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when+i+became

  • 21 Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin

    [br]
    b. 14 May 1792 Baissey, Haute-Marne, France
    d. 27 October 1861 Brussels, Belgium
    [br]
    French technologist, promoter of Belgian industry.
    [br]
    After attending schools in Langres and Dijon, Jobard worked in Groningen and Maastricht as a cadastral officer from 1811 onwards. After the Netherlands had been constituted as a new state in 1814, he became a Dutch citizen in 1815 and settled in Brussels. In 1825, when he had learned of the invention of lithography by Alois Senefelder, he retired and established a renowned lithographic workshop in Belgium, with considerable commercial profit. After the political changes which led to the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands in 1830, he devoted his activities to the progress of science and industry in this country, in the traditional idea of enlightenment. His main aim was to promote all branches of the young economy, to which he contributed with ceaseless energy. He cultivated especially the transfer of technology in many articles he wrote on his various journeys, such as to Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, and he continued to do so when he became the Director of the Museum of Industry in Brussels in 1841, editing its Bulletin until his death. Jobard, as a member of societies for the encouragement of arts and industry in many countries, published on almost any subject and produced many inventions. Being a restless character by nature, and having, in addition, a strong attitude towards designing and constructing, he also contributed to mining technology in 1828 when he was the first European to practise successfully the Chinese method of rope drilling near Brussels.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1840, Plan d'organisation du Musée de l'industrie, présenté au Ministre de l'interieur, Brussels.
    1844, Machines à vapeur, arrêtes et instructions, Brussels.
    1846, Comment la Belgique peut devenir industrielle, à propos de la Société d'exportation, Brussels.
    considérées comme blason de l'industrie et du commerce, dédié à la Société des inventeurs et protecteurs de l'industrie, Brussels.
    1855, Discours prononcé à l'assemblée des industriels réunis pour l'adoption de la marque obligatoire, Paris.
    Further Reading
    H.Blémont, 1991, article in Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, pp. 676–7 (for a short account of his life).
    A.Siret, 1888–9, article in Biographie nationale de belgique, Vol. X, Brussels, col. 494– 500 (provides an impressive description of his restless character and a selected bibliography of his many publications.
    T.Tecklenburg, 1900, Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde, 2nd edn, Vol. IV, Berlin, pp. 7–8 (contains detailed information on his method of rope drilling).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin

  • 22 acumular atrasos

    (v.) = build up + backlogs
    Ex. This article describles the steps taken to deal with the backlogs which had built up when it became clear that ratification would not be achieved.
    * * *
    (v.) = build up + backlogs

    Ex: This article describles the steps taken to deal with the backlogs which had built up when it became clear that ratification would not be achieved.

    Spanish-English dictionary > acumular atrasos

  • 23 construcción de muros

    (n.) = walling
    Ex. This was the period when brick became the predominant material for walling in most parts of the country.
    * * *
    (n.) = walling

    Ex: This was the period when brick became the predominant material for walling in most parts of the country.

    Spanish-English dictionary > construcción de muros

  • 24 máquina continua de papel

    Ex. The early paper-making machines were dependent, as the hand vats had been, upon linen and (when they became available) cotton rags as their chief source of raw material.
    * * *

    Ex: The early paper-making machines were dependent, as the hand vats had been, upon linen and (when they became available) cotton rags as their chief source of raw material.

    Spanish-English dictionary > máquina continua de papel

  • 25 para colmo

    adv.
    to top it all, to top it off, as if that were not enough, if that were not enough.
    intj.
    to add insult to injury.
    * * *
    to top it all, to make matters worse
    * * *
    = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury
    Ex. See, Blanche, the trouble you smokers cause! Now, we've got more work into the bargain!.
    Ex. See, Blanche, the trouble you smokers cause! Now, we've got more work into the bargain!.
    Ex. To cap it all, when Crane became editor of the state library association magazine he appointed Hernandez production manager.
    Ex. On top of everything else, these corporations sponsor 'scientific' studies where their product is pitted against a worse convenience product.
    Ex. But to make things worse, a handwritten note scrawled at the bottom of the page explains what really happened after the study was approved.
    Ex. But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    Ex. This is an interesting little town wholly populated by poseurs and backpackers with a few salty sea dogs thrown in for good measure.
    Ex. To add insult to injury, she came back from the cash-point without enough readies and had to make a return journey.
    * * *
    = into the bargain, into the bargain, to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse, for good measure, to add insult to injury

    Ex: See, Blanche, the trouble you smokers cause! Now, we've got more work into the bargain!.

