управления
fly automatically
пилотировать с помощью штурвального управления
fly manually
полет для оказания медицинской помощи
aerial ambulance operation
полет с помощью радионавигационных средств
radio navigation flight
получать информацию с помощью регистратора
obtain from recorder
посадка при помощи автопилота
autopilot autoland
посадка с помощью ручного управления
manland
прокладка маршрута с помощью бортовых средств навигации
aircraft self routing
радиолокационное наблюдение с помощью зонда
radarsonde observation
разворот с помощью элеронов
bank with ailerons
распределение подачи при помощи системы трубопроводов
manifolding
распространять с помощью телетайпа
disseminate by teletypewriter
рейс для оказания помощи
relief flight
Секция расчетов по вопросам технической помощи
Technical Assistance Accounts section
(ИКАО) средства первой помощи
first-aid equipment
строительные работы с помощью авиации
construction work operations
уплотнение с помощью поршневого кольца
piston-ring type seal
управление креном с помощью аэродинамической поверхности
aerodynamic roll control
управление с помощью автопилота
autopilot control
управление с помощью аэродинамической поверхности
aerodynamic control
управление с помощью гидроусилителей
1. powered control
2. assisted control Управление технической помощи
Technical Assistance Bureau
управляемый с помощью радиолокатора
radar-directed
управлять рулями с помощью электроприводов
fly by wire

Русско-английский авиационный словарь > помощь
92 пилот

Ассоциация пилотов гражданской авиации
Air Line Pilot's
воздушное судно с одним пилотом
single-pilot aircraft
возрастной предел для пилота
pilot retirement rule
второй пилот
1. second-in-command
2. copilot 3. second pilot головокружение у пилота
pilot's vertigo
дезориентировать пилота
disconcert a pilot
донесение пилота
pilot report
допускать пилота к полетам
permit a pilot to operate
допуск к работе в качестве пилота
act as a pilot authority
дублирующий пилот
safety pilot
загруженность пилота
pilot work load
замедленная реакция пилота
pilot slow reaction
изоляция кабины пилотов
cockpit-wall insulation
квалификационная отметка пилота
1. pilot rating
2. rating for pilot квалификация пилота
pilot proficiency
кресло второго пилота
co-pilot's seat
кресло пилота
pilot seat
курсы подготовки пилотов к полетам по приборам
instrument pilot school
летная книжка пилота
pilot's log book
линейный пилот авиакомпании
airline transport pilot
лист предупреждений пилота
pilot warning sheet
(об опасности) медицинские требования к пилоту
pilot medical requirements
медицинское заключение о состоянии здоровья пилота
pilot medical assessment
Международная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотов
International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations
Международный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотов
International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations
навигационная система со считыванием показаний пилотом
pilot-interpreted navigation system
несвоевременные действия пилота
pilot delayed acquisitions
общая нагрузка пилота
pilot's workland
оперативное решение, принятое пилотом
pilot operational decision
ослепление пилота
pilot dazzle
ослеплять пилота
dazzle a pilot
оценка пилотом ситуации в полете
pilot judgement
оценка профессиональных качеств пилота
flight evaluation
ошибка пилота
pilot's error
переподготовка пилота
pilot retraining
пилот, выполняющий обязанности
pilot serving in
пилот - инспектор
1. check pilot
2. flight inspector пилот - инструктор
1. pilot-instructor
2. training pilot 3. flight instructor 4. authorized pilot пилот коммерческой авиации
commercial pilot
пилот - курсант
student pilot
пилот - любитель
private pilot
пилот - оператор
systems operator pilot
пилот - перегонщик
ferry pilot
пилот - планерист
glider pilot
пилот, производящий приемосдаточные испытания
acceptance pilot
пилот - профессионал
professional pilot
пилот транспортной авиации
transport pilot
пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
pilot on the controls
повышенное внимание пилота
pilot alertness
подготовка пилотов
pilot training
поле зрения пилота
pilot's field of view
предосторожность пилота
pilot prudence
приборная доска пилота
pilot's console
рабочее время пилота
pilot duty time
рабочее место пилота
pilot's station
свидетельство пилота коммерческой авиации
commercial pilot license
свидетельство пилота - любителя
private pilot license
свидетельство пилота транспортной авиации
air transport pilot
свидетельство профессионального пилота
professional pilot license
свидетельство старшего пилота коммерческой авиации
senior commercial pilot license
система пилот - диспетчер
pilot-controller system
сменный пилот
relief pilot
средства обеспечения пилота информацией
pilot-interpreted
старший пилот
chief aviation pilot
старший пилот коммерческой авиации
senior commercial pilot
уровень квалификации пилота
pilot ability level
усилие пилота на органах управления
pilot-applied force
условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
conditions beyond the experience
утомление пилота
pilot's fatigue
функции пилота
piloting functions
штурман - пилот
pilot-navigator
эксперт по обучению пилотов
pilot training expert
эшелонирование по усмотрению пилота
own separation

Русско-английский авиационный словарь > пилот
93 Linie

f; -, -n

1. line (auch Reihe, im Gesicht, MIL., Sport etc.); in Linie antreten, sich in einer Linie aufstellen line up; MIL. fall in; in erster Linie fig. first of all, in the first place; in vorderster Linie stehen MIL. be in the front line; fig. be at the forefront ( oder in the front line); auf der ganzen Linie fig. (right) down the line; Sieg: across the board

2. (Strecke) route; die Linie 20 Bus: bus number 20, the number 20 (bus); auf der Linie Köln-Hamburg on the Cologne-Hamburg line ( oder route)

3. (Fluglinie) airline

4. (Tendenz) trend; POL. course; (Parteilinie) party line; einer Zeitung: editorial policy; eine klare Linie haben (fest umrissen sein) be clear-cut; (konsequent sein) be consistent; eine klare Linie einhalten follow a consistent line, stay consistent; eine mittlere Linie einschlagen oder verfolgen follow a middle course

5. umg. (Taille) figure, waistline; ich muss auf meine ( schlanke) Linie achten auch I’ve got to watch what I eat

6. (Stamm, Geschlecht) line; in direkter Linie abstammen von be a direct descendant of

* * *

die Linie

(Körperform) figure; waistline;

(Strecke) route; line;

(Strich) line

* * *
Li|nie ['liːniə]
f -, -n

1) line (AUCH SPORT, POL, NAUT); (= Umriss) (out)line

ein Schreibblock mit Línien — a ruled (esp Brit) or lined notepad

die Línien (in) seiner Hand — the lines of or on his hand

in einer Línie stehen — to be in a line

sich in einer Línie aufstellen — to line up

die Buchstaben halten nicht Línie (Typ) — the letters are not in line

auf der gleichen Línie — along the same lines

fehlt die klare Línie — there's no clear line to sth

eine klare Línie für sein Leben finden, seinem Leben eine klare Línie geben — to give one's life a clear sense of direction

eine Línie ziehen zwischen... (+dat) (fig) — to draw a distinction between...

