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41 BERA
* * *I)(ber; bar, bárum; borinn), v.I.1) to bear, carry, convey (bar B. biskup í börum suðr í Hvamm);bera (farm) af skipi, to unload a ship;bera (mat) af borði, to take (the meat) off the table;bera e-t á hesti, to carry on horseback;2) to wear (bera klæði, vápn, kórónu);bera œgishjálm, to inspire fear and awe;3) to bear, produce, yield (jörðin berr gras; tré bera aldin, epli);4) to bear, give birth to, esp. of sheep and cows;kýr hafði borit kálf, had calved;absol., ván at hón mundi bera, that the cow would calve;the pp. is used of men; hann hafði verit blindr borinn, born blind;verða borinn í þenna heim, to be born into this world;þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, born to;borinn e-m, frá e-m (rare), born of;Nótt var Nörvi borin, was the daughter of N.;borinn Sigmundi, son of S.;5) bera e-n afli, ofrafli, ofrliði, ofrmagni, ofríki, to bear one down, overcome, oppress, one by odds or superior force;bera e-n ráðum, to overrule one;bera e-n málum, to bear one down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit;bera e-n sök, to charge one with a fault;bera e-n bjóri, to make drunk with beer;verða bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise;borinn verkjum, overcome by pains;þess er borin ván, there is no hope, all hope is gone;borinn baugum, bribed; cf. bera fé á e-n, to bribe one;6) to lear, be capable of bearing (of a ship, horse, vehicle);þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, with as much as they could carry;fig., to sustain, support (svá mikill mannfjöldi, at landit fekk eigi borit);of persons, to bear up against, endure, support (grief, sorrow, etc.);absol., bar hann drengiliga, he bore it manfully;similarly, bera (harm) af sér, berast vel (illa, lítt) af;bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore up bravely;hversu berst Auðr af um bróðurdauðann, how does she bear it?hon berst af lítt, she is much cast down;bera sik vel upp, to bear well up against;7) bera e-t á, e-n á hendr e-m, to charge or tax one with (eigi erum vér þess valdir, er þú berr á oss);bera (kvið) á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty (í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn);bera af e-m (kviðinn), to give a verdict for;bera e-t af sér, to deny having done a thing;bera or bera vitni, vætti, to bear witness, testify;bera or bera um e-t, to give a verdict in a case;bera e-n sannan at sök, to prove guilty by evidence;bera e-n undan sök, to acquit;bera í sundr frændsemi þeirra, to prove (by evidence) that they are not relations;bera e-m vel (illa) söguna, to give a favourable (unfavourable) account of one;refl. (pass.), berast, to be proved by evidence (þótt þér berist þat faðerni, er þú segir);8) to set forth, report, tell;bera e-m kveðju (orð, orðsending), to bring one a greeting, compliments (word, message);bera or bera fram erindi sín fyrir e-n, to state (tell) one’s errand or to plead one’s case before one;bera e-m njósn, to apprise one;bera e-t upp, to produce, mention, tell;bera upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle;bera upp erindi sín, to state one’s errand;bera saman ráð sín, to consult together;eyddist það ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed;9) to keep, hold, bear, of a title (bera jarlnafn, konnungsnafn);bera (eigi) giptu, gæfu, hammingju, auðnu til e-s, (not) to have the good fortune to do a thing (bar hann enga gæfu til at þjóna þér);bera vit, skyn, kunnáttu á e-t, to have knowledge of, uniderstanding about;vel viti borinn, endowed with a good understanding;bera hug, áræði, þor, traust til e-s, to have courage, confidence to do a thing;bera áhyggju fyrir e-u, to be concerned about;bera ást, elsku, hatr til e-s, to bear affection, love, hatred to;10) to bear off or away, carry off (some gain);bera sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in;hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orustum, he had been victorious in two battles;bera hærra (lægra) hlut to get the best (the worst) of it;bera efra (hærra) skjöld, to gain the victory;bera hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), to be in high (low) spirits;bera halann bratt, lágt, to cock up or let fall the tail, to be in high or low spirits;11) with preps.:bera af e-m, to surpass;en þó bar Bolli af, surpassed all the rest;bera af sér högg, lag to ward off, parry a blow or thrust;bera eld at, to set fire to;bera fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one;bera vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons;bera á or í, to smear, anoint (bera vatn í augu sér, bera tjöru í höfuð sér);bera e-t til, to apply to, to try if it fits (bera til hvern lykil af öðrum at portinu);bera e-t um, to wind round;þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body;bera um með e-n, to bear with, have patience with;bera út barn, to expose a child;12) refl., berast mikit (lítit) á, to bear oneself proudly (humbly);láta af berast, to die;láta fyrir berast e-s staðar, to stay, remain in a place (for shelter);berast e-t fyrir, to design a thing (barst hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur);at njósna um, hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about;berast vápn á, to attack one another;berast at or til, to happen;þat barst at (happened) á einhverju sumri;ef svá harðliga kann til at berast, if that misfortune does happen;berast í móti, to happen, occur;hefir þetta vel í móti borizt, it is a happy coincidence;berast við, to be prevented;ok nú lét almáttugr guð við berast kirkjubrunann, prevented, stopped the burning of the church;II. impers., denoting a sort of passive or involuntary motion;1) with acc., it bears or carries one to a place;alla berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end);bar hann (acc.) þá ofan gegnt Ösuri, he happened to come down just opposite to Ö.;esp. of ships and sailors; berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eða annarra landa, we drift to Iceland or other countries;þá (acc.) bar suðr í haf, they were carried out southwards;Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, S. came suddenly upon them;ef hann (acc.) skyldi bera þar at, if he should happen to come there;e-n berr yfir, one is borne onwards, of a bird flying, a man riding;hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, it passed quickly (of a flying meteor);2) followed by preps.:Gunnar sér, at rauðan kyrtil bar við glugginn, that a red kirtle passed before the window;hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, there was nowhere a shadow;e-t berr fram (hátt), is prominent;Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingu ok bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, stood out conspicuously;e-t berr á milli, comes between;leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect;fig. e-m berr e-t á milli, they are at variance about a thing;mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, many things come now before my eyes;veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m, game falls to one’s lot;e-t berr undan, goes amiss, fails;bera saman, to coincide;bar nöfn þeirra saman, they had the same name;fig., with dat.; bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the stories agreed well together;fund várn bar saman, we met;3) bera at, til, við, at hendi, til handa, to befall, happen, with dat. of the person;svá bar at einn vetr, it happened one winter;þó at þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, has befallen us;bar honum svá til, it so befell him;þat bar við (it so happened), at Högni kom;raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by fact;4) of time, to fall upon;ef þing (acc.) berr á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls in the holy week;bera í móti, to coincide, happen exactly at the same time;5) denoting cause;e-t berr til, causes a thing;konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief;ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason;berr e-m nauðsyn til e-s, one is obliged to do a thing;6) e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot;hon á arf at taka, þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn;e-t berr frá, is surpassing;er sagt, at þat (acc.) bæri frá, hvé vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they spoke;7) e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden;e-t berr stóru, stórum (stœrrum), it amounts to much (more), it matters a great deal (more), it is of great (greater) importance;8) absol. or with an adv., vel, illa, with infin.;e-m berr (vel, illa) at gera e-t, it becomes, beseems one (well, ill) to do a thing (berr yðr vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli);used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, or unbeseeming, improper, unfit (þat þykkir eigi illa bera, at).(að), v. to make bare (hon beraði likam sinn).* * *1.u, f.I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root ‘ber’ remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall), björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn.II. a shield, poët., the proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa, Eg.2.bar, báru, borit, pres. berr,—poët. forms with the suffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Poët. [Gr. φέρειν; Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ. gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bære].A. Lat. ferre, portare:I. prop. with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sér, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistur tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á ( amnem) út, 623, 36; ok bar þat ( carried it) í kerald, 43, K. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc.2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konungr hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406.3. b. e-t á hesti (áburðr), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru á sjau hestum, 98 new Ed.II. without a sense of motion:1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; burðr, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. parĕre; also Gr. φέρειν, Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., ‘ala’ and ‘fæða’ are used of women; but ‘bera,’ of cows and sheep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a cow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon ( the cow) mundi b. fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the participle borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn, velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, … entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, hans blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar …, Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1.β. of trees, flowers; b. ávöxt, blóm …, to bear fruit, flower … (freq.); bar aldinviðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr.2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of the thing:α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök vápnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250.β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrmagni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, sótt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé, gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág., Nj. 240.3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre:α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin sem borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302;—a ship ‘berr’ ( carries) such and such a weight; but ‘tekr’ ( takes) denotes a measure of fluids.β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif þannig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekki mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hljóði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol., þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, at b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sér, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up against misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she bore her bravely up, Ld. 326–328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bæri vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af lítt ( she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24; niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga ( sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one’s best, try a thing.III. in law terms or modes of procedure:1. bera járn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals ‘hólmganga,’ and ‘ganga undir jarðarmen,’ v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41–45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (Jómsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.)2. bera út (hence útburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. ch. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stóð ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn sín, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, Þorst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i. 339, 363.β. b. út (now more usual, hefja út, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 123; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var hon borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38.B. Various and metaph. cases.I. denoting motion:1. ‘bera’ is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (búar), either ‘bera’ absol. or adding kvið ( verdict); bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr ( delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr ( bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar ( jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis ( abroad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict—höfum vér ( the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum á kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Grág. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Flosa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag ( for), Grág. i. 55; b. lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. ljúgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór vætti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Grág. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þér berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvaðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46.β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, to throw in one’s face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at… ( non diffitebor), Nj. 271; b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good…, 11; b. e-m vel (illa) söguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness of one, 271.2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, njósn, frétt…, or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir; b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sín) fyrir e-n, to plead one’s case before one, or to tell one’s errand, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to deliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnús hit fyrsta erindi (M. made his first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu úbernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. to pronounce, hence ‘framburðr,’ pronunciation); mun ek þat nú fram b., I shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. frá, to attest, relate with emphasis; má þat frá b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce, mention, tell, þótt slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. 59; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar ( produced) við Rút, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp erindi sín (cp. Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gátu, to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman ráð sín, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx.II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bónda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu, hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at Þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. um vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; úhamingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence vel (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, áræði, þor, til e-s, to have courage, confidence … to do a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, önn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b. svört augu, to have dark eyes, poët., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57.2. with some sense of motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in …; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, he had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaorð af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; Þorr berr banaorð af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá rík sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, lægra hlut, ‘to bear off the higher or the lower lot,’ i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hærra skjöld, to carry the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. hátt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cattle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, to rest the bones, be buried; far þú til Íslands, þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en þó hygg ek at þú munir hér b. beinin í Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borð, to throw overboard, metaph. to oppress; verðr Þórhalli nú fyrir borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fær. 234; b. brjóst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to put one’s hand before one’s head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishjálm yfir e-m, to keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2.III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr, yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja féit er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en þó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þat mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, afi ok fræknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. ( outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir báru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem hæfði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, Thom. 141; b. e-t við, to try it on (hence viðburðr, experiment, effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; ‘b. e-t undir e-n’ is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; ‘b. e-t fyrir’ is to feign, use as excuse: b. á, í, to smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu sér, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with gold or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sharp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set fire to, Nj. 122; b. fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bönd berask at e-m, a law term, the evidence bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr berr af sér lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 421; cp. A. II. 3. β.IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr), to bear oneself proudly, or b. lítið á, to bear oneself humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af berask, to die; Óttarr vill skipa til um fjárfar sitt áðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, to abide in a place as an asylum, seek shelter; hér munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hvat hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vígl. 19.β. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjót eptir, to seek for one another’s life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53.γ. pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj.:—berask við, to be prevented, not to do; ok nú lét Almáttugr Guð við berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; en mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at hón kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þá búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann lét þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þannig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, that mischief would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80.C. IMPERS.:—with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp. sense, and gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by chance:I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann þá ofan gegnt Özuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to Ö., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of ships or sailors; nú berr svá til ( happens) herra, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Íslands eðr annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr í haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124.β. as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, the ball rolls out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gísli ok út knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2.γ. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar allan skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H.’s body, 198; ok skyldu sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should per chance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þóttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði en gengi, that he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes.2. also with acc. followed by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok sólar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; þat kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok sólar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrtil (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtle passed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) heiðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) á, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt mátti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (hátt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; Ólafr konungr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök, king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mjök bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Ólafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a vision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek sé …, many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þat er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina nótt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veiði (acc.) berr í hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls to one’s lot; hér bæri veiði í hendr nú, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting term), when one misses one’s opportunity; vel væri þá … at þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, that this game should not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks down, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., þyki mér illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj. 155; viljum vér ekki at undan beri at…, we will by no means miss it…, Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr sá er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fjárhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below.II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til handa …, to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi þann at b., no such thing should happen as…, Fms. xi. 76; svá bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú víst at hendi borit, er…, Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræði (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms. xi. 425; at honum bæri engan váðaligan hlut til á veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance might happen, that …, 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185.2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on …; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei svá optarr á öldinni, 78; þat er nú berr oss næst, what has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í móti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í móti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar þat saman, at pá var Gunnarr at segja brennusöguna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269.3. metaph. of agreement or separation; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum sögum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v. l.; berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok Þorkatli at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25.4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr til …, causes a thing; ætluðu þat þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the reason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, that this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri úgleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; þat berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32.β. meiri ván at brátt beri þat (acc.) til bóta, at herviliga steypi hans ríki, i. e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru þeir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi hér, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. i. 361.γ. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person’s lot; hon á arf at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimikill svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri frá hve vel þeir mæltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar þat mest frá hversu illa hann var limaðr, but above all, how…, Ó. H. 74.5. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr bráðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú allbráðum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl. 51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr stórum, hversu mér þóknast vel þeirra athæfi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i. e. I do greatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat allsmám hversu vel mér líkar, in no small degree do I like, x. 296.β. with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one’s lot, v. above, Grág. i. 93.III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, illa, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr þat ekki né stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi á þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kristnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at mér beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming, proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; athæfi þat er vel beri fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi illa bera, at maðr hafi svart skinn til hosna, i. e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in order to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e. g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) ber til þess at láta jarl einn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjámaðr með honum, vii. 280; eigi berr hér til úviska mín, it is not that I am not knowing, Nj. 135.IV. when the reflex. inflexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e. g. þar (þat?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, fancy, and e-t berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); hefir þetta (nom.) vel í móti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harðliga kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gþl. 55; barsk sú úhamingja (nom.) til á Íslandi, that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þá úhamingju …; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms. x. 253; fundir várir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; þat barsk at á einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at um síðir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast við, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; var þess ván, at fylkingar mundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr gékk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave away) fyrir orku sakir, þar til er hann féll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two wrestling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV.D. In mod. usage the strong bera—bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e. g. ekki bar (ber) á því, it could ( can) not be seen; að á engu bæri, láta ekki á bera ( to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt alterations from the weak verb bera, að, nudare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case. -
42 campana
f.bell.campana de buzo o de salvamento diving bellcampana extractora (de humos) extractor hoodcampanas tubulares tubular bells* * *1 (gen) bell2 (de chimenea) mantelpiece3 familiar (extractora) extractor hood, (US stove extractor hood)\a toque de campana figurado to the sound of bellsdar una vuelta de campana to overturn, roll overechar las campanas al vuelo figurado to set all the bells ringingoír campanas y no saber dónde figurado not to have a cluetañer las campanas / tocar las campanas to ring the bellscampana de buzo diving bellcampana de cristal bell jar, bell glass* * *noun f.* * *1. SF1) [de iglesia, puerta] bell; [de orquesta] bell, chimea campana tañida, a toque de campana — to the sound of bells
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's still too early to celebrate o to start spreading the good news
- hacer campanas- oír campanas y no saber de dónde vienen2) (Téc) [de la chimenea] hoodcampana de humos, campana extractora — extractor hood
3) (Buceo)campana de buzo, campana de inmersión — diving bell
4) Cono Sur (=campo) country(side)2.SMF LAm * (=vigilante) look-out* * *1)a) ( de iglesia) bell, church bellechar las campanas al or a vuelo — ( literal) to set the bells ringing; ( anunciar jubilosamente)
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's too soon to start shouting about it
tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's not worth getting that excited about
me/te/lo salvó la campana — saved by the bell
oír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tipo ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde — that guy is talking through his hat (colloq)
b) ( en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? — has the bell gone yet?
2)a) ( de chimenea) hood; ( de cocina) extractor hoodb) ( para proteger alimentos) cover•* * *= bell.Ex. In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells (front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.----* campana de la chimenea = chimney breast.* dar una vuelta de campana = capsize, somersault, do + a somersault, summersault.* pantalones de campana = flares.* salvado por la campana = saved by the bell.* vuelta de campana = somersault, summersault.* vuelta de campana hacia atrás = backflip.* * *1)a) ( de iglesia) bell, church bellechar las campanas al or a vuelo — ( literal) to set the bells ringing; ( anunciar jubilosamente)
aún es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's too soon to start shouting about it
tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo — it's not worth getting that excited about
me/te/lo salvó la campana — saved by the bell
oír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tipo ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde — that guy is talking through his hat (colloq)
b) ( en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? — has the bell gone yet?
2)a) ( de chimenea) hood; ( de cocina) extractor hoodb) ( para proteger alimentos) cover•* * *= bell.Ex: In addition, one must not forget such mundane matters as door bells (front and back), a closing bell, fire bells, security alarms and possibly others all of which must be noticeably different.