    Ex: See, Blanche, the trouble you smokers cause! Now, we've got more work into the bargain!.
    Ex: To cap it all, when Crane became editor of the state library association magazine he appointed Hernandez production manager.
    Ex: On top of everything else, these corporations sponsor 'scientific' studies where their product is pitted against a worse convenience product.
    Ex: But to make things worse, a handwritten note scrawled at the bottom of the page explains what really happened after the study was approved.
    Ex: But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    Ex: This is an interesting little town wholly populated by poseurs and backpackers with a few salty sea dogs thrown in for good measure.
    Ex: To add insult to injury, she came back from the cash-point without enough readies and had to make a return journey.

    Spanish-English dictionary > para colmo

  • 26 para mayor inri

    = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse
    Ex. To cap it all, when Crane became editor of the state library association magazine he appointed Hernandez production manager.
    Ex. On top of everything else, these corporations sponsor 'scientific' studies where their product is pitted against a worse convenience product.
    Ex. But to make things worse, a handwritten note scrawled at the bottom of the page explains what really happened after the study was approved.
    Ex. But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    * * *
    = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse

    Ex: To cap it all, when Crane became editor of the state library association magazine he appointed Hernandez production manager.

    Ex: On top of everything else, these corporations sponsor 'scientific' studies where their product is pitted against a worse convenience product.
    Ex: But to make things worse, a handwritten note scrawled at the bottom of the page explains what really happened after the study was approved.
    Ex: But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.

    Spanish-English dictionary > para mayor inri

  • 27 para más inri

    familiar to make things even worse, to cap it all, on top of that
    * * *
    = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse
    Ex. To cap it all, when Crane became editor of the state library association magazine he appointed Hernandez production manager.
    Ex. On top of everything else, these corporations sponsor 'scientific' studies where their product is pitted against a worse convenience product.
    Ex. But to make things worse, a handwritten note scrawled at the bottom of the page explains what really happened after the study was approved.
    Ex. But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.
    * * *
    = to cap it all (off), on top of everything else, but to make things worse, but to make matters worse

    Ex: To cap it all, when Crane became editor of the state library association magazine he appointed Hernandez production manager.

    Ex: On top of everything else, these corporations sponsor 'scientific' studies where their product is pitted against a worse convenience product.
    Ex: But to make things worse, a handwritten note scrawled at the bottom of the page explains what really happened after the study was approved.
    Ex: But to make matters worse, and as the drought rolls on, it is very likely that it won't rain again until October or November.

    Spanish-English dictionary > para más inri

  • 28 ratificación

    f.
    1 ratifying statement, avowal.
    2 ratification, confirmation, corroboration, cross-checking.
    * * *
    1 ratification
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino ratification
    * * *
    = confirmation, ratification, enshrining, validation, revalidation.
    Ex. One of the key recommendations was the confirmation of the responsibility of the national bibliographic agency for establishing the authoritative form of name for its country's authors.
    Ex. This article describles the steps taken to deal with the backlogs which had built up when it became clear that ratification would not be achieved.
    Ex. Proponents of the enshrining in legislation of the citizen's basic right to know what his government is doing and why, often point to the US as an example.
    Ex. Often referred to as utilities, basic software packages are available for performing basic operations such as data entry and validation, sorting and merging files and editing data.
    Ex. Existing theories of crime demand fresh thinking & revalidation in view of its pervasive nature.
    * * *
    femenino ratification
    * * *
    = confirmation, ratification, enshrining, validation, revalidation.