auf der ganzen Línie (fig) — all along the line

auf Línie bleiben (fig) — to toe the line

sie hat ein Gesicht mit klaren/verschwommenen Línien — she has clear-cut/ill-defined features

auf die (schlanke) Línie achten — to watch one's figure

in direkter Línie von jdm abstammen — to be a direct descendant of sb

die männliche/weibliche Línie eines Geschlechts — the male/female line of a family

in erster/zweiter Línie kommen (fig) — to come first/second, to take first/second place

in erster Línie muss die Arbeitslosigkeit bekämpft werden — the fight against unemployment must come first or must take priority

See:

→ erste(r, s)

2) (MIL) (= Stellung) line; (= Formation) rank

in Línie antreten! — fall in!

in Línie zu drei Gliedern — in ranks three deep

die feindliche/vorderste Línie — the enemy lines pl/front line

3) (= Verkehrsverbindung, - strecke) route; (= Buslinie, Eisenbahnlinie) line, route

fahren Sie mit der Línie 2 — take a or the (number) 2

auf einer Línie verkehren — to work a route

die Línie Köln-Bonn — the Cologne-Bonn line

* * *

die

1) (a long, narrow mark, streak or stripe: She drew straight lines across the page; a dotted/wavy line.) line

2) (a regular service of ships, aircraft etc: a shipping line.) line

3) (an arrangement of troops, especially when ready to fight: fighting in the front line.) line

* * *

Li·nie

<-, -n>

[ˈli:ni̯ə]

f

1. (längerer Strich) line

eine geschlängelte/gestrichelte \Linie a wavy/dotted line

eine \Linie ziehen to draw a line

2. SPORT, TRANSP (lang gezogene Markierung) line

3. TRANSP (Verkehrsverbindung) route

eine Bus-/U-Bahn\Linie a bus/underground line [or route]

nehmen Sie am besten die \Linie 19 you'd best take the [or a] number 19

4. pl MIL (Frontstellung) line

die feindlichen \Linien durchbrechen to break through [the] enemy lines

5. POL a. (allgemeine Richtung) line

eine gemeinsame \Linie a common line [or policy]

eine klare \Linie a clear line

auf der gleichen \Linie liegen to follow the same line, to be along the same lines

6. (Verwandtschaftszweig) line

in bestimmter \Linie in a certain line

er behauptet, dass er in direkter \Linie von Karl dem Großen abstammt he claims that he is descended in a direct line from [or is a direct descendant of] Charlemagne

7. NAUT (Äquator) line

die \Linie passieren [o kreuzen] to cross the line

8. JUR line, course

gerade \Linie direct line

9.

▶ in erster/zweiter \Linie first and foremost/secondarily

die Kosten sind erst in zweiter \Linie maßgebend/wichtig the costs are only of secondary importance

▶ auf der ganzen \Linie all along the line

▶ die schlanke \Linie (fam) one's figure

danke, keine Sahne, ich achte sehr auf meine [schlanke] \Linie no cream thanks, I'm watching [or trying to watch] my figure

▶ in vorderster \Linie stehen to be in the front line

* * *

die; Linie, Linien

1) line

auf die [schlanke] Linie achten — (ugs. scherzh.) watch one's figure

die feindliche[n] Linie[n] — (Milit.) [the] enemy lines pl.

in vorderster Linie stehen — (fig.) be in the front line

2) (Verkehrsstrecke) route; (EisenbahnLinie, StraßenbahnLinie) line; route

fahren Sie mit der Linie 4 — take a or the number 4

3) (allgemeine Richtung) line; policy

eine/keine klare Linie erkennen lassen — reveal a/no clear policy

4) (Verwandtschaftszweig) line

in direkter Linie von jemandem abstammen — be directly descended from or a direct descendant of somebody

5)

in erster Linie geht es darum, dass das Projekt beschleunigt wird — the first priority is to speed up the project

auf der ganzen Linie — all along the line

* * *

Linie f; -, -n

1. line (auch Reihe, im Gesicht, MIL, Sport etc);

in Linie antreten, sich in einer Linie aufstellen line up; MIL fall in;

in erster Linie fig first of all, in the first place;

in vorderster Linie stehen MIL be in the front line; fig be at the forefront ( oder in the front line);

auf der ganzen Linie fig (right) down the line; Sieg: across the board

2. (Strecke) route;

die Linie 20 Bus: bus number 20, the number 20 (bus);

auf der Linie Köln-Hamburg on the Cologne-Hamburg line ( oder route)

3. (Fluglinie) airline

4. (Tendenz) trend; POL course; (Parteilinie) party line; einer Zeitung: editorial policy;

eine klare Linie haben (fest umrissen sein) be clear-cut; (konsequent sein) be consistent;

eine klare Linie einhalten follow a consistent line, stay consistent;

eine mittlere Linie einschlagen oder

verfolgen follow a middle course

5. umg (Taille) figure, waistline;

ich muss auf meine (schlanke) Linie achten auch I’ve got to watch what I eat

6. (Stamm, Geschlecht) line;

in direkter Linie abstammen von be a direct descendant of

* * *

die; Linie, Linien

1) line

auf die [schlanke] Linie achten — (ugs. scherzh.) watch one's figure

die feindliche[n] Linie[n] — (Milit.) [the] enemy lines pl.

in vorderster Linie stehen — (fig.) be in the front line

2) (Verkehrsstrecke) route; (EisenbahnLinie, StraßenbahnLinie) line; route

fahren Sie mit der Linie 4 — take a or the number 4

3) (allgemeine Richtung) line; policy

eine/keine klare Linie erkennen lassen — reveal a/no clear policy

4) (Verwandtschaftszweig) line

in direkter Linie von jemandem abstammen — be directly descended from or a direct descendant of somebody

5)

in erster Linie geht es darum, dass das Projekt beschleunigt wird — the first priority is to speed up the project

auf der ganzen Linie — all along the line

* * *

-n f.

line n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Linie
94 autoridad

f.

1 authority.

impusieron su autoridad they imposed their authority

autoridad moral moral authority

2 authority (eminencia).

es una autoridad en historia he is an authority on history

3 authority (control, dominio).

habla siempre con mucha autoridad she always talks with great authority

4 officer, authority, person in authority.

5 imperiousness.