* campana de la chimenea = chimney breast.* dar una vuelta de campana = capsize, somersault, do + a somersault, summersault.* pantalones de campana = flares.* salvado por la campana = saved by the bell.* vuelta de campana = somersault, summersault.* vuelta de campana hacia atrás = backflip.* * *A1 (de iglesia) bell, church bella lo lejos se oía repicar las campanas you could hear the church bells ringing in the distancelas campanas doblan a muerto the bells are ringing o tolling the death knellechar las campanas al or a vuelo (literal) to set the bells ringing(anunciar jubilosamente): no quiere echar las campanas al vuelo hasta no estar seguro he doesn't want to start shouting about it o shouting from the rooftops until he knows for surepero tampoco es como para echar las campanas al vuelo but it's not worth getting that excited aboutme/te/lo salvó la campana saved by the belloír campanas y no saber dónde: ese tío ha oído campanas y no sabe dónde that guy is talking through his hat ( colloq)2 (en el colegio) bell¿ya ha sonado la campana? has the bell gone yet?tocar la campana to ring the bellB1 (de la chimenea) hood; (de la cocina) extractor hood2 (para proteger alimentos) coverCompuestos:diving belldiving bellDestar or hacer de campana to keep watch* * *
Multiple Entries:
campana
campaña
campana sustantivo femenino
tocar la campaña to ring the bell;
¿ya ha sonado la campaña? has the bell gone yet?
( de cocina) extractor hood
campaña sustantivo femenino
campaign;◊ campaña electoral electoral o election campaign;
campaña publicitaria advertising campaign;
hacer una campaña to run o conduct a campaign
campana sustantivo femenino
1 (de iglesia, colegio) bell
2 Cost bell-bottom 3 campana extractora, extractor hood
vuelta de campana, roll over
♦ Locuciones: familiar figurado echar las campanas al vuelo, to start shouting about it
campaña sustantivo femenino
1 (electoral, etc) campaign
2 Mil expedition
♦ Locuciones: Mil (cocina, hospital, etc) de campaña, field
' campaña' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
amarrar
- antidroga
- antitabaco
- campana
- carpa
- electoral
- estratega
- forma
- inoculación
- neutralizar
- orientar
- pro
- retintín
- tañido
- tienda
- tocar
- vuelta
- alfabetización
- calar
- campanada
- campanilla
- catre
- desmontar
- desplegar
- exitoso
- fundir
- informativo
- limpio
- montar
- publicitario
- recoger
- tañer
- toque
- viento
English:
agitate
- aim
- back
- bell
- bell-bottoms
- campaign
- canvass
- canvasser
- counteract
- drive
- electioneering
- flag
- flap
- flare
- hate
- hustings
- launch
- launching
- marketing
- mount
- pitch
- publicity
- push
- ring
- sales campaign
- smear campaign
- somersault
- tent
- think up
- toll
- turn over
- wage
- appeal
- ground
- hood
- roll
- smear
* * *campana nf1. [de iglesia] bell;echar las campanas al vuelo: no queremos echar las campanas al vuelo antes de tiempo we don't want to start celebrating prematurely;es pronto para echar las campanas al vuelo let's not count our chickens before they're hatched;Famoír campanas y no saber dónde not to know what one is talking about;te ha salvado la campana (you were) saved by the bellcampana de buzo diving bell; Mat campana de Gauss normal distribution curve, US bell curve;campana de salvamento diving bell2. [de chimenea] chimney breast* * *f1 bell;doblar las campanas toll the bells;echar las campanas al vuelo fig get excited, get carried away;dar una vuelta de campana AUTO flip over2 de chimenea hood* * *campana nf: bell* * *campana n bell -
43 громкость
ж.1) ( громкое звучание) loudness2) ( сила звуковоспроизведения) (sound) volumeрегулиро́вка гро́мкости — volume control
ру́чка гро́мкости (на радиоприёмнике и т.п.) — volume (control) knob
увели́чить гро́мкость — turn the volume up
уба́вить гро́мкость — turn the volume down
уба́вьте гро́мкость радиоприёмника — turn the radio down
-
44 ऋ
ṛi1) the seventh vowel of the Sanskṛit alphabet andᅠ peculiar to it (resembling the sound of ri in merrily)
2) ind. an interjection expressing laughter L. ;
a particle implying abuse L. ;
a sound inarticulate orᅠ reiterated as in stammering W. ;
3) m. heaven L. ;
f. N. of Aditi L. ;
4) cl. 1. 3. 5. P. ṛicchati, iyarti, ṛiṇoti, andᅠ ṛiṇvati (only Ved.);
āra, arishyati, ārat, andᅠ ārshīt, to go, move, rise, tend upwards RV. Nir. etc.;
to go towards, meet with, fall upon orᅠ into, reach, obtain RV. AV. ṠBr. ChUp. MBh. etc.;
to fall to one's share, occur, befall (with acc.) RV. AitBr. ṠBr. Mn. etc.;
to advance towards a foe, attack, invade ṠBr. MBh. Mn. ;
to hurt, offend ṠBr. VII ;
to move, excite, erect, raise, (íyartivā́cam, he raises his voice RV. II, 42, 2 ;
stómāniyarmi, I sing hymns RV. I, 116, 1)
RV. AV. VI, 22, 3:
Caus. arpayati, to cause to move, throw, cast AV. X, 9, 1 Ragh. etc.. ;
to cast through, pierce AV. ;
to put in orᅠ upon, place, insert, fix into orᅠ upon, fasten RV. Ṡāk. Kum. Bhag. etc.;
to place on, apply Kathās. Ratnāv. Ragh. etc.;
to direct orᅠ turn towards R. Bhag. etc.;
to deliver up, surrender, offer, reach over, present, give Yājñ. Pañcat. Vikr. etc.;
to give back, restore Mn. VIII, 191 Yājñ. Ṡak. etc..:
Ved. Intens. alarti RV. VIII, 48, 8 ;
(2. sg. alarshi RV. VIII, 1, 7 Pāṇ. 7-4, 65);
to move orᅠ go towards with speed orᅠ zeal:
Class. Intens. Ā. arāryate (Pāṇ. 7-4, 30) ;
to wander about, haste towards Bhaṭṭ. Pat. Kāṡ. ;
+ cf. Gk. ὀρνυμι, ἐρέτης, ἀρόω, etc.:
Zend ir:
Lat. or-ior, re-mus, aro:
Goth. argan:
Angl. Sax. ār:
Old High Germ. ruo-dar, ar-an:
Lith. ir-ti, « to row» ;
ar-ti, « to plough»
- ऋकार
- ऋवर्ण
-
45 führen
I v/t1. lead (nach, zu to); (geleiten) auch take, escort; zu einem Platz: auch usher; (jemandem den Weg zeigen) lead, guide; (zwangsweise) escort; an oder bei der Hand führen take s.o. by the hand; an der Leine / am Zügel führen walk on the lead / lead by the reins; Besucher in ein Zimmer führen show ( oder lead oder usher) into a room; jemanden durch die Firma / Wohnung führen show s.o. (a)round the firm (Am. company) / the apartment (Brit. auch flat); die Polizei auf jemandes Spur führen fig. put the police on s.o.’s track; was führt dich zu mir? fig. what brings you here?; meine Reise führte mich nach Spanien fig. my trip took me to Spain; Versuchung2. (irgendwohin gelangen lassen): jemandem die Hand führen guide s.o.’s hand (auch fig.); zum Mund führen raise to one’s lips; ein Kabel durch ein Rohr führen pass a cable through a pipe; eine Straße um einen Ort führen take a road (a)round a place, bypass a place3. (handhaben) handle, wield; sie führt den Ball sicher Basketball etc.: she’s got good ball control5. bei oder mit sich führen have on one, carry; (Fracht, Ladung etc.) carry; Erz führen bear ( oder contain) ore; Strom führen ETECH. be live; (leiten) conduct current; der Fluss führt Sand ( mit sich) the river carries sand with it; Hochwasser6. (anführen) lead, head; (Leitung haben) be in charge of; MIL. auch command; (Geschäft, Haushalt etc.) manage, run; (lenkend beeinflussen) guide; eine Armee in den Kampf / zum Sieg führen lead an army into battle / to victory; in den Ruin führen (Firma etc.) lead to ruin; eine Klasse zum Abitur führen take a class through to the Abitur exam; er führt seine Mitarbeiter mit fester Hand he manages his colleagues with a firm hand; Aufsicht, geführt, Kommando, Vorsitz etc.7. (Gespräch, Verhandlung etc.) carry on, have; (Telefongespräch) make; (Prozess) conduct; (Buch, Liste, Protokoll etc.) keep; (Konto) manage; ein geruhsames etc. Leben führen lead ( oder live) a peaceful etc. life; sie führen eine gute Ehe they’re happily married, they have a good (husband-and-wife) relationship; etw. zu Ende führen finish s.th.; Beweis, Krieg, Regie etc.8. (Namen) bear, go by ( oder under) the name of; (Nummer, Wappen) have; (Flagge) carry, fly; (Titel) Person: hold; Buch etc.: have; den Titel... führen Buch: auch be entitled...9. (Ware) auf Lager: stock; zum Verkauf: auch sell, have; führen Sie Campingartikel? do you have ( oder sell oder stock) camping gear?; auf oder in einer Liste führen list, make a list of; ( auf oder in einer Liste) geführt werden appear on a list, be listed; als vermisst geführt werden be posted as missing10. (Reden, Sprache) use; ständig im Munde führen be constantly talking about; (Wendung) be constantly using11. fig. Feld, Schild2 1 etc.II v/i1. lead (nach, zu to); Tal, Tür etc.: auch open (into); unser Weg führte durch einen Wald / über eine Brücke our route led ( oder passed) through a wood / over a bridge2. beim Tanzen: lead, steer3. SPORT: führen über (+ Akk) (dauern) last; der Kampf führt über zehn Runden the fight is over ten rounds4. (führend sein) lead; SPORT auch be in the lead; mit zwei Toren führen be two goals ahead, have a two-goal lead; mit 3:1 führen be 3-1 up; mit 3:1 gegen X führen lead X by 3-15. fig.: durch das Programm / den Abend führt X your guide ( oder presenter) for the program(me) / evening is X; führen zu lead to, end in; (zur Folge haben) result in; das führt zu nichts that won’t get you ( oder us etc.) anywhere; das führt zu keinem Ergebnis that won’t produce a result; das führt zu weit that’s ( oder that would be) going too far; wohin soll das noch führen? where will all this lead ( oder end up)?* * *(befördern) to carry;(herumführen) to guide;(im Sortiment haben) to carry;(leiten) to lead; to shepherd; to conduct;(lenken) to drive; to pilot; to steer* * *füh|ren ['fyːrən]1. vt1) (= geleiten) to take; (= vorangehen, - fahren) to leadeine alte Dame über die Straße fǘhren — to help an old lady over the road
er führte uns durch das Schloss — he showed us (a)round the castle
er führte uns durch Italien — he was our guide in Italy
eine Klasse zum Abitur fǘhren — ≈ to see a class through to A-levels (Brit) or to their high school diploma (US)
jdn zum (Trau)altar fǘhren — to lead sb to the altar
2) (= leiten) Geschäft, Betrieb etc to run; Gruppe, Expedition etc to lead, to head; Schiff to captain; Armee etc to command3) (= in eine Situation bringen) to get (inf), to lead; (= veranlassen zu kommen/gehen) to bring/takeder Hinweis führte die Polizei auf die Spur des Diebes — that tip put the police on the trail of the thief
das führt uns auf das Thema... — that brings or leads us (on)to the subject...
ein Land ins Chaos fǘhren — to reduce a country to chaos
4) (= registriert haben) to have a record ofwir fǘhren keinen Meier in unserer Kartei — we have no( record of a) Meier on our files
5) (= handhaben) Pinsel, Bogen, Kamera etc to wieldden Löffel zum Mund/das Glas an die Lippen fǘhren —
die Hand an die Mütze fǘhren — to touch one's cap
6) (= entlangführen) Leitung, Draht to carry7) (form = steuern) Kraftfahrzeug to drive; Flugzeug to fly, to pilot; Kran, Fahrstuhl to operate; Schiff to sail8) (= transportieren) to carry; (= haben) Autokennzeichen, Wappen, Namen to have, to bear; Titel to have; (= selbst gebrauchen) to useGeld/seine Papiere bei sich fǘhren (form) — to carry money/one's papers on one's person
etw ständig im Munde fǘhren — to be always talking about sth
2. vi1) (= in Führung liegen) to lead; (bei Wettkämpfen) to be in the lead, to leaddie Mannschaft führt mit 10 Punkten Vorsprung — the team has a lead of 10 points, the team is in the lead or is leading by 10 points
die Firma XY führt in Videorekordern — XY is the leading firm for video recorders
das Rennen führt über 10 Runden/durch ganz Frankreich — the race takes place over 10 laps/covers France
die Straße führt nach Kiel/am Rhein entlang — the road goes to Kiel/runs or goes along the Rhine
die Brücke führt über die Elbe — the bridge crosses or spans the Elbe
3)(= als Ergebnis haben)
zu etw fǘhren — to lead to sth, to result in sthdas führt zu nichts — that will come to nothing
es führte zu dem Ergebnis, dass er entlassen wurde — it resulted in or led to his being dismissed
das führt dazu, dass noch mehr Stellen abgebaut werden — it'll lead to or end in further staff reductions or job cuts
wohin soll das alles nur fǘhren? — where is it all leading (us)?
3. vrform = sich benehmen) to conduct oneself, to deport oneself (form)* * *1) (to turn or fork: The road bears left here.) bear2) (to lead or guide: We were conducted down a narrow path by the guide; He conducted the tour.) conduct3) (to lead to: Where does this road go?) go4) (to lead, direct or show the way: I don't know how to get to your house - I'll need someone to guide me; Your comments guided me in my final choice.) guide5) (to make entries in (a diary, accounts etc): She keeps a diary to remind her of her appointments; He kept the accounts for the club.) keep6) (to guide or direct or cause to go in a certain direction: Follow my car and I'll lead you to the motorway; She took the child by the hand and led him across the road; He was leading the horse into the stable; The sound of hammering led us to the garage; You led us to believe that we would be paid!) lead7) (to go or carry to a particular place or along a particular course: A small path leads through the woods.) lead8) ((with to) to cause or bring about a certain situation or state of affairs: The heavy rain led to serious floods.) lead10) (to keep a supply of for sale: Does this shop stock writing-paper?) stock11) ((often with around, in, out etc) to guide or lead carefully: He shepherded me through a maze of corridors.) shepherd12) (to lead, escort: The waiter ushered him to a table.) usher13) (to carry on or engage in (especially a war): The North waged war on/against the South.) wage* * *füh·ren[ˈfy:rən]I. vtjdn in einen Raum \führen to lead [or usher] sb into a roomeine alte Dame über die Straße \führen to help an old lady across [or over] the road▪ jdn zu etw/jdm \führen (hinbringen) to take sb to sth/sb; (herbringen) to bring sb to sth/sb; (vorangehen) to lead sb to sth/sbjdn zu seinem Platz \führen to lead [or usher] sb to their seatjdn zum Traualtar \führen to lead sb to the altar2. (umherführen, den Weg zeigen)▪ jdn \führen to guide sbeinen Blinden \führen to guide a blind personjdn durch ein Museum/ein Schloss/eine Stadt \führen to show sb round a museum/a castle/a towner führte uns durch London he was our guide in London3. (leiten)▪ jdn \führen to lead sb/stheine Armee \führen to command an armyeine Expedition/eine Gruppe/eine Mannschaft \führen to lead an expedition/a group/a team▪ etw \führen to run stheinen Betrieb/ein Geschäft \führen to run [or manage] a company/a business4. (anleiten)▪ jdn \führen to lead sber führt seine Angestellten mit fester Hand he leads [or directs] his employees with a firm handsie weiß die Schüler zu \führen she knows how to lead the students5. (bringen, lenken)der Hinweis führte die Polizei auf die Spur des Diebes the tip put the police on the trail of the thiefdas führt uns auf das Thema... that brings [or leads] us on[to] the subject...jdn auf Abwege \führen to lead sb astrayetw zu Ende \führen to complete sth6. (laufend ergänzen)eine Liste/ein Verzeichnis \führen to keep a list/a registerjdn/etw auf einer Liste/in einem Verzeichnis \führen to have a record of sb/sth on a list/in a registerwir \führen keinen Schmidt in unserer Kartei we have no [record of a] Schmidt on our files8. (bewegen)einen Bogen [über die Saiten] \führen to wield a bow [across the strings]die Kamera [an etw akk] \führen to guide the camera [towards sth]; (durch Teleobjektiv) to zoom in [on sth]die Kamera ruhig \führen to operate the camera with a steady handetw zum Mund[e] \führen to raise sth to one's mouthsie führte ihr Glas zum Mund she raised her glass to her lipser führte das Satellitenkabel durch die Wand he laid [or fed] the satellite cable through the wallein Flugzeug \führen to fly a planeein Kraftfahrzeug/einen Zug \führen to drive a motor vehicle/a traineinen Kran/eine Maschine \führen to operate a crane/a machineeinen Namen \führen to go by [or form to bear] a nameverheiratete Frauen \führen oft ihren Mädchennamen weiter married women often retain [or still go by] their maiden namewelchen Namen wirst du nach der Hochzeit \führen? which name will you use when you're married?unser Mann führt den Decknamen ‚Hans‘ our man goes by the alias of ‘Hans’einen Titel \führen to hold [or form bear] a titleetw im Wappen \führen to bear sth on one's coat of arms formseine Papiere/eine Schusswaffe bei [o mit] sich dat \führen to carry one's papers/a firearm on one, to carry around one's papers/a firearm sep14. (durchführen)einen Prozess/Verhandlungen \führen to conduct a case/negotiationsII. vi1. (in Führung liegen) to be in the leadmit drei Punkten/einer halben Runde \führen to have a lead of [or to be in the lead by] three points/half a lap2. (verlaufen) to lead, to gowohin führt diese Straße/dieser Weg? where does this road/this path lead [or go] to?die Straße führt am Fluss entlang the road runs [or goes] along the river▪ durch/über etw akk \führen Weg to lead [or go] through/over sth; Straße to lead [or go] [or run] through/over sth; Kabel, Pipeline to run through/over sth; Spuren to lead through/across sthdie Brücke führt über den Rhein the bridge crosses [over] [or spans] the Rhine [or goes overdas führte dazu, dass er entlassen wurde this led to [or resulted in] his [or him] being dismissed[all] das führt [euch/uns] doch zu nichts that will [all] get you/us nowhere* * *1.transitives Verb1) leaddurch das Programm führt [Sie] Klaus Frank — Klaus Frank will present the programme
2) (Kaufmannsspr.) stock, sell < goods>ein Orts-/Ferngespräch führen — make a local/long-distance call
einen Prozess [gegen jemanden] führen — take legal action [against somebody]
4) (verantwortlich leiten) manage, run <company, business, pub, etc.>; lead < party, country>; command < regiment>; chair < committee>5) (gelangen lassen) <journey, road> take7) (verlaufen lassen) take <road, cable, etc.>8) (als Kennzeichnung, Bezeichnung haben) beareinen Titel/Künstlernamen führen — have a title/use a stage name
den Titel ‘Professor’ führen — use the title of professor
10) (befördern) carry12) (tragen)2.etwas bei od. mit sich führen — have something on one
intransitives Verb1) leaddie Straße führt nach.../durch.../über... — the road leads or goes to.../goes through.../goes over...
