upon+someone

λύπη, ης, ἡ (s. λυπέω; Aeschyl., Hdt.+) pain of mind or spirit, grief, sorrow, affliction J 16:6; Hm 10, 1, 2; 10, 2, 1–6; 10, 3, 1; 3f; AcPl Ha 6, 16. περισσοτέρα λ. excessive sorrow 2 Cor 2:7. Opp. χαρά (X., Hell. 7, 1, 32; Eth. Epic. col. 3, 16; Philo, Abr. 151, Leg. ad Gai. 15; JosAs 9:1; ApcMos 39) J 16:20; Hb 12:11. λύπην ἔχειν have pain, be sorrowful (Dio Chrys. 46 [63], 1; ApcMos 3) in childbirth J 16:21; cp. vs. 22. λ. ἔχειν ἀπό τινος be pained by someone 2 Cor 2:3. λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην ἔχειν sorrow upon sorrow Phil 2:27; opp. πολυτέλεια λύπην μὴ ἔχουσα wealth without pain Hs 1:10. λ. μοί ἐστιν μεγάλη I am greatly pained Ro 9:2 (cp. Tobit 3:6; TestJud 23:1 πολλὴ λύπη μοί ἐστι.—λ. μεγάλη as Jon 4:1; TestJob 34:5; ApcMos 9). βαλεῖν τινα εἰς λύπην plunge someone into grief 1 Cl 46:9. τὸ μὴ πάλιν ἐν λ. πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἐλθεῖν not to come to you again in sorrow 2 Cor 2:1. τί … σεαυτῷ λύπην ἐπισπᾶσαι why are you bringing sorrow on yourself Hs 9, 2, 6. ἀποβαλεῖν πᾶσαν λ. lay aside all sorrow Hv 4, 3, 4; ἀποθέμενον τὸ τῆς λ. AcPl BMM recto 7 (for this AcPl Ha 8, 8: το]|[κατηφ]ὲ̣̣ ἀποθέμενον, as restored by Schmidt, but on this s. κατηφής). Also αἴρειν ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ τὴν λ. Hm 10, 1, 1 (opp. ἱλαρότης 10, 3, 1). ἐξέπτη ἡ λ. αὐτοῦ his anxiety (over the combat with beasts) took wings AcPl Ha 3, 17. συγκόπτεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης be crushed with sorrow Hv 5:4. ἀπὸ τῆς λ. from sorrow Lk 22:45 (TestJos 8:5 συνείχετο ἀπὸ τῆς λύπης; ParJer 7:26 ἵνα μὴ διαφθαρῇ ἀπὸ τῆς λ.; cp. UPZ 18, 13 [163 B.C.] ἀποθνήσκει ὑπὸ τῆς λ.; Jos., Ant. 6, 337). ἐκ λύπης reluctantly 2 Cor 9:7 (cp. Soph., O.C. 1636f of Theseus’s generous acceptance, οὐκ οἴκτου μέτα, of Oedipus’s last mandate; cp. 1 Pt 4:9; on the grammar cp. ἐκ τῆς λύπης Aesop, Fab. 275 P.; JosAs 29:9). διὰ τὴν λ. in sorrow AcPl Ha 5, 24. ἡ κατὰ θεὸν λ. sorrow that God approves 2 Cor 7:10a (leading to μετάνοια as Plut., Mor. 961d). In contrast to this ἡ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη the sorrow of the world vs. 10b. λύπην ἐπάγειν τῷ πνεύματι bring grief to the spirit Hm 3:4. λύπη personified Hs 9, 15, 3.—Pl. (Demosth., Ep. 2, 25; Dio Chrys. 80 [30], 14; Gen 3:16f; 5:29; Pr 15:13; 31:6; PsSol 4:15; ParJer 7:36 διὰ τὰς λ.) αἱ πρότεραι λῦπαι the former sorrows Hv 3, 13, 2. ὑποφέρειν λύπας 1 Pt 2:19. παλαιοῦσθαι ταῖς λύπαις be aged by sorrows Hv 3, 11, 3.—B. 1118. BHHW III 2021ff. Schmidt, Syn. II 574–95; DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

παρακολουθέω fut. παρακολουθήσω; 1 aor. παρηκολούθησα; pf. παρηκολούθηκα (Aristoph., X., Pla.+; ins, pap, 2 Macc, TestSol; JosAs 29:6; ApcMos 8; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 12, 5; Ath.) ‘follow’.

① to be closely associated w. someone viewed as an authority figure, follow lit. of direct discipleship τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις Papias (2, 4); αὐτῷ: Jesus (2, 15).—Otherw.

② to be attendant upon, follow, accompany, attend w. dat. of pers. (τύχη ἡμῖν π. Demosth. 42, 21; Plut., Mor. 207e; πυρετοί μοι π. Demosth. 54, 11; βλάβη μοι π. PReinach 18, 15 [II B.C.]; 19, 12; PTebt 28, 2; PStras 22, 20. Cp. 2 Macc 8:11; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 70; Ath. 31, 1 [w. acc. and inf.]) σημεῖα τοῖς πιστεύσασιν ταῦτα παρακολουθήσει these signs will attend those who have come to believe Mk 16:17 (v.l. ἀκολουθήσει).

③ to conform to someone’s belief or practice by paying special attention, follow faithfully, follow as a rule (SIG 885, 32 π. τῇ περὶ τὸ θεῖον τῆς πόλεως θεραπείᾳ; PTebt 124, 4 [I B.C.] τῇ αὐτῶν π. πίστει; 2 Macc 9:27 π. τῇ ἐμῇ προαιρέσει) διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Ti 4:6; 2 Ti 3:10. This sense involves only a slight transference from ‘follow with the mind, understand, make one’s own’ (Demosth. et al.; esp. a t.t. of the Stoics) w. dat. of thing (Polyb. 3, 32, 2; Epict. 1, 6, 13 of intelligent awareness as opposed to mere functioning, the diff. between animals and humans; Vett. Val. 276, 23; SIG 718, 9 [c. 100 B.C.]; Just., D. 114, 1).

④ to pay careful attention to someth. in a segment of time, follow a thing, follow a course of events, take note of w. dat. of thing (Demosth. 18, 172 παρηκολουθηκότα τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς=one well acquainted with the affairs from the very beginning; 19, 257 ἀκριβέστατʼ εἰδὼς ἐγὼ καὶ παρηκολουθηκὼς ἅπασι κατηγορῶ=I bring my charges as one who has accurate knowledge and has followed everything; UPZ 71, 20 [152 B.C.] τῇ ἀληθείᾳ; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 53 personal acquaintance as opposed to information secured second-hand; 218 of inability to have a thorough grasp of certain writings: μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας … παρακολουθεῖν) ἐμοὶ παρηκολουθηκότι ἄνωθεν πᾶσιν ἀκριβῶς to me, with a firm grasp of everything from the beginning Lk 1:3 (s. HCadbury, Beginn. II 501f; Exp. 8th ser., 144, 1922, 401–20; NTS 3, ’56/57: 128ff having been familiar with, and M-M.; JRopes, JTS 25, 1924, 67–71.—GWhitaker, Exp. 8th ser., 118, 1920, 262–72; 119, 1920, 380–84; 121, 1921, 239ff; BBacon, Le témoignage de Luc sur luimême: RHPR 8, 1928, 209–26. Luke does not specify the means whereby he was able to assert his thorough familiarity [a rendering such as ‘research’ or ‘investigate’ depends on interpretation of the context and not on the semantic content of π.]. It can be assumed that some of it was derived from the kinds of sources cited in vs. 2. S. also s.v. ἀνατάσσομαι).—LAlexander, The Preface to Luke’s Gospel ’93, 127–31.—DELG s.v. ἀκόλουθος. M-M. TW.

περίκειμαι mid. dep. (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestSol 4:13 D; TestAbr A; JosAs ch. 18 cod. A [p. 68, 19 Bat.]; Philo, Mos. 2, 182; Just., Mel.)

① to be positioned around some object or area, be around, surround.

ⓐ lit., lie or be placed around περίκειται μύλος ὀνικὸς περὶ τὸν τράχηλον αὐτοῦ a millstone is hung about his neck Mk 9:42; cp. Lk 17:2.

ⓑ fig., of a crowd of people surrounding someone (Herodian 7, 9, 1 τὸ περικείμενον πλῆθος) τοσοῦτον ἔχοντες περικείμενον ἡμῖν νέφος μαρτύρων Hb 12:1 (s. νέφος).

② to put someth. around, wear someth., have someth. on περίκειμαί τι (for περιτέθειμαί τι as pass. of περιτίθημί τινί τι put someth. on someone)

ⓐ lit. (Hdt. 1, 171, 4; Dionys. Hal. 2, 19; Strabo 15, 3, 15; Plut., Arat. 1034 [17, 6]; Polyaenus 1, 20, 2; Herodian 2, 13, 8 ἐσθῆτας στρατιωτικάς; OGI 56, 66; EpJer 23; TestAbr A 17 p. 99, 14 [Stone p. 46]; Jos., Ant. 14, 173, Vi. 334; Just., D. 1, 2.—B-D-F §159, 4; Rob. 485) δέρμα λευκόν wear a white (goat) skin Hv 5:1; cp. Hs 6, 2, 5. Of fetters (4 Macc 12:2 τὰ δεσμά) τὴν ἄλυσιν ταύτην περίκειμαι I am bearing this chain Ac 28:20.

ⓑ fig. (SibOr 5, 228) νέφος be clothed in or surrounded by a cloud 2 Cl 1:6b.—ἀσθένειαν be beset by weakness, perh. with suggestion of various kinds Hb 5:2 (cp. Theocr. 23, 14 ὕβριν ‘clad in insolence’, but the text may be corrupt, s. app.). ἀμαύρωσιν blanketed in darkness 2 Cl 1:6a.

③ In τοῦ κλήρου, οὗ περίκειμαι ἐπιτυχεῖν ITr 12:3 the text can hardly be in good order, and it is only w. reservations that the transl. the lot which is incumbent upon me to obtain (Goodsp.) is suggested (s. Hdb. ad loc.; IHeikel, StKr 106, ’35, 317), but s. CStory, VigChrist 33, ’79, 319–23 (οὗ πέρι κεῖμαι [to obtain the lot] for which I am appointed).—M-M. TW.

πλουτίζω (πλοῦτος) fut. 3 sg. πλουτίσει 1 Km 17:25 Theod.(?) and inf. πλουτιεῖν 2 Macc 7:24; 1 aor. ἐπλούτισα. Pass.: 1 fut. 3 sg. πλουτισθήσεται Sir 19:1; 1 aor. ἐπλουτίσθην (Aeschyl., X. et al.; ins, LXX; Anz 297)

① to cause to be relatively high on a scale of opulence, make wealthy τινά someone (Gen 14:23; Sir 11:21; Jos., Ant. 17, 147) Hs 1:9. Abs. (w. πτωχίζω) of God 1 Cl 59:3 (cp. 1 Km 2:7). Pass. παρὰ τοῦ κυρίου πλουτίζεσθαι receive one’s riches from the Lord Hs 2:10.

