-
1 History of volleyball
________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942) inventor of the game of volleyball________________________________________William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.________________________________________________________________________________In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!The sport originated in the United States, and is now just achieving the type of popularity in the U.S. that it has received on a global basis, where it ranks behind only soccer among participation sports.Today there are more than 46 million Americans who play volleyball. There are 800 million players worldwide who play Volleyball at least once a week.In 1895, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6 feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head.During a demonstration game, someone remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport.On July 7, 1896 at Springfield College the first game of "volleyball" was played.In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.1900 - YMCA spread volleyball to Canada, the Orient, and the Southern Hemisphere.1905 - YMCA spread volleyball to Cuba1907 Volleyball was presented at the Playground of America convention as one of the most popular sports1909 - YMCA spread volleyball to Puerto Rico1912 - YMCA spread volleyball to Uruguay1913 - Volleyball competition held in Far Eastern Games1917 - YMCA spread volleyball to BrazilIn 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced. The Filipinos developed the "bomba" or kill, and called the hitter a "bomberino".1916 - The NCAA was invited by the YMCA to aid in editing the rules and in promoting the sport. Volleyball was added to school and college physical education and intramural programs.In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.1919 American Expeditionary Forces distributed 16,000 volleyballs to it's troops and allies. This provided a stimulus for the growth of volleyball in foreign lands.In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY. 27 teams from 11 states were represented.In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, the United States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.1930's Recreational sports programs became an important part of American lifeIn 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.In 1934, the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S. Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.Late 1940s Forearm pass introduced to the game (as a desperation play) Most balls played with overhand pass1946 A study of recreation in the United States showed that volleyball ranked fifth among team sports being promoted and organizedIn 1947, the Federation Internationale De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded in Paris.In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.In 1949, the first World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.1949 USVBA added a collegiate division, for competitive college teams. For the first ten years collegiate competition was sparse. Teams formed only through the efforts of interested students and instructors. Many teams dissolved when the interested individuals left the college. Competitive teams were scattered, with no collegiate governing bodies providing leadership in the sport.1951 - Volleyball was played by over 50 million people each year in over 60 countries1955 - Pan American Games included volleyball1957 - The International Olympic Committee (IOC) designated volleyball as an Olympic team sport, to be included in the 1964 Olympic Games.1959 - International University Sports Federation (FISU) held the first University Games in Turin, Italy. Volleyball was one of the eight competitions held.1960 Seven midwestern institutions formed the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA)1964Southern California Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (SCVIA) was formed in California1960's new techniques added to the game included - the soft spike (dink), forearm pass (bump), blocking across the net, and defensive diving and rolling.In 1964, Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.The Japanese volleyball used in the 1964 Olympics, consisted of a rubber carcass with leather panelling. A similarly constructed ball is used in most modern competition.In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.1968 National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) made volleyball their fifteenth competitive sport.1969 The Executive Committee of the NCAA proposed addition of volleyball to its program.In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.In 1975, the US National Women's team began a year-round training regime in Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and Fountain Valley, CA in 1980, and San Diego, CA in 1985).In 1977, the US National Men's team began a year-round training regime in Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA in 1981).In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.In 1984, the US won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The Men won the Gold, and the Women the Silver.In 1986, the Women's Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.In 1987, the FIVB added a Beach Volleyball World Championship Series.In 1988, the US Men repeated the Gold in the Olympics in Korea.In 1989, the FIVB Sports Aid Program was created.In 1990, the World League was created.In 1992, the Four Person Pro Beach League was started in the United States.In 1994, Volleyball World Wide, created.In 1995, the sport of Volleyball was 100 years old!In 1996, 2-person beach volleyball was added to the OlympicsThere is a good book, "Volleyball Centennial: The First 100 Years", available on the history of the sport.________________________________________Copyright (c)Volleyball World WideVolleyball World Wide on the Computer Internet/WWWhttp://www.Volleyball.ORG/ -
2 undergraduate