das würde zu weit führen — (fig.) that would be taking things too far
in der Tabelle führen — be the league leaders; be at the top of the league
3)zu etwas führen — (etwas bewirken) lead to something
3.das führt zu nichts — (ugs.) that won't get you/us etc. anywhere (coll.)
reflexives Verbsich gut/schlecht führen — conduct oneself or behave well/badly
* * *A. v/t1. lead (nach, zu to); (geleiten) auch take, escort; zu einem Platz: auch usher; (jemandem den Weg zeigen) lead, guide; (zwangsweise) escort;an oderbei der Hand führen take sb by the hand;an der Leine/am Zügel führen walk on the lead/lead by the reins;jemanden durch die Firma/Wohnung führen show sb (a)round the firm (US company)/the apartment (Br auch flat);was führt dich zu mir? fig what brings you here?;2. (irgendwohin gelangen lassen):jemandem die Hand führen guide sb’s hand (auch fig);zum Mund führen raise to one’s lips;ein Kabel durch ein Rohr führen pass a cable through a pipe;3. (handhaben) handle, wield;5.mit sich führen have on one, carry; (Fracht, Ladung etc) carry;Erz führen bear ( oder contain) ore;6. (anführen) lead, head; (Leitung haben) be in charge of; MIL auch command; (Geschäft, Haushalt etc) manage, run; (lenkend beeinflussen) guide;eine Armee in den Kampf/zum Sieg führen lead an army into battle/to victory;in den Ruin führen (Firma etc) lead to ruin;eine Klasse zum Abitur führen take a class through to the Abitur exam;er führt seine Mitarbeiter mit fester Hand he manages his colleagues with a firm hand; → Aufsicht, geführt, Kommando, Vorsitz etc7. (Gespräch, Verhandlung etc) carry on, have; (Telefongespräch) make; (Prozess) conduct; (Buch, Liste, Protokoll etc) keep; (Konto) manage;ein geruhsames etcsie führen eine gute Ehe they’re happily married, they have a good (husband-and-wife) relationship;8. (Namen) bear, go by ( oder under) the name of; (Nummer, Wappen) have; (Flagge) carry, fly; (Titel) Person: hold; Buch etc: have;den Titel … führen Buch: auch be entitled …in einer Liste führen list, make a list of;(geführt werden appear on a list, be listed;als vermisst geführt werden be posted as missingständig im Munde führen be constantly talking about; (Wendung) be constantly usingB. v/i1. lead (nach, zu to); Tal, Tür etc: auch open (into);unser Weg führte durch einen Wald/über eine Brücke our route led ( oder passed) through a wood/over a bridge2. beim Tanzen: lead, steer3. SPORT:führen über (+akk) (dauern) last;der Kampf führt über zehn Runden the fight is over ten roundsmit zwei Toren führen be two goals ahead, have a two-goal lead;mit 3:1 führen be 3-1 up;mit 3:1 gegen X führen lead X by 3-15. fig:durch das Programm/den Abend führt X your guide ( oder presenter) for the program(me)/evening is X;das führt zu keinem Ergebnis that won’t produce a result;das führt zu weit that’s ( oder that would be) going too far;wohin soll das noch führen? where will all this lead ( oder end up)?sich gut führen behave (well)* * *1.transitives Verb1) leaddurch das Programm führt [Sie] Klaus Frank — Klaus Frank will present the programme
2) (Kaufmannsspr.) stock, sell < goods>ein Orts-/Ferngespräch führen — make a local/long-distance call
einen Prozess [gegen jemanden] führen — take legal action [against somebody]
4) (verantwortlich leiten) manage, run <company, business, pub, etc.>; lead <party, country>; command < regiment>; chair < committee>5) (gelangen lassen) <journey, road> take7) (verlaufen lassen) take <road, cable, etc.>8) (als Kennzeichnung, Bezeichnung haben) beareinen Titel/Künstlernamen führen — have a title/use a stage name
den Titel ‘Professor’ führen — use the title of professor
9) (angelegt haben) keep <diary, list, file>10) (befördern) carry12) (tragen)2.etwas bei od. mit sich führen — have something on one
intransitives Verb1) leaddie Straße führt nach.../durch.../über... — the road leads or goes to.../goes through.../goes over...
das würde zu weit führen — (fig.) that would be taking things too far
2) (an der Spitze liegen) lead; be aheadin der Tabelle führen — be the league leaders; be at the top of the league
3)zu etwas führen — (etwas bewirken) lead to something
3.das führt zu nichts — (ugs.) that won't get you/us etc. anywhere (coll.)
reflexives Verbsich gut/schlecht führen — conduct oneself or behave well/badly
* * *v.to conduct v.to go v.(§ p.,p.p.: went, gone)to guide v.to lead v.(§ p.,p.p.: led)to steer v. -
46 um
I Präp. (+ Akk)2. zeitlich, ungefähr: about, around; genau: at; so um halb fünf umg. at around ( oder about) half past four5. (in bezug auf) aboutII Konj.: um zu (+ Inf.) (in order) to (+ Inf.) um ehrlich zu sein to be honest; zu krank, um zu arbeiten too ill to workIII Adv.1. (etwa) about, around* * *in order to (Konj.); to (Konj.);(zeitlich genau) at (Präp.)* * *ụm [ʊm]1. prep +acc1)um... (herum) — round (Brit), around; (unbestimmter
2)(= nach allen Seiten)
um sich schauen — to look around (one) or about oneum sich schlagen —
3)um... (herum) — around about; (bei Uhrzeiten auch) at aboutum Weihnachten/Ostern etc — around Christmas/Easter etc
5) (= betreffend, über) aboutes geht um das Prinzip — it's a question of principles, it's the principle of the thing
6) (=für Ergebnis, Ziel bezeichnend) forder Kampf um die Stadt/den Titel — the battle for the town/the title
um etw rufen/bitten etc — to cry/ask etc for sth
7)(= wegen)
die Sorge um die Zukunft — concern for or about the future8) (bei Differenzangaben) byum 10% teurer — 10% more expensive
er ist um zwei Jahre jünger als sie — he is two years younger than she is, he is younger than her by two years
um vieles besser — far better, better by far
um nichts besser/teurer etc — no better/dearer etc → umso
9)jdn um etw bringen — to deprive sb of sthum etw kommen — to be deprived of sth, to miss out on sth
10) (= nach) after, uponeiner um den anderen, eine um die andere — one after the other
2. prep +genum... willen — for the sake of
um Gottes willen! — for goodness' or (stärker) God's sake!
3. conjum... zu (final) — (in order) to
er spart jeden Cent, um sich später ein Haus kaufen zu können — he is saving every cent in order to be able to buy a house later
intelligent genug/zu intelligent, um... zu — intelligent enough/too intelligent to...
der Fluss schlängelt sich durch das enge Tal, um dann in der Ebene zu einem breiten Strom anzuwachsen — the stream winds through the narrow valley and then broadens out into a wide river in the plain
er studierte jahrelang Jura, um dann Taxifahrer zu werden — he studied law for several years only to become a taxi driver
4. adv1)(= ungefähr)
um (die) 30 Schüler etc — about or (a)round about 30 pupils etc, 30 pupils etc or so2) (rare)* * *1) (around or surrounding: She wore a coat about her shoulders; He lay with his clothes scattered about.) about2) (time: He arrived at ten o'clock; The children came at the sound of the bell.) at3) ((of time) not later than: by 6 o'clock.) by4) (to the extent of: taller by ten centimetres.) by* * *um[ʊm]1. (kreisend)bei ihm dreht sich alles \um Geld (fig) money is everything to himschwarze Ringe \um die Augen [dark] rings under one's eyes\um etw [herum]stehen:\um die Wiese [herum] stehen Bäume the meadow is bordered by treesdas Team \um jdn (fig) the team headed by sb\um sich greifen to spread\um sich schlagen to lash out, to hit out in all directions\um sich treten akk to kick out in all directionseinen Tag \um den anderen every second dayTag \um Tag day after daySchlag \um Schlag blow by blowSchritt \um Schritt step by stepWoche \um Woche week after week\um nichts enger/breiter no narrower/widerden Preis \um die Hälfte/ \um 10 Euro [auf 30 Euro] reduzieren to halve the price/to reduce the price by €10 [to €30]\um einen Kopf größer/kleiner a head taller/shorter by a head\um 10 cm länger/kürzer 10 cm longer/shorter\um 10 Euro kann man es kaufen you can buy it for €10\um was geht es denn? (fam) what's it about?\um etw bitten/kämpfen to ask/fight for sthein Film \um etw a film about sthfroh \um etw happy about sth\um etw laufen DIAL to go and fetch sth\um etw streiten to argue about sthdas Wissen \um etw knowledge of sth8. (wegen)\um meinetwillen for my sake▪ \um jdn/etw for sb/sthII. adv1. (genau)\um fünf [Uhr] at five o'clock2. (ungefähr)\um [die] eine Million Euro [herum] about [or around] a million euros, a million euros or thereabout[s]es wurde \um 1740 geschrieben it was written around 1740 [or in 1740 or thereabout[s]]\um Ostern/den 15./die Mitte des Monats [herum] around Easter/the 15th/the middle of the month\um fünf Uhr herum at about five o'clock3. (vorüber)die Zeit ist \um time's up4.III. konj1. (zwecks)▪ jd/etw tut etw, \um etw zu tun sb/sth does sth [in order] to do sth▪ jd/etw tut etw, \um etw nicht zu tun sb/sth does sth so as not to do sth2. (eignend)ein Rechner, \um Texte zu bearbeiten a computer for editing texts\um die Verkaufszahlen zu erhöhen, muss das Verkaufsgebiet aufgeteilt werden if the sales figures are to improve, the sales area must be divided upsie erhält Geld, \um sie zum Schweigen zu bringen she receives money to keep quiet4. (konsekutiv)die Zeit reicht [nicht] aus, \um es zu Ende zu bringen there's [not] enough time to finish itetw brauchen, \um etw zu tun to need sth to do sth [or before one can do sth]glücklich/verzweifelt sein, \um etw zu tun to be so happy/desperate that one could do sthnaiv/reich/schnell genug sein, \um etw zu tun to be naive/rich/fast enough to do sthnicht die/nicht genug Zeit haben, \um etw zu tun to not have the/enough time to do sthzu arm/klein/krank sein, \um etw zu tun to be too poor/small/ill to do sth▪ es ist, \um etw zu tun:es ist, \um sich die Haare zu raufen! it makes you want to tear your hair!er kam herein, \um gleich wieder hinauszugehen he came in only to go out again soon after* * *1.1) (räumlich) [a]roundum etwas herum — [a]round something
um sich schlagen — lash or hit out
um acht [Uhr] — at eight [o'clock]
um den 20. August [herum] — around [about] 20 August
3)Tag um Tag/Stunde um Stunde — day after day/hour after hour
Meter um Meter/Schritt um Schritt — metre by metre/step by step
4) (bei Maß- u. Mengenangaben) bydie Temperatur stieg um 5 Grad — the temperature rose [by] five degrees
2.um nichts/einiges/vieles besser sein — be no/somewhat/a lot better
Adverb around; about3.um [die] 50 Personen [herum] — around or about or round about 50 people
1) (final)um... zu — [in order] to
2) (konsekutiv)er ist groß genug, um... zu... — he is big enough to...
* * *umA. präp (+akk)3. Maß:um … steigen, kürzen etc: by;um die Häfte größer etc: by half4. (für) for;Schritt um Schritt step by step5. (in bezug auf) about6.B. konj:um ehrlich zu sein to be honest;zu krank, um zu arbeiten too ill to workC. adv1. (etwa) about, around2.um (vorüber)sein be over;die Zeit ist um bei Prüfung, Quiz etc: time’s up3.um und um (ganz und gar) completely* * *1.1) (räumlich) [a]roundum etwas herum — [a]round something
um sich schlagen — lash or hit out
um acht [Uhr] — at eight [o'clock]
um den 20. August [herum] — around [about] 20 August
3)Tag um Tag/Stunde um Stunde — day after day/hour after hour
Meter um Meter/Schritt um Schritt — metre by metre/step by step
4) (bei Maß- u. Mengenangaben) bydie Temperatur stieg um 5 Grad — the temperature rose [by] five degrees
2.um nichts/einiges/vieles besser sein — be no/somewhat/a lot better
Adverb around; about3.um [die] 50 Personen [herum] — around or about or round about 50 people
1) (final)um... zu — [in order] to
2) (konsekutiv)er ist groß genug, um... zu... — he is big enough to...