    Ex: One of the key recommendations was the confirmation of the responsibility of the national bibliographic agency for establishing the authoritative form of name for its country's authors.

    Ex: This article describles the steps taken to deal with the backlogs which had built up when it became clear that ratification would not be achieved.
    Ex: Proponents of the enshrining in legislation of the citizen's basic right to know what his government is doing and why, often point to the US as an example.
    Ex: Often referred to as utilities, basic software packages are available for performing basic operations such as data entry and validation, sorting and merging files and editing data.
    Ex: Existing theories of crime demand fresh thinking & revalidation in view of its pervasive nature.

    * * *
    ratification
    * * *
    ratification
    * * *
    f ratification
    * * *
    ratificación nf, pl - ciones : ratification

    Spanish-English dictionary > ratificación

  • 29 trapos de algodón

    Ex. The early paper-making machines were dependent, as the hand vats had been, upon linen and (when they became available) cotton rags as their chief source of raw material.
    * * *

    Ex: The early paper-making machines were dependent, as the hand vats had been, upon linen and (when they became available) cotton rags as their chief source of raw material.

    Spanish-English dictionary > trapos de algodón

  • 30 Cros, Hortensius Emile Charles

    [br]
    b. 1 October 1842 Fabrezan (Aude), France
    d. 9 August 1888 Paris, France
    [br]
    French inventor of chromolithography and the principles of reproducible sound recording.
    [br]
    He received no formal education, but was brought up by his father, a distinguished teacher and philosopher. He dabbled in diverse subjects (modern and ancient languages, mathematics, drawing) in 1856–60 when he became an instructor at the institute of the Deaf-Mute at Paris. He became a prolific inventor and poet and took part in artistic life in Paris. In the 1867 Exposition Universelle in Paris, Cros contributed a facsimile telegraph; he deposited with the Académie des Sciences a sealed text on photography which was not opened until 1876. In the meantime he published a small text on a general solution of the problem of colour photography which appeared almost simultaneously with a similar publication by Louis Ducos du Hauron and which gave rise to bitter discussions over priority. He deposited a sealed paper on 18 April 1877 concerning his concept of apparatus for recording and reproduction of sound which he called the paléophone. When it was opened on 3 December 1877 it was not known that T.A. Edison was already active in this field: Cros is considered the conceptual founder of reproducible sound, whereas Edison was the first "to reduce to practice", which is one of the US criteria for patentability.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    French patent no. 124, 213 (filed 1 May and 2 August 1878).
    Further Reading
    Louis Forestier, 1969, Charles Cros: L'Homme et l'oeuvre, Paris: Seghers.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Cros, Hortensius Emile Charles

  • 31 Meek, Marshall

    SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping
    [br]
    b. 22 April 1925 Auchtermuchty, Fife, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish naval architect and leading twentieth-century exponent of advanced maritime technology.
    [br]
    After early education at Cupar in Fife, Meek commenced training as a naval architect, taking the then popular sandwich apprenticeship of alternate half years at the University of Glasgow (with a Caird Scholarship) and at a shipyard, in his case the Caledon of Dundee. On leaving Dundee he worked for five years with the British Ship Research Association before joining Alfred Holt \& Co., owners of the Blue Funnel Line. During his twenty-five years at Liverpool, he rose to Chief Naval Architect and Director and was responsible for bringing the cargo-liner concept to its ultimate in design. When the company had become Ocean Fleets, it joined with other British shipowners and looked to Meek for the first purpose-built containership fleet in the world. This required new ship designs, massive worldwide investment in port facilities and marketing to win public acceptance of freight containers, thereby revolutionizing dry-cargo shipping. Under the houseflag of OCL (now POCL), this pioneer service set the highest standards of service and safety and continues to operate on almost every ocean.
    In 1979 Meek returned to the shipbuilding industry when he became Head of Technology at British Shipbuilders. Closely involved in contemporary problems of fuel economy and reduced staffing, he held the post for five years before his appointment as Managing Director of the National Maritime Institute. He was deeply involved in the merger with the British Ship Research Association to form British Maritime Technology (BMT), an organization of which he became Deputy Chairman.
    Marshall Meek has held many public offices, and is one of the few to have been President of two of the United Kingdom's maritime institutions. He has contributed over forty papers to learned societies, has acted as Visiting Professor to Strathclyde University and University College London, and serves on advisory committees to the Ministry of Defence, the Department of Transport and Lloyd's Register of Shipping. While in Liverpool he served as a Justice of the Peace.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1989. Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering 1990. President, Royal Institution of Naval Architects 1990–3; North East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders 1984–6. Royal Designer for Industry (RDI) 1986. Royal Institution of Naval Architects Silver Medal (on two occasions).
    Bibliography
    1970, "The first OCL containerships", Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Meek, Marshall