* * *

autoridad

► nombre femenino

1 authority

* * *

noun f.

authority

* * *

SF

1) (=potestad) authority

las autoridades — the authorities

autoridades aduaneras — customs authorities

¡abran a la autoridad! — open up in the name of the law!

entregarse a la autoridad — to give o.s. up ( to the police)

autoridad de sanidad — health authorities pl

autoridad local — local authority

2) (=persona) authority

3) (=boato) pomp, show

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( poder) authority

no tengo autoridad para hacerlo — I do not have the authority to do it

b) (persona, institución)

la máxima autoridad en el ministerio — the top official in the ministry

se entregó a las autoridades — she gave herself up to the authorities

la autoridad competente — the proper authority o authorities

- autoridad moral

2)

a) ( experto) authority

una autoridad en la materia — an authority on the subject

b) ( competencia) authority

habla con mucha autoridad — she speaks with great authority

3) (Der)

el tratado tiene autoridad de ley — the agreement is legally binding o has the power of law

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( poder) authority

no tengo autoridad para hacerlo — I do not have the authority to do it

b) (persona, institución)

la máxima autoridad en el ministerio — the top official in the ministry

se entregó a las autoridades — she gave herself up to the authorities

la autoridad competente — the proper authority o authorities

- autoridad moral

2)

a) ( experto) authority

una autoridad en la materia — an authority on the subject

b) ( competencia) authority

habla con mucha autoridad — she speaks with great authority

3) (Der)

el tratado tiene autoridad de ley — the agreement is legally binding o has the power of law

* * *

autoridad¹

¹ = authority, decision maker [decision-maker], authority figure, mover and shaker, senior official.

Ex: The classification scheme is intended to act as an authority in the selection of the relationships to be shown.

Ex: This not only gives the decision maker an idea of the time frame involved but also aids in identifying potential weaknesses.

Ex: The constituent networks may have presidents and CEO's (chief executive officers), but that's a different issue; there's no single authority figure for the Internet as a whole.

Ex: The author argues the need to reconsider the role and image of the information professional, as trainer and mover and shaker, whilst stressing the need for continuous professional development.

Ex: The delay could have been avoided, if senior officials were empowered to requisition aircraft from any operator.

* autoridad archivística = archival authority.

* autoridad cívica = city authority.

* autoridad civil = civil authority, city authority.

* autoridad competente, la = competent authority, the.

* autoridad eclesiástica = ecclesiastical authority.

* autoridades escolares = school authorities.

* autoridades municipales = city fathers.

* autoridad estatal = state official.

* autoridad gobernante = ruling authority.

* autoridad local = local authority, local authority official, local authority officer.

* autoridad mundial = world authority.

* autoridad municipal = municipal official.

* autoridad portuaria = port authority, harbour authority.

* autoridad pública = public official, senior public official.

* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.

* autoridad territorial = territorial authority.

* las autoridades = the powers-that-be.

autoridad²

² = mastery, authority, clout, sway.

Ex: The library has proven to be an imperfect panacea, and the librarian has suffered a definite loss of mastery.

Ex: One of the great virtues of networking is that it democratizes access to information and access to authority.

Ex: IT executives would like to see their role in the organization elevated, giving them more ' clout', stature and visibility.

Ex: During this period Africa was influenced by external forces as the Islamic states of the north extended their sway south.

* acatar la autoridad = toe + the line.

* autoridad moral, la = moral high ground, the.

* con autoridad = authoritative, authoritatively.

* conceder cierta autoridad sobre = give + Nombre + a say in.

* dar autoridad a Algo = lend + authority to.

* delegar autoridad = delegate + authority.

* de personas con autoridad moral = authoritative.

* ejercer autoridad = exercise + power.

* ejercer autoridad de un modo excesivo = push + authority.

* imponer autoridad = lay down + the law.

* imponer + Posesivo + autoridad = pull + rank.

* pasar por alto la autoridad de Alguien = go over + Posesivo + head.

* pérdida de autoridad = disempowerment.

* tener la autoridad = have + mandate.

autoridad³

³ = authoritative form.

Ex: One of the key recommendations for long term policy was the confirmation of the responsibility of the national bibliographic agency for establishing the authoritative form of name for its country's authors.

* asiento de autoridad = authority record.

* autoridad de nombre = name authority.

* base de datos de autoridades = authority database.

* control de autoridades = authority control.

* Cooperativa para Autoridades de Nombre (NACO) = Name Authority Cooperative (NACO).

* documento de autoridad archivística = archival authority record.

* encabezamiento de autoridad = authority heading.

* entrada de autoridades = authority entry.

* fichero de autoridades = authority file.

* fichero de autoridades de nombres = name authority file.

* información de autoridades = authority data, authority information.

* lista de autoridades = authoritative list, authority list, authority listing.

* módulo de control de autoridades = authority control module.

* registro de autoridad archivística = archival authority record.

* * *

autoridad

feminine

A

1 (poder) authority

no tengo autoridad para hacerlo I do not have the authority to do it

no tiene ninguna autoridad sobre la clase he has no control o authority over the class

2

(persona, institución): las autoridades universitarias/municipales the university/municipal authorities

es la máxima autoridad en el ministerio he is the top official in the ministry

se entregó a las autoridades she gave herself up to the authorities

la autoridad competente the proper authorities

Compuesto:

autoridad moral

moral authority

no tiene autoridad moral para criticarnos she has no moral authority o is in no position to criticize

B

1 (experto) authority

es considerado una autoridad en la materia he is considered an authority on the subject

2 (competencia) authority

habla con mucha autoridad she speaks with great authority

C ( Der):

una sentencia con autoridad de cosa juzgada an executable o enforceable sentence

el tratado tiene autoridad de ley the agreement is legally binding o has the power of law

* * *

autoridad sustantivo femenino
1
a) (poder, competencia) authority

b) (persona, institución):

◊ la máxima autoridad en el ministerio the top official in the ministry;

se entregó a las autoridades she gave herself up to the authorities
2 ( experto) authority;
◊ una autoridad en la materia an authority on the subject

autoridad sustantivo femenino authority
' autoridad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abusar
- audiencia
- chivatazo
- desautorizar
- fuerza
- mando
- resistirse
- restar
- sometimiento
- abuso
- alguacil
- allanar
- extender
- menoscabar
- minar
- parte
- paterno
- reconocer
- someter
English:
arm
- authority
- challenge
- chip away
- command
- control
- disregard
- extend
- malpractice
- misuse
- must
- question
- rank
- retain
- ultimate
- wield
- authoritative
- definitive
- leadership
- second

* * *

autoridad nf

1. [poder] authority;

no tienes autoridad para hacer eso you have no authority to do that;

impusieron su autoridad they imposed their authority;

le falta ejercer más autoridad sobre sus empleados he needs to exercise more authority over the people who work for him

Comp
autoridad moral moral authority
2. [persona al mando]
las autoridades militares/religiosas the military/religious authorities;

entregarse a las autoridades [a la policía] to give oneself up;

la autoridad the authorities

3. [eminencia] authority;

es una autoridad en historia he is an authority on history

4. [control, dominio] authority;

habla siempre con mucha autoridad she always talks with great authority

5. [autor citado] authority;
[texto citado] quotation
* * *

autoridad

f authority;

hacer valer toda su autoridad fig assert one’s authority, bring the full weight of one’s authority to bear

* * *

autoridad nf

: authority

* * *

autoridad n authority [pl. authorities]

