venus-tus

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `barley' (Nic. Al. 106).

Other forms: ἀγοσταί, - έω gramm. as AB 213.

Derivatives: Denomin. verb, ptc. ἀκοστήσας ( ἵππος) Ζ 506, Ο 263 `be well fed'.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: Hesychius calls the word Cyprian; Schol. on Ζ 506 Thessalian as name for food in general; cf. Bechtel Dial. 1, 204. Unclear ἀκόστιλα ἐλάχιστα H. κοσταί = ἀκοστή H. may have lost its vowel, Kuiper 1956 [FS Kretschmer], 221. - Connected with Lat. acus - eris n. `Granne, Spreu', Goth. ahs, OHG ahir n. etc. `ear (of corn)'. Frisk: "Der Bildung nach wäre ἀκοσ-τή als substantiviertes Femininum ("die Grannige") mit lat. onus-tus, venus-tus ( locus-ta?) zu vergleichen, was natürlich möglich ist" shows the weakness of this explanation; s. Schwyzer 503; but one wouls expect e-grade * akes-. Szemerényi Gnomon 43, 1961, 652 proposes * ako(n)stā \< * akont-tā. The form in - στ- (cf. ἄκαστος) rather points to foreign origin, as would the forms with - γ-, and κοσταί, if these are old.

See also: Cf. also ἄχνη.

Page in Frisk: 1,56-57

ex-ercĕo, ŭi, itum, 2, v. a. [arceo], to drive on, keep busy, keep at work; to oversee, superintend; with an inanimate object, to work, work at, employ one's self about a thing.

Lit. (mostly poet. and in postAug. prose):

quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae, Si sumas in illis (servis) exercendis, plus agas,

Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 22; cf.:

homines qui agrum colunt, et qui eos exercent praepositive sunt his, quorum in numero sunt vilici et monitores,

who oversee them, Dig. 33, 7, 8:

exercete, viri, tauros,

Verg. G. 1, 210:

i sane, ego te exercebo hodie, ut dignus es,

keep agoing, exercise, Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 48:

corpora assiduo varioque exercita motu, etc.,

driven, impelled, Lucr. 2, 97; cf. id. 4, 862; 2, 120; and:

exercita cursu Flumina (with fontes liquidi),

Verg. G. 3, 529 Wagn.:

(Maeandros) Incertas exercet aquas,

Ov. M. 8, 165:

exercere feras,

to drive, hunt, Dig. 7, 1, 62: Mi. Gestiunt pugni mihi. So. Si in me exercituru's, quaeso in parietem ut primum domes, to let loose, set them at me, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 168:

litus arant Rutulosque exercent vomere colles,

work, till, Verg. A. 7, 798:

solum presso sub vomere,

id. G. 2, 356:

rura bubus,

Hor. Epod. 2, 3:

humum in messem,

Verg. G. 1, 219:

vineas, arbusta, campos (with curare),

Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 16:

agrum multis arationibus,

Pall. Jan. 13, 2:

pinguia culta,

Verg. A. 10, 142:

ferrum vasto in antro (Cyclopes),

id. ib. 8, 424:

telas (aranea),

Ov. M. 6, 145 al.; cf.: neque arva nobis aut metalla aut portus sunt, quibus exercendis reservemur, Tac. Agr. 31.— Poet.:

ut possint (aratores), sole reducto, Exercere diem,

i. e. employ the day in labor, perform their day's work, Verg. A. 10, 808.

Trop. (freq. and class.).

To engage busily, to occupy, employ, exercise a person or thing in some action.

Aliquem or aliquid ( in aliqua re, ad aliquid, aliqua re, etc.):

me adolescentem multos annos in studio ejusdem laudis (Hortensius) exercuit,

Cic. Brut. 64, 230:

quod genus belli esse potest, in quo illum non exercuerit fortuna rei publicae,

id. de Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:

a Diodoto studiosissime in dialectica exercebar,

id. Brut. 90, 309; cf. id. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

hanc (animi vim) tu exerce in optimis rebus,

id. Rep. 6, 26:

haec aetas (juvenum) exercenda in labore patientiaque et animi et corporis,

id. Off. 1, 34, 122:

animos in armis,

Ov. Am. 1, 8, 41:

in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,

Verg. A. 6, 642:

vocem et vires in hoc,

Cic. de Or. 1, 33, 149 et saep.:

Aristoteles adolescentes... ad copiam rhetorum in utramque partem exercuit,

id. Or. 14, 46:

ad hanc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas exercuit,

id. Cat. 1, 10, 25:

facultatem dicendi his exercuerunt,

Quint. 2, 4, 41:

ingenium multiplici variaque materia,

id. 2, 4, 20:

linguas litibus,

Ov. M. 6, 375 et saep.—With simple acc.:

quid te exercuit Pammenes?

