weaving+industry

knitter (noun)

knitting machine (noun)

loom (noun)

power-loom (noun)

weaving machine (noun)

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mill (noun)

textile factory (noun)

textile mill (noun)

weaving mill (noun)

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1) General subject: broaching, firmware, insertion, insertion lace

2) Computers: firmware upgrade

3) Engineering: broach, broach bit, broaching bit, mandrel, piercing (трубной заготовки в гильзу), punching, sewing, weaving (матрицы ЗУ)

4) Automobile industry: bit, drifting

5) Metallurgy: broaching pass, mold punching (отливки в форме), piercing

6) Telecommunications: F/W

7) Textile: inserting

8) Information technology: weaving (матрицы ЗУ на сердечниках), weaving process (матриц ЗУ)

9) Oil: wearing, weaving

10) Business: secure binding

11) Polymers: stitching

12) Automation: broach tool, broaching tool, push broach

13) Plastics: broaching cutter

14) Makarov: weave

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology, Textiles

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Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.

Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.

In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.

Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.

From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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At the beginning of the eighteenth century, silk weaving was one of the most prosperous trades in Britain, but it depended upon raw silk worked up on hand twisting or throwing machines. In 1702 Thomas Cotchett set up a mill for twisting silk by water-power at the northern end of an island in the river Derwent at Derby; this would probably have been to produce organzine, the hard twisted thread used for the warp when weaving silk fabrics. Such mills had been established in Italy beginning with the earliest in Bologna in 1272, but it would appear that Cotchett used Dutch silk-throwing machinery that was driven by a water wheel that was 13½ ft (4.1 m) in diameter and built by the local engineer, George Sorocold. The enterprise soon failed, but it was quickly revived and extended by Thomas and John Lombe with machinery based on that being used successfully in Italy.

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pick (noun)

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textile adj n textil

tr['tekstaɪl]

adjective

1 textil

noun

1 textil nombre masculino

textile ['tɛk.staɪl, 'tɛkstəl] n

: textil m, tela f

the textile industry: la industria textil

• textil adj.

• tejido s.m.

• textil s.m.

count & mass noun textil m; (before n) <factory, industry> textil; < worker> (del sector) textil

ADJ textil

N textil m, tejido m

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count & mass noun textil m; (before n) <factory, industry> textil; < worker> (del sector) textil

nome stoffa f., tessuto m.

modificatore [fibre, industry] tessile

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A a.

(ind.) tessile: textile materials, fibre tessili; the textile industry, l'industria tessile: textile worker, operaio tessile; tessile

B n.

1 fibra (o materiale) tessile; tessile

2 (pl.) (econ.) i tessili

3 (pl.) (fin., Borsa) i tessili

● the textile art, l'arte della tessitura □ textile factory, stabilimento tessile; tessitura □ textile machinery, macchinari tessili □ textile manufacturer, industriale tessile □ textile merchant, commerciante di tessili □ textile printing, stampa dei tessuti.

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nome stoffa f., tessuto m.

modificatore [fibre, industry] tessile

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I. n

1. (fabric) Stoff m, Gewebe nt

▪ \textiles pl Textilien pl, Textilwaren pl

the production of \textiles used to be a cottage industry in this area die Textilherstellung erfolgte in dieser Gegend in Heimarbeit

woollen [or AM woolen] \textiles Wollkleidung f, Wollkleider pl SCHWEIZ

2. ( fam: person) bekleidete Person am FKK-Strand

3. ECON

▪ \textiles pl Textilwerte pl

II. n modifier (manufacturing, producer, product) Textil-, Gewebe-

\textile mill [or plant] Textilfabrik f

\textile tape Gewebeband nt

\textile waste products Textilabfallprodukte pl

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1. adj

2. n

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textile [ˈtekstaıl; US auch -tl]

A s

a) Stoff m

b) pl Textilwaren pl, Textilien pl

B adj Textil…:

textile industry;

textile goods → A b

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Textil- präfix.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.

The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.

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1) Engineering: weaving maneuver

2) Automobile industry: weaving manoeuvre

métier [metje]

1. masculine noun

   a. ( = travail) job ; (terme administratif) occupation ; (commercial) trade ; (artisanal) craft ; (intellectuel) profession

• métier manuel manual job

• il a fait tous les métiers he's done all sorts of jobs

• les métiers du livre the publishing industry

• homme de métier professional

• il est plombier de son métier he is a plumber by trade

• il est du métier he is in the trade

• il connaît son métier he knows his job

   b. ( = technique) skill ; ( = expérience) experience

• avoir du métier to have practical experience

2. compounds

► métier à tisser loom

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nom masculin

1) ( activité rémunérée) job; ( intellectuel) profession; ( manuel) trade; ( artisanal) craft