② to cause to abound in someth., make rich, in imagery, of spiritual riches: τινά someone, of the apostle Paul, to whom alone the pl. prob. refers in ὡς πτωχοὶ πολλοὺς πλουτίζοντες as poor, though making many rich 2 Cor 6:10; cp. of the Christians πτωχεύουσι καὶ πλουτίζουσι πολλούς Dg 5:13. Pass. ὁ υἱός, διʼ οὗ πλουτίζεται ἡ ἐκκλησία 11:5. πλουτίζεσθαι ἔν τινι be made rich in someth. ἐν παντί in everything 1 Cor 1:5; it is resumed w. ἐν παντί λόγῳ and given content. The ἐν αὐτῷ in the same verse denotes that this rich possession is dependent upon a close relationship to Christ. ἐν παντὶ πλουτιζόμενοι εἰς πᾶσαν ἀπλότητα being made rich in every way for every (demonstration of) generosity i.e. so that you might demonstrate generosity in every way 2 Cor 9:11.—DELG s.v. πλοῦτος. M-M. TW.

προσέρχομαι mid. dep.; impf. προσηρχόμην; fut. προσελεύσομαι; 2 aor. προσῆλθον (also προσῆλθα B-D-F §81, 3; Mlt-H. 208); pf. προσελήλυθα; plpf. 1 pl. προσεληλύθειμεν (Just., A II, 2, 3) (Aeschyl., Hdt.+) prim. ‘come, go to, approach’.

① to move towards

ⓐ of physical movement come/go to, approach (esp. oft. in Mt, about 50 times; s. JEdwards, JBL 106, ’87, 65–74) w. dat. of pers. (X., Cyr. 1, 4, 27; Aelian, VH 9, 3, end; En 14:25; Jos., Ant. 12, 19; Just., D. 2, 4 al.) Mt 5:1; 8:5; 9:14 al.; Lk 23:52; J 12:21; Ac 9:1; 10:28 ‘visit’; 18:2; MPol 16:1; GJs 20:4 (deStrycker; without dat. Tdf.). W. dat. of place (Herodian 2, 6, 5) Hb 12:18, 22; AcPl Ha 11, 13; εἰς Ἱερουσαλήμ 8, 30. Abs. Mt 4:11; Lk 9:42; Ac 8:29; 20:5 v.l. (s. CMaurer, TZ, 3, ’47, 321–37). MPol 4. Uncertain AcPl Ha 2, 2. The ptc. is freq. used w. verbs denoting an activity, to enliven the narrative προσελθὼν εἶπεν (cp. BGU 587, 2 [II B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 9, 194) Mt 4:3; 8:19; 18:21; see also 13:10; 15:12; 25:20, 22, 24; Mk 6:35; 14:45; Lk 9:12. πρ. προσεκύνει Mt 8:2; 9:18 v.l., et al. πρ. ἔπεσεν 26:39 v.l.; cp. Mk 14:35 v.l., et al. (s. προέρχομαι 1). Foll. by inf. denoting purpose (1 Macc 2:23) προσῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπιδεῖξαι his disciples came up to show Mt 24:1. προσερχομένου αὐτοῦ κατανοῆσαι Ac 7:31. Cp. 12:13.

ⓑ of approach to or entry into a deity’s presence, transf. sense of 1a: approach (Cass. Dio 56, 9, 2 τοῖς θεοῖς προσερχώμεθα; PGiss 20, 24=Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 94; Jer 7:16; Sir 1:28 μὴ προσέλθῃς αὐτῷ [=τῷ κυρίῳ] ἐν καρδίᾳ δισσῇ; Philo, Plant. 64, Deus Imm. 8; Tat. 18, 2; Ath. 18, 1) πρ. τῷ θεῷ Hb 7:25; 11:6; cp. 1 Cl 23:1; 29:1. W. dat. of place τῷ θρόνῳ τῆς χάριτος Hb 4:16. Also abs. προσέρχεσθαι means come to God in a cultic sense. 10:1, 22. Some hold that πρ. in Hb may connote the forensic idea ‘appear in court’ (POxy 40, 4 [II/III A.D.]; 2783, 25 [III A.D.]; PRyl 234, 6 [II A.D.]). The cultic aspect prob. furnishes the clue to the abs. πυκνότερον προσερχόμενοι 2 Cl 17:3.—To Jesus 1 Pt 2:3 (of proselytes, FDanker, ZNW 58, ’67, 95f; w. πρός as Lucian, Ver. Hist. 2, 28; Ex 34:32; Josh 14:6).

ⓒ of inanimate things, come upon transf. sense of 1a (Soph. et al.; cp. Eur., Or. 859 προσῆλθεν ἐλπίς; BGU 614, 21) πρ. τινί someth. comes upon or over someone φρίκη μοι προσῆλθεν Hv 3, 1, 5. ὑμῖν ἰσχυρότης 3, 12, 3. Without a dat., which is easily supplied fr. the context m 5, 1, 3.

② to apply oneself to someth., turn to, occupy oneself with a thing (Diod S 1, 95, 1 τοῖς νόμοις; Plut., Cato Min. 764 [12, 2]; Epict. 4, 11, 24; pap; Sir 4:15 v.l.; 6:19, 26; Philo, Agr. 123, Migr. Abr. 86 ἀρετῇ; Just., D. 112, 5 τοῖς προφητικοῖς λόγοις; PYale 83, 15) οὐ προσελεύσῃ ἐπὶ προσευχήν σου D 4:14; devote onself to εἴ τις μὴ προσέρχεται ὑγιαίνουσιν λόγοις 1 Ti 6:3 (s. προσέχω 2b). πρ. τῷ θελήματι αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ θεοῦ) 1 Cl 33:8.—M-M. TW.

τελειόω (τέλειος) fut. τελειώσω; 1 aor. ἐτελείωσα; perf. τετελείωκα. Pass.: pf. τετελείωμαι; 1 fut. τελειωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐτελειώθην; pf. τετελείωμαι (Soph., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 7 [Stone p. 38]; TestGad 7:1; EpArist, Philo; Jos., Vi. 12 al.; Ath., R. 17 p. 69, 10. The form τελεόω, freq. used outside our lit., occurs only Hb 10:1 v.l.—B-D-F §30, 2; Thackeray p. 82).

① to complete an activity, complete, bring to an end, finish, accomplish (Dionys. Hal. 3, 69, 2 τῆς οἰκοδομῆς τὰ πολλὰ εἰργάσατο, οὐ μὴν ἐτελείωσε τὸ ἔργον; Polyb. 8, 36, 2; 2 Ch 8:16; 2 Esdr 16: 3, 16) τὸ ἔργον J 4:34; 17:4; pl. 5:36. πάντα 1 Cl 33:6. ὡς τελειώσω τὸν δρόμον μου καὶ τὴν διακονίαν Ac 20:24. ἁγνῶς τελειοῦν τὴν διακονίαν complete service as deacon in holiness Hs 9, 26, 2. τὰς ἡμέρας spend all the days of the festival Lk 2:43 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 201). Pass. ἵνα τελειωθῇ ἡ γραφή in order that the scripture might receive its final fulfillment J 19:28 (perh. this belongs to 2c.)—τελειῶσαί τινα allow someone to reach the person’s goal (Hdt. 3, 86) pass. τῇ τρίτῃ τελειοῦμαι on the third day I will reach my goal Lk 13:32 (hardly mid., ‘bring to a close’ [Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 158] w. ‘my work’ to be supplied. But s. 2d below and cp. JDerrett, ZNW 75, ’84, 36–43 [wordplay involving death]).—This may also be the place for Hb 7:19 (s. 2eα below); 11:40 (s. 2d below).

② to overcome or supplant an imperfect state of things by one that is free fr. objection, bring to an end, bring to its goal/accomplishment

ⓐ of Jesus ἔπρεπεν αὐτῷ (i.e. τῷ θεῷ) διὰ παθημάτων τελειῶσαι (Ἰησοῦν) Hb 2:10 (i.e., as the context indicates, he receives highest honors via suffering and death in his identification w. humanity); pass., 5:9; 7:28. This is usu. understood to mean the completion and perfection of Jesus by the overcoming of earthly limitations (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. on Hb 5:9.—JKögel, Der Begriff τελειοῦν im Hb: MKähler Festschr. 1905, 35–68; OMichel, D. Lehre von d. christl. Vollkommenheit nach d. Anschauung des Hb: StKr 106, ’35, 333–55; FTorm, Om τελειοῦν i Hb: Sv. Ex. Årsb. 5, ’40, 116–25; OMoe, TZ 5, ’49, 165ff). S. 3 below.

ⓑ bring to full measure, fill the measure of τὶ someth. τὰς ἀποκαλύψεις καὶ τὰ ὁράματα Hv 4, 1, 3. ἐτελείωσαν κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτῶν τὰ ἁμαρτήματα GPt 5:17 (κατά A 2bγ).

ⓒ fulfill of prophecies, promises, etc., which arouse expectation of events or happenings that correspond to their wording (τελείωσις 2.—Jos., Ant. 15, 4 θεοῦ τοὺς λόγους τελειώσαντος; Artem. 4, 47 p. 228, 19 ἐλπίδας) ἡ πίστις πάντα ἐπαγγέλλεται, πάντα τελειοῖ Hm 9:10; pass. be fulfilled ἐξαίφνης τελειωθήσεται τὸ βούλημα αὐτοῦ 1 Cl 23:5.—MPol 16:2ab. The promises of the prophets find their fulfillment, by implication, in the gospel ISm 7:2. This may be the place for J 19:28 (so Bultmann.—S. 1 above).

ⓓ of the perfection of upright pers. who have gone on before, pass. (Wsd 4:13; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 74 ὅταν τελειωθῇς καὶ βραβείων καὶ στεφάνων ἀξιωθῇς) πνεύματα δικαίων τετελειωμένων Hb 12:23. So perh. also 11:40 and Lk 13:32 (s. 1 above).

ⓔ make perfect

α. someone ὁ νόμος οὐδέποτε δύναται τοὺς προσερχομένους τελειῶσαι Hb 10:1; likew. perh. (s. 1 above) 7:19 (then οὐδέν would refer to humanity). κατὰ συνείδησιν τελειῶσαι τὸν λατρεύοντα 9:9. Perh. 10:14 (s. 3 below). Pass. in act. sense become perfect (Zosimus: Hermet. IV p. 111, 15f) D 16:2; ἔν τινι in someth. (Jos., Ant. 16, 6) ἐν (τῇ) ἀγάπῃ 1J 4:18; 1 Cl 49:5; 50:3. W. inf. foll. B 6:19. ἵνα ὦσιν τετελειωμένοι εἰς ἕν in order that they might attain perfect unity J 17:23.—Also in an unfavorable sense τελειωθῆναι τοῖς ἁμαρτήμασιν B 14:5.—For Phil 3:12 s. 3 below.