* * *präp.at prep. -
47 na
praep. 1. (wskazuje na kontakt z powierzchnią) [znajdować się] on- na stole/kanapie/krześle on the table/sofa/chair- na ścianie/drzwiach on the wall/door- na Ziemi/Księżycu on the Earth/Moon- na niebie in the sky- na jeziorze/rzece on the lake/river- na morzu at sea- na zdjęciu/obrazie (jako temat) in a photo/picture- na środku czegoś in the middle a. centre of sth- na początku/końcu czegoś at the beginning/end of sth- rana na nodze a wound on a a. in the leg- mieć na sobie marynarkę/płaszcz to be wearing a jacket/coat- nosiła pierścionek na małym palcu, a na szyi korale she had a ring on her little finger and beads (a)round her neck- włóż płaszcz na sweter put your coat on over your sweater2. (wskazuje na pomieszczenie, miejsce) at, in- na stadionie at the stadium- na korytarzu in the corridor- na ulicy in the street, outside- na ulicy Klonowej in a. on Klonowa Street- na dworcu/przystanku autobusowym at the station/bus stop- na staromiejskim rynku in the Old Town marketplace- na wschodzie/południu in the East/South- na Bliskim Wschodzie in the Middle East- na Ukrainie/Węgrzech in (the) Ukraine/in Hungary- na Śląsku/Mazowszu in Silesia/Mazovia- na wyspie/Borneo on an island/in Borneo- na wsi in the country- na uniwersytecie at (the) university/in the university- na wykładzie/przedstawieniu at a lecture/performance- na górze/dole (wysokość) at the top/bottom; (w budynku) upstairs/downstairs3. (wskazuje na kierunek) [pójść, prowadzić] to- na plażę/bagna to the beach/marshes- na stację/salę operacyjną to the station/the operating theatre- na Łotwę/Pomorze to Latvia/Pomerania- na Sycylię/Krym to Sicily/the Crimea- wyprawa na Mount Everest an expedition to Mount Everest- wspinać się na Giewont to climb Giewont- robotnicy wylegli na ulice workers took to the streets- dostał się na uniwersytet/prawo he entered university a. was admitted to university/he entered the law department- poszła na zebranie/koncert she went to a meeting/concert- iść/skręcać na północ/wschód to go/turn north/east- okna wychodzą na południe/na ogród the windows face south/look onto the garden- na północ/wschód od czegoś to the north/east of sth- na górę/dół (wyżej/niżej) up/down; (w budynku) upstairs/downstairs- patrzeć na kogoś to look at sb- postawić wazon na stół a. na stole to put a vase on the table- ładować meble na ciężarówkę to load furniture onto a lorry- przenosić się z miejsca na miejsce to move from place to place4. (wskazuje na odcinek czasu) for- wyjechać na tydzień/dwa dni to go away for a week/two days- na krótko for a bit a. a short while- na zawsze forever, for ever- muszę was na chwilę zostawić I’ll have to leave you for a moment- ptaki odleciały na zimę the birds have flown off for the winter- na pół godziny przed odlotem samolotu half an hour before the plane’s departure5. (wskazuje na termin) przygotuję ten referat na środę I’ll prepare the paper for Wednesday- miałeś zrobić tłumaczenie na wczoraj you were supposed to finish the translation by yesterday- przesuńmy zebranie na jutro let’s postpone the meeting till tomorrow- masz przyjść na drugą/lunch you must come at two/for lunch- jestem z nim umówiony na siedemnastą/na piątego stycznia I’m seeing him at 5 p.m./on January the fifth6. (wskazuje na okazję) for- na tę okazję for the occasion- sukienka na specjalne okazje a dress for special occasions- zjeść coś na śniadanie/lunch to have a. eat sth for breakfast/lunch- kupić komuś prezent na urodziny to buy sb a present for his/her birthday- zaprosić kogoś na imieniny/wigilię to invite sb to one’s name day party/for Christmas Eve- pójść na wesele/pogrzeb to go to a wedding/funeral- pocałować/pomachać komuś na pożegnanie to kiss/wave sb goodbye7. (z nazwami środków lokomocji) na nartach/rowerze on skis/on a bike- policjanci na koniach policemen on horseback- jechać na rowerze to cycle, to ride a bike- latać na lotni to go hang-gliding- jeździć na łyżwach/wrotkach to skate a. go skating/to (roller) skate a. go (roller) skating- chodzić/stać na rękach to walk/stand on one’s hands- skakać na jednej nodze to hop on one foot- zjechał na nartach ze zbocza he skied down the slope- dziecko poruszało się na pupie po całym pokoju the baby shuffled around the room on his/her bottom8. (wskazujące na podporę) on- stolik na kółkach a table on a. with wheels- pantofle na wysokim obcasie highheeled shoes- pantofle na płaskim obcasie low-heeled shoes, flats US- fotel/konik na biegunach a rocking chair/horse- spodnie na szelkach/pasku trousers with braces/with a belt- prowadzić psa na smyczy to lead a dog on a leash- leżeć na brzuchu/plecach to lie on one’s stomach/back- oprzeć się na łokciu/na lasce to lean on one’s elbow/a cane9. (z nazwami narzędzi, urządzeń, instrumentów) on- na komputerze/kalkulatorze on a computer/calculator- pisać na maszynie to type, to write on a typewriter- uszyć sukienkę na maszynie to machine(-sew) a dress- grać na skrzypcach/fortepianie to play (on) the violin/piano- zagrać jakąś melodię na skrzypcach/fortepianie to play a tune on the violin/piano- robić na drutach to knit10. (wskazuje na sposób) pranie na sucho dry-cleaning- jajka na twardo/miękko hard-boiled/soft-boiled eggs- usmażyć coś na maśle/oleju to fry sth in butter/oil- ten rosół jest na wołowinie, nie na kurczaku this is beef broth, not chicken broth- nalewka na wiśniach cherry brandy- sprzedawać coś na sztuki/tuziny to sell sth by the piece/dozen- kupić coś na raty to pay for sth by a. in instalments- pomalować coś na niebiesko/zielono to paint sth blue/green- ubierać się na biało/czarno to dress in white/black- „podawać na zimno/gorąco” ‘serve cold/hot’- (ona) uczy się na piątki she always gets top marks11. (wskazuje na przeznaczenie) for- mięso na befsztyki/zupę meat for steak/soup- butelka na mleko a milk bottle- materiał na sukienkę dress material- stojak na buty a shoe rack- syrop na kaszel cough syrup- koncert na skrzypce i fortepian a concerto for violin and piano- dom na sprzedaż a house for sale- sztućce/stół na cztery osoby cutlery/a table for four (people)- brała krople na serce she took drops for her heart- nie mam już miejsca na książki I don’t have any more room for books- na dokończenie tego mieliśmy tylko dwie godziny we only had two hours to finish it- nie trać czasu na głupstwa don’t waste time on trifles- brakuje pieniędzy na zasiłki there’s a shortage of money for benefits12. (wskazuje na cel) for- zabrali go do szpitala na operację they took him to hospital for an operation- poszedł na egzamin he went to take a. went off for his exam- idę do znajomych na brydża I’m going to my friends to play (some) bridge a. for a game of bridge- umówmy się na piwo let’s meet for a beer- muszę pójść na zakupy I have to do some a. go shopping- na co chcesz pójść (do kina)? what (film) would you like to see?- wybrać się na grzyby/ryby to go mushroom picking/fishing- skoczył do wody jemu/jej na ratunek he jumped into the water to save him/her13. (wskazuje na skutek) to, into- podarł spodnie na strzępy he tore his trousers to shreds- wazon rozbił się na kawałki the vase smashed to pieces- porąbał drewno na kawałki he chopped the wood into pieces- pokrój mięso na plastry/kawałki cut the meat into slices/chunks- gips strwardniał na kamień the plaster set as hard as rock- przerobiła sukienkę na spódnicę she turned the dress into a skirt- przebudowali piwnicę na sklep they converted the cellar into a shop- rodzice wychowali go na uczciwego człowieka his parents brought him up to be an honest man14. (wskazuje na przyczynę) at- na czyjąś prośbę/zaproszenie at sb’s request/invitation- na czyjś rozkaz at sb’s order- na widok kogoś/czegoś at the sight of sb/sth- na dźwięk dzwonka wyskoczył z wanny at the sound of the bell he jumped out of the bath- na myśl o tym zrobiło mu się słabo he felt faint at the (very) thought of it- śledztwo rozpoczęto na wniosek poszkodowanego the investigation was opened at the request of the injured party- na nasz apel zgłosiło się wielu ochotników many volunteers responded to our appeal- oskarżeni utrzymują, że strzelali na rozkaz the accused claim that they were ordered to shoot- chorować na grypę to be ill with flu- przystanek na żądanie a request stop GB, a flagstop US15. (w pomiarach, obliczeniach) 100 kilometrów na godzinę a hundred kilometres per a. an hour- dwa razy na tydzień/rok twice a week/year- jeden student na dziesięciu one student in ten a. out of ten- na jedno miejsce było sześciu kandydatów there were six candidates per place- bieg na 100 metrów the 100 metres sprint- głęboki/długi na sześć metrów six metres deep/long- drzwi były otwarte na całą szerokość the door was wide open- podszedłem do niego na odległość kilku kroków I came to within several steps of him- poziom wody podniósł się na wysokość pierwszego piętra the level of the water rose up to the first floor- jak na swoje lata, jest w doskonałej formie he’s in excellent form for his years- jak na emeryta, ma spore dochody for a pensioner he has quite a large income- pomidory, jak na krajowe, są znakomite for Polish tomatoes they’re delicious- suma, jak na owe czasy, ogromna a huge sum for a. in those days a. times- na ówczesne warunki (for) the way things were at the time; for the conditions prevailing at that time książk.- na co? what for?- na co ci ołówek? what do you need a pencil for?- i na co wam to było? what did you have to do that for?* * *prep(+acc) ( kierunek) tona plażę/wieś — to the beach/country
na Węgry/Kubę — to Hungary/Cuba
wchodzić (wejść perf) na drzewo — to climb a tree
na zachód/północ — west/north, westward(s)/northward(s)
wpadać (wpaść perf) na kogoś — to bump into sb ( okres)
na 5 minut przed na — +loc five minutes before... ( termin)
na czwartą — ( zrobić coś) by four (o'clock); ( przyjść) at four (o'clock) ( okazja)
na sztuki/tuziny — by the piece/the dozen
na raty — on hire purchase (BRIT) lub installments (US)
na czyjąś prośbę/zaproszenie — at sb's request/invitation
na czyjś sygnał/życzenie — on sb's signal/wish
chory na grypę — ill lub sick (US) with flu ( miara)
dwa razy na tydzień — twice a lub per week
jeden na dziesięć — one in ten, one out of ten
malować (pomalować perf) coś na biało — to paint sth white ( przeznaczenie)
kosz na śmieci — dustbin (BRIT), garbage can (US)
jechać na wakacje/wycieczkę — to go on holiday/a trip
iść na wykład/koncert — to go to a lecture/concert ( z przysłówkami)
* * *naprep.+ Loc.1. ( miejsce) on, at, in ( często nie tłumaczony jako przyimek); na stole on the table; na ścianie on the wall; na górze/na dole up/down; at the top/bottom ( czegoś of sth); (= na piętrze/na parterze) upstairs/downstairs; na ulicy on the street; Br. in the street; na Siódmej Ulicy on Seventh Street; Br. in Seventh Street; na Pennsylvania Avenue pod numerem 10 Br. at 10 Pennsylvania Avenue; na Alasce/Litwie in Alaska/Lithuania; na deszczu (out) in the rain; na dworze (= na zewnątrz) outside, outdoors; na koniu on a horse, on horseback; na korytarzu in the corridor; na palcu/głowie on one's finger/head; mieć mnóstwo spraw na głowie przen. have a lot on one's mind l. shoulders; na początku/końcu czegoś at the beginning/end of sth; na polu in the field; na uniwersytecie/poczcie at the university/post office; na zachodzie in the west.3. (= podczas) at, during, on; na zebraniu/koncercie at a meeting/concert; na wakacjach on vacation; Br. on holiday; na wycieczce on a trip l. excursion; spędzać czas na czytaniu spend one's time reading.4. ( środek lokomocji) on; jechać na koniu ride (on) a horse; jeździć na nartach ski, go skiing; jeździć na rowerze ride (on) a bicycle, ride a bike.5. ( ruch lub pozycja ciała) on; chodzić na rękach walk on one's hands; leżeć na boku lie on one's side; na nogach (t. przen. = w dobrej kondycji) on one's feet.6. ( instrument) on; grać na skrzypcach/fortepianie play the violin/piano; grać melodię na fortepianie play a tune on the piano.8. ( precyzowanie znaczenia rzeczownika) buty na wysokich obcasach high-heeled shoes; ciasto na drożdżach yeast dough; nalewka na wiśniach cherry liqueur; koń na biegunach rocking horse.9. (po czasownikach l. przymiotnikach) oszczędzać na czymś economize on sth; wprawiać się na czymś cut one's teeth on sth; wychowany na czymś brought up l. raised on sth.prep.+ Acc.1. (kierunek l. cel) to, toward(s), on, upon ( często nie tłumaczony jako przyimek); na Alaskę/Litwę to Alaska/Lithuania; na stolicę (o celu marszu, operacji wojskowej) toward l. on the capital; na górę/na dół up/down; ( po schodach) upstairs/downstairs; na pocztę/dworzec kolejowy to the post office/railroad station; na ulicę (out) into the street; na zachód west, westward(s); wyjść na ulicę (euf. = zacząć uprawiać prostytucję) go on the streets.2. (po czasownikach l. przymiotnikach) chory na głowę (pot. = szalony) sick in the head, brainsick; chorować l. cierpieć na coś suffer from sth; cieszyć się na coś look forward to sth; krzyczeć na kogoś shout at sb; patrzeć na kogoś/coś look at sb/sth; zanosi się na deszcz it's going to rain; zły na kogoś/coś angry at/with sb/sth.5. (termin, wyznaczony czas) (dokładnie) na czas (right) on time; obiad będzie na piątą dinner will be (ready) at five; umówić się na środę agree to meet on Wednesday, schedule an appointment for Wednesday; wracam na Wielkanoc I'll be back l. returning for Easter; zrobię to na jutro I'll do it for tomorrow.7. ( przeznaczenie) kosz na śmieci waste-paper basket; materiał na sukienkę dress material; koncert na fortepian muz. piano concerto; skrzynka na listy mailbox; Br. letter-box.8. ( sposób) with, by; walczyć na miecze fight with swords; kupować na raty buy on installments; kupować/sprzedawać na sztuki buy/sell by the piece.9. ( miara) 100 kilometrów na godzinę a hundred kilometers an hour/per hour; szeroki na dwa metry two meters wide; raz na rok once a year.10. (przyczyna, bodziec) on, upon, at, to; co ty na to? what do you say?, what would you say to that?; na żądanie on demand; na czyjąś prośbę/czyjś rozkaz on l. at sb's request/order; na widok kogoś/czegoś at the sight of sb/sth; na wieść o wypadku upon the news of the accident; odpowiedzieć na pytanie answer a question.11. ( podział) into, in; drzeć coś na kawałki tear sth into l. to pieces; dzielenie włosa na czworo przen. hair-splitting; dzielić/łamać/składać coś na pół divide/break/fold sth in half.14. ( cel) to, for, into; być przyjętym na (Uniwersytet) Yale be accepted at l. by Yale (University); dostać się na wydział chemii get into the chemistry department; iść na przyjęcie/zebranie go to a party/meeting; iść na ryby go fishing; iść na spacer go for a walk; jechać na wycieczkę go on an excursion; wyskoczyć na miasto go out, go into town.15. ( w utarych zwrotach) na dobitkę to crown it all, to top it (all) off, on top of all that; na domiar złego to make matters worse; na przykład for example, for instance; jak na złość ironically; na zakończenie finally; na złamanie karku at breakneck speed l. pace, helter-skelter.16. ( w równoważnikach zdań) na pomoc! help!; na koń! mount up!; na zdrowie! ( toast) cheers!; ( odpowiedź na kichnięcie) bless you!prep.z przysłówkami, przymiotnikami i wyrazami nieodmiennymi3. ( sposób) na czczo on an empty stomach; na leżąco lying (down), reclining, prone; jajko na twardo hard-boiled egg; na wznak on the back.4. ( relacje przestrzenne) na zewnątrz (czegoś) outside (sth); na wprost (straight) on l. ahead; (= naprzeciw) opposite; na zachód/lewo ( o położeniu) to the west/left ( od czegoś of sth).5. ( w utartych zwrotach) wszystko na nic/na próżno (it's) all for nothing/in vain.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > na
