whether...+or

n. m. Examining magistrate. (The juge d'instruction is a very special magistrate whose task it is to look into possible court cases and to decide whether to pursue the matter. Having taken that decision, he will, with the help of the police and the defence, 'instruct' a case he will not be judging.)

adj. 'Potty', 'bonkers', mad. Depuis que sa bergère l'a quitté, il est complètement déboussolé: Since his wife left him, he doesn't know whether he's coming or going.

v. intrans. & trans.

1. To 'trounce', to 'bash up', to beat up.

2. To be on the receiving end of a bashing, thrashing. Qu'est-ce qu'il a dérouillé! He got the hiding of his life! (It is always necessary to contextualize dérouiller in order to be certain whether the person concerned is on the giving or the receiving end.)

3. To be the unlucky one who gets an unpleasant job to do. C'est moi qu'a dérouillé comme toujours: It's muggins the fall-guy as usual!

4. Dérouiller son panais: To 'have a change of oil', to fuck, to have sex.

v. pronom. To 'get cracking', to 'get one's skates on', to hurry up.

Proper name. Le Parisien: According to whether the context is pre- or post-World War II, this title refers to either Le Petit Parisien or Le Parisien Libéré, both popular and masscirculation newspapers.

n. m. inv. Tour de passe-passe: 'Jiggery-pokery', trickery. (It is difficult to ascertain whether the expression tour de passepasse comes from the language of the stage magician or the professional card-sharp. Whatever the origin, it effectively conveys the legerdemain tactics employed in both cases.)

n. m.

1. Faire du plat:

  a (in amorous relationship): To 'smooch up to', to sweet-talk.

  b To 'butter-up', to 'soft-soap', to flatter. Les clients, il faut toujours qu'il leur fasse du plat: When he's there, the customers all get a fair bit of flannel.

2. En faire tout un plat (of event, happening): To make a mountain out of a molehill. (There are two possible interpretations where this expression is concerned, according to whether too much is made of a good or bad thing.) Ne pas faire un plat de quelque chose: To play something down.

3. Envoyer du plat à quelqu'un: To 'tip someone the wink', to signal discreetly to an accomplice to be on his guard.

4. Etre à plat: To be 'knackered', 'buggered', to be exhausted. V'là quinze jours que je me sens à plat'. I've been feeling under the weather these last two weeks. Toute cette histoire m'a vraiment mis à plat! This whole business has taken it out of me!

5. Mettre à plat: To 'stash away', to save and hoard money.

6. Prendre un plat (Diving): To come a belly-flopper.

7. Repiquer au plat:

  a ( lit): To come back for 'seconds', to have another helping of food.

  b (fig.): To come back for more. Du jour qu'il a mis les pieds au P.m.U. il n'a cessé de repiquer au plat: Since the day he set foot in the bookie's, it's become a real habit with him.

8. Il en fait un de ces plats! (of weather): Phew! What a scorcher!

9. Plat de nouilles: 'Drip', 'wet nurk', spineless indivi dual.

n. m. (abbr. livre de poche): Paperback. Attends que ça sorte en poche, c'est moins cher! I wouldn't buy it in hardback, wait for the cheap reprint! (Strictly speaking, Livre de Poche is a registered tradename but has come to mean any paperback, as has poche.)

n. f.

1. Faire les poches àa quelqu'un: To go through someone's pockets.

2. En être de sa poche: To be 'out of pocket', to have had to dip into one's own resources to finance a venture.

3. Y avoir été de sa poche: To have had to 'stump up', to have been landed with a bill to pay.

4. Avoir quelqu'un dans sa poche: To be sure of someone's total obedience.

5. Mettre quelqu'un dans sa poche: To 'beat someone into a cocked hat', to 'wipe the floor with someone', to be more than a match for someone.

6. C'est dans la poche! It's in the bag! — It's a dead- cert! —It's a sure thing!

7. Connaître quelque chose comme le fond de sa poche: To know something like the back of one's hand.

8. Mets ça dans ta poche et ton mouchoir par-dessus! (iron.): Put that in your pipe and smoke it! — That's the way things are (whether you like it or not!).

v. trans. & intrans.

1. Faire poser quelqu'un: To 'keep someone hanging around', to keep someone waiting.

2. Ça vous pose: It gives you standing. Ça les pose drôlement d'avoir une téloche! Having a telly seems to put them a cut above the rest!