Spanish-English dictionary > autoridad
95 fort

fort, e [fɔʀ, fɔʀt]

━━━━━━━━━

1. adjective

2. adverb

3. masculine noun

━━━━━━━━━

1. <

   a. strong

• il est fort comme un bœuf he's as strong as an ox

• le dollar est une monnaie forte the dollar is a strong currency

• de la moutarde forte strong mustard

• un fort accent anglais a strong English accent

• un fort vent du sud a strong southerly wind

• c'est plus fort que moi I can't help it

• c'est une forte tête he (or she) is a rebel

► fort de

• une équipe forte de 15 personnes a team of 15 people

• fort de son expérience, il... wiser for this experience, he...

   b. ( = gros) [personne, poitrine] large ; [hanches] broad

   c. ( = intense) [bruit, voix] loud ; [dégoût, crainte] great ; [douleur, chaleur] intense ; [fièvre] high

• il y a quelques moments forts dans son film there are some powerful scenes in his film

• au sens fort du terme in the strongest sense of the term

   d. ( = raide) [pente] steep

   e. ( = violent) [secousse, coup] hard ; [houle, pluies] heavy

• mer très forte very rough sea

   f. ( = excessif) (inf) c'est trop fort ! that's going too far!

• c'est un peu fort (inf) that's going a bit far

• et le plus fort, c'est que... and the best part of it is that...

   g. ( = important) (avant le nom) [somme, dose] large ; [baisse, différence, augmentation] big ; [consommation] high

   h. ( = doué) good (en at)

• il est fort en histoire he's good at history

• être fort sur un sujet to be good at a subject

• ce n'est pas très fort de sa part (inf) that's not very clever of him

• c'est trop fort pour moi it's beyond me

2. <

   a. ( = intensément) [lancer, serrer, souffler, frapper] hard

• sentir fort to have a strong smell

• respirez bien fort take a deep breath

• son cœur battait très fort his heart was pounding

• le feu marche trop fort the fire is burning too fast

• tu as fait fort ! (inf) that was a bit much! (inf)

   b. ( = bruyamment) loudly

• parlez plus fort speak up

• mets la radio moins fort turn the radio down

• mets la radio plus fort turn the radio up

   c. ( = beaucoup) greatly

• j'en doute fort I very much doubt it

• j'ai fort à faire avec lui I've got my work cut out with him

   d. ( = très) (formal) very

• c'est fort bon it is exceedingly good

• il y avait fort peu de monde there were very few people

► fort bien [dessiné, dit, conservé] extremely well

• je peux fort bien m'en passer I can quite easily do without it

• fort bien ! excellent!

   e. ► se faire fort de to be confident that

• nos champions se font fort de remporter la victoire our champions are confident they will win

• je me fais fort de le convaincre I have every confidence I can convince him

3. <

   a. ( = forteresse) fort

   b. ( = personne) un fort en thème a swot (inf) (Brit) a grind (inf) (US)

   c. ( = spécialité) forte

• l'amabilité n'est pas son fort kindness is not his strong point

   d. ► au plus fort de... at the height of...

* * *

1.

forte fɔʀ, fɔʀt adjectif

1) ( puissant) strong

armée forte de 10000 hommes — 10,000-strong army

fort d'un chiffre d'affaires en hausse — boasting an increased turnover

forts de leur expérience... — boosted by their experience...

le roi est plus fort que la dame — a king is worth more than a queen

trouver plus fort que soi — to meet one's match

s'attaquer à plus fort que soi — to take on someone bigger than oneself

2) ( résistant) strong

3) ( intense) [bruit] loud; [lumière] bright; [chaleur, activité, pression] intense; [crampe] bad; [fièvre] high; [soupçon] strong; [crainte, colère] deep

une forte grippe — a bad attack of flu

avoir une forte envie de faire — to feel a strong desire to do

4) ( violent) [coup] hard; [pluie] heavy; [vent] strong

5) ( concentré) [café, cigarette, alcool] strong; [épice] hot

6) ( net) [accent, personnalité, odeur, tendance, impression] strong; [pente] steep; [somme, majorité, réduction] large; [taux, inflation, consommation] high; [expansion, pénurie] great; [baisse, augmentation] sharp; [différence] big; [contingent, dose, croissance] strong

forte émigration — high level of emigration

7) ( doué) good (en, à at; pour faire at doing)

il est fort pour ne rien faire — hum he's good at doing nothing

8) ( ferme) [personne] strong

9) ( gros) [personne] stout; [hanches] broad; [poitrine] large; [cuisses] big

être forte de poitrine — to have a large bust

10) (colloq) ( exagéré)

c'est un peu fort! — that's a bit much! (colloq)

le plus fort, c'est que... — ( surprenant) the most amazing thing is that...; ( absurde) the most ridiculous thing is that...

2.

adverbe

1) ( très) [bon, déçu, émouvant] extremely; [bien, vite] very

c'est fort dommage — it's a great pity

2) ( beaucoup) [douter] very much

j'ai eu fort à faire (colloq) pour le convaincre — I had a hard job convincing him

3) ( avec force) [frapper, tirer, frotter] hard; [serrer] tight; [respirer] deeply; [parler, crier] loudly; [sentir] strongly

souffle fort! — blow hard!

le vent souffle fort — there's a strong wind

parler de plus en plus fort — to speak louder and louder

mon cœur bat trop fort — my heart is beating too fast

le chauffage marche trop fort — the heating is turned up too high

y aller un peu fort — (colloq) to go a bit too far

y aller un peu fort sur la moutarde — to overdo the mustard

4) ( bien) well

il ne va pas très fort — he's not very well

faire or frapper (très) fort — (colloq) to do (really) well

attaquer très fort — (colloq) to start off really well

3.

nom masculin

1) ( ouvrage fortifié) fort

2) ( personne puissante) strong person

3) ( domaine d'excellence) strong point, forte

4.

au plus fort de locution prépositive

au plus fort de l'été — at the height of summer

au plus fort de l'hiver — in the depths of winter

au plus fort de la bataille — in the thick of the fighting

Phrasal Verbs:

- fort en thème

- forte tête

••

fort comme un bœuf or Turc — strong as an ox

c'est plus fort que moi/qu'elle — ( incontrôlable) I/she just can't help it

c'est plus fort que l'as de pique (colloq) or que de jouer au bouchon — (colloq) that beats it all, that takes the biscuit (colloq)

* * *
fɔʀ, fɔʀt fort, -e
1. adj

1) (physiquement, politiquement, économiquement) strong

fort comme un bœuf — as strong as an ox

la loi du plus fort — the survival of the fittest

2) (par le goût, l'effet, la sensation) (café, médicament, odeur) strong, (sauce) hot, (alcool) strong

Le café est trop fort. — The coffee's too strong.