2) ( rôle) job

3) ( expérience)

4) ( objet) loom

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1) (= profession) job, trade

2) (= technique, expérience) skill, technique

3) (métier à tisser) loom

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métier ⇒ Les métiers et les professions nm

1 ( activité rémunérée) job; ( intellectuel) profession; ( manuel) trade; ( artisanal) craft; c'est mon métier (de faire ça)! it's my job!; il a fait tous les métiers he's tried his hand at everything, he's done all kinds of jobs; choisir un métier to decide on a job ou trade ou profession; apprendre un métier ( manuel) to learn a trade; ils sortent de l'école sans métier they come out of college without any practical skills; entrer dans le métier ( manuel) to enter the trade; bien connaître son métier to be good at one's job, to know one's stuff○; il est cuisinier/coiffeur de son métier he's a cook/hairdresser by trade; il est chirurgien/juriste/potier de son métier he is a surgeon/lawyer/potter by profession; un maçon de métier a professional mason; terme de métier specialized term; les gens du métier the professionals, people in the business; pour faire une bonne traduction, il faut être du métier it takes a professional translator to do a good translation; ne t'inquiète pas, elle est du métier don't worry, she knows what she's doing; le métier des armes the army; choisir le métier des armes to decide on a military career;

2 ( rôle) job; faire son métier de reine/mère to do one's job as queen/a mother;

3 ( expérience) avoir du métier to be experienced; manquer de métier to lack experience; avoir 20 ans de métier to have 20 years' experience; c'est le métier qui rentre! you learn by your mistakes!; le métier rentre? are you getting the hang of it?;

4 ( objet) loom; métier à tisser weaving loom; remettre qch sur le métier fig to rework sth.

faire le plus vieux métier du monde euph to practise^GB the oldest profession.

[metje] nom masculin

1. [profession] trade

2. [expérience] skill, experience

3. [machine]

avoir quelque chose sur le métier (figuré) to have something lined up

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de métier locution adjectivale

[homme, femme, armée] professional

[argot] technical

[technique] of the trade

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de métier locution adverbiale

avoir 15 ans de métier to have been in the job ou business for 15 years

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de son métier locution adverbiale

être boulanger/journaliste de son métier to be a baker/journalist by trade

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du métier locution adjectivale

demande à quelqu'un du métier ask a professional ou an expert

1. adj textile

2. tessili m pl textiles

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tessile agg. textile: fibre tessili, textile fibres; industria tessile, textile industry; prodotti tessili, textiles

◆ s.m.

1 ( lavoratore) textile worker: sindacato dei tessili, textile workers' union; sciopero dei tessili, strike in the textile trade

2 ( materiale) textiles (pl.): fabbrica di tessili, textile factory; mercato dei tessili, textile market; negozio di tessili, draper's (shop).

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1. agg

2. sm/f

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aggettivo [industria, commercio] weaving, textile attrib.; [fibre, settore, operaio] textile attrib.

sostantivo maschile (settore industriale) textile sector

sostantivo maschile e sostantivo femminile (operaio) textile worker, mill worker

sostantivo maschile plurale tessili (prodotti tessili) textiles, soft goods

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tessile

/'tεssile/

I aggettivo

 [industria, commercio] weaving, textile attrib.; [fibre, settore, operaio] textile attrib.

II sostantivo maschile

  (settore industriale) textile sector; lavorare nel tessile to work in textiles

III m. e f.

  (operaio) textile worker, mill worker

IV tessili m.pl.

  (prodotti tessili) textiles, soft goods.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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On 6 April 1789 John Austin wrote to James Watt, seeking advice about patenting "a weaving loom I have invented to go by the hand, horse, water or any other constant power, to comb, brush, or dress the yarn at the same time as it is weaving \& by which one man will do the work of three and make superior work to what can be done by the common loom" (Boulton \& Watt Collection, Birmingham, James Watt Papers, JW/22). Watt replied that "there is a Clergyman by the name of Cartwright at Doncaster who has a patent for a similar contrivance" (Boulton \& Watt Collection, Birmingham, Letter Book 1, 15 April 1789). Watt pointed out that there was a large manufactory running at Doncaster and something of the same kind at Manchester with working power looms. Presumably, this reply deterred Austin from taking out a patent. However, some members of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce continued developing the loom, and in 1798 one that was tried at the spinning mill of J.Monteith, of Pollokshaws, near Glasgow, answered the purpose so well that a building was erected and thirty of the looms were installed. Later, in 1800, this number was increased to 200, all of which were driven by a steam engine, and it was stated that one weaver and a boy could tend from three to five of these looms.