  • 32 עשר

    עָשַׁר(cmp. עְשַׁן) to be strong, substantial, wealthy. Hif. הֶעֱשִׁיר 1) (denom. of עָשִׁיר) to become wealthy. B. Bath.25b ושיַעֲשִׁיר and he who desires to become rich. Ber.33a הֶעֱשִׁירוּ קבעוהוכ׳ when they became wealthy, they made it a custom to recite the Habdalah over a cup. Meïl. 17a, v. עָנָה II, Hif. Ned.38a לאה׳ משהוכ׳ Moses became rich from the chips of the tablets; a. fr. 2) to make rich. Keth.48a לאו כל הימנו שיעשירוכ׳ he is not permitted to enrich his children and throw himself on the charities. Ḥull.84b (expl. עשתרת, Deut. 7:13) שמַעֲשִׁירוֹת את בעליהן Ar. (ed. שמְעַשְּׁרוֹת, Pi.) for they make their owners rich; Yalk. Deut. 848 שמעשרות. Cant. R. to VII, 11 (ref. to תעשרנה, Ps. 65:10) אם זכיתם תַּעֲשִׁיֶרנָּה ואם לאו תְּעַשְּׂרֶנָּהוכ׳ if you deserve well (it reads:) ‘thou makest her rich, if not, ‘thou reducest her to one-tenth, that she yield you only one-tenth; a. e. Pi. עִישֵּׁר same; v. supra. B. Bath. l. c., v. infra. Hithpa. הִתְעַשֵּׁר, Nithpa. נִתְעַשֵּׁר 1) to become rich. Sabb.119a; Taan.9a (play on עשר תעשר, Deut. 14:22) עַשֵּׂר בשביל שתִּתְעַשֵּׂרי give tithes in order that thou become rich. B. Bath. l. c. מתוך שמתחכם מִתְעַשֵּׁר for when he grows wise, he will also grow rich; (Ms. M. חכמתו מְעַשַּׁרְתּוֹ his wisdom makes him rich). Pes.50b עשרים … שלא יִתְעַשְּׁרוּ שאילמלי מִתְעַשְּׁרִיןוכ׳ the men of the Great Assembly held twenty-four fasts to pray that the copyists of sacred books might not become rich, for if they grew rich, they would not write; a. fr.( 2) (b. h.) to pretend to be rich, to pass for a rich man. Men.85b. Midr. Till. to Ps. 24.