3) (rendement) high, (intensité) great, (pluie) heavy

une forte augmentation de la température — a big increase in temperature

4) (= corpulent) large

5) (= doué)

être fort (en) — to be good (at)

Il est très fort en espagnol. — He's very good at Spanish.

se faire fort de faire — to claim one can do

6) (autres locutions)

fort de; fort de son expérience — with a wealth of experience

une équipe forte de vingt chercheurs — a team of twenty researchers

c'est un peu fort! — it's a bit much!

à plus forte raison — even more so, all the more reason

une forte tête — a rebel

2. adv

1) [serrer, frapper] hard

2) [sonner] loudly

Est-ce vous pouvez parler plus fort? — Can you speak louder?

3) soutenu (= très) most

C'est fort désagréable. — It's most unpleasant.

fort bien... (avec adjectif) — very well...

fort bien! — very well!

fort peu (avec adjectif) — not at all

fort peu loquace — not at all talkative, (emploi pronominal) very few

fort peu de — very few

4) (= beaucoup) greatly, very much

Il appréciait fort sa compagnie. — He very much enjoyed his company.

avoir fort à faire avec qn — to have a hard time with sb

3. nm

1) (= édifice) fort

2) (= point fort) strong point, forte

3) (emploi substantivé, généralement pluriel) (personne, pays)

les forts — the strong

4) (autre locution)

au plus fort de (= au milieu de) — in the thick of, at the height of

* * *

fort, forte

A adj

1 ( puissant) [personne, pays, monnaie, économie, lunettes, médicament] strong; armée forte de 10 000 hommes 10,000-strong army; notre compagnie est forte de 30 appareils Aviat our airline can boast 30 aircraft; fort d'un chiffre d'affaires en hausse/de trois joueurs internationaux… boasting an increased turnover/three international players…; forts de leur approbation/expérience… boosted ou fortified by their approval/experience…; le roi est plus fort que la dame Jeux a king is worth more than a queen; trouver plus fort que soi to meet one's match; s'attaquer or s'en prendre à plus fort que soi to take on someone bigger than oneself; ⇒ partie;

2 ( résistant) [carton, papier, colle] strong;

3 ( intense) [bruit] loud; [lumière] bright; [chaleur, activité, pression] intense; [crampe, douleur] bad; [fièvre] high; [sentiment, soupçon] strong; [crainte, colère, mécontentement] deep; une forte grippe a bad attack of flu; avoir une forte envie de faire to feel a strong desire to do;

4 ( violent) [coup, poussée, secousse] hard; [pluie] heavy; [vent] strong;

5 ( concentré) [café, cigarette, alcool, moutarde] strong; [épice, piment, curry] hot; un vin fort a strong wine, a wine with a high degree of alcohol; au sens fort du mot fig in the fullest sense of the word;

6 ( accusé) [accent, personnalité, odeur, tendance, impression] strong; [pente] steep;

7 ( ample) [somme, majorité, réduction] large; [concentration, taux, inflation] high; [demande, consommation] high, heavy; [expansion, pénurie] great; [baisse, augmentation] sharp; [croissance] strong; [différence] big; [délégation, contingent, dose] strong; forte émigration/abstention high level of emigration/abstention; de forte puissance very powerful;

8 ( doué) good (en, à at; pour faire at doing); ceux qui sont forts en latin those who are good at Latin; il est fort pour ne rien faire iron he's good at doing nothing;

9 ( ferme) [personne] strong; rester fort dans le malheur to remain strong in adversity; je me fais fort de la convaincre I feel confident ou I am sure that I can convince her;

10 ( gros) [personne] stout; [hanches] broad; [poitrine] large; [cuisses] big; être forte de poitrine to have a large bust;

11 ○( exagéré) c'est un peu fort! that's a bit much○!; ( prix) that's a bit steep○!; le plus fort, c'est que… ( surprenant) the most amazing thing is that…; ( absurde) the most ridiculous thing is that…

B adv

1 ( très) [bon, déçu, émouvant, mécontent] extremely; [bien, logiquement, vite] very; fort recherché/demandé very much sought after/in demand; c'est fort dommage it's a great pity, it's extremely regrettable;

2 ( beaucoup) [douter, soupçonner] very much; avoir fort à faire○ to have a lot to do; j'ai eu fort à faire○ pour le convaincre I had a hard job convincing him;

3 ( avec force) [frapper, tirer, pousser, frotter] hard; [serrer] tight; [respirer] deeply; [parler, crier] loudly; [sentir] strongly; [coller] firmly; souffle fort! blow hard!; le vent souffle fort there's a strong wind; parler de plus en plus fort to speak louder and louder; mon cœur bat trop fort my heart is beating too fast; le chauffage marche trop fort the heating is turned up too high; dire haut et fort to say loud and clear; y aller un peu fort○ to go a bit too far; y aller un peu fort sur la moutarde/le sel to overdo the mustard/the salt; revenir très fort [coureur, équipe] to make a strong comeback;

4 ( bien) well; il ne va pas très fort he's not very well; (moi) ça ne va pas très fort I'm not all that well○; chez eux ça ne va pas très fort things aren't going so well for them; marcher fort [entreprise] to do well; faire or frapper (très) fort○ to do (really) well; attaquer or commencer très fort○ to start off really well.

C nm

1 Archit, Mil ( ouvrage fortifié) fort;

2 ( personne puissante) strong person; les forts et les faibles the strong and the weak; ⇒ raison;

3 ( domaine d'excellence) strong point; les échecs ne sont pas mon fort chess is not my strong point; la générosité n'est pas ton fort generosity is not your strong point.

D au plus fort de loc prép au plus fort de l'été/de l'incendie at the height of summer/of the fire; au plus fort de l'hiver in the depths of winter; au plus fort de la bataille in the thick of the fighting; au plus fort de la pluie in the middle of the downpour.

Composés

fort des halles market porter; fig Goliath; fort en thème○ Scol swot○ GB, grind○ US; forte tête rebel.

Idiomes

fort comme un bœuf or Turc strong as an ox; c'est plus fort que moi/qu'elle ( incontrôlable) I/she just can't help it; c'est plus fort que l'as de pique○ or que de jouer au bouchon that beats it all, that takes the biscuit○.