β. someth. The Lord is called upon, in the interest of his community τελειῶσαι αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ἀγάπῃ σου D 10:5. Pass. (Philo, Somn. 1, 131 ψυχὴ τελειωθεῖσα ἐν ἄθλοις ἀρετῶν) ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη faith was perfected in good deeds Js 2:22. Of love 1J 2:5; 4:12, 17. Cp. 2 Cor 12:9 v.l.

③ As a term of mystery religions consecrate, initiate, pass. be consecrated, become a τέλειος (s. τέλειος 3) Phil 3:12 (though mng. 2eα is also prob.). Some of the Hb-passages (s. 2a; eα above) may belong here, esp. those in which a consecration of Jesus is mentioned 2:10; 5:9; 7:28 (s. THaering, Monatschr. für Pastoraltheol. 17, 1921, 264–75. Against him ERiggenbach, NKZ 34, 1923, 184–95 and Haering once more, ibid. 386–89.—EKaesemann, D. wand. Gottesvolk ’39, 82–90; GAvdBerghvEysinga, De Brief aan de Hebreën en de oudchristelijke Gnosis: NThT 28, ’39, 301–30).—DELG s.v. τέλος. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ψεύδομαι in our lit. only mid. (Hom.+); fut. ψεύσομαι; 1 aor. ἐψευσάμην; pf. 2 sg. ἔψευσμαι (Sus 55 LXX; Sus 59 Theod.). Pass.: aor. inf. ψευσθῆναι (Mel., P. 26, 183), ptc. ψευσθείς (Just., D. 134, 3); pf. ptc. ἐψευσμένος (Tat. 16, 1).

① to tell a falsehood, lie abs. (X., Mem. 2, 6, 36; Aristot., EN 2, 7; 4, 7 et al.; Pr 14:5; TestAbr B 13 p. 118, 3 [Stone p. 84]; TestJos 13:9; ApcSed 7:8; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 124; Just., D. 117, 4; Tat. 32, 1) Mt 5:11; Hb 6:18 (θεόν is subj. acc.); 1J 1:6; Rv 3:9; 1 Cl 27:2abc (Artem. 2, 69 p. 161, 15 ἀλλότριον θεῶν τὸ ψεύδεσθαι); Hm 3:2. As a formula of affirmation οὐ ψεύδομαι (Jos., Vi. 296; cp. Plut., Mor. 1059a) Ro 9:1; 2 Cor 11:31; Gal 1:20; 1 Ti 2:7. εἴς τινα tell lies against someone, i.e. to that person’s detriment (Sus 55 LXX) Col 3:9. κατά τινος against someth. κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας against the truth Js 3:14 (cp. Bel 11 Theod.). The pers. who is harmed by the lie can be added in the dat. (Ps 17:45; 88:36; Josh 24:27; Jer 5:12; JosAs 24:6) οὐκ ἀνθρώποις ἀλλὰ τῷ θεῷ Ac 5:4. πάντα in every particular 14:19 v.l. (Tat. 22, 2). τὶ in any point Papias (2:15).

② to attempt to deceive by lying, tell lies to, impose upon τινὰ someone (Eur., X. et al.; Plut., Alcib. 206 [26, 8], Marcell. 314 [27, 7]; Jos., Ant. 3, 273; 13, 25; PSI 232, 10) Ac 5:3 (Appian, Liby. 27 §113 τίς σε δαίμων ἔβλαψε … ψεύσασθαι θεοὺς οὓς ὤμοσας;=‘what evil spirit beguiled you … to lie to the gods by whom you swore?’; Tat. 19, 3 ἑαυτόν); 1 Cl 15:4 (Ps 77:36, but w. αὐτῷ).—DELG. M-M. TW.

ἀναπαύω fut. ἀναπαύσω; 1 aor. ἀνέπαυσα, impv. ἀνάπαυσον. Mid.: fut. ἀναπαύσομαι; aor. ἀνεπαυσάμην ParJer; ApcMos 9; pf. mid. and pass. ἀναπέπαυμαι; 1 aor. pass. ἀνεπαύθην, 1 pl. ἀνεπαύθημεν La 5:5; aor. pass. inf. (Schwyzer I 808) ἀναπαῆναι Hs 9, 5, 1f (v.l. ἀναπαυθῆναι); 2 fut. pass. ἀναπαήσομαι Rv 14:13 (-παύσωνται v.l.; s. W-S. §13, 9; B-D-F §78) (s. παύω; Hom. et al., ins, pap, LXX; En 23:2; TestSol, TestAbr; Test12Patr; JosAs 10:8 cod. A [p. 51, 17 Bat.]; Philo).

① to cause someone to gain relief from toil, trans. (mid.: ApcEsdr 1:12 p. 25, 5) cause to rest, give (someone) rest, refresh, revive w. acc. (X., Cyr. 7, 1, 4; Appian, Mithrid. 45 §176; Arrian, Anab. 3, 7, 6 τὸν στρατόν; 1 Ch 22:18; Pr 29:17; Sir 3:6; Jos., Ant. 3, 61) κἀγὼ ἀναπαύσω ὑμᾶς and I will give you rest Mt 11:28. ἀνέπαυσεν αὐτήν (Anna) let her (Mary) rest GJs 6:3 (ἀπέπαυσεν pap). ἀ. τὸ πνεῦμα 1 Cor 16:18. τὴν ψυχήν set at rest Hs 9, 5, 4. ἀνάπαυσόν μου τὰ σπλάγχνα refresh, cheer my heart Phlm 20 (s. Nägeli 64f). κατὰ πάντα in every way IEph 2:1; Mg 15; Tr 12:1; Sm 9:2; 10:1; 12:1. Abs. IRo 10:2. ἀναπαύσασα τήν κάλπιν when she had set the pitcher down GJs 11:1.—Pass. (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 2 [Stone p. 12]) ἀναπέπαυται τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτοῦ his spirit has been set at rest 2 Cor 7:13. τὰ σπλάγχνα ἀναπέπαυται (their) hearts have been refreshed Phlm 7.—μετὰ το ἀναπαῆναι GJs 2:4.

② to bring someth. to a conclusion, end, conclude, finish, trans. ἀναπαύσαντος τὴν προσευχήν when (Paul) finished his prayer AcPl Ha 4, 31.

③ to take one’s rest, rest mid. (also act. TestAbr B) (Cornutus 32 p. 69, 17; Artem. 1, 8 p. 14, 7; Plotinus, Enn. 6, 9, 9 ἀναπαύεται ψυχή; Julian, Letters 97, 382d; Herm. Wr. V 5 [408, 27 Sc.]; Ex 23:12; Is 14:30; 57:20; Esth 9:17f; TestSol; TestAbr A 5 p. 81, 34 [Stone p. 10]; B 5, p. 109, 18 [Stone p. 66] al.; TestJob; JosAs cod. A [p. 51, 17 Bat.]; Philo; Jos., Vi. 249).

ⓐ of persons who are drowsy ἀναπαύεσθε Mt 26:45; Mk 14:41 (s. λοιπός 3aα); who have just eaten B 10:11; who are tired Mk 6:31; Hs 9, 5, 1f; GJs 4:4. ἀ. ἐκ τῶν κόπων rest from their labors Rv 14:13 (cp. Pla., Critias 106a ἐκ μακρᾶς ἀναπεπαυμένος ὁδοῦ; Arrian, Anab. 3, 9, 1 ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ; Jos., Ant. 3, 91 ἀ. ἀπὸ παντὸς ἔργου). Take life easy Lk 12:19; 16:23 D al.—ἀ. χρόνον μικρόν remain quiet (i.e. wait) for a short time (Da 12:13) Rv 6:11. τὴν μίαν ἡμέραν GJs 15:1.—Of sheep Hs 9, 1, 9.

ⓑ fig., abs. as goal of gnosticism Ox 654 (=ASyn 187, 20/GTh 2), 8f: [ἀναπα]ήσεται; cp. GHb 187, 17 (cp. Wsd 4:7; TestAbr B 7, p. 111, 20 [Stone p. 70] and 9 p. 114, 2 [Stone p. 76]).

④ to settle on an object, mid. w. prep. rest upon in imagery (Is 11:2 ἀναπαύσεται ἐπʼ αὐτὸν πνεῦμα τ. θεοῦ) τὸ τ. θεοῦ πνεῦμα ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς ἀναπαύεται 1 Pt 4:14; cp. Hs 2:5 Joly (s. ἐπαναπαύομαι).—Of God ἅγιος ἐν ἁγίοις ἀναπαυόμενος holy, abiding among the holy 1 Cl 59:3 (Is 57:15). Lit. s. ἀνάπαυσις.—M-M. TW. Sv.

ἀναπληρόω fut. ἀναπληρώσω; 1 aor. ἀνεπλήρωσα. Pass.: fut. 3 pl. ἀναπληρωθήσονται Is 60:20; aor. ἀνεπληρώθην LXX; pf. 3 pl. ἀναπεπλήρωνται Gen 15:16 (s. πληρόω; Eur.+).

① to complete the quantity of someth., make complete fig. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 47 §191 a body of troops, 4, 89 §374 of outstanding obligations; schol. on Nicander, Ther. 447 τὴν ἡλικίαν=period of childhood; EpArist 75; Just., D. 81, 3 χίλια ἔτη) ἀ. αὐτῶν τὰς ἁμαρτίας (cp. Gen 15:16) fill up the measure of their sins 1 Th 2:16 (unless this belongs in 2 as a commercial metaphor).

② to carry out an agreement or obligation, fulfill (a contract: UPZ 112 V, 3 [203/202 B.C.]; O. Wilck. I 532–34. A duty: POxy 1121, 11. An order for work: Jos., Ant. 8, 58) of prophecies (1 Esdr 1:54 εἰς ἀναπλήρωσιν τ. ῥήματος τ. κυρίου) ἀναπληροῦται αὐτοῖς ἡ προφητεία with them the prophecy is being fulfilled Mt 13:14. Of claims upon one: ἀ. τὸν νόμον τ. Χριστοῦ Gal 6:2. ἀ. πᾶσαν ἐντολήν B 21:8.