    Jewish literature > עשר

  • 33 עָשַׁר

    עָשַׁר(cmp. עְשַׁן) to be strong, substantial, wealthy. Hif. הֶעֱשִׁיר 1) (denom. of עָשִׁיר) to become wealthy. B. Bath.25b ושיַעֲשִׁיר and he who desires to become rich. Ber.33a הֶעֱשִׁירוּ קבעוהוכ׳ when they became wealthy, they made it a custom to recite the Habdalah over a cup. Meïl. 17a, v. עָנָה II, Hif. Ned.38a לאה׳ משהוכ׳ Moses became rich from the chips of the tablets; a. fr. 2) to make rich. Keth.48a לאו כל הימנו שיעשירוכ׳ he is not permitted to enrich his children and throw himself on the charities. Ḥull.84b (expl. עשתרת, Deut. 7:13) שמַעֲשִׁירוֹת את בעליהן Ar. (ed. שמְעַשְּׁרוֹת, Pi.) for they make their owners rich; Yalk. Deut. 848 שמעשרות. Cant. R. to VII, 11 (ref. to תעשרנה, Ps. 65:10) אם זכיתם תַּעֲשִׁיֶרנָּה ואם לאו תְּעַשְּׂרֶנָּהוכ׳ if you deserve well (it reads:) ‘thou makest her rich, if not, ‘thou reducest her to one-tenth, that she yield you only one-tenth; a. e. Pi. עִישֵּׁר same; v. supra. B. Bath. l. c., v. infra. Hithpa. הִתְעַשֵּׁר, Nithpa. נִתְעַשֵּׁר 1) to become rich. Sabb.119a; Taan.9a (play on עשר תעשר, Deut. 14:22) עַשֵּׂר בשביל שתִּתְעַשֵּׂרי give tithes in order that thou become rich. B. Bath. l. c. מתוך שמתחכם מִתְעַשֵּׁר for when he grows wise, he will also grow rich; (Ms. M. חכמתו מְעַשַּׁרְתּוֹ his wisdom makes him rich). Pes.50b עשרים … שלא יִתְעַשְּׁרוּ שאילמלי מִתְעַשְּׁרִיןוכ׳ the men of the Great Assembly held twenty-four fasts to pray that the copyists of sacred books might not become rich, for if they grew rich, they would not write; a. fr.( 2) (b. h.) to pretend to be rich, to pass for a rich man. Men.85b. Midr. Till. to Ps. 24.

    Jewish literature > עָשַׁר

  • 34 ὅτε

    ὅτε (Hom.+) temporal particle.
    ① marker of a point of time that coincides with another point of time, when
    ⓐ as a conjunction, w. the ind.
    α. pres. (ApcSed 16:2) Mk 11:1 (here the historical present).
    β. impf. Mk 14:12; Ac 12:6; 22:20.
    γ. predom. w. the aor. (B-D-F §382, 1; Rob. 971) Mt 9:25; 13:48; 21:34; Mk 1:32; 4:10; Lk 2:21, 42; 15:30; J 1:19; 2:22; Ac 1:13; 8:39; Gal 1:15; 2:11; Tit 3:4; Hb 7:10. ὅτε ἐπιστεύσαμεν when we first believed Ro 13:11 al.; GJs 12:3; 25:1.—W. τότε foll. (ApcMos 19; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 127; w. τότε preceding, D. 141, 3) Mt 13:26; 21:1; J 12:16. Mt not infreq. has the transitional formula καὶ ἐγένετο ὅτε in narrative passages and (it came about that) when … (4 Km 14:5) 7:28; 11:1; 13:53; 19:1; 26:1. ἀφότε (cp. 2 Esdr 5:12 ἀφʼ ὅτε) Hs 8, 6, ever since. μέχρι ὅτε until GJs 10:2.
    δ. perf. ὅτε γέγονα ἀνήρ when I became a man 1 Cor 13:11b.
    ⓑ as a substitute for a relative pron. after a noun denoting time
    α. pres. ind. ἔρχεται νὺξ ὅτε οὐδεὶς δύναται ἐργάζεσθαι J 9:4.
    β. fut. (Just., D. 14, 8; 40, 2) ἐλεύσονται ἡμέραι ὅτε ἐπιθυμήσετε (the) days will come, in which you will desire Lk 17:22. ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὅτε κρινεῖ ὁ θεός Ro 2:16 ἔρχεται ὥρα, ὅτε … προσκυνήσετε J 4:21. Cp. vs. 23; 5:25; 16:25. καιρὸς ὅτε 2 Ti 4:3.
    γ. w. the aor. subj. (ὅτε w. subj. Hom.+ in epic [SibOr 8, 50] and lyric poetry; but also Vett. Val. 106, 36 ὅτε ἄρξηται; TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 5 [Stone p. 22] ὅτε ἴδω ταῦτα, τότε …; 11 p. 89, 24) ἕως ἥξει ὅτε εἴπητε until the time comes when you say Lk 13:35 (text uncertain; s. B-D-F §382, 2; Rob. 971f).
    ② marker of a period of time coextensive with another period of time, as long as, while Mk 15:41; J 21:18; Ro 6:20; 7:5; 1 Cor 12:2; 13:11a; Hb 9:17; Hv 3, 6, 7 al.—DELG. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὅτε

  • 35 Kurtz, Thomas E.

    [br]
    b. USA
    [br]
    American mathematician who, with Kemeny developed BASIC, a high-level computer language.
    [br]
    Kurtz took his first degree in mathematics at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also gained experience in numerical methods as a result of working in the National Bureau of Standards Institute for Numerical Analysis located on the campus. In 1956 he obtained a PhD in statistics at Princeton, after which he took up a post as an instructor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. There he found a considerable interest in computing was already in existence, and he was soon acting as the Dartmouth contact with the New England Regional Computer Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an initiative partly supported by IBM. With Kemeny, he learned the Share Assembly Language then in use, but they were concerned about the difficulty of programming computers in assembly language and of teaching it to students and colleagues at Dartmouth. In 1959 the college obtained an LGP-30 computer and Kurtz became the first Director of the Dartmouth Computer Center. However, the small memory (4 k) of this 30-bit machine precluded its use with the recently available high-level language Algol 58. Therefore, with Kemeny, he set about developing a simple language and operating system that would use simple English commands and be easy to learn and use. This they called the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC). At the same time they jointly supervised the design and development of a time-sharing system suitable for college use, so that by 1964, when Kurtz became an associate professor of mathematics, they had a fully operational BASIC system; by 1969 a sixth version was already in existence. In 1966 Kurtz left Dartmouth to become a Director of the Kiewit Computer Center, and then, in 1975, he became a Director of the Office of Academic Computing; in 1978 he returned to Dartmouth as Professor of Mathematics. He also served on various national committees.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1964, with J.G.Kemeny, BASIC Instruction Manual: Dartmouth College (for details of the development of BASIC etc.).
    1968, with J.G.Kemeny "Dartmouth time-sharing", Science 223.
    Further Reading
    R.L.Wexelblat, 1981, History of Programming Languages, London: Academic Press (a more general view of the development of computer languages).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Kurtz, Thomas E.

  • 36 Brindley, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals
    [br]
    b. 1716 Tunstead, Derbyshire, England
    d. 27 September 1772 Turnhurst, Staffordshire, England
    [br]
    English canal engineer.
    [br]
    Born in a remote area and with no material advantages, Brindley followed casual rural labouring occupations until 1733, when he became apprenticed to Abraham Bennett of Macclesfield, a wheelwright and millwright. Though lacking basic education in reading and writing, he demonstrated his ability, partly through his photographic memory, to solve practical problems. This established his reputation, and after Bennett's death in 1742 he set up his own business at Leek as a millwright. His skill led to an invitation to solve the problem of mine drainage at Wet Earth Colliery, Clifton, near Manchester. He tunnelled 600 ft (183 m) through rock to provide a leat for driving a water-powered pump.
    Following work done on a pump on Earl Gower's estate at Trentham, Brindley's name was suggested as the engineer for the proposed canal for which the Duke of Bridge water (Francis Egerton) had obtained an Act in 1759. The Earl and the Duke were brothers-in-law, and the agents for the two estates were, in turn, the Gilbert brothers. The canal, later known as the Bridgewater Canal, was to be constructed to carry coal from the Duke's mines at Worsley into Manchester. Brindley advised on the details of its construction and recommended that it be carried across the river Irwell at Barton by means of an aqueduct. His proposals were accepted, and under his supervision the canal was constructed on a single level and opened in 1761. Brindley had also surveyed for Earl Gower a canal from the Potteries to Liverpool to carry pottery for export, and the signal success of the Bridgewater Canal ensured that the Trent and Mersey Canal would also be built. These undertakings were the start of Brindley's career as a canal engineer, and it was largely from his concepts that the canal system of the Midlands developed, following the natural contours rather than making cuttings and constructing large embankments. His canals are thus winding navigations unlike the later straight waterways, which were much easier to traverse. He also adopted the 7 ft (2.13 m) wide lock as a ruling dimension for all engineering features. For cheapness, he formed his canal tunnels without a towpath, which led to the notorious practice of legging the boats through the tunnels.
    Brindley surveyed a large number of projects and such was his reputation that virtually every proposal was submitted to him for his opinion. Included among these projects were the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, the Rochdale, the Birmingham network, the Droitwich, the Coventry and the Oxford canals. Although he was nominally in charge of each contract, much of the work was carried out by his assistants while he rushed from one undertaking to another to ensure that his orders were being carried out. He was nearly 50 when he married Anne Henshall, whose brother was also a canal engineer. His fees and salaries had made him very wealthy. He died in 1772 from a chill sustained when carrying out a survey of the Caldon Canal.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.G.Banks and R.B.Schofield, 1968, Brindley at Wet Earth Colliery: An Engineering Study, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    S.E.Buckley, 1948, James Brindley, London: Harrap.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Brindley, James