3. Poser ça là: To 'down tools', to stop working.

v. pronom. Se poser là:

  a To be 'really up to it', to be very capable. Comme cuistot il se pose un peu là! He's no mean cook, I can tell you!

  b (iron.): To be totally useless, to be inept. (Only the full context involving this expression, or the intonation in a conversation, reveals whether it is 'straight' or ironic.)

v. trans. reflex. Se poser chez quelqu'un: To 'land' oneselfon someone, to arrive at someone's home unexpectedly (and unwanted).

n. f.

1. Jouer à la salle (fig.): To 'play to the gallery', to 'act the ham' in a loud conversation.

2. Salle à manger: 'Gob', 'trap', mouth (obviously where food is concerned; it is not always clear whether this appellation refers to the mouth as an aperture or to the inside, i.e. to the teeth. The jocular salle à manger démontable is more explicit in its reference to dentures, false teeth).

n. m.

1. Le turf: The world of horse-racing. Il ne loupe pas une reunion, le turf c'est sa vie! You'll find him at every race meeting; he's got gee-gees in the blood!

2. Aller au turf:

  a (of prostitute): To go soliciting (whether she is a Prix de Diane or a réclamer!).

  b (joc.): To go to work. Si je vais pas au turf, on va devoir se serrer la ceinture! If I don't head for the old sweat-shop, we'll be on short rations!

   France's biggest-selling daily newspaper, with a circulation of almost 800,000 - which puts it well ahead of any other French daily, whether regional or national. It is produced in Rennes, Brittany, and distributed in the Brittany, Normandy and Pays de la Loire regions of France. See article on Newspapers in France.

   Though French remains the sole official language in French, regional authorities continue to lobby for official recognition of France's main regional languages. A very diverse country, France has a large number of regional languages, many of them used extensively in daily life. The main regional languages are Occitanian (the language of the Midi), Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque and Flemish. According to an INSEEsurvey of 1999, 786,000 people in France speak Occitanian, 545,000 speak Alsatian, 295,000 speak Breton, 133,000 speak Corsican, and 80,000 speak Basque. However, the proportion of speakers of these languages is always far lower in younger generations, and their survival as daily living languages is not assured - whether or not these langauges acquire official status.

   In 2008, the French Congress ratified a change in the Constitution, accepting that regional languages are part of France's heritage.

organisateur du match m

Association de football ou club responsable de l'organisation d'un match à domicile, ou association de football, club ou autre entité responsable de l'organisation d'un match sur terrain neutre, que son équipe y participe ou non.

Football association or club responsible for organising a home match, or a football association, club or other entity responsible for organising a match at a neutral venue, whether or not one of its teams is involved.

période protégée f

Période de trois ans, si le contrat a été conclu avant le 28e anniversaire du joueur, ou de deux ans, si le contrat a été conclu après le 28e anniversaire du joueur, pendant laquelle un contrat ne peut être résilié unilatéralement sans juste cause.

Period of two or three years, depending on whether a professional player is older or younger than 28, during which the player's contract may not be terminated unilaterally by the player or his club without just cause.

preuve vidéo f

Recours à des enregistrements du match afin de faciliter la prise de décision concernant d'éventuelles mesures disciplinaires et afin de vérifier si des décisions de l'arbitre étaient correctes.

Use of recordings of a match in order to ascertain whether a decision of the referee was correct and to assist in any consequent disciplinary action.

technique f

Habileté à contrôler le ballon avec les pieds, la tête ou le corps dans différentes situations.

Ability to control the ball totally with the foot, head or body whether moving or stationary and possibly whilst under pressure.

 

алифатический углеводород
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

aliphatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons having an open chain of carbon atoms, whether normal or forked, saturated or unsaturated. (Source: MGH)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• aliphatic hydrocarbon

DE

• aliphatischer Kohlenwasserstoff

FR

• hydrocarbures aliphatiques

 

(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

Этот ток обозначают I_Z
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

EN

(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]

ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]

FR

courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]

Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

• its insulation temperature rating;
• conductor electrical properties for current;
• frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
• ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
• ambient temperature.

Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

• Wires
• Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• All or nearly all components used

Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

Тематики

• электротехника, основные понятия

Синонимы

• длительно допустимый ток
• допустимый ток

EN

• ampacity (US)
• continuous current
• continuous current-carrying capacity
• current-carrying capacity

DE

• Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
• Strombelastbarkeit, f

FR

• courant admissible, m
• courant permanent admissible, m

 

(длительный) допустимый ток
Максимальное значение электрического тока, который может протекать длительно по проводнику, устройству или аппарату при определенных условиях без превышения определенного значения их температуры в установившемся режиме
[ ГОСТ Р МЭК 60050-826-2009]

Этот ток обозначают I_Z
[ ГОСТ Р 50571. 1-2009 ( МЭК 60364-1: 2005)]

EN

(continuous) current-carrying capacity
ampacity (US)
maximum value of electric current which can be carried continuously by a conductor, a device or an apparatus, under specified conditions without its steady-state temperature exceeding a specified value
[IEV number 826-11-13]

ampacity
The current in amperes that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating.
[National Electrical Cod]

FR

courant (permanent) admissible, m
valeur maximale du courant électrique qui peut parcourir en permanence, un conducteur, un dispositif ou un appareil, sans que sa température de régime permanent, dans des conditions données, soit supérieure à la valeur spécifiée
[IEV number 826-11-13]

Ampacity, the term is defined as the maximum amount of current a cable can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration. Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining within its temperature rating. The ampacity of a cable depends on:

• its insulation temperature rating;
• conductor electrical properties for current;
• frequency, in the case of alternating currents;
• ability to dissipate heat, which depends on cable geometry and its surroundings;
• ambient temperature.

Electric wires have some resistance, and electric current flowing through them causes voltage drop and power dissipation, which heats the cable. Copper or aluminum can conduct a large amount of current before melting, but long before the conductors melt, their insulation would be damaged by the heat.

The ampacity for a power cable is thus based on physical and electrical properties of the material & construction of the conductor and of its insulation, ambient temperature, and environmental conditions adjacent to the cable. Having a large overall surface area may dissipate heat well if the environment can absorb the heat.

In a long run of cable, different conditions govern, and installation regulations normally specify that the most severe condition along the run governs the cable's rating. Cables run in wet or oily locations may carry a lower temperature rating than in a dry installation. Derating is necessary for multiple circuits in close proximity. When multiple cables are near, each contributes heat to the others and diminishes the amount of cooling air that can flow past the individual cables. The overall ampacity of the insulated conductors in a bundle of more than 3 must be derated, whether in a raceway or cable. Usually the de-rating factor is tabulated in a nation's wiring regulations.

Depending on the type of insulating material, common maximum allowable temperatures at the surface of the conductor are 60, 75 and 90 degrees Celsius, often with an ambient air temperature of 30°C. In the U.S., 105°C is allowed with ambient of 40°C, for larger power cables, especially those operating at more than 2 kV. Likewise, specific insulations are rated 150, 200 or 250°C.

The allowed current in cables generally needs to be decreased (derated) when the cable is covered with fireproofing material.

For example, the United States National Electric Code, Table 310-16, specifies that up to three 8 AWG copper wires having a common insulating material (THWN) in a raceway, cable, or direct burial has an ampacity of 50 A when the ambient air is 30°C, the conductor surface temperature allowed to be 75°C. A single insulated conductor in air has 70 A rating.

Ampacity rating is normally for continuous current, and short periods of overcurrent occur without harm in most cabling systems. The acceptable magnitude and duration of overcurrent is a more complex topic than ampacity.

When designing an electrical system, one will normally need to know the current rating for the following:

• Wires
• Printed Circuit Board traces, where included
• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• All or nearly all components used

Some devices are limited by power rating, and when this power rating occurs below their current limit, it is not necessary to know the current limit to design a system. A common example of this is lightbulb holders.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampacity]

Тематики

• электротехника, основные понятия

Синонимы

• длительно допустимый ток
• допустимый ток

EN

• ampacity (US)
• continuous current
• continuous current-carrying capacity
• current-carrying capacity

DE

• Dauerstrombelastbarkeit, f
• Strombelastbarkeit, f

FR

• courant admissible, m
• courant permanent admissible, m

 

Европейский Суд
—
[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

EN

European Court of Justice
The supreme court of The European Union which oversees the application of the EU treaties, decides upon the validity and the meaning of Community legislation and determines whether any act or omission by the European Commission, the Council of Minister or any member state constitutes a breach of Community law. (Source: EUEN / DICLAW)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

Тематики

• охрана окружающей среды

EN

• European Court of Justice

DE

• Europäischer Gerichtshof

FR

• Cour de Justice Européenne