③ to supply what is lacking, fill a gap, replace (Pla., Symp. 188e; SIG 364, 62; OGI 56, 46; PLille I, 8, 14 [III B.C.]; Jos., Bell. 4, 198, Ant. 5, 214) τὸ ὑστέρημα (Herm. Wr. 13, 1 τὰ ὑστερήματα ἀναπλήρωσον; TestBenj 11:5) w. gen. of pers. make up for someone’s absence or lack, represent one who is absent (PMonac 14, 17f [VI A.D.] τῷ βικαρίῳ Ἑρμώνθεως ἀναπληροῦντι τὸν τόπον τοῦ τοποτηρητοῦ) 1 Cor 16:17; Phil 2:30; 1 Cl 38:2. τὸν τ. ὑπακοῆς τόπον ἀναπληρῶσαι take the attitude of obedience 1 Cl 63:1. τοὺς τύπους τῶν λίθων ἀ. fill up the impressions left by the stones (cp. EpArist 75) Hs 9, 10, 1.

④ to occupy a place, occupy, fill ὁ ἀναπληρῶν τ. τόπον τ. ἰδιώτου 1 Cor 14:16, because of the ἰδ. of vss. 23f, cannot mean ‘the one who occupies the position’ (for this mng. of τόπος see s.v. 1e; ἀναπληρ. in such a connection: Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 60; cp. the use of ἀποπληρόω Epict. 2, 4, 5; Jos., Bell. 5, 88) of an ‘outsider’, i.e., in contrast to those speaking in tongues, one who is not so gifted (PBachmann, w. ref. to Talmudic usage; Ltzm., w. ref. to Whitaker, s. below; JSickenberger; H-DWendland). Rather ἀ. τὸν τόπον τινός means take or fill someone’s place (cp. Diod S 19, 22, 2 τὸν τόπον ἀ.; Hero Alex. I p. 8, 20 τὸν κενωθέντα τόπον ἀ.; Pla., Tim. 79b ἀ. τὴν ἕδραν), and τόπος here means a place actually occupied by an ἰδιώτης in the meeting (a view not shared by most Eng. translators), but it is not necessary to assume that a section was reserved for catechumens (so GHeinrici; JWeiss). On the other hand, Ltzm. asks whether baptized Christians would be better informed. S. ἰδιώτης 2 and GWhitaker, JTS 22, 1921, 268.—M-M. TW.

ἀνατίθημι fut. 2 sg. ἀναθήσεις Mi 4:13; 2 aor. ἀνέθηκα LXX; pf. ptc. ἀνατεθηκώς Just., A I, 14, 2; 2 aor. mid. ἀνεθέμην; aor. pass. ἀνετέθην LXX.—ἀνάκειμαι, q.v., functions as the pass. of this vb. (s. τίθημι; Hom. et al. w. var. mngs.; ins, pap, LXX, TestIss 2:5; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Ath., R. 70, 8) lit. ‘place upon’.

① act. to attribute someth. to someone, ascribe, attribute τινί τι (schol. on Eur., Hippol. 264 τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν τῷ Χίλωνι) τῷ θεῷ τὴν κατὰ πάντων ἐξουσίαν ascr. to God power over all things MPol 2:1 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Fat. 30, CAG Suppl. II/2 p. 201, 26 πρόγνωσιν ἀνατιθέναι τοῖς θεοῖς; Jos., Ant. 1, 15, C. Apion. 2, 165).

② otherw. only mid. to lay someth. before someone for consideration, communicate, refer, declare w. connotation of request for a person’s opinion (Polyb. 21, 46, 11; Diog. L. 2, 141; Alciphron 3, 23, 2; PParis 69d, 23; 2 Macc 3:9) τινί τι (Plut., Mor. 772d τὴν πρᾶξιν ἀνέθετο τ. ἑταίρων τισί; Artem. 2, 59 v.l. ἀ. τινι τὸ ὄναρ; Mi 7:5) ὁ Φῆστος τῷ βασιλεῖ ἀνέθετο τὰ κατὰ τὸν Παῦλον Ac 25:14. ἀνεθέμην αὐτοῖς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον I laid my gospel before them Gal 2:2. Cp. Nägeli 45; on the use of ἀ. as an administrative term s. Betz, Gal, 86, 268.—M-M. TW.

ἁμαρτία, ίας, ἡ (w. mngs. ranging fr. involuntary mistake/ error to serious offenses against a deity: Aeschyl., Antiphon, Democr.+; ins fr. Cyzicus JHS 27, 1907, p. 63 [III B.C.] ἁμαρτίαν μετανόει; PLips 119 recto, 3; POxy 1119, 11; LXX; En, TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr; JosAs 12:14; ParJer, ApcEsdr, ApcSed, ApcMos; EpArist 192; Philo; Jos., Ant. 13, 69 al.; Ar. [Milne 76, 42]; Just., A I, 61, 6; 10; 66, 1, D. 13, 1 al.; Tat. 14, 1f; 20, 1; Mel., P. 50, 359; 55, 400; s. ClR 24, 1910, 88; 234; 25, 1911, 195–97).

① a departure fr. either human or divine standards of uprightness

ⓐ sin (w. context ordinarily suggesting the level of heinousness), the action itself (ἁμάρτησις s. prec.), as well as its result (ἁμάρτημα), πᾶσα ἀδικία ἁ. ἐστίν 1J 5:17 (cp. Eur., Or. 649; Gen 50:17). ἁ. w. ἀνομήματα Hv 1, 3, 1; descr. as ἀνομία (cp. Ps 58:3; TestJob 43:17) 1J 3:4; but one who loves is far from sin Pol 3:3, cp. Js 5:20; 1 Pt 4:8, 1 Cl 49:5; Agr 13. ἀναπληρῶσαι τὰς ἁ. fill up the measure of sins (Gen 15:16) 1 Th 2:16. κοινωνεῖν ἁ. ἀλλοτρίαις 1 Ti 5:22. ποιεῖν ἁ. commit a sin (Tob 12:10; 14:7S; Dt 9:21) 2 Cor 11:7; 1 Pt 2:22; Js 5:15; 1J 3:4, 8. For this ἁμαρτάνειν ἁ. (Ex 32:30; La 1:8) 1J 5:16; ἐργάζεσθαι ἁ. Js 2:9; Hm 4, 1, 2 (LXX oft. ἐργάζ. ἀδικίαν or ἀνομίαν). μεγάλην ἁ. ἐργάζεσθαι commit a great sin m 4, 1, 1; 8:2. Pl. (cp. Pla., Ep. 7, 335a τὰ μεγάλα ἁμαρτήματα κ. ἀδικήματα) Hs 7:2. ἐπιφέρειν ἁ. τινί Hv 1, 2, 4. ἑαυτῷ ἁ. ἐπιφέρειν bring sin upon oneself m 11:4; for this ἁ. ἐπισπᾶσθαί τινι m 4, 1, 8 (cp. Is 5:18). προστιθέναι ταῖς ἁ. add to one’s sins (cp. προσέθηκεν ἁμαρτίας ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας PsSol 3:10) Hv 5:7; m 4, 3, 7; Hs 6, 2, 3; 8, 11, 3; φέρειν ἁ. 1 Cl 16:4 (Is 53:4). ἀναφέρειν vs. 14 (Is 53:12). γέμειν ἁμαρτιῶν B 11:11. εἶναι ἐν ταῖς ἁμαρτίαις 1 Cor 15:17 (cp. Alex. Aphr., Eth. Probl. 9 II 2 p. 129, 13 ἐν ἁμαρτήμασιν εἶναι).—Sin viewed from the perspective of God’s or Christ’s response: ἀφιέναι τὰς ἁ. let go = forgive sins (Lev 4:20 al.) Mt 9:2, 5f; Mk 2:5, 7, 9f; Lk 5:20ff; Hv 2, 2, 4; 1 Cl 50:5; 53:5 (Ex 32:32) al. (ἀφίημι 2); hence ἄφεσις (τῶν) ἁμαρτιῶν (Iren. 1, 21, 2 [Harv. I 182, 4]) forgiveness of sins Mt 26:28; Mk 1:4; Lk 1:77; 3:3; 24:47; Ac 2:38; 5:31; 10:43; 13:38; Hm 4, 3, 2; B 5:1; 6:11; 8:3; 11:1; 16:8. διδόναι ἄφεσιν ἁ. AcPl Ha 2, 30; λαβεῖν ἄφεσιν ἁ. receive forgiveness of sins Ac 26:18 (Just., D. 54 al); καθαρίζειν τὰς ἁ. cleanse the sins (thought of as a stain) Hs 5, 6, 3; καθαρίζειν ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 18:3 (Ps 50:4; cp. Sir 23:10; PsSol 10:1); also καθαρισμὸν ποιεῖσθαι τῶν ἁ. Hb 1:3; ἀπολούεσθαι τὰς ἁ. Ac 22:16 ([w. βαπτίζειν] Just., D. 13, 1 al.). λύτρον ἁ. ransom for sins B 19:10.—αἴρειν J 1:29; περιελεῖν ἁ. Hb 10:11; ἀφαιρεῖν (Ex 34:9; Is 27; 9) vs. 4; Hs 9, 28, 3; ῥυσθῆναι ἀπὸ ἁ. 1 Cl 60:3; ἀπὸ τῶν ἁ. ἀποσπασθῆναι AcPlCor 2:9. Sin as a burden αἱ ἁ. κατεβάρησαν Hs 9, 28, 6; as a disease ἰᾶσθαι Hs 9, 28, 5 (cp. Dt 30:3); s. also the verbs in question.—Looked upon as an entry in a ledger; hence ἐξαλείφεται ἡ ἁ. wiped away, cancelled (Ps 108:14; Jer 18:23; Is 43:25) Ac 3:19.—Opp. στῆσαι τὴν ἁ. 7:60; λογίζεσθαι ἁ. take account of sin (as a debt; cp. the commercial metaphor Ro 4:6 and s. FDanker, Gingrich Festschr. 104, n. 2) Ro 4:8 (Ps 31:2); 1 Cl 60:2 (Just., D. 141, 3). Pass. ἁ. οὐκ ἐλλογεῖται is not entered in the account Ro 5:13 (GFriedrich, TLZ 77, ’52, 523–28). Of sinners ὀφειλέτης ἁ. Pol 6:1 (cp. SIG 1042, 14–16 [II A.D.] ὸ̔ς ἂν δὲ πολυπραγμονήσῃ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ἢ περιεργάσηται, ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννωι, ἣν οὐ μὴ δύνηται ἐξειλάσασθαι).—γινώσκειν ἁ. (cp. Num 32:23) Ro 7:7; Hm 4, 1, 5. ἐπίγνωσις ἁμαρτίας Ro 3:20; ὁμολογεῖν τὰς ἁ. 1J 1:9; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἐπὶ ταῖς ἁ. B 19:12; ἐξομολογεῖσθαι τὰς ἁ. Mt 3:6; Mk 1:5; Hv 3, 1, 5f; Hs 9, 23, 4; ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁ. confess your sins to each other Js 5:16.—ἐλέγχειν τινὰ περὶ ἁ. convict someone of sin J 8:46; cp. ἵνα σου τὰς ἁ. ἐλέγξω πρὸς τὸν κύριον that I might reveal your sins before the Lord Hv 1, 1, 5.—σεσωρευμένος ἁμαρτίαις loaded down w. sins 2 Ti 3:6; cp. ἐπισωρεύειν ταῖς ἁ. B 4:6; ἔνοχος τῆς ἁ. involved in the sin Hm 2:2; 4, 1, 5. μέτοχος τῆς ἁ. m 4, 1, 9.—In Hb sin is atoned for (ἱλάσκεσθαι τὰς ἁ. 2:17) by sacrifices θυσίαι ὑπὲρ ἁ. 5:1 (cp. 1 Cl 41:2). προσφορὰ περὶ ἁ. sin-offering 10:18; also simply περὶ ἁ. (Lev 5:11; 7:37) vss. 6, 8 (both Ps 39:7; cp. 1 Pt 3:18); προσφέρειν περὶ ἁ. bring a sin-offering Hb 5:3; cp. 10:12; 13:11. Christ has made the perfect sacrifice for sin 9:23ff; συνείδησις ἁ. consciousness of sin 10:2; ἀνάμνησις ἁ. a reminder of sins of the feast of atonement vs. 3.