( féminin forte) [fɔr, fɔrt] adjectif

A.[QUI A DE LA PUISSANCE, DE L'EFFET]

1. [vigoureux - personne, bras] strong, sturdy ; [ - vent] strong, high ; [ - courant, jet] strong ; [ - secousse] hard ; [ - pluies] heavy

mer forte MÉTÉOROLOGIE rough sea

fort comme un Turc ou un bœuf as strong as an ox

2. [d'une grande résistance morale]

une âme forte a steadfast soul

rester fort dans l'adversité to remain strong ou to stand firm in the face of adversity

3. [autoritaire, contraignant - régime] strong-arm (avant nom)

4. [puissant - syndicat, parti, économie] strong, powerful ; [ - monnaie] strong, hard ; [ - carton, loupe, tranquillisant] strong

l'as est plus fort que le roi the ace is higher than the king

colle (très) forte (super) ou extra strong glue

c'est plus fort que moi I can't help it

fort de: fort de son expérience with a wealth of experience behind him

fort de leur protection reassured by their protection

une équipe forte de 40 hommes a 40-strong team

l'homme fort du parti the strong man of the party

5. [de grand impact - œuvre, film] powerful ; [ - argument] weighty, powerful, forcible

B.[MARQUÉ]

1. [épais, corpulent - jambes] big, thick ; [ - personne] stout, large ; [ - hanches] broad, large, wide

avoir la taille forte to be big around the waist

2. [important quantitativement - dénivellation] steep, pronounced ; [ - accent] strong, pronounced, marked ; [ - fièvre, taux] high ; [ - hausse] large ; [ - somme] large, big ; [ - concentration] high ; [ - bruit] loud ; [ - différence] great, big

il est prêt à payer le prix fort he's willing to pay the full price

3. [grand, intense - amour, haine] strong, intense ; [ - douleur] intense, great ; [ - influence] strong, big, great ; [ - propension] marked

il recherche les sensations fortes he's after big thrills

avoir une forte volonté to be strong-willed, to have a strong will

elle a une forte personnalité she's got a strong personality

4. [café, thé, moutarde, tabac] strong

[sauce] hot, spicy

[odeur] strong

5. (familier & locution)

et c'est moi qui devrais payer? alors ça c'est trop fort! and I should pay? that's a bit much!

le plus fort, c'est qu'il avait raison! the best of it is that he was right!

C.[HABILE] [compétent, doué]

le marketing, c'est là qu'il est fort/que sa société est forte marketing is his/his company's strong point

trouver plus fort que soi to meet one's match

pour donner des leçons, elle est très forte! she's very good at lecturing people!

fort en gymnastique/en langues very good at gymnastics/at languages

————————

adverbe

1. [avec vigueur - taper, tirer] hard

pousse plus fort push harder

[avec intensité]

sentir fort to smell

mets le gaz plus/moins fort turn the gas up/down

le gaz est trop fort the gas is too high

tu y vas un peu fort! you're going a bit far!

2. [bruyamment - parler] loudly, loud

parle plus fort, on ne t'entend pas speak up, we can't hear you

parle moins fort lower your voice

mets le son plus/moins fort turn the sound up/down

3. (soutenu) [très]

fort désagréable most disagreeable

fort joli very pretty

fort bien, partons à midi! very well, let's leave at noon!

j'en suis fort aise! (humoristique) I'm very pleased to hear it!

4. (locution)

là, tu as fait très fort! you've really excelled yourself!

————————

nom masculin

1. [physiquement, moralement]

les forts et les faibles the strong and the weak

[intellectuellement]

un fort en thème a swot

2. [spécialité] forte

la politesse n'est pas son fort! politeness isn't his strongest point!

3. [forteresse] fort

————————

au (plus) fort de locution prépositionnelle

au (plus) fort de l'hiver in the depths of winter

au (plus) fort de l'été in the height of summer

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > fort

96 Cockerell, Christopher Sydney

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 4 June 1910 Cambridge, England

[br]

British designer and engineer who invented the hovercraft.

[br]

He was educated at Gresham's School in Holt and at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, where he graduated in engineering in 1931; he was made an Honorary Fellow in 1974. Cockerell entered the engineering firm of W.H.Allen \& Sons of Bedford as a pupil in 1931, and two years later he returned to Cambridge to engage in radio research for a further two years. In 1935 he joined Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, working on very high frequency (VHF) transmitters and direction finders. During the Second World War he worked on airborne navigation and communication equipment, and later he worked on radar. During this period he filed thirty six patents in the fields of radio and navigational systems.

In 1950 Cockerell left Marconi to set up his own boat-hire business on the Norfolk Broads. He began to consider how to increase the speed of boats by means of air lubrication. Since the 1870s engineers had at times sought to reduce the drag on a boat by means of a thin layer of air between hull and water. After his first experiments, Cockerell concluded that a significant reduction in drag could only be achieved with a thick cushion of air. After experimenting with several ways of applying the air-cushion principle, the first true hovercraft "took off" in 1955. It was a model in balsa wood, 2 ft 6 in. (762 mm) long and weighing 4½ oz. (27.6 g); it was powered by a model-aircraft petrol engine and could travel over land or water at 13 mph (20.8 km/h). Cockerell filed his first hovercraft patent on 12 December 1955. The following year he founded Hovercraft Ltd and began the search for a manufacturer. The government was impressed with the invention's military possibilities and placed it on the secret list. The secret leaked out, however, and the project was declassified. In 1958 the National Research and Development Corporation decided to give its backing, and the following year Saunders Roe Ltd with experience of making flying boats, produced the epoch-making SR N1, a hovercraft with an air cushion produced by air jets directed downwards and inwards arranged round the periphery of the craft. It made a successful crossing of the English Channel, with the inventor on board.

Meanwhile Cockerell had modified the hovercraft so that the air cushion was enclosed within flexible skirts. In this form it was taken up by manufacturers throughout the world and found wide application as a passenger-carrying vehicle, for military transport and in scientific exploration and survey work. The hover principle found other uses, such as for air-beds to relieve severely burned patients and for hover mowers.

The development of the hovercraft has occupied Cockerell since then and he has been actively involved in the several companies set up to exploit the invention, including Hovercraft Development Ltd and British Hovercraft Corporation. In the 1970s and 1980s he took up the idea of the generation of electricity by wavepower; he was Founder of Wavepower Ltd, of which he was Chairman from 1974 to 1982.

[br]

Principal Honours find Distinctions

Knighted 1969. CBE 1955. FRS 1967.

LRD

Biographical history of technology > Cockerell, Christopher Sydney

97 Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

[br]

b. 5 October 1882 Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

d. 10 August 1945 Baltimore, Maryland, USA

[br]

American inventory developer of rocket propulsion.

[br]

At the age of seventeen Goddard climbed a tree and, seeing the view from above, he became determined to make some device with which to ascend towards the planets. In an autobiography, published in 1959 in the journal Astronautics, he stated, "I was a different boy when I descended the ladder. Life now had a purpose for me." His first idea was to launch a projectile by centrifugal force, but in 1909 he started to design a rocket that was to be multi-stage and fuelled by liquid oxygen and hydrogen. Not long before the First World War he produced a report, "A method of reaching extreme altitudes", which was for the Smithsonian Institution and was published in book form in 1919. During the war he worked on solid-fuelled rockets as weapons. His book contained notes on the amount of fuel required to raise 1 lb (454 g) of payload to an infinite altitude. He incurred ridicule as "the moon man" when he proposed the use of flash powder to indicate successful arrival on the moon. In 1923 he severed his connections with military work and returned to the University of Massachusetts. On 16 March 1926 he launched the world's first liquid-fuelled rocket from his aunt's farm in Auburn, Massachusetts; powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen, it flew to a height of 12 m (40 ft) and travelled 54 m (177 ft) in 2.4 seconds.