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48 sisto
sisto, stĭti (Charis. p. 220, and Diom. p. 369, give steti for both sisto and sto, confining stiti to the compounds of both. But steti, as perfect of sisto, is late jurid. Lat., and perh. dub.;I.for steterant,
Verg. A. 3, 110;steterint,
id. ib. 3, 403; Liv. 8, 32, 12, belong to stare; cf. also Gell. 2, 14, 1 sqq.; and v. Neue, Formenl. 2, 461 sq.), stătum [root stă, strengthened by reduplication; cf. histêmi], used in two general senses, I. To cause to stand, place, = colloco, pono; II. To stand, be placed, = sto.Sistere, in gen., = collocare (in class. prose only in the partic. uses, v. A. 4. C. and D., infra).A.Causative, with acc.1.To place = facere ut stet; constr. with in and abl., with abl. alone, and with ad, super, etc., and acc.:2.O qui me gelidis in vallibus Haemi Sistat,
Verg. G. 2, 489:tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris,
id. A. 3, 117 (classis stat;v. sto): inque tuo celerem litore siste gradum,
Ov. H. 13, 102 (cf. infra, III. 2. A.):jaculum clamanti (al. clamantis) sistit in ore,
plants the dart in his face, Verg. A. 10, 323:disponit quas in fronte manus, medio quas robore sistat,
Stat. Th. 7, 393:(equum ligneum) sacratā sistimus arā,
Verg. A. 2, 245:aeternis potius me pruinis siste,
Stat. Th. 4, 395: ut stata (est) lux pelago, as soon as light was set ( shone) on the sea, id. ib. 5, 476:victima Sistitur ante aras,
Ov. M. 15, 132:quam (suem) Aeneas ubi... sistit ad aram,
Verg. A. 8, 85:post haec Sistitur crater,
Ov. M. 8, 669: vestigia in altero (monte) sisti (non posse), that no footprints can be placed ( made) on the other mountain, Plin. 2, 96, 98, § 211:cohortes expeditas super caput hostium sistit,
Tac. H. 3, 77; cf. id. A. 12, 13; Stat. Th. 4, 445; Sil. 4, 612. —To place, as the result of guidance or conveyance; hence, to convey, to send, lead, take, conduct to, = facere ut veniat; constr. with in and abl., with abl. alone, and with advv. of place: officio meo ripā sistetur in illā Haec, will be carried by me to, etc., Ov. M. 9, 109:3.terrā sistēre petitā,
id. ib. 3, 635:(vos) facili jam tramite sistam,
Verg. A. 6, 676:ut eum in Syriā aut Aegypto sisterent orabat,
to convey him to, Tac. H. 2, 9.—So with hic (= in with abl.) or huc (= in with acc.):hic siste patrem,
Sen. Phoen. 121:Annam huc siste sororem,
Verg. A. 4, 634.—To place an army in order of battle, draw up, = instruere:4.aciem in litore sistit,
Verg. A. 10, 309; cf.:sistere tertiam decimam legionem in ipso aggere jubet,
Tac. H. 3, 21.—Se sistere = to betake one's self, to present one's self, to come (so twice in Cicero's letters):5.des operam, id quod mihi affirmasti, ut te ante Kal. Jan., ubicumque erimus, sistas,
Cic. Att. 3, 25:te vegetum nobis in Graeciā sistas,
id. ib. 10, 16, 6 (cf. infra, E.):hic dea se primum rapido pulcherrima nisu Sistit,
Verg. A. 11, 853.—With two acc. (cf.: praesto, reddo) = to cause to be in a certain condition, to place, etc.; often with dat. of interest (ante- and post-class., and poet.; cf.b.supra, 4.): ego vos salvos sistam,
I will place you in safety, see you to a safe place, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 5:omnia salva sistentur tibi,
all will be returned to you in good order, id. ib. 5, 3, 3; so,suam rem sibi salvam sistam,
id. Poen. 5, 2, 123; cf.:rectius tacitas tibi res sistam, quam quod dictum est mutae mulieri,
will keep your secrets, id. ib. 4, 2, 54:neque (dotem) incolumem sistere illi, et detraxe autument,
that you deliver it entire to her, id. Trin. 3, 3, 15:cum te reducem aetas prospera sistet,
Cat. 64, 238: tu modo servitio vacuum me siste (= praesta) superbo, set me free from, Prop. 4, 16 (3, 17), 42:tutum patrio te limine sistam,
will see you safe home, Verg. A. 2, 620:praedā onustos triumphantesque mecum domos reduces sistatis,
Liv. 29, 27, 3 Weissenb. ad loc.:Pelasgis siste levem campum,
Stat. Th. 8, 328:modo se isdem in terris victorem sisterent,
Tac. A. 2, 14:operā tuā sistas hunc nobis sanum atque validum,
give him back to us, safe and sound, Gell. 18, 10, 7: ita mihi salvam ac sospitem rempublicam sistere in suā sede liceat, Aug. ap. Suet. Aug. 28.—Neutr, with double nom., = exsistere, to be, to become: judex extremae sistet vitaeque necisque, he will become a judge, etc., Manil. 4, 548 (dub.):B.tempora quod sistant propriis parentia signis,
id. 3, 529 (dub.; al. sic stant; cf. infra, II.).—As neuter verb, to stand, rest, be placed, lie ( poet.);C.constr. like sto: ne quis mihi obstiterit obviam, nam qui obstiterit, ore sistet,
will lie on his face, Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 13 Brix ad loc.: (nemo sit) tantā gloriā... quin cadat, quin capite sistat, will be placed or stand on his head, id. Curc. 2, 3, 8:ibi crebro, credo, capite sistebant cadi,
id. Mil. 3, 2, 36 Lorenz (Brix, hoc illi crebro capite):ipsum si quicquam posse in se sistere credis,
to rest upon itself, Lucr. 1, 1057:neque posse in terrā sistere terram,
nor can the earth rest upon itself, id. 2, 603:at conlectus aquae... qui lapides inter sistit per strata viarum,
id. 4, 415:incerti quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur,
to rest, to stay, Verg. A. 3, 7; cf.:quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere detur,
Ov. M. 1, 307. —As jurid. term.1.In both a causative and neuter sense = to produce in court, or to appear in court after being bound over by the judge or by promise to the adversary (vadimonium); constr. either absol. or with the dat. of the adversary to whom the promise is made (alicui sisti), to appear upon somebody's demand; also, in judicio sisti. The present active is either used reflexively (se sistere = to appear), or with a transitive object (sistere aliquem = to produce in court one in whose behalf the promise has been made). The present passive, sisti, sistendus, sistitur, = to appear or to be produced. The perfect act., stiti, stitisse, rarely the perfect passive, status sum, = to have appeared, I appeared. So in all periods of the language:2.cum autem in jus vocatus fuerit adversarius, ni eo die finitum fuerit negotium, vadimonium ei faciendum est, id est ut promittat se certo die sisti,
Gai. 4, 184:fit ut Alfenus promittat, Naevio sisti Quinctium,
that Quinctius would be forthcoming upon Naevius's complaint, Cic. Quint. 21, 67; cf. id. ib. 8, 30 (v. infra, B.):testificatur, P. Quinctium non stitisse, et se stitisse,
id. ib. 6, 25:quin puellam sistendam promittat (= fore ut puella sistatur in judicio),
Liv. 3, 45, 3:interrogavit quisquam, in quem diem locumque vadimonium promitti juberet, et Scipio manum ad ipsam oppidi, quod obsidebatur, arcem protendens: Perendie sese sistant illo in loco,
Gell. 7, 1, 10:si quis quendam in judicio sisti promiserit, in eādem causā eum debet sistere,
Dig. 2, 11, 11:si servum in eādem causā sistere promiserit, et liber factus sistatur,... non recte sistitur,
ib. 2, 9, 5:sed si statu liberum sisti promissum sit, in eādem causā sisti videtur, quamvis liber sistatur,
ib. 2, 9, 6:cum quis in judicio sisti promiserit, neque adjecerit poenam si status non esset,
ib. 2, 6, 4:si quis in judicio secundum suam promissionem non stitit,
ib. 2, 11, 2, § 1; cf. ib. 2, 5, 1; 2, 8, 2; 2, 11, 2, § 3.—Vadimonium sistere, to present one's self in court, thus keeping the solemn engagement (vadimonium) made to that effect; lit., to make the vadimonium stand, i. e. effective, opp. deserere vadimonium = not to appear, to forfeit the vadimonium. The phrase does not occur in the jurists of the Pandects, the institution of the vadimonium being abolished by Marcus Aurelius. It is found in the following three places only: quid si vadimonium capite obvoluto stitisses? Cat. ap. Gell. 2, 14, 1: ut Quinctium sisti Alfenus promitteret. Venit Romam Quinctius;D.vadimonium sistit,
Cic. Quint. 8, 30:ut nullum illa stiterit vadimonium sine Attico,
Nep. Att. 9; Gai. 4, 185; cf. diem sistere under status, P. a. infra.—Transf., out of judicial usage, in gen., = to appear or present one's self, quasi ex vadimonio; constr. absol. or with dat. of the person entitled to demand the appearance:E.ubi tu es qui me vadatus's Veneriis vadimoniis? Sisto ego tibi me, et mihi contra itidem ted ut sistas suadeo (of a lover's appointment),
Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 5; so,tibi amatorem illum alacrem vadimonio sistam,
produce, App. M. 9, p. 227, 14:nam promisimus carnufici aut talentum magnum, aut hunc hodie sistere,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 73:vas factus est alter ejus sistendi, ut si ille non revertisset, moriendum esset sibi,
Cic. Off. 3, 10, 45. —Fana sistere, acc. to Festus anciently used, either = to place ( secure and fix places for) temples in founding a city, or to place the couches in the lectisternia:F.sistere fana, cum in urbe condendā dicitur, significat loca in oppido futurorum fanorum constituere: quamquam Antistius Labeo, in commentario XV. juris pontificii ait fana sistere esse lectisternia certis locis et diebus habere,
Fest. p. 267 Lind. To this usage Plaut. perh. alludes:apud illas aedis sistendae mihi sunt sycophantiae,
the place about that house I must make the scene of my tricks, Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 25.—Sistere monumenta, etc., or sistere alone, to erect statues, etc. (= statuere; post-class. and rare;II.mostly in Tac.): ut apud Palatium effigies eorum sisteret,
Tac. A. 15, 72:cum Augustus sibi templum sisti non prohibuisset,
id. ib. 4 37:at Romae tropaea de Parthis arcusque sistebantur,
id. ib. 15, 18:monuere ut... templum iisdem vestigiis sisteretur,
id. H. 4, 53:sistere monumenta,
Aus. Ep. 24, 55: Ast ego te... Carthaginis arce Marmoreis sistam templis (cf. histanai tina), Sil. 8, 231; v. statuo.Sistere = to cause what is tottering or loose to stand firm, to support or fasten; and neutr., to stand firm.A.Causative (rare;B.perh. not in class. prose) = stabilire: sucus... mobilis (dentes) sistit,
Plin. 20, 3, 8, § 15; and trop.: hic (Marcellus) rem Romanam magno turbante tumultu Sistet (cf.: respublica stat;v. sto),
Verg. A. 6, 858; cf.:non ita civitatem aegram esse, ut consuetis remediis sisti posset,
Liv. 3, 20, 8 (where sisti may be impers.; v. infra, III. C.).—Neutr., to stand firm, to last, = stare:2.nec mortale genus, nec divum corpora sancta Exiguom possent horai sistere tempus,
Lucr. 1, 1016: qui rem publicam sistere negat posse, nisi ad equestrem ordinem judicia referantur, Cotta ap. Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 96, § 223.—Neutr., to stand firm, to resist:III.nec quicquam Teucros Sustentare valet telis, aut sistere contra,
Verg. A. 11, 873; so with dat. = resistere:donec Galba, inruenti turbae neque aetate neque corpore sistens, sella levaretur,
Tac. H. 1, 35; cf. sisti = resistere, III. B. 1. f. infra.Sistere = to stand still, and to cause to stand still.A.Neutr. = stare (rare; in Varr., Tac., and the poets).a.To stand still:b.solstitium dictum est quod sol eo die sistere videatur,
Varr. L. L. 5, p. 53 (Bip.):sistunt amnes,
Verg. G. 1, 479:incurrit, errat, sistit,
Sen. Herc. Oet. 248.—To remain, stop:c.Siste! Quo praeceps ruis?
Sen. Thyest. 77; id. Oedip. 1050:vis tu quidem istum intra locum sistere?
will you remain in that position? Tac. A. 4, 40.—Trop., to stop, not to go any farther:d.depunge, ubi sistam,
Pers. 6, 79:nec in Hectore tracto sistere,
to stop at the dragging of Hector, Stat. Achill. 1, 7.—To cease (dub.):B.hactenus sistat nefas' pius est,
if his crime ceases here, he will be pious, Sen. Thyest. 744 (perh. act., to stop, end).—Causative (not ante-Aug.; freq. in Tac., Plin., and the poets).1. a.With gradum:b.plano sistit uterque gradum,
arrest their steps, Prop. 5 (4), 10, 36; Verg. A. 6, 465:siste properantem gradum,
Sen. Herc. Fur. 772:repente sistunt gradum,
Curt. 4, 6, 14. —With pedem, Ov. R. Am. 80.—With fugam, to stop, stay, check, stem, arrest the flight:c.fugam foedam siste,
Liv. 1, 12, 5:si periculo suo fugam sistere posset,
id. 30, 12, 1; so Curt. 8, 14, 37; 4, 16, 2; 8, 3, 2; Tac. A. 12, 39.—Of vehicles, horses, etc.:d. e.esseda siste,
Prop. 2, 1, 76:equos,
Verg. A. 12, 355:quadrijugos,
Stat. Achill. 2, 429; so id. Th. 5, 364.—With bellum, to halt (cf. infra, D.):f.Aquilejae sisti bellum expectarique Mucianum jubebat,
Tac. H. 3, [p. 1712] 8.—Of living objects, in gen.(α).To arrest their course, make them halt:(β).aegre coercitam legionem Bedriaci sistit,
Tac. H. 2, 23:festinantia sistens Fata,
staying the hurrying Fates, Stat. S. 3, 4, 24.—So, se sistere with ab, to desist from:non prius se ab effuso cursu sistunt,
Liv. 6, 29, 3; hence, to arrest by wounding, i. e. to wound or kill:aliquem cuspide,
Sil. 1, 382; 1, 163; so,cervum vulnere sistere,
id. 2, 78.—To stop a hostile attack of persons, to resist them, ward them off:g.ut non sisterent modo Sabinas legiones, sed in fugam averterent,
Liv. 1, 37, 3:ibi integrae vires sistunt invehentem se jam Samnitem,
id. 10, 14, 18:nec sisti vis hostium poterat,
Curt. 5, 3, 11:nec sisti poterant scandentes,
Tac. H. 3, 71; 5, 21. —Trop., to stop the advance of prices:2.pretia augeri in dies, nec mediocribus remediis sisti posse,
Tac. A. 3, 52.—To arrest the motion of fluids.a.Of water:b.sistere aquam fluviis,
Verg. A. 4, 489:amnis, siste parumper aquas,
Ov. Am. 3, 6, 2:quae concita flumina sistunt,
id. M. 7, 154:sistito infestum mare,
calm, Sen. Agam. 523; cf. Ov. M. 7, 200; id. H. 6, 87; Plin. 28, 8, 29, § 118.—Of blood and secretions:3. 4.(ea) quibus sistitur sanguis parari jubet,
Tac. A. 15, 54:sanguinem,
Plin. 20, 7, 25, § 59; 28, 18, 73, § 239; 27, 4, 5, § 18:haemorrhoidum abundantiam,
id. 27, 4, 5, § 19:fluctiones,
id. 20, 8, 27, § 71, 34, 10, 23, § 105; 35, 17, 57, § 195:nomas,
id. 30, 13, 39, § 116; 24, 16, 94, § 151:mensis,
id. 23, 6, 60, § 112:vomitiones,
id. 20, 20, 81, § 213:alvum bubus,
id. 18, 16, 42, § 143:alvum,
stop the bowels, id. 23, 6, 60, § 113; 22, 25, 59, § 126; 20, 5, 18, § 37:ventrem,
id. 20, 23, 96, § 256; Mart. 13, 116.—To end, put an end to (= finem facere alicui rei); pass., to cease:5.querelas,
Ov. M. 7, 711:fletus,
id. ib. 14, 835:lacrimas,
id. F. 1, 367; 480; 6, 154:minas,
id. Tr. 1, 2, 60:opus,
id. H. 16 (17), 266; id. M. 3, 153:labores,
id. ib. 5, 490:furorem,
Stat. Th. 5, 663:furialem impetum,
Sen. Med. 157; id. Agam. 203:pace tamen sisti bellum placet,
Ov. M. 14, 803:antequam summa dies spectacula sistat,
id. F. 4, 387:sitim sistere,
to allay, id. P. 3, 1, 18:nec primo in limine sistit conatus scelerum,
suppresses, Stat. S. 5, 2, 86:ruinas,
to stop destruction, Plin. Pan. 50, 4:ventum,
to ward off, turn the wind, id. Ep. 2, 17, 17;(motus terrae) non ante quadraginta dies sistuntur, = desinunt,
Plin. 2, 82, 84, § 198.—Sistere with intra = to confine, keep within:C.transgresso jam Alpes Caecina, quem sisti intra Gallias posse speraverant,