ⓑ special sins (ἁ. τῆς ἀποστασίας Iren. 5, 26, 2 [Harv. II 397, 4]): πρὸς θάνατον that leads to death 1J 5:16b (ἁμαρτάνω e); opp. οὐ πρὸς θάνατον vs. 17. μεγάλη ἁ. a great sin Hv 1, 1, 8 al. (Gen 20:9; Ex 32:30 al.; cp. Schol. on Pla., Tht. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα). μείζων ἁ. m 11:4; ἥττων 1 Cl 47:4. μεγάλη κ. ἀνίατος Hm 5, 2, 4; τέλειαι ἁ. Hv 1, 2, 1; B 8:1, cp. τὸ τέλειον τῶν ἁ. 5:11 (Philo, Mos. 1, 96 κατὰ τῶν τέλεια ἡμαρτηκότων); ἡ προτέρα ἁ. (Arrian, Anab. 7, 23, 8 εἴ τι πρότερον ἡμάρτηκας) sin committed before baptism Hm 4, 1, 11; 4, 3, 3; Hs 8, 11, 3; cp. v 2, 1, 2.

② a state of being sinful, sinfulness, a prominent feature in Johannine thought, and opposed to ἀλήθεια; hence ἁ. ἔχειν J 9:41; 15:24; 1J 1:8. μείζονα ἁ. ἔχειν J 19:11; ἁ. μένει 9:41. γεννᾶσθαι ἐν ἁμαρτίαις be born in sin 9:34 (ἐν ἁμαρτίᾳ v.l).; opp. ἐν ἁ. ἀποθανεῖν die in sin 8:21, 24; AcPl Ha 1, 16. ἁ. ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν 1J 3:5.

③ a destructive evil power, sin

ⓐ Paul thinks of sin almost in pers. terms (cp. Sir 27:10; Mel., P. 50, 359; PGM 4, 1448 w. other divinities of the nether world, also Ἁμαρτίαι χθόνιαι; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 119ff) as a ruling power that invades the world. Sin came into the world Ro 5:12 (JFreundorfer, Erbsünde u. Erbtod b. Ap. Pls 1927; ELohmeyer, ZNW 29, 1930, 1–59; JSchnitzer, D. Erbsünde im Lichte d. Religionsgesch. ’31; ROtto, Sünde u. Urschuld ’32; FDanker, Ro 5:12: Sin under Law: NTS 14, ’67/68, 424–39), reigns there vs. 21; 6:14; everything was subject to it Gal 3:22; people serve it Ro 6:6; are its slaves vss. 17, 20; are sold into its service 7:14 or set free from it 6:22; it has its law 7:23; 8:2; it revives (ἀνέζησεν) Ro 7:9 or is dead vs. 8; it pays its wages, viz., death 6:23, cp. 5:12 (see lit. s.v. ἐπί 6c). As a pers. principle it dwells in humans Ro 7:17, 20, viz., in the flesh (s. σάρξ 2cα) 8:3; cp. vs. 2; 7:25. The earthly body is hence a σῶμα τῆς ἁ. 6:6 (Col 2:11 v.l.).—As abstr. for concr. τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁ. ὑπέρ ἡμῶν ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν (God) made him, who never sinned, to be sin (i.e. the guilty one) for our sakes 2 Cor 5:21.

ⓑ In Hb (as in OT) sin appears as the power that deceives humanity and leads it to destruction, whose influence and activity can be ended only by sacrifices (s. 1a end): ἀπάτη τῆς ἁ. Hb 3:13.—On the whole word s. ἁμαρτάνω, end. GMoore, Judaism I 445–52; ABüchler, Studies in Sin and Atonement in the Rabb. Lit. of the I Cent. 1928; WKnuth, D. Begriff der Sünde b. Philon v. Alex., diss. Jena ’34; EThomas, The Problem of Sin in the NT 1927; Dodd 76–81; DDaube, Sin, Ignorance and Forgiveness in the Bible, ’61; AGelin and ADescamps, Sin in the Bible, ’65.—On the special question ‘The Christian and Sin’ see PWernle 1897; HWindisch 1908; EHedström 1911; RBultmann, ZNW 23, 1924, 123–40; Windisch, ibid. 265–81; RSchulz, D. Frage nach der Selbsttätigkt. d. Menschen im sittl. Leben b. Pls., diss. Hdlb. ’40.—JAddison, ATR 33, ’51, 137–48; KKuhn, πειρασμός ἁμαρτία σάρξ im NT: ZTK 49, ’52, 200–222; JBremer, Hamartia ’69 (Gk. views).—B. 1182. EDNT. DELG s.v. ἁμαρτάνω. M-M. TW.

ἐξαποστέλλω fut. ἐξαποστελῶ; 1 aor. ἐξαπέστειλα; pf. ἐξαπέσταλκα LXX. Pass.: 2 fut. 3 sg. ἐξαποσταλήσεται Sir 28:23 cod. B; 2 aor. ptc. n. ἐξαποσταλέν EpJer 61:2; pf. ἐξαπέσταλμαι 1 Esdr 1:25; ptc. n. pl. ἐξαπεσταλμένα Esth 8:5 v.l. (since Ep. Phil. in Demosth. 18, 77=Hercher no. 3 p. 465; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr.; Jos., Ant. 18, 201; Just., D. 83, 4 [on Ps 109:2]; Mel., P. 85, 640 προφήτας. S. Anz 356f; OGlaser, De ratione, quae intercedit inter sermonem Polybii et eum, qui in titulis saec. III, II, I apparet 1894, 33f).

① to send someone off to a locality or on a mission, send away, send off, send out (Polyb. 4, 11, 6)

ⓐ of removal fr. a place, without indication of purpose: Ac 17:14 (w. inf. foll. as EpArist 13). εἰς Ταρσόν (cp. PSI 384, 4 ἐ. αὐτὸν … εἰς Φιλαδέλφειαν; 1 Macc 11:62; 2 Macc 14:27; PsSol 17:12 ἕως ἐπὶ δυσμῶν) 9:30.

ⓑ for fulfillment of a mission in another place (GNachtergall, Les Galates etc. ’77, no. 80, 1 and 4 [II B.C.]; Diod S 17, 2, 5 τινὰ εἰς; Ps.-Callisth. 3, 26, 5; JosAs 1:1) Ac 7:12. Βαρναβᾶν διελθεῖν ἕως Ἀντιοχείας 11:22. Of the sending out of apostles 22:21. Of higher beings sent by God (cp. Wsd 9:10): angels (Gen 24:40; Ps 151:4; TestAbr A 8 p. 86, 5 [Stone p. 20]; JosAs 15:13; PFouad 203, 2ff [I–II A.D.]) 12:11; Hs 8, 6, 3; 9, 14, 3; Jesus: ἐξαπέστειλεν ὁ θεὸς τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ (sc. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, cp. Ps 56:4) Gal 4:4. ὁ ἐξαποστείλας ἡμῖν τὸν σωτῆρα 2 Cl 20:5. Of the Spirit (Ps 103:30) ἐ. ὁ θεὸς τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ εἰς τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν Gal 4:6.

② to send off as an act of dismissal, send away (Ps.-Callisth. 3, 26, 6; w. double acc. Polyb. 15, 2, 4) τινὰ κενόν someone empty-handed (Gen 31:42; Job 22:9) Lk 1:53; 20:10f.

③ to send someth. off in an official sense, send, dispatch

ⓐ in relation to the mission of Jesus ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος τ. σωτηρίας ταύτης ἐξαπεστάλη Ac 13:26. S. also the short ending of Mk ἐξαπέστειλεν … τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ ἄφθαρτον κήρυγμα τῆς αἰωνίου σωτηρίας.—ἐ. τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τ. πατρός μου ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς I will send the promise of my Father (=what my Father has promised) upon or to (PRyl 127, 22 [29 A.D.] τοὺς αἰτίους ἐξαποστεῖλαι ἐπὶ σέ) you Lk 24:49 v.l. (for ἀποστέλλω).

ⓑ of punishments: ἐξαποστέλλει μάστιγας ὑμῖν God sends out plagues on you Hv 4, 2, 6 (cp. GrBar 16:3 ἐξαποστείλατε κάμπην καὶ βροῦχον, ἐρυσίβην καὶ ἀκρίδα, χάλαζαν).—New Docs 2, 82–83. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἐπιβιβάζω fut. ἐπιβιβῶ LXX; 1 aor. ἐπεβίβασα put someone (τινά) on someth. cause someone to mount (βιβάζω ‘cause to mount’; Thu. et al.; PCairZen 805, 4 [III B.C.]; BGU 1742, 12; 1743, 9; Sb 9754, 12 [all I B.C.]; LXX) put on, put Jesus ἐπὶ τ. πῶλον Lk 19:35 (cp. ET 42, ’31, 236f; 288; 381f; 382f; 526f); cp. Ac 23:24. τινὰ ἐπὶ τὸ ἴδιον κτῆνος on his own animal Lk 10:34 (cp. 3 Km 1:33; but ἐ. ἐπί can also mean load upon [2 Km 6:3], assuming that the man was unconscious).—DELG s.v. βαίνω.

ἐποικοδομέω 1 aor. ἐποικοδόμησα (on the lack of augment s. Mlt-H. 191); 1 aor. pass. ἐποικοδομήθην (s. οἰκοδομέω Thu. et al.; ins, pap, Philo, Joseph.) Used in imagery in our lit.

① to build someth. on someth. already built, build on to (X.; Pla., Leg. 5 p. 736e; ins; PGiss 67, 12; Jos., Ant. 12, 253).

ⓐ of stones to become part of a tower ἔμελλε πάλιν ἐποικοδομεῖσθαι the building was to be continued Hs 9, 5, 1; cp. v 3, 8, 9.

