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101 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
102 vocational
профессиональный ; ? vocational education ; ? vocational guidance ; ? vocational hygiene ; ? vocational perfectioning ; ? vocational school ; ? vocational teachers ; ? vocational training ; -
103 vocational
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104 vocational
adjпрофесійний* * *а професійний: vocational training професійне навчання, професійна підготовка; vocational guidance професійна орієнтація; vocational school професійно-технічне училище -
105 vocational
[voukéišənəl]adjective ( vocationally adverb)poklicen, profesionalen, strokovenvocational education — poklicna vzgoja, izobrazbavocational guidance — poklicno usmerjanje, poklicna orientacija, svetovanje glede izbire poklica -
106 vocational
[vəʊ'keɪʃənl]aggettivo professionale; [ syllabus] della formazione professionale; [ approach] alla formazione professionale* * *vocational /vəʊˈkeɪʃənl/a.1 professionale: vocational training, formazione professionale; vocational education, istruzione professionale; vocational guidance, orientamento professionale; a vocational school [course, diploma], una scuola [un corso, un diploma] professionale2 vocazionale; attitudinalevocationally avv.* * *[vəʊ'keɪʃənl] -
107 education
nобразование; воспитание- advanced education
- aesthetic education
- atheistic education
- business education
- compulsory education
- economic education
- formal education
- free education
- general education
- high education
- higher education
- ideological education
- in the field of education
- inadequate education
- incomplete higher education
- industrial education
- in-service education
- introduction of universal secondary education
- juridical education
- labor education
- legal education
- level of education
- level of general education
- liberal education
- media education
- nonformal education
- patriotic education
- political education
- polytechnic education
- post-primary education
- primary education
- private education
- public education
- science education
- secondary education
- secular education
- special education
- specialized secondary education
- state education
- technical education
- trade education
- undergraduate education
- universal compulsory primary education
- vocational education -
108 education
обучение; образование -
109 education
[ˌeʤu'keɪʃ(ə)n], [ˌedju-]сущ.1) образование; обучение, подготовка, просвещение ( о человеке)- broad education
- compulsory education
- continuing education
- elementary education
- free education
- further education
- general education
- health education
- higher education
- in-service education
- liberal education
- physical education
- primary education
- professional education
- progressive education
- secondary education
- sex education
- special education
- trade education
- university education
- vocational educationSyn:2) дрессировка, обучение (животных, птиц)3) воспитание, развитие (характера, способностей)Syn:4) культура, образованность -
110 education
nобразование; обучение
- adult education
- business education
- college education
- compulsory education
- elementary education
- free education
- general education
- graduate education
- high education
- higher education
- in-service education
- management education
- postgraduate education
- primary education
- private education
- professional education
- public education
- secondary education
- specialized education
- technical education
- trade education
- university education
- vocational educationEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > education
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111 education
[ˌedjʊ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n1) образование- good education- primary education
- broad education
- college education
- compulsory education
- liberal education
- continuing
- trade education
- free education
- general education
- vocational education
- in-service education
- all-round education
- get an education2) воспитание, развитие -
112 education
nобразование; просвещение; обучение; воспитание -
113 education
[ˌedju΄keiʃn] n կրթություն, ու սուցում. դաստիարակություն. primary/secondary/ higher education տարրա կան/միջ նա կարգ/ բարձ րագույն կրթություն. compulsory education պար տադիր ուսուցում. allround education բազմ ակող մանի կրթություն. trade education արհես տա գիտա կան կրթություն. vocational education մասն ա գիտա կան կրթություն. institute of higher education բուհ՝ բարձրագույն ուսումնական հաստատություն. university education համալ սա րա նա կան կրթություն. a man of education կրթված/զար գա ցած մարդ -
114 education
образование; подготовка кадров- engineering education - environmental education - in-service education - safety education - vocational education* * *- distributive education -
115 education
воспитание; обучение; образование- equal education
- judicial education
- legal education
- prison education
- vocational education -
116 education