  • 37 Deas, James

    [br]
    b. 30 October 1827 Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. c.1900 Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish civil engineer responsible for the River Clyde in the period of expansion around the end of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    On completing his schooling, Deas spent some years in a locomotive manufacturing shop in Edinburgh and then in a civil engineer's office. He selected the railway for his career, and moved upwards through the professional ranks, working for different companies until 1864 when he became Engineer-in-Chief of the Edinburgh \& Glasgow Railway. This later became the North British Railway and after some years, in 1869, Deas moved to the Clyde Navigation Trust as their Engineer. For thirty years he controlled the development of this great river, and with imaginative vision and determined hard work he saw a trebling in revenue, length of quayage and water area under the Trust's jurisdiction. His office worked on a wide range of problems, including civil engineering, maintenance of harbour craft and the drafting of reports for the many Parliamentary Acts required for the extension of Glasgow Harbour. To understand the immensity of the task, one must appreciate that the River Clyde then had sixty-five shipyards and could handle the largest ships afloat. This had come through the canalization of the old meandering and shallow stream and the difficult removal of the river bed's rock barriers.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1876, The River Clyde, Glasgow.
    Further Reading
    John F.Riddell, 1979, Clyde Navigation, A History of the Development and Deepening of the River Clyde, Edinburgh: John Donald.
    FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Deas, James

  • 38 Siemens, Sir Charles William

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germany
    d. 19 November 1883 London, England
    [br]
    German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.
    [br]
    Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.
    Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.
    In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.
    The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.
    Bibliography
    27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).
    1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.
    Further Reading
    W.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).
    S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in the
    Progress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William

  • 39 לוטיינוס

    לוּטְיָינוֹס pr. n. m. (corrupt. of Diocletianus?) Lutianus, a Roman emperor. Gen. R. s. 83, end יום שמלך ל׳ נראה … מגדיאל on the day when L. became king, R. A. heard in a dream: To-day Magdiël became king (i. e. the last but one King of Edom-Rome, v. Gen. 36:43); Yalk. ib. 140 לטינוס.

    Jewish literature > לוטיינוס

  • 40 all day and all night

    круглые сутки
    круглосуточно

    Only when candles gave way to gaslight, and gas to electricity, when man became able to convert night into day, and double his output by working shifts round the clock, did people seriously start wondering if sleep could possibly be a waste of time. — Только тогда, когда свечи уступили место газовому освещению, а газ — электричеству, когда человек стал способен превращать ночь в день и удваивать свою продукцию, работая сменами круглые сутки, люди серьезно стали задаваться вопросом, а не является ли сон, возможно, пустой тратой времени.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > all day and all night

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