ⓑ of building on someth. or someone. In ref. to the beginnings of a congregation (w. θεμέλιον τιθέναι; cp. Jos., Ant. 11, 79.—Philo, Somn. 2, 8: θεμελίων τρόπον … ἄλλα … σοφῆς ἀρχιτέκτονο … ἐποικοδομῶμεν) 1 Cor 3:10; cp. vs. 14. ἐ. ἐπί τι build upon someth. (OGI 483, 117 ἐπὶ τοὺς τοίχους ἐ.) vs. 12. ἐποικοδομηθέντες ἐπὶ τῷ θεμελίῳ τῶν ἀποστόλων built on the foundation of the apostles Eph 2:20 (ἐπί w. dat. as X., An. 3, 4, 11); cp. 1 Pt 2:5 v.l. in 2. This mng leads naturally to

② to engage in a building process of personal and corporate development, edify, build up/on, w. imagery less strong than in 1b (Epict. 2, 15, 8) Ac 20:32 v.l. ἐποικοδομούμενοι ἐν αὐτῷ built upon him (i.e. Christ; the prep. is explained by the preceding ἐρριζωμένοι) Col 2:7. ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες ἐποικοδομεῖσθε οἶκος πνευματικός let yourselves be built on (him) into a spiritual house 1 Pt 2:5 v.l. (the compound connects God’s people with Christ ‘the living stone’ vs. 4). Sim. Jd 20 ἐ. (ἀνοικ. P⁷²) ἑαυτοὺς τῇ πίστει build each other up on the basis of the faith (ἐ. w. dat. as Epict. loc. cit.; Philo, Gig. 30, Conf. Lingu. 5).—DELG s.v. οἶκος. M-M. TW.

ἐφάλλομαι fut. 3 sg. ἐφαλεῖται 1 Km 10:6; 2 aor. ἐφαλόμην; 3 sg. ἐφήλατο 1 Km 11:6; 16:13 (s. ἅλλομαι; Hom. et al.; ins,, pap, LXX) leap upon ἐπί τινα someone (1 Km 10:6; 16:13 of the coming of the Spirit of God upon a pers.) of a ‘possessed’ man Ac 19:16.—DELG s.v. ἅλλομαι. M-M.

ἡγέομαι fut. ἡγήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἡγησάμην; pf. ἥγημαι (s. prec. four entries; Hom.+).

① to be in a supervisory capacity, lead, guide; in our lit. only pres. ptc. (ὁ) ἡγούμενος of men in any leading position (Soph., Phil. 386; freq. Polyb.; Diod S 1, 4, 7; 1, 72, 1; Lucian, Alex. 44; 57; ins, pap, LXX, EpArist; TestZeb 10:2; ViEzk 2 [p. 74, 7 Sch.]; Just., A II, 1, 1; Tat.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 10; Ath. 1, 2) ruler, leader (opp. ὁ διακονῶν the servant) Lk 22:26. Of princely authority (Ezk 43:7; Sir 17:17; 41:17) Mt 2:6; 1 Cl 32:2; 60:4.—Of high officials Ac 7:10; MPol 9:3 (read by Eus. for ἀνθυπάτου); 1 Cl 5:7; 51:5; 55:1. Of military commanders (Appian, Iber. 78 §333, Bell. Civ. 3, 26 §97; 1 Macc 9:30; 2 Macc 14:16) 37:2f. Also of leaders of religious bodies (PTebt 525 Παεῦς ἡγούμενος ἱερέων; PLond II, 281, 2 p. 66 [66 A.D.]; PVindBosw 1, 31 [87 A.D.] τῶν τ. ἱεροῦ ἡγουμένων κ. πρεσβυτέρων. Cp. also Sir 33:19 οἱ ἡγούμενοι ἐκκλησίας; Sb 7835 [I B.C.], 10; 14 the [monarchic] ἡγούμενος of the cultic brotherhood of Zeus Hypsistos) of heads of a Christian congregation Hb 13:7, 17, 24; 1 Cl 1:3. ἄνδρας ἡγουμένους ἐν τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς leading men among the brothers/members Ac 15:22. FBüchsel, TW II 909f.—Of Paul taken to be Hermes ὁ ἡγούμενος τοῦ λόγου the chief speaker 14:12 (Cyranides p. 15, 30 Hermes as λόγων ἡγούμενος; Iambl., Myst. [Herm. Wr. IV p. 28, 4 Sc.] Hermes ὁ τῶν λόγων ἡγεμών; s. also Ἑρμῆς 1).

② to engage in an intellectual process, think, consider, regard (Trag., Hdt.+) ἀναγκαῖον w. inf. foll. (s. ἀναγκαῖος 1 and cp. BGU 824, 4; PRyl 235, 4) 2 Cor 9:5; Phil 2:25. δίκαιον w. inf. foll. I consider it my duty to 2 Pt 1:13 (Just., A I, 4, 2 and D. 125, 1). περισσὸν ἡγεῖσθαι w. articular inf. foll. consider superfluous (POxy 1070, 17 τὸ μὲν οὖν γράφειν … περιττὸν νῦν ἡγησάμην) Dg 2:10. Foll. by acc. w. inf. (Hdt. 3, 8, 3; SIG 831, 13; Philo, Agr. 67; Jos., Ant. 19, 107; Just., A I, 9, 1 al.) Phil 3:8a (s. also ζημία); ἀποστόλους πιστοὺς ἡγησάμενος εἶναι PtK 3 p. 15, 18.—W. double acc. look upon, consider someone or someth. (as) someone or someth. (Aeschyl., Hdt. et al.; Wsd 1:16; 7:8; Philo, Cher. 70; Jos., Ant. 7, 51; Just., A I, 9, 3 and D. 12, 1 al.) Ac 26:2 (the perf. ἥγημαι w. pres. mng., as Hdt. 1, 126; Pla., Tim. 19e; POslo 49, 3 [c. 100 A.D.]; Job 42:6); Phil 2:3, 6; 3:7, 8b (=AcPl Ha 2, 23); 1 Ti 1:12; 6:1 (Job 30:1; JosAs 3:4 cod. A [p. 42, 20 Bat.]); Hb 10:29; 11:11, 26; 2 Pt 2:13; 3:15; in vs. 9 one acc. is supplied by the context; Hv 2, 1, 2; Dg 2:6; 9:6. Also τινὰ ὥς τινα 2 Th 3:15; cp. 2 Cl 5:6; Hv 1, 1, 7 (ὡς as Philo, Agr. 62; cp. Job 19:11; 33:10; Tat. 34, 1) πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγήσασθε, ὅταν … deem it pure joy, when … Js 1:2 (cp. POxy 528, 8 πένθος ἡγούμην; Just., D. 14, 2 ἡγεῖσθε εὐσέβειαν, ἐάν …). μωρίαν μᾶλλον εἰκὸς ἡγοῖντʼ ἄν, οὐ θεοσέβειαν ought consider it folly rather than reverence for God Dg 3:3; cp. 4:5. Also pass. ἐκείνη βεβαία εὐχαριστία ἡγείσθω let (only) that observance of the Eucharist be considered valid ISm 8:1. In 1 Th 5:13 there emerges for ἡ. the sense esteem, respect (s. Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 116, 4f [II/III A.D.] ἡγοῦ μάλιστα τοὺς πατρῴους καὶ σέβου ῏Ισιν).—B. 711; 1204. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.

ὀνειδίζω impf. ὠνείδιζον; fut. 3 sg. ὀνειδιεῖ Sir 18:8; Ps 73, 10 and ὀνειδίσει Sir 20:15; 1 aor. ὠνείδισα. Pass: fut. 3 pl. ὀνειδισθήσονται Sir 41:7; 1 aor. ὠνειδίσθην LXX (ὄνειδο; Hom.; Pla. [on contrast w. λοιδορεῖν s. Pla., Ap. 38c] +; BGU 1024 VII, 21; PGiss 40 II, 5; LXX; PsSol 2:19; Test12Patr; GrBar 1:2; Philo, Joseph., Just.).

① to find fault in a way that demeans the other, reproach, revile, mock, heap insults upon as a way of shaming; w. acc. of the pers. affected (Trag.; Pla., Apol. 30e; Lucian, Tox. 61; Ps 41:11; 54:13 al. LXX; Jos., Ant. 14, 430; 18, 360) of the reviling/mocking of Jesus Mk 15:32; cp. Ro 15:3 (Ps 68:10) and of Jesus’ disciples Mt 5:11; Lk 6:22. W. double acc. (Soph., Oed. Col. 1002 ὀν. τινὰ τοιαῦτα; Ael. Aristid. 28, 155 K.=49 p. 542 D.; Heliod. 7, 27, 5) τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ οἱ λῃσταὶ ὠνείδιζον αὐτόν the robbers also reviled/mocked him in the same way Mt 27:44.—Pass. εἰ ὀνειδίζεσθε ἐν ὀνόματι Χριστοῦ if you are (being) reviled for the name of Christ 1 Pt 4:14.—Only as v.l. in the two foll. pass.: εἰς τοῦτο κοπιῶμεν καὶ ὀνειδιζόμεθα it is for this (i.e., what precedes) that we toil and suffer reproach 1 Ti 4:10 v.l. (for ἀγωνιζόμεθα). εἰς τί ὠνείδισάς με; why have you reproached me? or what have you reproached me for? (ὀν. τινὰ εἴς τι as Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 104 §430 ὠνείδισεν ἐς δειλίαν=he reproached him for cowardice; 5, 54 §224; 5, 96 §400; Jos., Bell. 1, 237) Mk 15:34 D and Macarius Magnes 1, 12 (the text has ἐγκατέλιπες. S. Harnack, SBBerlAk 1901, 262ff=Studien I ’31, 98ff; JSundwall, D. Zusammensetzung des Mk ’34, 83).—A special kind of reproach is the suggestion of reluctance that too often accompanies the giving of a gift (Sextus 339 ὁ διδοὺς μετʼ ὀνείδους ὑβρίζει; difft. Plut., Mor. 64a; s. also Sir 20:15; 41:25.—ὀν. can also mean charge or reproach someone with someth., a kind of verbal extortion, with the purpose of obtaining someth. from a pers., e.g., Maximus Tyr. 5, 7h τῷ θεῷ the building of a temple); God does not do this Js 1:5.

② to find justifiable fault with someone, reproach, reprimand, w. acc. of pers. (Pr 25:8; Philo, Fuga 30; Jos., Ant. 4, 189; Just., D. 37, 2 ὀνειδίζει ὑμᾶς τὸ πνεῦμα ἅγιον al.) and ὅτι foll. to give the reason for the reproach Mt 11:20. W. acc. of pers. and λέγων foll. w. dir. discourse (cp. BGU 1141, 23 [14 B.C.] ὀνειδίζει με λέγων) GPt 4:13. W. acc. of the thing censured (Isocr., Or. 15, 318, 345a; Herodian 3, 8, 6; Wsd 2:12; Jos., Ant. 10, 139) τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν καὶ σκληροκαρδίαν Mk 16:14.—Schmidt, Syn. I 136–49. DELG s.v. ὄνειδο. M-M. TW. Spicq.