Cic. Brut. 97, 332:

Induciomarus copias cogere, exercere coepit,

to exercise, drill, Caes. B. G. 5, 55, 3:

juventutis exercendae causa,

id. ib. 6, 23, 6:

ingenium nostrum,

Auct. Her. 3, 21, 34:

corpus,

Cic. de Off. 1, 23, 79:

exercendae memoriae gratia,

id. de Sen. 11, 38:

exercendi stili,

Quint. 10, 5, 15:

exercendus est spiritus,

id. 11, 3, 54 et saep.—

With se, or pass. in mid. force; and in part. praes. and gerund., to exercise or train one's self, to practise:

si ad hoc unum est natus aut in hoc solo se exercuit, etc.,

Cic. Or. 28, 99:

se vehementissime in his subitis dictionibus,

id. de Or. 1, 33, 152:

se in consultationibus,

id. Att. 9, 4, 3:

sese ad cursuram,

Plaut. Most. 4, 1, 5:

se ad velitationem,

id. Rud. 2, 6, 41:

sese quotidianis commentationibus,

Cic. Brut. 71, 249:

se genere pugnae,

Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 4:

se genere venationis,

id. ib. 6, 28, 3:

se saliendo,

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 25:

cur non in utrumque protinus locum se exerceant?

Quint. 4, 2, 29 Zumpt N. cr.:

Jovem Olympium, eum ipsum, cui se exercebit, implorabit,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 17, 40:

cum athletas se exercentes in curriculo videret,

id. de Sen. 9, 27; so,

ad virtutem,

Vulg. 1 Tim. 4, 7.—

Mid.: ut exerceamur in venando,

Cic. N. D. 2, 64, 161:

ut in utrumque locum simul exerceamur,

Quint. 5, 13, 50:

faciunt idem, cum exercentur, athletae,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 23, 56:

Ciceronis pueri amant inter se, discunt, exercentur,

id. Att. 6, 1, 12:

ne aliter exerceri velint,

Quint. 3, 8, 70:

in mandatis tuis exercebor,

Vulg. Psa. 118, 15.— Act. part. in mid. force:

cum, ceteris in campo exercentibus, in herba ipse recubuisset,

Cic. de Or. 2, 71, 287; so,

ipsique dictata exercentibus darent,

Suet. Caes. 26:

spectavit assidue et exercentes ephebos,

id. Aug. 98; cf.:

si ludicra exercendi aut venandi consuetudine adamare solemus,

of exercising ourselves, Cic. Fin. 1, 20, 69, v. Madv. ad h. l.—

To practise, follow, exercise any employment; to employ one's self about, to make use of any thing:

medicinae exercendae causa,

Cic. Clu. 63, 178:

hoc civile quod vocant eatenus exercuerunt, quoad populum praestare voluerunt,

id. Leg. 1, 4, 14:

rhetoricen,

Quint. 2, 1, 3; 2, 15, 27:

eloquentiam,

id. 1, 4, 6:

artem,

id. 3, 6, 18; cf. Hor. Ep. 1, 14, 44:

exercere atque exigere vectigalia,

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 6, 16:

cauponam vel stabulum,

Dig. 4, 9, 1, § 5:

navem,

ib. 14, 1, 1:

auri, argenti, sulphuris, etc.... fodinas,

ib. 7, 1, 13, § 5:

negotiationem per libertos,

ib. 26, 7, 58:

commercium turis,

Plin. 12, 14, 30, § 54:

arma,

Verg. A. 4, 87:

arma contra patriam,

Tac. A. 11, 16:

gymnasia et otia et turpes amores,

id. ib. 6, 1:

acies pueriles,

batiles in sport, Juv. 15, 60:

pharetram et arcum,

Val. Fl. 3, 161:

vocem (with clamare),

Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—

To follow up, follow out, prosecute, carry into effect, practise, administer:

judicium,

Cic. Arch. 12, 32:

latam legem,

Liv. 4, 51, 4:

Tiberius exercendas leges esse respondit,

Tac. A. 1, 72: [p. 684] legem praecipue sumptuariam, Suet. Caes. 43; id. Tib. 58:

quaestionem inter sicarios,

Cic. Fin. 2, 16, 54:

regnum,

Plin. 10, 21, 24, § 47; cf.