noun1) образование; просвещение, обучение; all-round education разностороннее образование; trade education специальное образование; classical (commercial, art) education классическое (коммерческое, художественное) образование; vocational education профессионально-техническое образование; higher education высшее образование2) воспитание, развитие (характера, способностей)3) культура, образованность4) дрессировка, обучение (животных)* * *(n) культура; образование; образованность; просвещение* * ** * *[ed·u·ca·tion || ‚edjuː'keɪʃn] n. образование, просвещение, обучение, воспитание, развитие, образованность, культура, дрессировка* * *воспитаниедрессировкакультураобразованиеобразованностьобучениепросвещениеразвитие* * *1) а) образование; обучение, подготовка, просвещение (о человеке) б) дрессировка, обучение (о животных, птицах) 2) воспитание, развитие (характера, способностей) 3) культура -
117 vocational
vocational [vəʊˈkeɪ∫ənl][education, subject, qualifications] technique et professionnel* * *[vəʊ'keɪʃənl]adjective gen professionnel/-elle; [syllabus, approach] à orientation professionnellevocational course — stage m de formation professionnelle
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118 Vocational Certificate Of Education
Education: VCEУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Vocational Certificate Of Education
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119 Vocational Technical Education Consortium of States
Education: V-TECSУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Vocational Technical Education Consortium of States
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120 Vocational And Independence Training For Adult Life
Education: VITALУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Vocational And Independence Training For Adult Life
См. также в других словарях:
Vocational education — A blacksmith is a traditional trade. Vocational education or vocational education and training prepares trainees for very specific job roles. The student or trainee develops expertise in a particular group of techniques or technology.In 2006, the … Wikipedia
vocational education — educational training that provides practical experience in a particular occupational field, as agriculture, home economics, or industry. * * * instruction intended to equip persons for industrial or commercial occupations. It may be… … Universalium
vocational education — noun training for a specific vocation in industry or agriculture or trade • Syn: ↑vocational training • Hypernyms: ↑education * * * noun : training for a specific occupation in agriculture,, trade, or industry through a combination of theoretical … Useful english dictionary
Vocational Education Committee — A Vocational Education Committee (VEC) ( ga. Coiste Gairm Oideachais) is a statutory local education body in the Republic of Ireland that administers some secondary education and most adult education in the state. Before 1992 VECs had authority… … Wikipedia
Vocational education in the United States — In the United States, vocational education varies from state to state. Roughly 70 percent of all postsecondary technical and vocational training is provided by proprietary (privately owned) career schools. The remaining 30 percent is provided… … Wikipedia
vocational education level — profesinio išsilavinimo lygmuo statusas T sritis Švietimas ir mokslas apibrėžtis Oficialiai patvirtintos asmens profesinių žinių ir gebėjimų vertinimo skalės lygmuo, kuris nustatomas remiantis privalomomis žiniomis, gebėjimais, atsakomybės ir… … Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas
vocational education and training — profesinis mokymas statusas Aprobuotas sritis profesinis ugdymas apibrėžtis Mokymas pagal profesinio mokymo programas, padedantis asmeniui įgyti kvalifikaciją ar ją tobulinti arba įgyti kompetenciją, reikalingą atlikti įstatymų reglamentuojamam… … Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)
vocational education and training — profesinis mokymas statusas T sritis Švietimas ir mokslas apibrėžtis Sistemingas profesijai reikalingų žinių ir gebėjimų įgijimo organizavimas, grindžiamas specifiniais tikslais, mokymosi turiniu, metodais, priemonėmis. Profesinis mokymas taip… … Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas
vocational education and training standard — profesinio rengimo standartas statusas T sritis Švietimas ir mokslas apibrėžtis Dokumentas, kuriame teikiami valstybės pripažintų profesijų reikalaujamų kvalifikacijų įgijimo profesinio mokymo sistemoje svarbiausi parametrai: išsamus profesijos… … Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas
vocational education and training standard — profesinio rengimo standartas statusas T sritis Švietimas ir mokslas apibrėžtis Profesinio švietimo ir lavinimo sistemos žinių, mokėjimų, įgūdžių ir kvalifikacijų kokybės reglamentas, kuriuo nustatomos specialybės, jų turinys, veiklos paskirtis,… … Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas
vocational education and training system — profesinio rengimo sistema statusas T sritis Švietimas ir mokslas apibrėžtis Specialistų rengimo sistema, kuri apima ikiprofesinį ugdymą, profesinį orientavimą ir konsultavimą, pirminį ir tęstinį profesinį mokymą. atitikmenys: angl. vocational… … Aiškinamasis kvalifikacijų sistemos terminų žodynas