Tac. H. 2, 11:dum populatio lucem intra sisteretur,
provided the raids were confined to day-time, id. A. 4, 48. —Impers. and trop., to arrest or avoid an impending misfortune, or to stand, i. e. to endure; generally in the form sisti non potest (more rarely: sisti potest) = it cannot be endured, a disaster cannot be avoided or met (once in Plaut.; freq. in Liv.; sometimes in Tac.; cf., in gen., Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 720; Drak. ad Liv. 3, 16, 4; Weissenb. ad Liv. 2, 29, 8; Gronov. ad Liv. 4, 12, 6; Beneke ad Just. 11, 1, 6).1.Without a subject, res or a noun of general import being understood:2.quid ego nunc agam, nisi ut clipeum ad dorsum accommodem, etc.? Non sisti potest,
it is intolerable, Plaut. Trin. 3, 2, 94:totam plebem aere alieno demersam esse, nec sisti posse nisi omnibus consulatur,
Liv. 2, 29, 8:si domestica seditio adiciatur, sisti non posse,
the situation will be desperate, id. 45, 19, 3:si quem similem priore anno dedissent, non potuisse sisti,
id. 3, 9, 8:vixque concordiā sisti videbatur,
that the crisis could scarcely be met, even by harmonious action, id. 3, 16, 4:qualicunque urbis statu, manente disciplinā militari sisti potuisse,
these evils were endurable, id. 2, 44, 10: exercitum gravi morbo affectari, nec sisti potuisse ni, etc., it would have ended in disaster, if not, etc., id. 29, 10, 1:qui omnes populi si pariter deficiant, sisti nullo modo posse,
Just. 11, 1, 6 Gronov. ad loc.; cf. Liv. 3, 20, 8 supra, II. A. 1.— Rarely with a subject-clause understood: nec jam sisti poterat, and it was no longer tolerable, i. e. that Nero should disgrace himself, etc., Tac. A. 14, 14.—Rarely with quin, to prevent etc. (pregn., implying also the stopping of something; cf.A.supra, III. B. 1.): neque sisti potuit quin et palatium et domus et cuncta circum haurirentur (igni),
Tac. A. 15, 39.—Hence, stătus, a, um, P. a., as attribute of nouns, occurs in several conventional phrases, as relics of archaic usage.Status (condictusve) dies cum hoste, in the XII. Tables, = a day of trial fixed by the judge or agreed upon with the adversary;B.esp., a peregrinus (= hostis),
Cic. Off. 1, 12, 37. It presupposes a phrase, diem sistere, prob.=vadimonium sistere (v. supra, I. C. 2.). Such an appointment was an excuse from the most important public duties, even for soldiers from joining the army, Cinc. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4.—Hence, transf.: si status condictus cum hoste intercedit dies, tamen est eundum quo imperant,
i. e. under all circumstances we must go, Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 5.—In certain phrases, appointed, fixed, regular (cf. statutus, with which it is often confounded in MSS.):C.status dies: tres in anno statos dies habere quibus, etc.,
Liv. 39, 13, 8:stato loco statisque diebus,
id. 42, 32, 2; so id. 5, 52, 2; 27, 23 fin.:stato lustri die,
Sen. Troad. 781:status sacrificii dies,
Flor. 1, 3, 16:statum tempus, statā vice, etc.: lunae defectio statis temporibus fit,
Liv. 44, 37 init.; so id. 28, 6, 10:stato tempore,
Tac. A. 12, 13; id. H. 4, 81; Plin. 11, 37, 65, § 173:stata tempora (partus),
Stat. Achill. 2, 673:adeo in illā plagā mundus statas vices temporum mutat,
Curt. 8, 19, 13; so id. 9, 9, 9; 5, 1, 23; so, feriae, etc.: feriae statae appellabantur quod certo statutoque die observarentur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 69 Lind.:stata quinquennia,
Stat. S. 5, 3, 113:stata sacra or sacrificia: stata sacrificia sunt quae certis diebus fieri debent,
Fest. p. 264 Lind.:proficiscuntur Aeniam ad statum sacrificium,
Liv. 40, 4, 9; 23, 35, 3; 5, 46, 2; 39, 13, 8; Cic. Mil. 17, 45:solemne et statum sacrificium (al. statutum),
id. Tusc. 1, 47, 113; so Liv. 23, 35, 3:stata sacra,
Ov. F. 2, 528; Stat. Th. 1, 666:stata foedera,
id. ib. 11, 380:status flatus,
Sen. Ben. 4, 28:stati cursus siderum,
Plin. 18, 29, 69, § 291 (different: statae stellae = fixed stars, Censor. D. N. 8, belonging to II. 2. supra): statae febres, intermittent fevers, returning regularly, Plin. 28, 27, 28, § 107.—Moderate, average, normal:inter enim pulcherrimam feminam et deformissimam media forma quaedam est, quae et a nimio pulcritudinis periculo et a summo deformitatis odio vacat, qualis a Q. Ennio perquam eleganti vocabulo stata dicitur...Ennius autem eas fere feminas ait incolumi pudicitia esse quae statā formā forent,
Gell. 5, 11, 12 -14 (v. Enn. Trag. p. 133 Vahl.). -
49 ἄν
ἄν (A), [pron. full] [ᾰ], [dialect] Ep., Lyr., [dialect] Ion., Arc., [dialect] Att.; also κεν) [dialect] Ep., [dialect] Aeol., Thess., κᾱ [dialect] Dor., [dialect] Boeot., El.; the two combined in [dialect] Ep. (infr. D. 11.2) and Arc.,Aεἰκ ἄν IG5(2).6.2
, 15 (iv B. C.):—modal Particle used with Verbs to indicate that the action is limited by circumstances or defined by conditions. In Hom. κε is four times as common as ἄν, in Lyr. about equally common. No clear distinction can be traced, but κε as an enclitic is somewhat less emphatic; ἄν is preferred by Hom. in negative clauses, κε ([etym.] ν) with the relative.A In Simple Sentences, and in the Apodosis of Compound Sentences; here ἄν belongs to the Verb, and denotes that the assertion made by the Verb is dependent on a condition, expressed or implied: thus ἦλθεν he came, ἦλθεν ἄν he would have come (under conditions, which may or may not be defined), and so he might have come; ἔλθοι may he come, ἔλθοι ἄν he would come (under certain conditions), and so he might come.I WITH INDICATIVE:1 with historical tenses, generally [tense] impf. and [tense] aor., less freq. [tense] plpf., never [tense] pf., v. infr.,a most freq. in apodosis of conditional sentences, with protasis implying nonfulfilment of a past or present condition, and apod. expressing what would be or would have been the case if the condition were or had been fulfilled. The [tense] impf. with ἄν refers to continued action, in Hom. always in past time, exc. perh. . 178; later also in [tense] pres. time, first in Thgn.905; πολὺ ἂν θαυμαστότερον ἦν, εἰ ἐτιμῶντο it would be far more strange if they were honoured, Pl.R. 489a; οὐκ ἂν νήσων ἐκράτει, εἰ μή τι καὶ ναυτικὸν εἶχεν he would not have been master of islands if he had not had also some naval power, Th.1.9. The [tense] aor. strictly refers only to past time, Pi.N.11.24, etc.; εἰ τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, οὐδὲν ἂν ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν ἔπραξεν if he had then come to this opinion, he would have accomplished nothing of what he has now done, D.4.5, al., but is used idiomatically with Verbs of saying, answering, etc., as we say I should have said,εἰ μὴ πατὴρ ἦσθ', εἶπον ἄν σ' οὐκ εὖ φρονεῖν S.Ant. 755
, cf. Pl.Smp. 199d, Euthphr. 12d, etc.: the [tense] plpf. refers to completed actions, as ὃ εἰ ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκη I should have already learnt.., ib. 14c;εἰ ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπέθανεν, δικαίως ἂν ἐτεθνήκει Antipho 4.2.3
.b the protasis is freq. understood: ὑπό κεν ταλασίφρονά περ δέος εἷλεν fear would have seized even the stout-hearted (had he heard the sound), Il.4.421; τὸ γὰρ ἔρυμα τῷ στρατοπέδῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐτειχίσαντο they would not have built the wall (if they had not won a battle), Th.1.11; πολλοῦ γὰρ ἂν ἦν ἄξια for (if that were so) they would be worth much, Pl.R. 374d; οὐ γὰρ ἦν ὅ τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε for there was nothing which you could have done, i. e. would have done (if you had tried), D.18.43.c with no definite protasis understood, to express what would have been likely to happen, or might have happened in past time: ἢ γάρ μιν ζωόν γε κιχήσεαι, ἤ κεν Ὀρέστης κτεῖνεν ὑποφθάμενος for either you will find him alive, or else Orestes may already have killed him before you, Od.4.546; ὃ θεασάμενος πᾶς ἄν τις ἀνὴρ ἠράσθη δάϊος εἶναι every man who saw this (the 'Seven against Thebes') would have longed to be a warrior, Ar. Ra. 1022; esp. with τάχα, q. v., ἀλλ' ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ' ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενῶν, i. e. it might perhaps have come, S.OT 523; τάχα ἂν δὲ καὶ ἄλλως πως ἐσπλεύσαντες (sc. διέβησαν ) and they might also perhaps have crossed by sea (to Sicily) in some other way, Th.6.2, cf. Pl.Phdr. 265b.d ἄν is freq. omitted in apodosi with Verbs expressing obligation, propriety, or possibility, as ἔδει, ἐχρῆν, εἰκὸς ἦν, etc., and sts. for rhetorical effect, εἰ μὴ.. ᾖσμεν, φόβον παρέσχεν it had caused (for it would have caused) fear, E.Hec. 1113. This use becomes more common in later Gk.2 with [tense] fut. ind.:a frequently in [dialect] Ep., usu. with κεν, rarely ἄν, Il.9.167, 22.66, indicating a limitation or condition, ὁ δέ κεν κεχολώσεται ὅν κεν ἵκωμαι and he will likely be angry to whom- soever I shall come, ib.1.139; καί κέ τις ὧδ' ἐρέει and in that case men will say, 4.176;ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι καταλέξω Od.3.80
; so in Lyr.,μαθὼν δέ τις ἂν ἐρεῖ Pi.N.7.68
, cf. I.6(5).59.b rarely in codd. of [dialect] Att. Prose writers,σαφὲς ἂν καταστήσετε Th.1.140
;οὐχ ἥκει, οὐδ' ἂν ἥξει δεῦρο Pl.R. 615d
, cf. Ap. 29c, X.An.2.5.13; dub. in Hp.Mul.2.174: in later Prose, Philostr. V A2.21, S E.M.9.225: also in Poetry, E.El. 484, Ar.Av. 1313;οὐκ ἂν προδώσω Herod.6.36
(corr. - δοίην):— for ἄν with [tense] fut. inf. and part. v. infr.II WITH SUBJUNCTIVE, only in [dialect] Ep., the meaning being the same as with the [tense] fut. ind. (1.2a), freq. with [ per.] 1st pers., as εἰ δέ κε μὴ δώῃσιν, ἐγὼ δέ κεν αὐτὸς ἕλωμαι in that case I will take her myself, Il.1.324; πείθευ, ἐγὼ δέ κέ τοι εἰδέω χάριν obey and if so I will be grateful, 14.235 (the subj. is always introduced by δέ in this usage); also with other persons, giving emphasis to the future, , al.III WITH OPTATIVE (never [tense] fut., rarely [tense] pf. πῶς ἂν λελήθοι [με]; X.Smp.3.6):a in apodosis of conditional sentences, after protasis in opt. with εἰ or some other conditional or relative word, expressing a [tense] fut. condition:ἀλλ' εἴ μοί τι πίθοιο, τό κεν πολὺ κέρδιον εἴη Il.7.28
;οὐ πολλὴ ἂν ἀλογία εἴη, εἰ φοβοῖτο τὸν θάνατον; Pl.Phd. 68b
:—in Hom. [tense] pres. and [tense] aor. opt. with κε or ἄν are sts. used like [tense] impf. and [tense] aor. ind. with ἄν in Attic, with either regular ind. or another opt. in the protasis: καί νύ κεν ἔνθ' ἀπόλοιτο.. εἰ μὴ.. νόησε κτλ., i. e. he would have perished, had she not perceived, etc., Il.5.311, cf. 5.388, 17.70; εἰ νῦν ἐπὶ ἄλλῳ ἀεθλεύοιμεν, ἦ τ' ἂν ἐγὼ.. κλισίηνδε φεροίμην if we were now contending in another's honour, I should now carry.., ib.23.274: so rarely in Trag., οὐδ' ἂν σὺ φαίης, εἴ σε μὴ κνίζοι λέχος (for εἰ μὴ ἔκνιζε) E.Med. 568.b with protasis in [tense] pres. or [tense] fut., the opt. with ἄν in apodosi takes a simply future sense: φρούριον δ' εἰ ποιήσονται, τῆς μὲν γῆς βλάπτοιεν ἄν τι μέρος they might perhaps damage, Th.1.142, cf. 2.60, Pl.Ap. 25b, R. 333e;ἢν οὖν μάθῃς.. οὐκ ἂν ἀποδοίην Ar.Nu. 116
, cf. D.1.26, al.c with protasis understood:φεύγωμεν· ἔτι γάρ κεν ἀλύξαιμεν κακὸν ἦμαρ Od.10.269
; οὔτε ἐσθίουσι πλείω ἢ δύνανται φέρειν· διαρραγεῖεν γὰρ ἄν for (if they should do so) they would burst, X. Cyr.8.2.21; τὸν δ' οὔ κε δύ' ἀνέρε.. ἀπ' οὔδεος ὀχλίσσειαν two men could not heave the stone from the ground, i. e. would not, if they should try, Il.12.447; , cf. D.2.8: in Hom. sts. with ref. to past time, .d with no definite protasis implied, in potential sense: ἡδέως δ' ἂν ἐροίμην Λεπτίνην but I would gladly ask Leptines, D.20.129; βουλοίμην ἄν I should like , Lat. velim (but ἐβουλόμην ἄν I should wish, if it were of any avail, vellem); ποῖ οὖν τραποίμεθ' ἄν; which way then can we turn? Pl.Euthd. 290a; οὐκ ἂν μεθείμην τοῦ θρόνου I will not give up the throne, Ar.Ra. 830; idiomatically, referring to the past, αὗται δὲ οὐκ ἂν πολλαὶ εἶεν but these would not (on investigation) prove to be many, Th.1.9; εἴησαν δ' ἂν οὗτοι Κρῆτες these would be (i. e. would have been) Cretans, Hdt.1.2: used in order to soften assertions by giving them a less positive form, as οὐκ ἂν οὖν πάνυ γέ τι σπουδαῖον εἴη ἡ δικαιοσύνη, i.e. it would not prove to be, etc. (for, it is not, etc.), Pl.R. 333e.e in questions, expressing a wish:τίς ἂν θεῶν.. δοίη; S.OC 1100
, cf.A.Ag. 1448;πῶς ἂν θάνοιμι; S.Aj. 389
: hence (with no question) as a mild command, exhortation, or entreaty, ; σὺ μὲν κομίζοις ἂν σεαυτὸν ᾗ θέλεις you may take yourself off (milder than κόμιζε σεαυτόν), S.Ant. 444; χωροῖς ἂν εἴσω you may go in, El. 1491; κλύοις ἂν ἤδη, Φοῖβε hear me now, Phoebus, ib. 637; φράζοις ἄν, λέγοις ἄν, Pl.Phlb. 23c, 48b.f in a protasis which is also an apodosis: εἴπερ ἄλλῳ τῳ ἀνθρώπων πειθοίμην ἄν, καὶ σοὶ πείθομαι if I would trust any (other) man (if he gave me his word), I trust you, Id.Prt. 329b; εἰ μὴ ποιήσαιτ' ἂν τοῦτο if you would not do this (if you could), D.4.18, cf. X.Mem.1.5.3, Plot.6.4.16.g rarely omitted with opt. in apodosis: , cf. 14.123, Il.5.303; also in Trag.,θᾶσσον ἢ λέγοι τις E.Hipp. 1186
;τεὰν δύνασιν τίς.. κατάσχοι; S.Ant. 605
.h ἄν c. [tense] fut. opt. is prob. always corrupt (cf. 1.2b), as τὸν αὐτὸν ἂν ἐπαινέσοι ( ἐπαινέσαι Bekk.) Pl.Lg. 719e; εἰδὼς ὅτι οὐδέν' ἂν καταλήψοιτο ( οὐδένα Bekk.) Lys.1.22.IV WITH INF. and PART. (sts. ADJ. equivalent to part.,τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι Pl.R. 577b
) representing ind. or opt.:1 [tense] pres. inf. or part.:a representing [tense] impf. ind., οἴεσθε τὸν πατέρα.. οὐκ ἂν φυλάττειν; do you think he would not have kept them safe? ([etym.] οὐκ ἂν ἐφύλαττεν), D.49.35; ἀδυνάτων ἂν ὄντων [ὑμῶν] ἐπιβοηθεῖν when you would have been unable, Th.1.73, cf. 4.40.b representing [tense] pres. opt., πόλλ' ἂν ἔχων (representing ἔχοιμ' ἄν)ἕτερ' εἰπεῖν παραλείπω D. 18.258
, cf. X.An.2.3.18: with Art., .2 [tense] aor. inf. or part.:a representing [tense] aor. ind., οὐκ ἂν ἡγεῖσθ' αὐτὸν κἂν ἐπιδραμεῖν; do you not think he would even have run thither? ([etym.] καὶ ἐπέδραμεν ἄν), D.27.56; ἴσμεν ὑμᾶς ἀναγκασθέντας ἄν we know you would have been compelled, Th.1.76, cf. 3.89; ῥᾳδίως ἂν ἀφεθείς when he might easily have been acquitted, X.Mem.4.4.4.b representing [tense] aor. opt., οὐδ' ἂν κρατῆσαι αὐτοὺς τῆς γῆς ἡγοῦμαι I think they would not even be masters of the land ([etym.] οὐδ' ἂν κρατήσειαν), Th.6.37, cf. 2.20; ὁρῶν ῥᾳδίως ἂν αὐτὸ ληφθέν ([etym.] ληφθείη ἄν) Id.7.42; οὔτε ὄντα οὔτε ἂν γενόμενα, i.e. things which are not and never could happen ([etym.] ἃ οὔτε ἂν γένοιτο), Id.6.38.3 [tense] pf. inf. or part. representing:a [tense] plpf. ind., πάντα ταῦθ' ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων ἂν ἑαλωκέναι ([etym.] φήσειεν ἄν ) he would say that all these would have been destroyed by the barbarians ([etym.] ἑαλώκη ἄν), D.19.312.b [tense] pf. opt., οὐκ ἂν ἡγοῦμαι αὐτοὺς δίκην ἀξίαν δεδωκέναι, εἰ.. καταψηφίσαισθε I do not believe they would (then) have suffered ([etym.] δεδωκότες ἂν εἶεν) punishment enough, etc., Lys.27.9.4 [tense] fut. inf.or part., never in [dialect] Ep., and prob. always corrupt in [dialect] Att., νομίζων μέγιστον ἂν σφᾶς ὠφελήσειν (leg. - ῆσαι) Th.5.82, cf. 6.66, 8.25,71; part. is still more exceptional, (codd.), cf. D.19.342 (v. l.); both are found in later Gk.,νομίσαντες ἂν οἰκήσειν οὕτως ἄριστα Plb.8.30.8