imperia,

Verg. G. 2, 370:

crudelitatem non solum in vivo sed etiam in mortuo,

Cic. Phil. 11, 3, 8:

inimicitias,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 13; cf.:

graves inimicitias cum aliquo,

Sall. C. 49, 2:

gratiam aut inimicitias in tanta re,

id. ib. 51, 16:

jurgia, discordia, simultates cum hostibus,

id. ib. 9, 2:

cui exercita cum Pisone amicitia,

Tac. A. 1, 14:

licentiam,

id. ib. 13, 47:

amicitiam,

id. ib. 15, 60:

odium,

id. ib. 13, 37:

odium in aliquo,

Ov. M. 9, 275 et saep.:

facilitatem et lenitudinem animi,

Cic. Off. 1, 25, 88:

juris aequabilitatem,

id. ib.; cf.

justitiam,

Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 10:

scelus, libidinem, avaritiam in socios,

Liv. 29, 17, 13; cf.:

avaritiam (juvenes) exercere jubentur,

Juv. 14, 108:

foede victoriam in captis,

Liv. 6, 22, 4:

acerrume victoriam nobilitatis in plebem,

Sall. J. 16, 2:

foede et crudeliter victoriam,

id. C. 38:

amores ad aliquem,

Cat. 68, 69:

pacem et hymenaeos,

to celebrate, solemnize, Verg. A. 4, 99:

nomen patris,

to bear his name, Plin. Pan. 21, 4 et saep.—

Pregn., to disturb, disquiet, vex, plague (the figure being taken from the baiting of wild beasts):

meos casus, in quibus me fortuna vehementer exercuit,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 1, 3:

nunc me reliquiae vestrae exercent,

id. Fam. 12, 4, 1:

non te nullius exercent numinis irae,

Verg. G. 4, 453:

aliquem odiis,

id. A. 4, 622 et saep.:

te de praedio Oviae exerceri, moleste fero,

Cic. Att. 13, 22, 4:

ergo exercentur poenis,

Verg. A, 6, 739:

hominum vitam curis,

Lucr. 5, 1424:

ambitio animos hominum exercet,

Sall. C. 11, 1:

simultates nimio plures et exercuerunt eum et ipse exercuit eas,

Liv. 39, 40, 9.—In the part. perf.:

nate, Iliacis exercite fatis,

Verg. A. 3, 182:

Venus exercita curis,

id. ib. 5, 779; cf.:

curis exercita corpora,

Ov. M. 7, 634:

adversis probitas exercita rebus,

id. Tr. 5, 5, 49: habere aliquem exercitum, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 6, 4.—Hence, exercĭ-tus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to II. C.).

Vexed, harassed:

scito nihil tam exercitum esse nunc Romae quam candidatos omnibus iniquitatibus,

Cic. Att. 1, 11, 2:

Tiberius tantis rebus,

Tac. A. 4, 11.— Hence,

Vexatious, severe:

quid magis sollicitum, magis exercitum dici potest?

Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

finem tam exercitae militiae orabant,

Tac. A. 1, 35:

dura hiems, exercita aestas,

id. ib. 1, 17:

aestas (with inquieta),

Plin. Ep. 7, 2, 2:

infantiam pueritiamque habuit laboriosam et exercitam,

Suet. Tib. 6 init. —

Disciplined:

(miles) exercitatus et vetus ob eam rem fortior (opp. rudis et inexercitatus),

Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38:

mirum in modum juventus,

Flor. 1, 3, 2:

proprio in metu, qui exercitam quoque eloquentiam debilitat,

Tac. A. 3, 67:

militia,

id. ib. 3, 20:

ad omne flagitium,

id. ib. 14, 2:

ingenium adulatione,

id. H. 4, 4:

Graeca doctrina ore tenus,

id. A. 15, 45.— Comp. and sup.: exercitiorem, exercitissimum (dicebant antiqui), Paul. ex Fest. p. 81, 8 Müll. — Adv.: exercĭtē, in a practised manner; in comp.:

cogitare,

App. M. 11, p. 272, 6.

rĕor, rătus, 2 (2 pers. pres. rere, Plaut. As. 3, 1, 22; id. Ep. 3, 4, 45; id. Trin. 2, 4, 13; Verg. A. 3, 381; 7, 437; Hor. S. 1, 9, 49: reris, Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 9; Verg. A. 6, 97; Hor. S. 2, 3, 134), v. dep. a. [etym. dub.; cf. Sanscr. rta, correct; Zend, areta, complete; Gr. aretê, valor].