[,andë:'græxhuit/,andë:'grædjuit] n., adj. -n. student (universitar), student i padiplomuar (universitar)./- adj. studentor; studentësh, për studentë; undergraduate studies studime univerzitare; in my undergraduate days kur isha student.William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the State of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, to which he originally gave the name "Mintonette".The young Morgan carried out his undergraduate studies at the Springfield College of the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) where he met James Naismith who, in 1891, had invented basketball. After graduating, Morgan spent his first year at the Auburn (Maine) YMCA after which, during the summer of 1896, he moved to the YMCA at Holyoke (Massachusetts) where he became Director of Physical Education. In this role he had the opportunity to establish, develop, and direct a vast programme of exercises and sports classes for male adults.His leadership was enthusiastically accepted, and his classes grew in numbers. He came to realise that he needed a certain type of competitive recreational game in order to vary his programme. Basketball, which sport was beginning to develop, seemed to suit young people, but it was necessary to find a less violent and less intense alternative for the older members.go down in history as... [gou daun in 'histëri æz] hyj në history si, njihet në history si, pnohet në histori si -
3 volleyball
['volibo:l] n. voleiboll; volleyball player voleibollist________________________________________●● ● ● ● ● ________________________________________● Villiam G. Morgan instruktor dhe drejtues i sportit në YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) në Holyoke në vitin 1895 shpiku lojën e volejbollit. Ai duke u bazuar në karakteristikat e disa lojërave sportive si: basketbollit, tenisit bejsbollit dhe hendbollit vendos te bëj një lojë të re me emrin mintonette. William Morgan vendosi që t'i bashkoj disa nga elementet teknike të lojërave të lartëpërmendura dhe kështu ai shpik një lojë të re për biznismenët që i ushtronte, lojë e cila do të kishte më pak kontakt fizik në mes të lojëtarëvë të dy skuadrave që loznin këtë lojë të re sportive. Atij basketbolli i dukej një lojë sportive shumë e ashpër. Morgan huazon rrjeten nga tenisi dhe ate e ngrit në një lartësi pak mbi kokën e një njeriu mesatar.● Kur Morgani demonstronte këtë lojë të re dikush nga të pranishmit vërejti se topi kalohet nga njëra anë e rrjetës në ate tjetrën pa rënë në tokë dhe pa u hamendë tha se kjo lojë duhet që patjeter të quhet volejboll. Ky emër më së shumti i ngjanë përshkrimit të lojës së posashpikur dhe për ketë shkak ajo mëtutje e ruan emërtimin VOLEJBOLL.● Më 7 korik të vitit 1896 u luajt loja e pare e volejbollit në Kolexhin Springfild.● Në viiin 1900 dizajnohet topi i parë special për volejboll. Në të njejtën kohë YMCA promovon volejbollin në Kanada, Orient (shtetet e Lindjes; hemisfera lindore) dhe hemisferën Jugore.Në vitin 1905 YMCA përhap volejbollin në Kubë".Në vitin 1907 në konventën e shoqatave sporave Amerikane volejboili prezentohet si një ndër sportet më të popullarizuara në Amerikë.● Në vitin 1909 YMCA prezenton volejbollin në Porto Riko, kurse më 1912 në Uruguaj dhe më 1912 në Brazil.● Në vitin 1913 volejbolli futet në programën e Lojërave Aziatike.● Në vitin 1916 në Filipne për herë të parë fillon të apikohet një stil ofensif i kesaj loje. Pranimi i shërbimit bëhet me një trajektore të lartë me qëllim që ndonjëri nga sulmuesit ta gjuan dhe t'a dergoi ate nga ana e tjetër e rrjetës. Këtë mënyrë e gjuajtjes Filipinasit e quajtën "Bomberino"- bombë ose gjuajtje vrasëse.● Në vitin 1917 ndryshon numri i pikeve me të cilat fitohet një set edhe ate prej 21 në l5.● Në vitin 1917 volejbolli fillon të përhapet në kontinentin e Afrikës dhe Europës. Në Europe kjo lojë sportive sëpari përhapet në France. Gjatë Luftave Ballkanike ky sport përhapet edhe në vendet e Ballkanit nga ushtarët francez, së pari në Strumicë të Maqedonisë dhe më pastaj në shtetet tjera të Europës.● Në vitin 1919 forcat Amerikane u distribuojnë 16.000 topa volejboili trupave të tyre dhe atyre aleate. Kjo gjë ndikoi që volejboili të stimulohet dhe të përhapet edhe më gjerë dhe më shpejt.● Në vitin 1920 vendoset që në një anë të fushës të ketë vetëm tre kontakte me topin.● Në vitin 1922 në Brooklyn të shtetit New York mbahet Kampionati i Parë Kombëtar Amerikan ku morrin pjesë 27 skuadra nga 11 shtete të SHBA-së.● Në vitin 1928 themelohet Lidhja Volejbollistikë e Shtëteve të Bashkuara të Amerikës e cila sot mban emrin USA Vollejball.