Austin's loom was worked by eccentrics, or cams. There was one cam on each side with "a sudden beak or projection" that drove the levers connected to the picking pegs, while other cams worked the heddles and drove the reed. The loom was also fitted with a weft stop motion and could produce more cloth than a hand loom, and worked at about sixty picks per minute. The pivoting of the slay at the bottom allowed the loom to be much more compact than previous ones.

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See also: Cartwright, Revd Edmund

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Although attempts had been continuing since about 1840 to develop a loom on which the shuttles were changed automatically when the weft was exhausted, it was not until J.H.Northrop invented his cop-changer and patented it in the United States in 1894 that the automatic loom really became a serious competitor to the ordinary power loom. Northrop was born at Keighley in Yorkshire but emigrated to America, where he developed his loom. In about 1891 he appears to have been undecided whether to work on the shuttle-changing system or the copchanging system, for in that year he took out three patents, one of which was for a shuttle changer and the other two for cop-changers.

A communication from W.F.Draper, Northrop's employer, was used in 1894 as a patent in Britain for a cop-or bobbin-changing automatic loom, which was in fact the Northrop loom. A further five patents for stop motions were taken out in 1895, and yet another in 1896. In one shuttle-box, a feeler was pushed through a hole in the side of the shuttle each time the shuttle entered the box. When the cop of weft was full, the loom carried on working normally. If lack of weft enabled the feeler to enter beyond a certain point, a device was activated which pushed a full cop down into the place of the old one. The full cops were contained in a rotary magazine, ready for insertion.

The full Northrop loom comprised several basic inventions in addition to the cop-changer, namely a self-threading shuttle, a weft-fork mechanism to stop the loom, a warp let-off mechanism and a warp-stop motion. The Northrop loom revolutionized cotton weaving in America and the Northrop system became the basis for most later automatic looms. While Northrop looms were made in America and on the European continent, they never achieved much popularity in Britain, where finer cloth was usually woven.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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After being woven, woollen cloth needed to be cleaned and compacted to thicken it and take out the signs of weaving. The traditional way of doing this was to place the length of cloth in fulling stocks, where hammers pounded it in a solution of fuller's earth, but in 1833 John Dyer, a Trowbridge engineer, took out a patent for the first alternative way with real possibilities. He sold the patent the following year but must have reserved the right to make his machine himself, incorporating various additions and improvements into it, because many of the machines used in Trowbridge after 1850 came from him. Milling machines were often used in conjunction with fulling stocks. The cloth was made up into a continuous length and milled by rollers forcing it through a hole or spout, from where it dropped into the fulling liquid to be soaked before being pulled out and pushed through the hole again. Dyer had three pairs of rollers, with one pair set at right angles to the others so that the cloth was squeezed in two directions. These machines do not seem to have come into general use until the 1850s. His machine closely resembled those still in use.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Heathcote was the son of a small farmer who became blind, obliging the family to move to Long Whatton, near Loughborough, c.1790. He was apprenticed to W.Shepherd, a hosiery-machine maker, and became a frame-smith in the hosiery industry. He moved to Nottingham where he entered the employment of an excellent machine maker named Elliott. He later joined William Caldwell of Hathern, whose daughter he had married. The lace-making apparatus they patented jointly in 1804 had already been anticipated, so Heathcote turned to the problem of making pillow lace, a cottage industry in which women made lace by arranging pins stuck in a pillow in the correct pattern and winding around them thread contained on thin bobbins. He began by analysing the complicated hand-woven lace into simple warp and weft threads and found he could dispense with half the bobbins. The first machine he developed and patented, in 1808, made narrow lace an inch or so wide, but the following year he made much broader lace on an improved version. In his second patent, in 1809, he could make a type of net curtain, Brussels lace, without patterns. His machine made bobbin-net by the use of thin brass discs, between which the thread was wound. As they passed through the warp threads, which were arranged vertically, the warp threads were moved to each side in turn, so as to twist the bobbin threads round the warp threads. The bobbins were in two rows to save space, and jogged on carriages in grooves along a bar running the length of the machine. As the strength of this fabric depended upon bringing the bobbin threads diagonally across, in addition to the forward movement, the machine had to provide for a sideways movement of each bobbin every time the lengthwise course was completed. A high standard of accuracy in manufacture was essential for success. Called the "Old Loughborough", it was acknowledged to be the most complicated machine so far produced. In partnership with a man named Charles Lacy, who supplied the necessary capital, a factory was established at Loughborough that proved highly successful; however, their fifty-five frames were destroyed by Luddites in 1816. Heathcote was awarded damages of £10,000 by the county of Nottingham on the condition it was spent locally, but to avoid further interference he decided to transfer not only his machines but his entire workforce elsewhere and refused the money. In a disused woollen factory at Tiverton in Devonshire, powered by the waters of the river Exe, he built 300 frames of greater width and speed. By continually making inventions and improvements until he retired in 1843, his business flourished and he amassed a large fortune. He patented one machine for silk cocoon-reeling and another for plaiting or braiding. In 1825 he brought out two patents for the mechanical ornamentation or figuring of lace. He acquired a sound knowledge of French prior to opening a steam-powered lace factory in France. The factory proved to be a successful venture that lasted many years. In 1832 he patented a monstrous steam plough that is reputed to have cost him over £12,000 and was claimed to be the best in its day. One of its stated aims was "improved methods of draining land", which he hoped would develop agriculture in Ireland. A cable was used to haul the implement across the land. From 1832 to 1859, Heathcote represented Tiverton in Parliament and, among other benefactions, he built a school for his adopted town.