To reckon, calculate; v. infra, P. a.—Hence, by a usual transfer (like censere, putare, existimare, etc.),—

To believe, think, suppose, imagine, judge, deem (class.; esp. freq. in the poets; cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 38, 153;

not in Cæs.: horridum reor,

Quint. 8, 3, 26; cf.: opinor, arbitror, credo, censeo).

With obj.-clause:

hoc servi esse officium reor,

Plaut. Aul. 4, 1, 7; so,

reor,

id. Ep. 3, 4, 49; id. Pers. 2, 1, 2; id. Rud. 4, 2, 21; id. Truc. 2, 7, 16; Lucr. 5, 1419; Verg. A. 4, 45; 5, 24; 7, 273; 370; Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 70; Ov. M. 1, 394; 11, 438; 12, 505; Quint. 2, 16, 9 al.: reris and rere, v. supra:

retur,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 17; id. Ep. 3, 2, 32; id. Mil. 3, 1, 119; id. Truc. 1, 1, 72; Stat. Th. 11, 59:

remur,

Plaut. As. Grex. 6; Cic. Off. 2, 9, 32:

remini,

Arn. 4, 146:

rentur,

Plaut. Am. 3, 3, 20; id. Mil. 2, 6, 7; Lucr. 1, 155; 6, 91; Cic. Top. 20, 78; Liv. 1, 59; 5, 3; 24, 37; 40, 5 fin. Drak.:

rebar,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 5; Cic. de Or. 3, 22, 82; Verg. A. 6, 690; Ov. M. 13, 497; 14, 203:

rebare,

Cic. Att. 14, 8, 1:

rebatur,

id. Ac. 1, 7, 26; id. Att. 7, 3, 10; Liv. 9, 3; 27, 25; 30, 9 al.:

rebamur,

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 43:

rebantur,

Cic. N. D. 3, 6, 15; Liv. 1, 26; 3, 41; 4, 1 et saep.:

rebor,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 303:

rebitur,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 2, 28:

rear,

id. Most. 1, 3, 2; Cat. 63, 55; Verg. A. 9, 253:

rearis,

Lucr. 1, 80; 2, 731; 5, 114; 247; 6, 536 al.: reare, Caecil. ap. Gell. 617, 13:

reamur,

Lucr. 2, 952; 4, 37; 5, 78;

6, 764: reantur,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 34:

ratus sum, etc., sim, etc.,

id. As. 5, 2, 11; id. Capt. 2, 2, 6; id. Ep. 4, 2, 26 al.; Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 21; Verg. A. 2, 25; Ov. M. 4, 674; 5, 203; 7, 841 al.; Sall. C. 48, 5; 55, 1; Liv. 2, 27; 3, 2; Quint. 11, 3, 31; 12, 10, 5 et saep. al.—

Absol., Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 4:

quos quidem plures, quam rebar, esse cognovi,

Cic. Div. 2, 2, 5:

jam illud mali plus nobis vivit quam ratae (sc. sumus),

Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 32:

ut reor a facie, Calliopea fuit,

Prop. 3, 3 (4, 2), 38:

ut rebare, Venus (nec te sententia fallit) Trojanas sustentat opes,

Verg. A. 10, 608:

ut potius reor,

id. ib. 12, 188:

atque, ut ipse rebatur viam suāpte naturā difficilem inexpugnabilem fecit,

Liv. 31, 39, 9:

nam, reor, non ullis, si vita longior daretur, posset esse jucundior,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 94.—Hence, ră-tus, a, um, P. a., pass., reckoned, calculated, fixed by calculation; hence, fixed, settled, established, firm, unalterable, sure, certain, valid, etc. (class.):

quod modo erat ratum inritumst,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (7), 58:

neu quod egissem esset ratum,

id. Hec. 4, 1, 30:

rata et certa spatia definire,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:

motus (stellarum) constantes et rati,

id. N. D. 2, 20, 51:

astrorum rati immutabilesque cursus,

id. ib. 2, 37, 95;

2, 38, 97: si nihil fieri potest, nisi quod ab omni aeternitate certum fuerit esse futurum rato tempore,

id. Div. 2, 7, 19; 2, 30, 63:

jussum ratum atque firmum,

id. Caecin. 33, 96:

decretum stabile, fixum, ratum esse debeat,

id. Ac. 2, 9, 27:

illud certum, ratum, firmum, fixum vis,

id. ib. 2, 46, 141:

censorias subscriptiones omnes fixas et in perpetuum ratas putet esse,

id. Clu. 47, 132; cf.:

ut amicitia societasque nostra in aeternum rata sit,

Tac. H. 4, 64:

cujus tribunatus si ratus est, nihil est, quod irritum possit esse,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; cf.