● Në të njejtin vit d.m.th. më 1928 bëhet përpjekja e parë që të themelohet Federata botërore e Volejbollit (FIVB), por pa sukses.● Në vitin 1930 organizohet loja e pare në volejboll të plazhit (Beach volleyball) me nga dy lojtarë (meshkuj).● Në vitin 1934 bëhet miratimi i gjyqtarëve nacional Amerikan të volejbollit● Në vitin 1934 në Stokholm të Suedisë bëhet përpjekja e dytë për të themeluar Federatën Botërore të Volejbollit, por edhe kësaj here pa sukses, pasi nuk mundën të unifikohen rregullat e volejbollit në tërë botën.● Në vitin 1940 për herë të parë promovohet pranimi i topit nga shërbimi me llëra(parakrah). Gjer në këtë kohë topi pranohej me gishtërinjë.● Në vitin 1946 në Pragë të Çekisë konstituohet komisioni i FTVB-së dhe më 1947 në Paris të Francës u organizua Kongresi i Parë i FTVB-së me pjesëmarjen e 14 shteteve të Botës.● Në vitin 1949 mbahet Kampionati i Parë Botërorë në Volejboll në Pragë të Çekisë.● Në vitin 1957 Komiteti Botërorë Olimpik vendosë që volejbolli të futet në programën e Lojërave Olimpike si sport ekipor në Lojërat olimpike që do të mbahen në vitin 1964 në Tokio të Japonisë.● Në vitin 1959 Federata Internacionale Sportive Universitare FISU në Turin të Italisë orgaiuzon lojërat e para Sportive Universitare dhe këtu volejbolli ishte njëri nga tetë sportet garuese.● Në vitin 1960 futen elementë teknik të rinjë në lojën e volejbollit si: ngecja (sulmi me dredhi), pranimi i topit me llëra (bump), bllokimi i sulmit mbi rrjetë dhe plonzhoni.● Në vitin 1964 volejbolli bën pjesë në Lojërat Olimpike të Tokios në Japoni.● Në vitm 1974 për herë të parë volejbolli transmetohet nëpërmjet televizionit. Nga Meksika transmetohet gjallë një ndeshje për shikuesit Japonez.● Në vitin 1983 themelohet Asociaciom i Profesionalistëve Amerikan të Volejbollit për meshkuj, kurse në vitin 1986 ai i femrave.● Viti 1987 korespondon me organizimin e Kampionatit të Parë Botërorë në Volejboll të Plazhit (Beach Volleyball).● Në vitin 1990 themelohet Liga Botërore e Volejbollit.● Në vitin 1995 është viti jubilar i 100 vjetorit të ekzistimit të volejbollit dhe tani ka më tepër se 800.000.000 lojtarë që lozin së paku një here në javë volejboll.● Në vitin 1996 volejbolli i plazhit (dy lojtarë) bëhet sport olimpik ekipor. -
4 Willie
-
5 willie
['wili] n 1. Br. gjuhë kalamajsh. 2. pl. it gives me the willies, have the willies më shkojnë shtatë (plural willies)
См. также в других словарях:
William — may refer to:*William (name), a masculine given nameRoyaltyBritish*William I of England (1027 1087), a.k.a. William the Conqueror, William the Bastard *William II of England (1056 1100), a.k.a. William Rufus *William I of Scotland (c. 1142 1214) … Wikipedia
William — ist normannischen Ursprungs und die englische Form des männlichen Vornamens Wilhelm. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 William als Vorname 1.1 Namensträger 1.2 Künstlername 1.3 … Deutsch Wikipedia
William — puede referirse a: Contenido 1 Nombre 1.1 Personajes 1.2 Desambiguaciones de nombre y apellido 2 Véase también … Wikipedia Español
William I — may refer to:Kings* William I of England (c. 1028–1087) known as William the Conqueror * William I of Sicily (died 1166) * William I of Scotland (died 1214) * William I of the Netherlands (1772–1843) * William I, German Emperor (1797–1888) *… … Wikipedia
William II — may refer to:* William II of Aquitaine (died 926) * William II of Montferrat (died c. 961). * William II Sánchez of Gascony (died after 996). * William II of Provence (c. 987–1019). * William II of Besalú (died 1066). * William I of England (c.… … Wikipedia
William IV — may refer to:* William IV of Aquitaine (937–994). * William IV of Provence (died 1030). * William, Margrave of Meissen (died 1062), also William IV of Weimar. * William IV of Toulouse (c. 1040–1094). * William IV of Montferrat (1030–1100). *… … Wikipedia
William — William1 [wil′yəm] n. [NormFr Willaume < OHG Willehelm < willeo, WILL1 + helm, protection: see HELM1] a masculine name: dim. Bill, Billie, Billy, Liam, Will, Willie, Willy; equiv. Du. Willem, Fr. Guillaume, Ger. Wilhelm, It. Guglielmo, Sp.… … English World dictionary
William VI — may refer to:* William VI of Aquitaine (1004–1038) * William VI of Auvergne (1096–1136) * William VI of Montpellier (before 1120–after 1161) * William VI of Montferrat (c. 1173–1226) * William II, Duke of Bavaria Straubing (died 1417), also… … Wikipedia
William V — may refer to:* William V of Aquitaine (969–1030) * William V of Montpellier (1075–1121) * William V, Marquess of Montferrat (c. 1115–1191) * William I, Duke of Bavaria (1330–1389), also William V of Holland * Wilhelm, Duke of Jülich Cleves Berg… … Wikipedia
William F. Wu — (born 1951 in Kansas City, Missouri) is a Chinese American science fiction author. He published his first story in 1977. Since then, Wu has written several novels using the Three Laws of Robotics invented by Isaac Asimov, including the entire… … Wikipedia
William — • For a time he was Archdeacon of Nantes, but renounced this dignity and became a monk at the Benedictine monastery of Marmoutiers (d. 1124) • Abbot of Saint Bénigne on Dijon (962 1031) Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. William … Catholic encyclopedia