ὀργή, ῆς, ἡ (Hes. et al. in the sense of ‘temperament’; also ‘anger, indignation, wrath’ (so Trag., Hdt.+)

① state of relatively strong displeasure, w. focus on the emotional aspect, anger GPt 12:50 (s. φλέγω 2). W. πικρία and θυμός Eph 4:31; cp. Col 3:8 (on the relationship betw. ὀργή and θυμός, which are oft., as the product of Hebrew dualism, combined in the LXX as well, s. Zeno in Diog. L. 7, 113; Chrysipp. [Stoic. III Fgm. 395]; Philod., De Ira p. 91 W.; PsSol 2:23; ParJer 6:23). W. διαλογισμοί 1 Ti 2:8. W. μερισμός IPhld 8:1. ἡ ἀθέμιτος τοῦ ζήλους ὀρ. the lawless anger caused by jealousy 1 Cl 63:2. ἀπέχεσθαι πάσης ὀρ. refrain from all anger Pol 6:1. μετʼ ὀργῆς angrily (Pla., Apol. 34c; Esth 8:12x; 3 Macc 6:23; JosAs 4:16 μετὰ ἀλαζονείας καὶ ὀργῆς) Mk 3:5; βραδὺς εἰς ὀρ. slow to be angry Js 1:19 (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 56 Socrates is called τραχὺς εἰς ὀργήν; but s. Pla., Phd. 116c, where S. is called πρᾳότατο ‘meekest’). ἐλέγχετε ἀλλήλους μὴ ἐν ὀρ. correct one another, not in anger D 15:3 (ἐν ὀργῇ Is 58:13; Da 3:13 Theod.). Anger ἄφρονα ἀναιρεῖ 1 Cl 39:7 (Job 5:2); leads to murder D 3:2. δικαιοσύνην θεοῦ οὐκ ἐργάζεται Js 1:20; originates in θυμός and results in μῆνις Hm 5, 2, 4.—Pl. outbursts of anger (Pla., Euthyphro 7b ἐχθρὰ καὶ ὀργαί, Rep. 6, 493a; Maximus Tyr. 27, 6b; 2 Macc 4:25, 40; Jos., Vi. 266) 1 Cl 13:1; IEph 10:2 (B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4d). JStelzenberger, D. Beziehgen der frühchristl. Sittenlehre zur Ethik der Stoa ’33, 250ff. S. also Ps.-Phocyl. 57f; 63f and Horst’s annotations 153, 155–57.

② strong indignation directed at wrongdoing, w. focus on retribution, wrath (Πανὸς ὀργαί Eur., Med. 1172; Parmeniscus [III/II B.C.] in the schol. on Eur., Medea 264 Schw. τῆς θεᾶς ὀργή; Diod S 5, 55, 6 διὰ τὴν ὀργήν of Aphrodite; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 6, 29; SIG 1237, 5 ἕξει ὀργὴν μεγάλην τοῦ μεγάλου Διός; OGI 383, 210 [I B.C.]; LXX; En 106:15; TestReub 4:4; ApcEsdr 1:17 p. 25, 11 Tdf.; ApcrEzk pap. Fgm. 1 recto, 6 [Denis, p. 125]; SibOr 4, 162; 5, 75f; Philo, Somn. 2, 179, Mos. 1, 6; Just., D. 38, 2; 123, 3; oft. Jos., e.g. Ant. 3, 321; 11, 127; Theoph. Ant. 1, 3 [p. 62, 21].—EpArist 254 θεὸς χωρὶς ὀργῆς ἁπάσης) as the divine reaction toward evil (παιδεύει ἡ καλουμένη ὀρ. τοῦ θεοῦ Orig., C. Cels. 4, 72, 4) it is thought of not so much as an emotion (οὐ πάθος δʼ αὐτοῦ αὐτὴν [sc. ὀργὴν] εἶναί φαμεν Orig., C. Cels. 4, 72, 1) as the outcome of an indignant frame of mind ( judgment), already well known to OT history (of the inhabitants of Nineveh: οἳ τὴν ὀρ. διὰ μετανοίας ἐκώλυσαν Did., Gen. 116, 22), where it somet. runs its course in the present, but more oft. is to be expected in the future, as God’s final reckoning w. evil (ὀρ. is a legitimate feeling on the part of a judge; s. RHirzel, Themis 1907, 416; Pohlenz [s. below, b, end] 15, 3; Synes. Ep. 2 p. 158b).—S. Cat. Cod. Astr. V/4 p. 155.

ⓐ of the past and pres.: of judgment on the desert generation ὤμοσα ἐν τῇ ὀργῇ μου (Ps 94:11) Hb 3:11; 4:3. In the present, of Judeans ἔφθασεν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἡ ὀρ. the indignation (ὀργή abs.= ὁρ. θεοῦ also Ro 12:19—AvanVeldhuizen, ‘Geeft den toorn plaats’ [Ro 12:19]: TSt 25, 1907, 44–46; [on 13:4; 1 Th 1:10]. Likew. Jos., Ant. 11, 141) has come upon them 1 Th 2:16 (cp. TestLevi 6:11; on 1 Th 2:13–16 s. BPearson, HTR 64, ’71, 79–94). Of God’s indignation against sin in the pres. ἀποκαλύπτεται ὀρ. θεοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἀσέβειαν Ro 1:18 (JCampbell, ET 50, ’39, 229–33; SSchultz, TZ 14, ’58, 161–73). Of God’s indignation against evildoers as revealed in the judgments of earthly gov. authorities 13:4f (here ὀρ. could also be punishment, as Demosth. 21, 43). The indignation of God remains like an incubus upon the one who does not believe in the Son J 3:36 (for ἡ ὀρ. μένει cp. Wsd 18:20). Of the Lord’s wrath against renegade Christians Hv 3, 6, 1. The Lord ἀποστρέφει τὴν ὀρ. αὐτοῦ ἀπό τινος turns away (divine) indignation from someone (ἀποστρέφω 2a) Hv 4, 2, 6.—Of the wrath of God’s angel of repentance Hm 12, 4, 1.

ⓑ of God’s future judgment specifically qualified as punitive (ἐκφυγεῖν τὴν ὀρ. καὶ κρίσιν τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 16]) ἔσται ὀρ. τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ Lk 21:23; ἡ μέλλουσα ὀρ. Mt 3:7; Lk 3:7; IEph 11:1. ἡ ὀρ. ἡ ἐρχομένη 1 Th 1:10; cp. Eph 5:6; Col 3:6. σωθησόμεθα ἀπὸ τῆς ὀρ. Ro 5:9. οὐκ ἔθετο ἡμᾶς ὁ θεὸς εἰς ὀρ. God has not destined us for punitive judgment 1 Th 5:9. θησαυρίζειν ἑαυτῷ ὀργήν (s. θησαυρίζω 2b and PLond VI 1912, 77–78 ταμιευόμενος ἐμαυτῷ … ὀργήν and 81 εἰς ὀργὴν δικαίαν [opp. internal hostility, line 80]; s. SLösch, Epistula Claudiana 1930, 8. Claudius reserves to himself punitive measures against ringleaders of civil unrest; the par. is merely formal: in our pass. it is sinners who ensure divine indignation against themselves) Ro 2:5a. This stored-up wrath will break out ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ὀργῆς (s. ἡμέρα 3bβ) vs. 5b. Elsewhere, too, the portrayal of the wrath of God in Paul is predom. eschatological: ὀρ. καὶ θυμός (s. θυμός 2) Ro 2:8 (cp. 1QS 4:12); cp. 1 Cl 50:4; δότε τόπον τῇ ὀρ. Ro 12:19 (s. 2a above; τόπος 4). Cp. 9:22a. ἐπιφέρειν τὴν ὀργήν inflict punishment 3:5 (s. 13:4f under a above; s. Just., A I, 39, 2). Humans are τέκνα φύσει ὀργῆς by nature children of wrath, i.e. subject to divine indignation Eph 2:3 (JMehlman, Natura Filii Irae etc. ’57). τέκνα ὀργῆς AcPlCor 2:19 (on gnostic opponents of Paul). Cp. σκεύη ὀργῆς κατηρτισμένα εἰς ἀπώλειαν objects of wrath prepared for destruction Ro 9:22b. Of the law: ὀργὴν κατεργάζεται it effects/brings (only) wrath 4:15.—In Rv the term is also used to express thoughts on eschatology 6:16; 11:18. ἡ ἡμέρα ἡ μεγάλη τῆς ὀρ. αὐτῶν the great day of their (God’s and the Lamb’s) wrath (s. above) 6:17. On τὸ ποτήριον τῆς ὀρ. αὐτοῦ the cup of his wrath 14:10 and οἶνος τοῦ θυμοῦ τῆς ὀρ. τοῦ θεοῦ 16:19; 19:15, s. θυμός 1 and 2 (AHanson, The Wrath of the Lamb, ’57, 159–80).—ARitschl, Rechtfertigung u. Versöhnung II⁴ 1900, 119–56; MPohlenz, Vom Zorne Gottes 1909; GWetter, D. Vergeltungsgedanke bei Pls1912; GBornkamm, D. Offenbarung des Zornes Gottes (Ro 1–3): ZNW 34, ’35, 239–62; ASchlatter, Gottes Gerechtigkeit ’35, 48ff; GMacGregor, NTS 7, ’61, 101–9; JHempel, Gottes Selbstbeherrschung, H-WHertzberg Festschr., ’65, 56–66. S. also κρίσις, end: Braun 41ff and Filson.—B. 1134. DELG 1 ὀργή. M-M. DLNT 1238–41. EDNT. TW.

ὑπό (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En, TestSol; TestAbr A; TestAbr B 14 p. 148, 20 [Stone p. 84 gen.]; TestJob, Test12Patr, JosAs, ParJer, GrBar [gen.], ApcEsdr [gen.], ApcSed [gen.], ApcMos [gen.], AscIs [gen.], EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; apolog. [in Ath. only gen.]) prep. w. gen. and acc., in our lit. not w. dat. (s. B-D-F §203; Rob. 634; for usage s. B-D-F §232; Rob. 633–36; w. dat. TestSol 13:6 C; Just., D. 126, 5; 132, 2).—Lit. s.v. ἀνά, beg.