In November 1929 he met the aviator Charles Lindbergh, who persuaded both the Guggenheim Foundation and the Carnegie Institute to support Goddard's experiments financially. He moved to the more suitable location of the Mescalere Ranch, near Roswell, New Mexico, where he worked until 1941. His liquid-fuelled rockets reached speeds of 1,100 km/h (700 mph) and heights of 2,500 m (8,000ft). He investigated the use of the gyroscope to steady his rockets and the assembly of power units in clusters to increase the total thrust. In 1941 he moved to the naval establishment at Annapolis, Maryland, working on liquid-fuelled rockets to assist the take-off of aircraft from carriers. He worked for the US Government on this and the development of military rockets until his death from throat cancer in 1945. In all, he was granted 214 patents, roughly three per year of his life.

In 1960 the US Government admitted infringement of Goddard's patents during the rocket programme of the 1950s and awarded his widow a payment of $1,000,000, while the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) honoured him by naming the Goddard Spaceflight Center near Washington, DC, after him. The Goddard Memorial Library at Clark University, in his home town of Worcester, Massachusetts, was also named in his honour.

[br]

Further Reading

A.Osman, 1983, Space History, London: Michael Joseph. P.Marsh, 1985, The Space Business, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

K.C.Parley, 1991, Robert H.Goddard, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press. T.Streissguth, 1994, Rocket Man: The Story of Robert Goddard, Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings

98 Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace, Weapons and armour

[br]

b. 5 February 1840 Brockway's Mills, Maine, USA

d. 24 November 1916 Streatham, London, England

[br]

American (naturalized British) inventor; designer of the first fully automatic machine gun and of an experimental steam-powered aircraft.

[br]

Maxim was born the son of a pioneer farmer who later became a wood turner. Young Maxim was first apprenticed to a carriage maker and then embarked on a succession of jobs before joining his uncle in his engineering firm in Massachusetts in 1864. As a young man he gained a reputation as a boxer, but it was his uncle who first identified and encouraged Hiram's latent talent for invention.

It was not, however, until 1878, when Maxim joined the first electric-light company to be established in the USA, as its Chief Engineer, that he began to make a name for himself. He developed an improved light filament and his electric pressure regulator not only won a prize at the first International Electrical Exhibition, held in Paris in 1881, but also resulted in his being made a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. While in Europe he was advised that weapons development was a more lucrative field than electricity; consequently, he moved to England and established a small laboratory at Hatton Garden, London. He began by investigating improvements to the Gatling gun in order to produce a weapon with a faster rate of fire and which was more accurate. In 1883, by adapting a Winchester carbine, he successfully produced a semi-automatic weapon, which used the recoil to cock the gun automatically after firing. The following year he took this concept a stage further and produced a fully automatic belt-fed weapon. The recoil drove barrel and breechblock to the vent. The barrel then halted, while the breechblock, now unlocked from the former, continued rearwards, extracting the spent case and recocking the firing mechanism. The return spring, which it had been compressing, then drove the breechblock forward again, chambering the next round, which had been fed from the belt, as it did so. Keeping the trigger pressed enabled the gun to continue firing until the belt was expended. The Maxim gun, as it became known, was adopted by almost every army within the decade, and was to remain in service for nearly fifty years. Maxim himself joined forces with the large British armaments firm of Vickers, and the Vickers machine gun, which served the British Army during two world wars, was merely a refined version of the Maxim gun.

Maxim's interests continued to occupy several fields of technology, including flight. In 1891 he took out a patent for a steam-powered aeroplane fitted with a pendulous gyroscopic stabilizer which would maintain the pitch of the aeroplane at any desired inclination (basically, a simple autopilot). Maxim decided to test the relationship between power, thrust and lift before moving on to stability and control. He designed a lightweight steam-engine which developed 180 hp (135 kW) and drove a propeller measuring 17 ft 10 in. (5.44 m) in diameter. He fitted two of these engines into his huge flying machine testrig, which needed a wing span of 104 ft (31.7 m) to generate enough lift to overcome a total weight of 4 tons. The machine was not designed for free flight, but ran on one set of rails with a second set to prevent it rising more than about 2 ft (61 cm). At Baldwyn's Park in Kent on 31 July 1894 the huge machine, carrying Maxim and his crew, reached a speed of 42 mph (67.6 km/h) and lifted off its rails. Unfortunately, one of the restraining axles broke and the machine was extensively damaged. Although it was subsequently repaired and further trials carried out, these experiments were very expensive. Maxim eventually abandoned the flying machine and did not develop his idea for a stabilizer, turning instead to other projects. At the age of almost 70 he returned to the problems of flight and designed a biplane with a petrol engine: it was built in 1910 but never left the ground.

In all, Maxim registered 122 US and 149 British patents on objects ranging from mousetraps to automatic spindles. Included among them was a 1901 patent for a foot-operated suction cleaner. In 1900 he became a British subject and he was knighted the following year. He remained a larger-than-life figure, both physically and in character, until the end of his life.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881. Knighted 1901.

Bibliography

1908, Natural and Artificial Flight, London. 1915, My Life, London: Methuen (autobiography).

Further Reading

Obituary, 1916, Engineer (1 December).

Obituary, 1916, Engineering (1 December).

P.F.Mottelay, 1920, The Life and Work of Sir Hiram Maxim, London and New York: John Lane.

Dictionary of National Biography, 1912–1921, 1927, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

See also: Pilcher, Percy Sinclair

CM / JDS

Biographical history of technology > Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens

99 Wankel, Felix

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Land transport, Steam and internal combustion engines

[br]

b. 13 August 1902 Lahr, Black Forest, Germany

d. 9 October 1988 Lindau, Bavaria, Germany

[br]

German internal combustion engineer, inventor of the Wankel rotary engine.

[br]

Wankel was first employed at the German Aeronautical Research Establishment, where he worked on rotary valves and valve sealing techniques in the early 1930s and during the Second World War. In 1951 he joined NSU Motorenwerk AG, a motor manufacturer based at Neckarsulm, near Stuttgart, and began work on his rotary engine; the idea for this had first occurred to Wankel as early as 1929. He had completed his first design by 1954, and in 1957 his first prototype was tested. The Wankel engine has a three-pointed rotor, like a prism of an equilateral triangle but with the sides bowed outwards. This rotor is geared to a driveshaft and rotates within a closely fitting and slightly oval-shaped chamber so that, on each revolution, the power stroke is applied to each of the three faces of the rotor as they pass a single spark plug. Two or more rotors may be mounted coaxially, their power strokes being timed sequentially. The engine has only two moving parts, the rotor and the output shaft, making it about a quarter less in weight compared with a conventional piston engine; however, its fuel consumption is high and its exhaust emissions are relatively highly pollutant. The average Wankel engine speed is 5,500 rpm. The first production car to use a Wankel engine was the NSU Ro80, though this was preceded by the experimental NSU Spyder prototype, an open two-seater. The Japanese company Mazda is the only other automobile manufacturer to have fitted a Wankel engine to a production car, although licences were taken by Alfa Romeo, Peugeot- Citroën, Daimler-Benz, Rolls-Royce, Toyota, Volkswagen-Audi (the company that bought NSU in the mid-1970s) and many others; Daimler-Benz even produced a Mercedes C-111 prototype with a three-rotor Wankel engine. The American aircraft manufacturer Curtiss-Wright carried out research for a Wankel aero-engine which never went into production, but the Austrian company Rotax produced a motorcycle version of the Wankel engine which was fitted by the British motorcycle manufacturer Norton to a number of its models.