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stoff

tekstil

tøy

vevd

subst. \/ˈtekstaɪl\/, amer. også \/ˈtekstɪl\/

1) tekstil, vevd stoff

2) tekstilmateriale

adj. \/ˈtekstaɪl\/, \/ˈtekstɪl\/

1) tekstil-

• he works in the textile industry

2) vevd

c black mécanique [mekanik]

1. adjective

mechanical ; [jouet] clockwork

• les industries mécaniques mechanical engineering industries

• avoir des ennuis mécaniques (sur voiture) to have engine trouble ; (sur avion) to have mechanical problems

• sports mécaniques motor sports

• un geste mécanique a mechanical gesture

2. feminine noun

   a. ( = activité, discipline) mechanical engineering ; ( = système) mechanics sg

• il fait de la mécanique (sur sa voiture) he's tinkering with his car

c black   b. ( = mécanisme) c'est une belle mécanique this car is a fine piece of engineering

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

✎ Le mot anglais s'écrit avec un h.

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1) ( manuel) [hachoir, tondeuse] hand (épith); [jouet] clockwork (épith)

2) ( doté d'une machine) mechanical

3) ( fait à la machine) machine (épith)

4) ( de machine) [panne] mechanical

5) Physique mechanical

6) ( irréfléchi) [geste] mechanical; [rire] empty

1) ( discipline) mechanics (+ v sg)

2) ( fonctionnement) mechanics (pl)

3) (colloq) (machine, véhicule) machine

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1. adj

2. nf

1) (= science) mechanics sg

2) (= technologie) engineering

3) (= mécanisme) (= ensemble des pièces) mechanism

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mécanique

A adj

1 ( manuel) [hachoir, tondeuse] hand ( épith); [machine à écrire] manual; [montre, petite voiture] wind-up ( épith); [jouet, train] clockwork ( épith), wind-up ( épith);

2 Mécan ( doté d'une machine) mechanical; appareil/excavatrice mécanique mechanical equipment/excavator;

3 Agric, Ind ( fait à la machine) machine ( épith); fil/tissage/séchage mécanique machine yarn/weaving/drying; traite/tonte mécanique machine milking/shearing;

4 Mécan ( de machine) [ennui, panne] mechanical; défaillance mécanique mechanical failure; se déplacer de façon mécanique to move mechanically; pièce mécanique machine part; construction mécanique mechanical engineering; industrie mécanique engineering industry;

5 Phys mechanical; lois mécaniques laws of mechanics;

6 ( non chimique) méthodes mécaniques de contraception barrier methods of contraception;

7 ( irréfléchi) [geste] mechanical, automatic; [rire] empty.

B nf

1 Mécan ( science) mechanics (+ v sg); un génie de la mécanique a mechanical genius; un terme de mécanique a mechanical term; avoir le sens de la mécanique to be mechanically-minded; une merveille de mécanique a marvel of engineering;

2 Phys mechanics (+ v sg);

3 ( fonctionnement) mechanics (pl); la mécanique d'une campagne électorale the mechanics of running a campaign; la mécanique de la gestion the mechanics of management;

4 ○( machine) machine; c'est une belle mécanique ta moto your motorbike is a fine machine.

mécanique des fluides fluid mechanics (+ v sg); mécanique ondulatoire wave mechanics (+ v sg); mécanique quantique quantum mechanics (+ v sg); mécanique des sols soil mechanics (+ v sg).

[mekanik] adjectif

1. SCIENCES [loi] mechanical

2. [non manuel - tapis, tissage] machine-made ; [ - abattage, remblayage] mechanical, machine (modificateur)

3. [non électrique, non électronique - commande] mechanical ; [ - jouet] clockwork ; [ - montre] wind-up

4. [du moteur] engine (modificateur)

5. [machinal] mechanical

6. MINES & MINÉRALOGIE mechanical

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[mekanik] nom féminin

1. SCIENCES mechanics (singulier)

2. AUTOMOBILE car mechanics (singulier)

3. [machine] piece of machinery

[dispositif] mechanism

une belle mécanique [moto, voiture] a fine piece of engineering