A. w. gen. marker of agency or cause, by (in our lit. as well as the LXX no longer in a local sense)

ⓐ w. the pass. of a verb

α. w. gen. of pers. τὸ ῥηθὲν ὑπὸ κυρίου (cp. Gen 45:27; SIG 679, 85; Just., D. 44, 1 εἰρῆσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ; τὰ εἰρημένα ὑπὸ τῶν προφητῶν) Mt 1:22 (Jos., Ant. 8, 223 ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ διὰ τ. προφήτου; Just., A I, 5, 4 διὰ Σωκράτους ὑπὸ λόγου); 2:15. Cp. vs. 16; Mk 1:13; Lk 2:18; J 14:21; Ac 4:11; 1 Cor 1:11; 2 Cor 1:4; Gal 1:11; Eph 2:11; Phil 3:12; 1 Th 1:4; 1 Cl 12:2; 2 Cl 1:2; Hm 4, 3, 6 and oft.; AcPlCor 2:7. Also w. the pass. in the sense ‘allow oneself to be … by’ Mt 3:6, 13; Mk 1:5, 9.

β. w. gen. of thing (cp. X., An. 1, 5, 5 ὑπὸ λιμοῦ ἀπολέσθαι; Diod S 5, 54, 3 ὑπὸ σεισμῶν διεφθάρησαν; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 22 p. 342, 17 Jac. ὑπὸ φαρμακῶν διαφθαρείς; Appian, Liby. 35 §147 ὑπὸ τοῦ χειμῶνος κατήγοντο, Bell. Civ. 4, 123 §515; Longus 2, 18 a nose smashed ὑπὸ πληγῆς τινος; Herm. Wr. 10, 4b; Tat. 8, 5 ὑπὸ βραχείας αὔρας νικηθείς; UPZ 42, 9 [162 B.C.]) καλύπτεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν κυμάτων Mt 8:24. Cp. 11:7; 14:24; Lk 7:24; 8:14; Ac 27:41; Ro 3:21; 12:21; 1 Cor 10:29; 2 Cor 5:4; Col 2:18; Js 1:14; 3:4ab; 2 Pt 2:17; Jd 12; Rv 6:13; Hm 10, 1, 4.

ⓑ w. verbs and verbal expressions that have a pass. sense πάσχειν ὑπό τινος (Mel., P. 75, 546ff; s. πάσχω 3aβ; 3b) Mt 17:12; Mk 5:26; 1 Th 2:14ab. ὑπὸ χειρὸς ἀνθρώπων παθεῖν B 5:5 (cp. Mel., P. 96, 737 ὑπὸ δεξιᾶς Ἰσραηλίτιδος). ἀπολέσθαι 1 Cor 10:9f (Jos., Ant. 2, 300; cp. Sb 1209 Ἀπολλώνιος ἐτελεύτησεν ὑπὸ σκορπίου). ὑπομένειν ἀντιλογίαν Hb 12:3. τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν λαβεῖν 2 Cor 11:24. ἃ … παρέλαβον ὑπὸ τῶν … ἀποστόλων what I received from the apostles AcPlCor 2:2; ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἀναστάς raised by God Pol 9:2. γίνεσθαι ὑπό τινος be done by someone (s. γίνομαι 2a) Lk 13:17; 23:8; Ac 20:3; 26:6; Eph 5:12. Cp. Ac 23:30 v.l. The text of GJs 18:3 (not pap) is suspect. W. ὑπὸ γυναικός Hv 1, 2, 3 someth. like ‘it was brought about’ is to be supplied.

ⓒ w. nouns ἡ ἐπιτιμία ἡ ὑπὸ τῶν πλειόνων the punishment at the hands of the majority 2 Cor 2:6 (cp. X., Cyr. 3, 3, 2 ἡ ὑπὸ πάντων τιμή; SIG 1157, 10 διὰ τὰς εὐεργεσίας τὰς ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ; Esth 1:20 ὁ νόμος ὁ ὑπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως).

ⓓ When used w. an act., ὑπό introduces the one through whose agency the action expressed by the verb becomes poss. (Hdt. 9, 98; Pla., Phlb. 66a ὑπʼ ἀγγέλων φράζειν=‘say through messengers’; cp. Herm. Wr. 9, 9 ὑπὸ δεισιδαιμονίας βλασφημεῖν; Just., D. 2, 6 ὑπὸ βλακείας ἤλπιζον αὐτίκα κατόψεσθαι τὸν θεόν=in my stupidity I thought that I would forthwith look upon God) ἀποκτεῖναι ὑπὸ τῶν θηρίων Rv 6:8. ὑπὸ ἀγγέλου βλέπεις you see under the guidance of an angel Hs 9, 1, 2b; cp. ibid. 2a and s. Mayser II/2, 511f; to the ref. there add PLeid XI, 1, col. 1, 15.

B. w. acc.

① a position below an object or another position, under, w. acc. of place under, below

ⓐ answering the question ‘whither?’ ἔρχεσθαι 1 Cl 16:17; Hs 8, 1, 1 (PsSol 18:7). εἰσέρχεσθαι ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην Mt 8:8 (cp. Ar. 15, 7 ὑπὸ στέγην εἰσάγουσιν); Lk 7:6. συνάγειν 1 Cl 12:6. ἐπισυνάγειν Mt 23:37; Lk 13:34. τιθέναι Mt 5:15; Mk 4:21ab; Lk 11:33. κρύπτειν (cp. Job 20:12) 1 Cl 12:3. Also (below) at κάθου ὑπὸ τὸ ὑποπόδιόν μου Js 2:3 (cp. ParJer 5:1 ἐκάθισεν ὑπὸ τὴν σκίαν; Just., D. 107, 3). ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας under the feet (Hdt. 7, 88, 1) 1 Cor 15:25, 27; Eph 1:22. ὁ θεὸς συντρίψει τὸν σατανᾶν ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν God will crush Satan so that he will lie at your feet Ro 16:20.

ⓑ in answer to the question ‘where?’ (Il. 5, 267; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 734 D.: τὰ ὑπὸ τὸν ἥλιον; Maximus Tyr. 35, 5b) Mk 4:32. ὄντα ὑπὸ τὴν συκῆν J 1:48. Cp. Ro 3:13 (Ps 13:3; 139:4); 1 Cor 10:1; Jd 6. ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν under heaven=on earth Ac 4:12; as adj. ὁ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν (found) under heaven=on earth (Demosth. 18, 270; UPZ 106, 14 [99 B.C.] τῶν ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανὸν χωρῶν; Just., A II, 5, 2; cp. without the art. PsSol 2:32; TestAbr A 15 p. 96, 5 [Stone p. 40]) 2:5; Col 1:23; Hm 12, 4, 2; ἡ ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν (χώρα to be supplied; cp. Ex 17:14; Job 28:24) Lk 17:24a; cp. b. ὑπὸ ζυγὸν δοῦλοι (ζυγός 1) 1 Ti 6:1.

② marker of that which is in a controlling position, under, under the control of, under obligation in ref. to power, rule, sovereignty, command, etc. w. acc. (OGI 56, 13 [237 B.C.] ὑπὸ τὴν βασιλείαν τασσόμενοι; PHib 44 [253 B.C.] et al. in pap; Just., D. 52, 4 εἶναι … ὑπὸ ἴδιον βασιλέα) ἄνθρωπος ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν τασσόμενος (ἐξουσία 4) Lk 7:8a; cp. Mt 8:9a; Hs 1:3 (Vett. Val. 209, 35 ὑπὸ ἑτέρων ἐξουσίαν ὄντας). ἔχων ὑπʼ ἐμαυτὸν στρατιώτας (Polyb. 4, 87, 9 Μεγαλέαν ὑφʼ αὐτὸν εἶχεν) Mt 8:9b; Lk 7:8b (OGI 86, 11 [III B.C.] οἱ ὑπʼ αὐτὸν τεταγμένοι στρατιῶται). ὑπό τινα εἶναι be under someone’s power (Thu. 6, 86, 4; PSI 417, 36 [III B.C.] ὑπὸ τὸν ὅρκον εἶναι) Gal 3:25; 4:2; ὑφʼ ἁμαρτίαν Ro 3:9; ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14, 15 (both opp. ὑπὸ χάριν); 1 Cor 9:20abcd; Gal 4:21; 5:18; ὑπὸ κατάραν 3:10. ὑπὸ νόμον ἐφρουρούμεθα vs. 23. γενόμενος ὑπὸ νόμον Gal 4:4 (γινομαι 9d and Thu. 1, 110, 2 Αἴγυπτος ὑπὸ βασιλέα ἐγένετο). ὑπὸ τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου ἤμεθα δεδουλωμένοι vs. 3. συνέκλεισεν ἡ γραφὴ τὰ πάντα ὑπὸ ἁμαρτίαν 3:22 (s. συγκλείω 2). πεπραμένος ὑπὸ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν Ro 7:14. ταπεινώθητε ὑπὸ τὴν χεῖρα τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Pt 5:6 (s. ταπεινόω 3); cp. οὐκ ἔκλινας τὴν κεφαλήν σου ὑπὸ τὴν κραταιὰν χεῖραν GJs 15:4; τὸ αἷμά σου ὑπὸ τὴν χεῖράν μού ἐστιν 23:2. οἱ ὑπὸ νόμον those who are under (the power of, obligation to) the law Gal 4:5 (Just., D. 45, 3 [w. art.]; cp. X., Cyr. 3, 3, 6 τινὰς τῶν ὑφʼ ἑαυτούς).

③ marker of the approximate time of a period, about w. acc. (w. varying degrees of precision: in earlier Gk.: Aristoph et al.; PTebt 50, 18 [112 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 14, 420. Rare in LXX and our lit.) ὑπὸ τὸν ὄρθρον about daybreak Ac 5:21 (s. ὄρθρος).

④ Special uses

ⓐ ὑφʼ ἕν at one stroke (Epict. 3, 22, 33; Wsd 12:9; Just., D. 65, 3 of topics treated ‘collectively’) B 4:4. ὑπὸ χεῖρα continually (see s.v. χείρ 3) Hv 3, 10, 7; 5, 5; m 4, 3, 6.

ⓑ ὑπὸ τὰ ἴχνη IEph 12:2 is translated in the footsteps. Can ὑπό mean this, someth. like Ezk 13:8 (ed. JZiegler ’52 v.l.), where it stands for עַל? But if it = ‘under’, then τὰ ἴχνη would require a different interpretation. See ἴχνος 2. S. the grammarians: Kühner-Gerth II/1 521–26; Schwyzer II 522–23; Mayser II/2 509–15; Radermacher 114–19.—DELG. M-M.

πείθω ( πειθέμεν: aor. 1, ἔπεισε; πείσαις, -αις（α): aor. 2, πᾰθον; πᾰθών coni.: πᾰθεῖν: pf. πέποιθα, -ασιν: ep. aor. redupl. πεπᾰθών: med. πείθονται; πειθόμενος; πείθεσθαι: fut. πείσομαι: aor. 2, πίθετο; πίθεο; πιθόμενοι; πιθέσθαι. cf. πιθέω, ἀπιθέω.)