, cf. Plu.Marc.15, Arr.An.2.2.3; with part., Epicur. Nat.14.1, Luc.Asin.26, Lib.Or.62.21, dub. l. in Arr.An.6.6.5.I In the protasis of conditional sentences with εἰ, regularly with the subjunctive. In Attic εἰ ἄν is contracted into ἐάν, ἤν, or ἄν ([etym.] ᾱ) (q. v.): Hom. has generally εἴ κε (or αἴ κε), sts. ἤν, onceεἰ δ' ἄν Il.3.288
, twiceεἴπερ ἄν 5.224
, 232. The protasis expresses either future condition (with apod. of [tense] fut. time) or general condition (with apod. of repeated action): εἰ δέ κεν ὣς ἔρξῃς καί τοι πείθωνται Ἀχαιοί, γνώσῃ ἔπειθ' ὅς .. if thus thou shalt do.., ib.2.364; ἢν ἐγγὺς ἔλθῃ θάνατος, οὐδεὶς βούλεται θνῄσκειν if death (ever) come near.., E.Alc. 671.2 in relative or temporal clauses with a conditional force; here ἄν coalesces with ὅτε, ὁπότε, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, cf. ὅταν, ὁπόταν, ἐπήν or ἐπάν ([dialect] Ion. ἐπεάν) , ἐπειδάν: Hom. has ὅτε κε (sts. ὅτ' ἄν) , ὁππότε κε (sts. ὁπότ' ἄν or ὁππότ' ἄν) , ἐπεί κε (ἐπεὶ ἄν Il.6.412
), ἐπήν, εὖτ' ἄν; v. also εἰσόκε ([etym.] εἰς ὅ κε):—τάων ἥν κ' ἐθέλωμι φίλην ποιήσομ' ἄκοιτιν whomsoever of these I may wish.., Il.9.397; ὅταν δὴ μὴ σθένω, πεπαύσομαι when I shall have no strength.., S.Ant.91; ἐχθρὸς γάρ μοι κεῖνος.. ὅς χ' ἕτερον μὲν κεύθῃ ἐνὶ φρεσίν, ἄλλο δὲ εἴπῃ who ever conceals one thing in his mind and speaks another, Il.9.312, cf. D.4.6, Th.1.21. —Hom. uses subj. in both the above constructions (1 and 2 ) without ἄν; also Trag. and Com., S.Aj. 496, Ar.Eq. 805; μέχρι and πρίν occasionally take subj. without ἄν in prose, e.g. Th.1.137,4.16 ([etym.] μέχρι οὗ), Pl.Phd. 62c, Aeschin.3.60.3 in final clauses introduced by relative Advbs., as ὡς, ὅπως (of Manner), ἵνα (of Place), ὄφρα, ἕως, etc. (of Time), freq. in [dialect] Ep.,σαώτερος ὥς κε νέηαι Il.1.32
;ὄφρα κεν εὕδῃ Od.3.359
;ὅπως ἂν εἰδῇ.. φράσω A.Pr. 824
;ὅπως ἂν φαίνηται κάλλιστος Pl.Smp. 198e
; (where ὅπως with [tense] fut. ind. is the regular constr.); also after ὡς in Hdt., Trag., X.An.2.5.16, al., once in Th.6.91 (but [tense] fut. ind. is regular in [dialect] Att.); ἵνα final does not take ἄν or κε exc.ἵνα εἰδότες ἤ κε θάνωμεν ἤ κεν.. φύγοιμεν Od.12.156
( ἵνα = where in S.OC 405). μή, = lest, takes ἄν only with opt. in apodosis, as S.Tr. 631, Th.2.93.II in [dialect] Ep. sts. with OPTATIVE as with subj. (always κε ([etym.] ν), exc.εἴ περ ἂν αὐταὶ Μοῦσαι ἀείδοιεν Il.2.597
),εἴ κεν Ἄρης οἴχοιτο Od.8.353
; ὥς κε.. δοίη ᾧ κ' ἐθέλοι that he might give her to whomsoever he might please, ib.2.54: so in Hdt. in final clauses, 1.75,99:—in Od.23.135 ὥς κέν τις φαίη, κέν belongs to Verb in apod., as inὡς δ' ἂν ἥδιστα ταῦτα φαίνοιτο X.Cyr.7.5.81
.2 rarely in oratio obliqua, where a relat. or temp. word retains an ἄν which it would have with subj. in direct form, S.Tr. 687, X.Mem.1.2.6, Isoc.17.15;ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθείην D.30.6
:—similarly after a preceding opt.,οὐκ ἀποκρίναιο ἕως ἂν.. σκέψαιο Pl.Phd. 101d
.III rarely with εἰ and INDICATIVE in protasis, only in [dialect] Ep.:1 with [tense] fut. ind. as with subj.:αἴ κεν Ἰλίου πεφιδήσεται Il.15.213
:—so with relat.,οἵ κέ με τιμήσουσι 1.175
.2 with εἰ and a past tense of ind., once in Hom.,εἰ δέ κ' ἔτι προτέρω γένετο δρόμος Il.23.526
; so Ζεὺς γάρ κ' ἔθηκε νῆσον εἴ κ' ἐβούλετο Orac. ap. Hdt.1.174, cf. Ar.Lys. 1099 (cod. R), A.R.1.197.IV in later Greek, ἄν with relative words is used with INDICATIVE in all tenses, asὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο Ev.Marc.6.56
;ὅσ' ἂν πάσχετε PFay. 136
(iv A. D.);ἔνθ' ἂν πέφυκεν ἡ ὁλότης εἶναι Phlp. in Ph.436.19
; cf. ἐάν, ὅταν.C with [tense] impf. and more rarely [tense] aor. ind. in ITERATIVE construction, to express elliptically a condilion fulfilled whenever an opportumty offered; freq. in Hdt. (not in Pi. or A.), κλαίεσκε ἂν καὶ ὀδυρέσκετο she would (i. e. used to) weep and lament, 3.119;εἶτα πῦρ ἂν οὐ παρῆν S.Ph. 295
; εἴ τινες ἴδοιεν.., ἀνεθάρσησαν ἄν whenever they saw it, on each occasion, Th.7.71;διηρώτων ἂν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν Pl.Ap. 22b
: inf. representing [tense] impf. of this constr., ἀκούω Λακεδαιμονίους τότε ἐμβαλόντας ἂν.. ἀναχωρεῖν, i. e. I hear they used to retire ([etym.] ἀνεχώρουν ἄν), D.9.48.D GENERAL REMARKS:I POSITION OF ἄν.1 in A, when ἄν does not coalesce with the relat. word (as in ἐάν, ὅταν), it follows directly or is separated only by other particles, as μέν, δέ, τε, ga/r, kai/, νυ, περ, etc.; asεἰ μέν κεν.. εἰ δέ κε Il.3.281
-4; rarely by τις, asὅποι τις ἄν, οἶμαι, προσθῇ D.2.14
:—in Hom. and Hes. two such Particles may precede κε, asεἴ περ γάρ κεν Od.8.355
, cf. Il.2.123; εἰ γάρ τίς κε, ὃς μὲν γάρ κε, Hes.Op. 280, 357; rarely in Prose,ὅποι μὲν γὰρ ἄν D.4.45
;ὁπότερος οὖν ἄν Ar.Ra. 1420
: alsoὁπόσῳ πλέον ἄν Pl.Lg. 647e
, cf. 850a; .2 in apodosis, ἄν may stand either next to its Verb (before or after it), or after some other emphatic word, esp. an interrog., a negative (e. g. οὐδ' ἂν εἷς, οὐκ ἂν ἔτι, etc.), or an important Adjective or Adverb; also after a participle which represents the protasis, λέγοντος ἄν τινος πιστεῦσαι οἴεσθε; do you think they would have believed it if any one had told them? ([etym.] εἴ τις ἔλεγεν, ἐπίστευσαν ἄν), D.6.20.3 ἄν is freq. separated from its inf. by such Verbs as οἴομαι, δοκέω, φημί, οἶδα, etc., οὐκ ἂν οἴει .. ; freq. in Pl., Grg. 486d, al.; καὶ νῦν ἡδέως ἄν μοι δοκῶ κοινωνῆσαι I think that I should, X.Cyr.8.7.25;οὕτω γὰρ ἄν μοι δοκεῖ ἥ τε πόλις ἄριστα διοικεῖσθαι Aeschin.3.2
; ἃ μήτε προῄδει μηδεὶς μήτ' ἂν ᾠήθη τήμερον ῥηθῆναι (where ἄν belongs to ῥηθῆναι) D. 18.225:—in the phrase οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ, or οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ, ἄν belongs not to οἶδα, but to the Verb which follows, οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ πείσαιμι, for οὐκ οἶδα εἰ πείσαιμι ἄν, E.Med. 941, cf. Alc.48;οὐκ ἂν οἶδ' εἰ δυναίμην Pl. Ti. 26b
;οὐκ οἶδ' ἂν εἰ ἐκτησάμην X.Cyr.5.4.12
.4 ἄν never begins a sentence, or even a clause after a comma, but may stand first after a parenthetic clause,ἀλλ', ὦ μέλ', ἄν μοι σιτίων διπλῶν ἔδει Ar. Pax
<*>37.II REPETITION OF ἄν:—in apodosis ἄν may be used twice or even three times with the same Verb, either to make the condition felt throughout a long sentence, or to emphasize certain words,ὥστ' ἄν, εἰ σθένος λάβοιμι, δηλώσαιμ' ἄν S.El. 333
, cf. Ant.69, A.Ag. 340, Th.1.76 (fin.), 2.41, Pl.Ap. 31a, Lys.20.15; , cf. S.Fr. 739; attached to a parenthetical phrase, ἔδρασ' ἄν, εὖ τοῦτ' ἴσθ' ἄν, εἰ .. Id.OT 1438.2 ἄν is coupled with κε ([etym.] ν ) a few times in Hom., as Il.11.187, 202, Od.5.361, al.; cf. ἤν περ γάρ κ' ἐθέλωσιν v.l. ib.18.318.III ELLIPSIS OF VERB:—sts. the Verb to which ἄν belongs must be supplied, in Hom. only εἰμί, as τάτ' ἔλδεται ὅς κ' ἐπιδευής (sc. ᾖ) Il.5.481; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἂν πρὸ τοῦ (sc. ἔρρεγκον) Ar.Nu.5; τί δ' ἂν δοκεῖ σοι Πρίαμος (sc. πρᾶξαι), εἰ τάδ' ἤνυσεν; A.Ag. 935
:—so in phrases like πῶς γὰρ ἄν; and πῶς οὐκ ἄν (sc. εἴη); also in ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ (or ὡσπερανεί), as φοβούμενος ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ παῖς (i. e. ὥσπερ ἂν ἐφοβήθη εἰ παῖς ἦν) Pl.Grg. 479a; so τοσοῦτον ἐφρόνησαν, ὅσον περ ἂν (sc. ἐφρόνησαν)εἰ.. Isoc.10.48
:—so also when κἂν εἰ ( = καὶ ἂν εἰ) has either no Verb in the apod. or one to which ἄν cannot belong, Pl.R. 477a, Men. 72c; cf. κἄν:—so the Verb of a protasis containing ἄν may be understood, ὅποι τις ἂν προσθῇ, κἂν μικρὰν δύναμιν (i. e. καὶ ἐὰν προσθῇ) D.2.14; ὡς ἐμοῦ οὖν ἰόντος ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς (sc. ἴητε) X.An.1.3.6.IV ELLIPSIS OF ἄν:—when an apodosis consists of several co-ordinate clauses, ἄν is generally used only in the first and understood in the others:πείθοι' ἂν εἰ πείθοι'· ἀπειθοίης δ' ἴσως A.Ag. 1049
: even when the construction is continued in a new sentence, Pl.R. 352e, cf. 439b codd.: but ἄν is repeated for the sake of clearness or emphasis, ib. 398a, cf. D.19.156 (where an opt. is implied with the third ὡς): rarely expressed with the second of two co-ordinate Verbs and understood with the first, τοῦτον ἂν.. θαρσοίην ἐγὼ καλῶς μὲν ἄρχειν, εὖ δ' ἂν ἄρχεσθαι θέλειν (i. e. καλῶς μὲν ἂν ἄρχοι, εὖ δ' ἂν θέλοι ἄρχεσθαι) S.Ant. 669.------------------------------------ἄν (B), [pron. full] [ᾱ], [dialect] Att.,A = ἐάν, ἤν, Th.4.46 codd., al.; freq. in Pl.,ἂν σωφρονῇ Phd. 61b
; ἂν θεὸς θέλῃ ib. 80d, cf. D.4.50;ἄν τ'.. ἄν τε Arist. Ath.48.4
: not common in earlier [dialect] Att. Inscrr., IG1.2a5, 2.179b49, al.: but freq. later, SIG1044.27 (iv/iii B. C.), PPetr.2p.47 (iii B. C.), PPar.32.19 (ii B. C.), PTeb.110.8 (i B. C.), Ev.Jo.20.23, etc.------------------------------------ἄν (C) or [full] ἀν, Epic form of ἀνά, q. v.------------------------------------ -
50 कृ _kṛ
कृ I. 5 U. (कृणोति-कृणुते) To hurt, injure, kill. -II. 8 U. (करोति-कुरुते, चकार-चक्रे, अकार्षीत्-अकृत; कर्तुम्, करिष्यति-ते कृत)1 To do (in general); तात किं करवाण्यहम्-2 To make; गणिकामवरोधमकरोत् Dk; नृपेण चक्रे युवराजशब्दभाक् R.3.35; युवराजः कृतः &c.-3 To manufacture, shape, prepare; कुम्भकारो घटं करोति; कटं करोति &c.-4 To build, create; गृहं कुरु; सभां कुरु मदर्थे भोः.-5 To produce, cause, engender; रतिमुभयप्रार्थना कुरुते Ś.2.1.-6 To form, arrange; अञ्जलिं करोति; कपोतहस्तकं कृत्वा.-7 To write, compose; चकार सुमनोहरं शास्त्रम् Pt.1.-8 To perform, be engaged in; पूजां करोति.-9 To tell, narrate; इति बहुविधाः कथाः कुर्वन् &c.-1 To carry out, execute, obey; एवं क्रियते युष्मदादेशः Māl.1; or करिष्यामि वचस्तव or शासनं मे कुरुष्व &c.-11 To bring about, accomplish, effect; सत्सं- गतिः कथय किं न करोति पुंसाम् Bh.2.23.-12 To throw or let out, discharge, emit; मूत्रं कृ to discharge urine, make water; so पुरीषं कृ to void excrement.-13 To assume, put on, take; स्त्रीरूपं कृत्वा; नानारूपाणि कुर्वाणः Y.3. 162.-14 To send forth, utter; मानुषीं गिरं कृत्वा, कलरवं कृत्वा &c.-15 To place or put on (with loc.); कण्ठे हारम- करोत् K.212; पाणिमुरसि कृत्वा &c.-16 To entrust (with some duty), appoint; अध्यक्षान् विविधान्कुर्यात्तत्र तत्र विपश्चितः Ms.7.81.-17 To cook (as food) as in कृतान्नम्.-18 To think, regard, consider; दृष्टिस्तृणीकृतजगत्त्रयसत्त्वसारा U.6. 19.-19 To take (as in the hand); कुरु करे गुरुमेकमयोघनं N.4.59.-2 To make a sound, as in खात्कृत्य, फूत्कृत्य भुङ्क्ते; so वषट्कृ, स्वाहाकृ &c.-21 To pass, spend (time); वर्षाणि दश चक्रुः spent; क्षणं कुरु wait a moment.-22 To direct towards, turn the attention to, resolve on; (with loc. or dat.); नाधर्मे कुरुते मनः Ms.12.118; नगरगमनाय मतिं न करोति Ś.2.-23 To do a thing for another (either for his advantage or injury); प्राप्ताग्निनिर्वापणगर्वमम्बु रत्नाङ्- कुरज्योतिषि किं करोति Vikr.1.18; यदनेन कृतं मयि, असौ किं मे करिष्यति &c.-24 To use, employ, make use of; किं तया क्रियते धेन्वा Pt.1.-25 To divide, break into parts (with adverbs ending in धा); द्विधा कृ to divide into two parts; शतधा कृ, सहस्रधा कृ &c.-26 To cause to become subject to, reduce completely to (a particular condition, with adverbs ending in सात्); आत्मसात् कृ to subject or appropriate to oneself; दुरितैरपि कर्तुमात्मसात्प्रयतन्ते नृपसूनवो हि यत् R.8.2; भस्मसात् कृ to reduce to ashes.-27 To appropriate, secure for oneself.-28 To help, give aid.-29 To make liable.-3 To violate or outrage (as a girl).-31 To begin.-32 To order.-33 To free from.-34 To proceed with, put in practice.-35 To worship, sacrifice.-36 To make like, consider equal to, cf. तृणीकृ (said to be Ātm. only in the last 1 senses).-37 To take up, gather; आदाने करोतिशब्दः Ms.4.2.6; यथा काष्ठानि करोति गोमयानि करोति इति आदाने करोतिशब्दो भवति एवमिहापि द्रष्टव्यम् ŚB. on MS.4.2.6. This root is often used with nouns, adjectives, and indeclinables to form verbs from them, somewhat like the English affixes 'en' or '(i) fy', in the sense of 'making a person or thing to be what it previously is not'; e. g. कृष्णीकृ to make that which is not already black, black, i. e. bla- cken; so श्वेतीकृ to whiten; घनीकृ to solidify; विरलीकृ to rarefy &c. &c. Sometimes these formations take place in other senses also; e. g. क्रोडीकृ 'to clasp to the bosom', embrace; भस्मीकृ to reduce to ashes; प्रवणीकृ to incline, bend; तृणीकृ to value as little as straw; मन्दीकृ to slacken, make slow; so शूलीकृ to roast on the end of pointed lances; सुखीकृ to please' समयाकृ to spend time &c. N. B.- This root by itself admits of either Pada; but it is Ātm. generally with prepositions in the following senses:--(1) doing injury to; (2) censure, blame; (3) serving; (4) outraging, acting violently or rashly; (5) preparing, changing the condition of, turning into; (6) reciting; (7) employing, using; see P.I.3.32 and गन्धनावक्षेपणसेवनसाहसिक्यप्रतियत्नप्रकथनोपयोगेषु कृञः ''Stu- dents' Guide to Sanskrit Composition" <?>338. Note. The root कृ is of the most frequent application in Sans- krit literature, and its senses are variously modified, or almost infinitely extended, according to the noun with which the root is connected; e. g. पदं कृ to set foot (fig. also); आश्रमे पदं करिष्यसि Ś.4.19; क्रमेण कृतं मम वपुषि नव- यौवनेन पदम् K.141; मनसा कृ to think of, meditate; मनसि कृ to think; दृष्ट्वा मनस्येवमकरोत् K.136; or to resolve or determine; सख्यम्, मैत्रीं कृ to form friendship with; अस्त्राणि कृ to practise the use of weapons; दण्डं कृ to inflict punishment; हृदये कृ to pay heed to; कालं कृ to die; मतिं-बुद्धिं कृ to think of, intend, mean; उदकं कृ to offer libations of water to manes; चिरं कृ to delay; दर्दुरं कृ to play on the lute; नखानि कृ to clean the nails; कन्यां कृ to outrage or violate a maiden; विना कृ to separate from, to be abandoned by, as in मदनेन विनाकृता रतिः Ku.4.21; मध्ये कृ to place in the middle, to have reference to; मध्येकृत्य स्थितं क्रथकौशिकान् M.5.2; वेशे कृ to win over, place in subjection, subdue; चमत्कृ to cause surprise; make an exhibition or a show; सत्कृ to honour, treat with respect; तिर्यक्कृ to place aside. -Caus. (कारयति-ते) To cause to do, perform, make, execute &c.; आज्ञां कारय रक्षोभिः Bk.8.84; भृत्यं भृत्येन वा कटं कारयति Sk. -Desid. (चिकीर्षति- ते) To wish to do &c.; Śi.14.41. -
51 APTR