so, opp. irritus,

id. Phil. 5, 7, 21; cf.

ratosne habeant an vanos pectoris orsus, id. poët. Div. 2, 30, 63: testamenta (opp. rupta),

id. de Or. 1, 38, 173:

populi comitia ne essent rata, nisi, etc.,

id. Rep. 2, 32, 56:

ut Faustae, cui cautum ille voluisset, ratum esset,

id. Att. 5, 8, 2: neque ratum est quod dicas, Att. ap. Fest. p. 228; Nep. Att. 10, 1:

dixerat idque ratum Stygii per flumina Annuit,

Verg. A, 9, 104:

si haec Turno rata vita maneret,

id. ib. 10, 629:

rata sint sua visa precatur,

may be fulfilled, accomplished, Ov. M. 9, 702; 9, 474; 14, 815; 3, 341; id. H. 15 (16), 15; id. F. 1, 696; 3, 77; id. P. 2, 5, 3; cf.:

(ebrietas) spes jubet esse ratas,

Hor. Ep. 1, 5, 17:

pax,

Sall. J. 112, 3:

fides et vox,

Ov. M. 3, 341; id. Tr. 3, 10, 36:

dicta,

id. F. 2, 488.— Sup.: beneficia ratissima atque gratissima, Cato ap. Fest. pp. 286 and 287 Müll. — Poet., transf., of a person: occiduntur: ubi potitur ratu' Romulu' praedam, the resolved, determined (syn. certus), Enn. ap. Fest. p. 274 Müll. (Ann. v. 78 Vahl.). —Hence,

In particular connections.

Pro ratā parte (portione), secundum ratam partem, and absol., pro ratā, according to a certain part, i. e. in proportion, proportionally:

militibus agros ex suis possessionibus pollicetur, quaterna in singulos jugera, et pro ratā parte centurionibus evocatisque,

Caes. B. C. 1, 17 fin.; cf.:

pro ratā parte,

Cic. Rep. 6, 18, 18 Mos. N. cr.:

perinde ut cuique data sunt pro ratā parte,

id. Tusc. 1, 39, 94:

utinam ex omni senatu pro rata parte esset!

id. Rep. 2, 40, 67:

decumam partem relinqui placet, si plenae fuerint alvi, si minus, pro ratā portione,

Plin. 11, 15, 15, § 40:

item secundum ratam partem ex altitudine columnarum expediendae sunt altitudines epistyliorum,

Vitr. 3, 3 med.:

tantum pediti daturum fuisse credunt, et pro ratā aliis, si, etc.,

Liv. 45, 40; so Capitol. M. Aur. 7, and often in the Digests.—

Ratum aliquid facere (efficere) habere, ducere, also ratum alicui esse, to make or account any thing fixed or valid; to confirm, ratify, approve: quid augur (habet), cur a dextrā corvus a sinistrā cornix faciat ratum? make a confirmatory, i. e. a favorable augury, Cic. Div. 1, 39, 85:

parens nati rata verba Fecit,

i. e. fulfilled, Ov. M. 4, 387:

juvenes cum avum regem salutassent, secuta ex omni multitudine consentiens vox ratum nomen imperiumque regi effecit,

Liv. 1, 6:

efficiant ratas, utraque diva preces,

Ov. F. 1, 696:

quae nobis imperatores commoda tribuerunt, ea rata atque perpetua auctoritate vestrā faciatis,

Liv. 28, 39, 16: eos ratum habere judicium, si totum corruptum sit;

si unus accusator corruptus sit, rescindere,

Cic. Part. Or. 36, 125; so,

ratum habere,

id. Rosc. Com. 1, 3; id. Att. 14, 21, 2; id. N. D. 1, 5, 10: Atteius Capito ap. Gell. 13, 12, 2; cf.:

(fata) ratosne habeant an vanos pectoris orsus, Cic. poët. Div. 2, 30, 63: cavere de rato,

Dig. 3, 4, 6, § 3:

qui non duxerint societatem ratam, ubi nec divini quicquam nec humani sanctum esset,

Liv. 27, 17 fin.:

ista ipsa, quae te emisse scribis, non solum rata mihi erunt, sed etiam grata,

Cic. Fam. 7, 23, 1.—

Rarely, ratum servare: quaeris an quod gessit ratum servum. Ego vero servo,

Plin. Ep. 7, 11, 1.

25, 12, for the corrupted curata auctoritas eventu of the MS., read cum rato auctoritas eventu; v. Weissenb. ad h. l.