While Wankel became director of his own research establishment at Lindau, on Lake Constance in southern Germany, Mazda continued to improve the rotary engine and by the time of Wankel's death the Mazda RX-7 coupé had become a successful, if not high-selling, Wankel -engined sports car.

[br]

Further Reading

N.Faith, 1975, Wankel: The Curious Story Behind the Revolutionary Rotary Engine, New York: Stein \& Day.

IMcN

Biographical history of technology > Wankel, Felix

100 судно

boat, ship, vessel, watercraft

* * *
су́дно с.
ship, vessel (в сочетаниях — равнозаменяемы)
бункерова́ть су́дно — fuel a ship

су́дно вы́брошено на бе́рег — the ship is stranded

выве́шивать су́дно на ста́пель-бло́ках — fair a vessel plumb [set a vessel in an upright position] on the blocks

высаживать(ся) с су́дна — disembark [put ashore, land] from a vessel, leave a vessel

грузи́ть су́дно — load a vessel

закла́дывать (но́вое) су́дно — lay down a (new) vessel, lay the keel for a new vessel

су́дно име́ет оса́дку, напр. 15 фу́тов — a vessel draws, e. g., 15 feet

су́дно нахо́дится в до́ке — the ship is lying at a dock

су́дно (нахо́дится) на прико́ле — the ship is lying idle [is laid up]

обшива́ть (деревя́нное) су́дно до́сками — plank a ship

обшива́ть (деревя́нное) су́дно до́сками вгладь — carvel a ship, plank a ship with carvel work

су́дно остана́вливается — the ship brings herself to rest

су́дно отвали́ло от прича́ла — the ship drew out from her berth

су́дно перела́мывается — the ship breaks her back

поднима́ть (затону́вшее) су́дно — raise [salvage] a (sunken) vessel

су́дно по́лностью снаряжено́ и оснащено́ (для пла́вания) — the vessel [ship] is all found [is well found]

придава́ть су́дну удобообтека́емую фо́рму — streamline the ship

су́дно принима́ет на борт мно́го воды́ — the vessel ships a good deal of water

проводи́ть су́дно в у́зкостях, кана́лах — и т. п. con a vessel

разбира́ть су́дно на лом — break up a ship

разгружа́ть су́дно — discharge a vessel

расцве́чивать су́дно фла́гами — dress a ship

су́дно сади́тся на опо́ры до́ка — the dock takes the ship's weight

сажа́ть су́дно на опо́ры до́ка — shore a vessel in a dock

снять су́дно с ме́ли — heave off the ship

спуска́ть су́дно на́ воду — launch a vessel, set a vessel afloat

ста́вить су́дно в док — dock a ship

ста́вить су́дно на прико́л — lay up a vessel

ста́вить су́дно на ро́вный киль — bring a ship on an even keel

ста́вить су́дно на я́корь — bring a ship to an anchor

су́дно тащи́тся на я́коре — the ship drags her anchor

су́дно те́рпит бе́дствие — the vessel is in distress

су́дно че́рпает во́ду — a vessel ships water

а́томное су́дно — nuclear-powered vessel

букси́рное су́дно — tug (boat), towboat

винтово́е су́дно — screw(-propelled) vessel

водоналивно́е су́дно — water carrier, water (transport) vessel

возду́шное су́дно (официальный термин ИКАО для атмосферных летательных аппаратов напр. самолётов, вертолётов, жиров и т. п; не путать с дирижа́блем) — aircraft (not to be confused with airship)

вспомога́тельное су́дно ( промыслового флота) — auxiliary ship

гидрографи́ческое су́дно — surveying vessel

госпита́льное су́дно — hospital vessel

грузово́е су́дно — cargo vessel, freighter

су́дно для подво́дных иссле́дований — underseas exploration ship

дноуглуби́тельное су́дно — dredging craft

добыва́ющее су́дно ( для водного промысла) — catching vessel

затону́вшее су́дно — sunk ship, the wreck

зверобо́йное су́дно — sealer

ка́бельное су́дно — cable ship

кабота́жное су́дно — coasting vessel

китобо́йное су́дно — whaler, whaling boat

конте́йнерное су́дно — container ship

кра́новое су́дно — crane ship

ледоко́льное су́дно — ice-breaker (ship)

лесосплавно́е су́дно — timber-carrying vessel

лоцме́йстерское су́дно — boyage vessel

су́дно на возду́шной поду́шке — hovercraft, hovership

надво́дное су́дно — surface vessel

наливно́е су́дно — tanker

су́дно на подво́дных кры́льях [СПК] — hydrofoil craft

нау́чно-иссле́довательское су́дно — research ship

нау́чно-промысло́вое су́дно — fishery research vessel

нефтебурово́е су́дно — drilling vessel

нефтеналивно́е су́дно — oil tanker, oil-carrying vessel

обраба́тывающее су́дно ( промыслового флота) — factory ship

океанографи́ческое су́дно — oceanographic ship

о́пытовое су́дно — experimental vessel

пассажи́рское су́дно — passenger ship

патру́льное су́дно ( промыслового флота) — patrol vessel

су́дно пого́ды — weather ship

подво́дное су́дно — submarine (vessel)

пожа́рное су́дно — fire-boat

приё́мно-тра́нспортное су́дно ( промыслового флота) — fish transport ship

прогу́лочное су́дно — pleasure boat

проме́рное су́дно — sounding vessel

промысло́вое су́дно — catching vessel

промысло́вое, обраба́тывающее су́дно — factory ship

ре́йсовое су́дно — liner

рефрижера́торное су́дно — refrigerator ship

рыболо́вное су́дно — fishing vessel

рыбоохра́нное су́дно — fisheries patrol vessel

су́дно сбо́рной констру́кции — fabricated ship

су́дно секцио́нной постро́йки — fabricated ship

спаса́тельное су́дно — rescue vessel

спорти́вное су́дно — sports vessel

сухогру́зное су́дно — dry-cargo ship

торго́вое су́дно — merchant ship

тра́нспортное су́дно — transport ship

тре́йлерное су́дно — trailer ship

Русско-английский политехнический словарь > судно

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