adv.1) back; fara (snúa, koma, senda, sœkja, hverfa) a., to go (turn etc.) back; reka a., to drive back, repel; kalla a., to recall, revoke;2) backwards; fram ok a., backwards and forwards, to and fro; þeir settu hnakka á bak sér a., they bent their necks backwards;3) lúka (láta) a., to shut, close; hlið, port, hurð er a., is shut;4) at the back, in the rear; þat er maðr fram, en dýr a., the fore part a man, the hind part of a beast; bæði a. ok fram, stem and stern (of a ship); Sigurðr sat a. á kistunni, S. sat aft on the stern-chest;5) again; Freyja vaknar ok snerist við ok sofnar a., and falls asleep again.* * *and aftr (aptar, N. G. L. i. 347), adv., compar. aptar, superl. aptast, [Ulf. aftra = πάλιν], the spelling with p is borne out by the Gr. αψ.I. Loc. back, back again:1. WITH MOTION, connected with verbs denoting to go or move, such as fara, ganga, koma, leiða, senda, snúa, sækja, etc., where aptr almost answers to Lat. re-, remittere, reducere, reverti …; gefa a., reddere; bera a., refellere; kalla a., revocare; reka a., repellere: a. hverfr lygi þá er sönnu mætir (a proverb), a lie turns back when it meets truth, Bs. i. 639. ‘aptr’ implies a notion a loco or in locum, ‘eptir’ that of remaining in loco; thus skila a. means remittere; skilja eptir, relinquere; taka a., recipere, in a bad sense; taka eptir, animum attendere; fara a., redire; vera e., remanere, etc.; fara, snúa, koma, senda, sækja, hverfa a., Nj. 260, 281, Fms. x. 395, iv. 300, Edda 30, Eg. 271, Eb. 4, Fs. 6; færa a., to repay, N. G. L. i. 20; snúast a., Lækn. 472. Without actual motion,—as of sounds; þeir heyrðu a. í rjóðrit óp, they heard shouting behind them, Fms. iv. 300; nú skal eigi prestr ganga svá langt frá kirkju at hann heyri eigi klokkur hljóð aftar (= aftr), he shall not go out of the sound of the bells, N. G. L. i. 347.β. backwards; fram ok a., to and fro (freq.); reið hann suðr aptr, rode back again, Nj. 29; aptr á bak, supine, bent or turned back, Eg. 380; þeir settu hnakka á bak sér a., bent their necks backwards in order to be able to see, Edda 30; skreiðast a. af hestinum, to slip down backwards from the croup of a horse, to dismount, Fs. 65.γ. connected with many verbs such as, láta, lúka a., to close, shut, opp. to láta, lúka upp, Fær. 264, Eg. 7, Landn. 162; in a reverse sense to Lat. recludere, reserere, rescindere, resolvere.2. WITHOUT MOTION = aptan, the hind part, the back of anything; þat er maðr fram ( superne), en dýr a., the fore part a man, the hind part a beast, 673. 2; síðan lagði hann at tennrnar a. við huppinn, he caught the hip with his teeth, Vígl. 21. The English aft when used of a ship; breði a. ok fram, stern and stem (of a ship), Fms. ix. 310; Sigurðr sat a. á kistunni, sate aft on the stern-chest, vii. 201; a. ok frammi, of the parts of the body (of a seal), Sks. 179. Compar. aptarr, farther back, Fms. vi. 76.II. TEMP. again, πάλιν, iterum: this use of the word, general as it is at present, hardly appears in old writers; they seem to have had no special expression for again, but instead of it said síðan, enn, or used a periphrase, á nýja leik, öðru sinni, annat sinn, or some other substitute. It is, however, very freq. in Goth. aftra = πάλιν, Swed. åter, Dan. atter; some passages in the Sagas come near to the mod. use, e. g. bæta a., restituere, to give back (but not temp.); segja friði a., to recal, N. G. L. i. 103; hann maelti at engi mundi þann fald a. falda, El. 20, uncertain whether loc. ( backward) or iterum, most likely the former. It is now used in a great many compounds, answering to Lat. re-, cp. also endr. -
52 уровень
(напр. точности) echelon, column, grade, ( иерархической структуры) layer вчт., ( прибор) builder's level, carpenter's level, mechanic's level, level, surface гидр., (напр. подземных вод) table* * *у́ровень м.1. ( прибор) levelповеря́ть у́ровень — test the level for adjustmentпоменя́ть места́ми концы́ у́ровня — reverse [turn] the level end-for-endста́вить ре́йку по у́ровню — keep a rod plumb by a level2. (степень величины, значимости и т. п.) levelдоводи́ть у́ровень до … — bring up the level to …; bring up the level flush with …доли́ть до норма́льного у́ровня — top up the levelизмеря́ть у́ровень в ба́ке — gauge a tankнад у́ровнем земли́ — above ground level, above gradeна одно́м у́ровне с … — flush [level] with …не допуска́ть превыше́ния у́ровня вы́ше отме́тки ПО́ЛНО — never carry the level above the FULL markпривя́зывать у́ровень элк. — clamp [fix] the levelрасполага́ться на у́ровне — чего-л. be located on the level of …устана́вливаться на постоя́нном у́ровне — level offакце́пторный у́ровень — acceptor levelу́ровень бе́лого тлв. — write levelу́ровень бланки́рования тлв. — blanking levelбруско́вый у́ровень — block levelу́ровень возбужде́ния — excitation levelвозбуждё́нный у́ровень — excited levelу́ровень высо́ких вод — high-water levelу́ровень гаше́ния тлв. — blanking levelгеодези́ческий у́ровень — geodetic levelгидростати́ческий у́ровень — hydrostatic levelу́ровень гро́мкости — loudness levelу́ровень грунто́вых вод — ground water table, ground water levelдискре́тный у́ровень — discrete levelдовери́тельный у́ровень мат. — confidence levelдо́норный у́ровень полупр. — donor levelу́ровень за́писи — recording levelзапо́лненный у́ровень вчт. — occupied levelу́ровень заря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of chargeу́ровень за́сыпи ( доменной печи) — stock lineу́ровень звуково́го давле́ния — sound levelу́ровень земли́ стр. — gradeу́ровень зна́чимости — significance level, level of significanceу́ровень излуче́ния — radiation levelу́ровень изоля́ции — insulation levelу́ровень инве́рсии ( населённости) — inversion levelу́ровень инве́рсии, поро́говый — inversion thresholdу́ровень инже́кции полупр. — injection levelу́ровень интегра́ции — integration levelу́ровень интенси́вности — intensity levelу́ровень иониза́ции — ionization levelионизи́рованный у́ровень — ionized levelу́ровень квантова́ния — quantization levelу́ровень кисло́тности — acidity levelу́ровень коди́рования ( в кодирующей ЭЛТ) — quantum [quantizing] levelконтро́льный у́ровень — reference levelу́ровень ме́женных вод — low-water levelу́ровень мо́ря — sea levelнад у́ровнем мо́ря — above sea levelприводи́ть к у́ровню мо́ря — reduce to sea levelу́ровень мо́ря, сре́дний — mean sea levelу́ровень мо́щности — power levelу́ровень нака́чки элк. — pumping levelу́ровень нивели́ра, приставно́й — striding levelу́ровень нивели́ра, пузырько́вый — bubble (level)установи́ть (пузырько́вый) у́ровень нивели́ра в нуль-пункт — centre the bubbleнулево́й у́ровень1. ( исходный) геод. datum (reference) level2. эл. zero levelу́ровень ограниче́ния элк. — limiting levelу́ровень освещё́нности — illumination levelу́ровень отсе́чки — cut-off levelу́ровень перегру́зки — overload levelу́ровень переда́чи — transmission levelу́ровень перехо́дного разгово́ра — cross-talk levelподпо́рный у́ровень [ПУ] гидр. — pond [headwater] levelу́ровень поме́х — noise levelпоро́говый у́ровень — threshold levelу́ровень прилипа́ния физ. — capture [trapping] levelпри́месный у́ровень полупр. — impurity levelу́ровень разря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of dischargeра́мный у́ровень — frame levelу́ровень с отве́сом — carpenter's levelспиртово́й у́ровень — spirit levelу́ровень стоя́нки ( землеройной машины) — the natural surface of the ground (on which the earth-moving machine rests)у́ровень Та́мма — Tamm stateу́ровень тона́льного вы́зова тлф. — call tone volumeу́ровень управле́ния вчт. — level of the hierarchyу́ровень устано́вки ( экскаватора) — natural ground, the natural surface of the ground (on which the machine rests)у́ровень Фе́рми — Fermi levelу́ровень фо́на — hum [background noise] levelфорси́рованный у́ровень — surcharged reservoir levelу́ровень «черне́е чё́рного» тлв. — blacker-than-black levelу́ровень чё́рного тлв. — black levelэнергети́ческий у́ровень физ. — (energy) levelдостра́ивать энергети́ческий у́ровень по́лностью — complete a levelзанима́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — occupy a levelзаполня́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — fill a levelнаходи́ться на энергети́ческом у́ровне — reside at a … levelпереходи́ть с у́ровня на у́ровень — move [jump] from a level (in)to a levelэнергети́ческий, враща́тельный у́ровень — rotational levelэнергети́ческий, глубо́кий у́ровень — deep(-lying) stateэнергети́ческий, за́нятый у́ровень — occupied [filled] levelэнергети́ческий, запо́лненный у́ровень — filled [occupied] levelэнергети́ческий у́ровень захва́та — trapping levelэнергети́ческий, изоли́рованный у́ровень — single levelэнергети́ческий, колеба́тельный у́ровень — vibrational levelэнергети́ческий, наибо́лее глубо́кий у́ровень — innermost levelэнергети́ческий, незапо́лненный у́ровень — empty [vacant, unoccupied] levelэнергети́ческий, низколежа́щий у́ровень — low-lying levelэнергети́ческий, основно́й у́ровень — ground levelэнергети́ческий, пове́рхностный у́ровень — surface levelэнергети́ческий, при́месный у́ровень — impurity levelэтало́нный у́ровень — reference level -
53 К-301
ДО КОРНЕЙ ВОЛОС PrepP Invar fixed WO1. покраснеть - ( adv (intensif)) (to blush) very deeply, to an extreme degree: (blush) to the roots of one's hair(turn (go)) bright red.Покраснев до корней волос, я стоял в полуоткрытых дверях и слушал молодой, твердый стук его каблуков, сбегавших с четвертого этажа вниз... (Катаев 3). Blushing to the roots of my hair, I stood at the half-open door and listened to the sound of his young firm footsteps as he ran downstairs from the third floor... (3a).2. (nonagreeing modif l (one is a certain type of person) entirely, in every way: (a NP) to the (very) marrow of one's bonesevery inch (a (the) NP) (a NP) to the core.Он всю жизнь прожил в России, но остался немцем до корней волос. Не lived his whole life in Russia but remained a German to the very marrow of his bones. -
54 до корней волос
[PrepP; Invar; fixed WO]=====1. покраснеть до корней волос [adv (intensif)]⇒ (to blush) very deeply, to an extreme degree:- (turn <go>) bright red.♦ Покраснев до корней волос, я стоял в полуоткрытых дверях и слушал молодой, твердый стук его каблуков, сбегавших с четвертого этажа вниз... (Катаев 3). Blushing to the roots of my hair, I stood at the half-open door and listened to the sound of his young firm footsteps as he ran downstairs from the third floor... (3a).2. [nonagreeing modif]⇒ (one is a certain type of person) entirely, in every way:- (a [NP] ) to the (very) marrow of one's bones;- every inch (a (the) [NP]);- (a [NP]) to the core.♦ Он всю жизнь прожил в России, но остался немцем до корней волос. He lived his whole life in Russia but remained a German to the very marrow of his bones.Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > до корней волос
-
55 εἴλω
εἴλω (also [full] εἰλέω, [full] εἱλέω, [full] εἴλλω, [full] εἵλλω, [full] ἴλλω; εἱλῶνται is f.l. in Aret.SD1.2), a word whose meanings are traceable to various roots of similar form, v. infr. D.—From εἴλω ([tense] pres. in Hom. only [voice] Pass. part. εἰλόμενος (v. infr.)), we have [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor.Aἔλσα Il.11.413
, inf.ἐέλσαι 21.295
, [dialect] Dor. part.ἔλσαις Pi.O.10(11).43
:—[voice] Med., [tense] aor.ἠλσάμην Semon.17
:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. 2 ἐάλην [pron. full] [ᾰ] Il.13.408; inf. ἀλῆναι, ἀλήμεναι, 16.714, 18.76; part. ἀλείς, εῖσα, έν 22.308: [tense] pf. ἔελμαι, part. -μένος 13.524
:—for ἐόλει, ἐόλητο, v. ἐόλει.—Fromεἰλέω Il.2.294
: [tense] impf.εἴλεον Od.22.460
; [var] contr.εἴλει Il.8.215
, Od.12.210;ἐείλεον Il.18.447
: [tense] fut. , AP12.208 (Strat.): [tense] aor. , Dsc.5.87 (ἐν-):—[voice] Med., [tense] impf.εἰλεῦντο Il.21.8
; part.εἰλεύμενος Hdt.2.76
:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.εἰλήθην Hp.Morb.4.52
: [tense] pf. and Is.11.5 (s. v. l.), Lyc. 1202: [tense] plpf.εἴληντο J.AJ 12.1.9
.A shut in (less freq. shut out, εἰλέσθων τοῦ ἱαροῦ let them be shut out from the temple, IG22.1126.48 (iv B.C.)); [Ὀδυσῆα] ἔλσαν ἐν μέσσοισι μετὰ σφίσι, πῆμα δὲ ἔλσαν (Zenod., v.l. πῆμα τιθέντες) Il.11.413;ὅτε Κύκλωψ εἴλει ἐνὶ σπῆϊ Od.12.210
, cf. 22.460;ἔνθα δυώδεκα μὲν μένον ἤματα δῖοι Ἀχαιοί· εἴλει γὰρ Βορέης ἄνεμος μέγας οὐδ' ἐπὶ γαίῃ εἴα ἵστασθαι Od.19.200
;ὅν περ ἄελλαι χειμέριαι εἰλέωσιν Il.2.294
;εἱλεῖσθαι ἐν τῷ τόπῳ, μὴ δυνάμενον ἐκπλεῦσαι Arist.Mir. 840a33
, cf. EM298.29; εἰς ἄστυ ἄλεν (for ἄλησαν) Il.22.12;κατὰ ἄστυ ἐέλμεθα 24.662
;ἐελμένοι ἔνδοθι πύργων 18.287
; ; χειμέριον ἀλὲν ὕδωρ ponded water, prevented from flowing away, Il.23.420; ὅσοι πικροὶ.. χυμοὶ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα πλανηθέντες ἔξω μὲν μὴ λάβωσιν ἀναπνοήν, ἐντὸς δὲ εἱλλόμενοι (v.l. εἰλόμενοι) τὴν ἀφ' αὑτῶν ἀτμίδα τῇ τῆς ψυχῆς φορᾷ συμμείξαντες ἀνακερασθῶσι, Pl.Ti. 86e.2 hinder, hold in check, prevent,ἧστο Διὸς βουλῇσιν ἐελμένος Il.13.524
, cf. A.Fr.25: ἔλλοψ (as though ἴλλοψ ) is derived from ἴλλεσθαι = εἴργεσθαι and ὄψ = φωνή by Ath.7.308c.3 enclose, cover, protect,ὑπ' ἀσπίδος ἄλκιμον ἦτορ ἔλσας Callin.1.11
; τῇ ὕπο (sc. τῇ ἀσπίδι) πᾶς ἐάλη he was entirely covered, Il.13.408.B press, as olives and grapes, Paus.Gr.Fr.155; ἀμφὶ βίην Διομήδεος.. εἰλόμενοι huddling around him, Il.5.782; ἵππων φειδόμενος, μή μοι δευοίατο φορβῆς ἀνδρῶν, εἰλομένων, εἰωθότες ἔδμεναι ἄδην here where men throng, ib. 203;πλῆθεν.. ἵππων τε καὶ ἀνδρῶν εἰλομένων· εἴλει δὲ.. Ἕκτωρ 8.215
, cf. 1.409, 18.447, 21.295; πόλις δ' ἔμπλητο ἀλέντων ib. 607; ἐς ποταμὸν εἰλεῦντο they were forced into the river, ib.8; εἱλουμένης τῆς τροφῆς the nourishment being concentrated, Thphr.CP6.11.8;θῆρας ὁμοῦ εἰλεῦντα Od.11.573
; [λέων] ἰλλόμενός περ ὁμίλῳ hard- pressed, A.R.2.27;ἀπωθούμενον ὑπὸ τοῦ περιεστῶτος ἔξωθεν πνεύματος πάλιν ἐντὸς ὑπὸ τὸ δέρμα εἱλλόμενον κατερριζοῦτο Pl.Ti. 76b
:—[voice] Pass., of crowds, swarm, jostle one another,ἐν ὀλίγῳ εἰλουμένους Plu.Crass.25
; of ants, Luc.Icar.19.2 in [tense] aor. [voice] Pass., of a man or animal, contract his body, draw himself together, ; ἐνὶ δίφρῳ ἧστο ἀλείς ( huddled up),ἐκ γὰρ πλήγη φρένας 16.403
; of a lion when struck,ἐάλη τε χανών 20.168
; of a warrior,Ἀχιλῆα ἀλεὶς μένεν 21.571
; , Od. 24.538.II without the idea of pressure, collect,ἐν Πίσᾳ ἔλσαις στρατὸν λείαν τε πᾶσαν Pi.O.10(11).43
:—[voice] Pass., Ἀργείους ἐκέλευσα ἀλήμεναι ἐνθάδε πάντας to assemble, Il.5.823.C (found only in the forms εἰλέω ([etym.] εἱλ-) , ἴλλω) wind, turn round, ; ἀπὸ δὲ τῶ[ν πετρῶν] ἴλλει ἡ στεφάνη ἐπὶ τὸν λόφον GDIiv p.847 (iv B.C.);νῆα δ' ἔπειτα πέριξ εἴλει ῥόος A.R.2.571
; roll, γλῶσσαν dub.in Call.Iamb.1.144:— [voice] Pass., revolve, move to and fro,ἰλλομένων ἀρότρων S.Ant. 340
(lyr.);οἱ ἀστέρες ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ εἰλέονται Luc.Astr.29
; περὶ τὴν γῆν ἀεὶ εἱλεῖν ἰών, as etym. of ἥλιος ([etym.] ἀέλιος), Pl.Cra. 409a; εἰλέονται ἐπὶ τὸ ὑγιὲς σκέλος they pivot or swing round on the sound leg, Hp.Art.52, cf. Mochl.20; of a flame,περὶ δ' αὐτὸν εἰλεῖτο φλόξ Mosch.4.104
; κατ' αὐτὸν (sc. τὸν κισσὸν) ἕλιξ εἰλεῖται is twined round, Theoc.1.31; ap. Stob.1.3.52; also of hair on the crown, to be whorled, Ruf.Onom.13.II roll up tight, [κῶας] εἴλει ἀφασσόμενος A.R.4.181
;τὴν μηλωτὴν εἱλήσας LXX 4 Ki. 2.8
:—[voice] Pass., ἰλλομένοις ἐπὶ λαίφεσι furled, A.R.1.329.III metaph. in [voice] Pass., ἐν ποσὶ εἱλεῖσθαι to be familiar, Hdt. 2.76;οἱ περὶ τὰς δίκας εἱλούμενοι Max.Tyr.28.3
, cf. Alciphr.3.60,64.D It seems impossible to derive all the above uses from an orig. sense squeeze, though most of those under A and B, as well as C. II, might be so explained; but A seems to imply a root meaning bar, cf. ἀποϝηλέω, ἐγϝηληθίωντι, ϝήλημα (βήλημα), εἶλαρ, and C is to be compared with εἰλύω, Lat. volvo: some passages are doubtful in meaning, μή νυν περὶ σαυτὸν εἶλλε τὴν γνώμην ἀεί do not roll or wrap your thought round you, or do not confine your thought within you, Ar.Nu. 761; γῆν.. ἰλλομένην (v.l. εἱλλ-, εἰλλ-) was taken to mean revolving by Arist.Cael. 293b31 (cf.περὶ τὸ μέσον εἱλεῖσθαι Mete. 356a5
) but expld. (omitting τήν ) as packed tightly about.. by Procl.in Ti.3.136 D.; ἐν δὲ τῇ ταραχῇ (in the churning) εὐρυχωρίης γινομένης, εἰλέεται (sc. τὸ ὑγρόν) ἀποκεκριμένον καὶ θερμαίνει τὸ σῶμα perh. is squeezed out, Hp. Morb.4.51; πρὶν δὲ ταραχθῆναι οὐκ ἔχει ἐκχωρέειν τὸ πλεῖον τοῦ ὑγροῦ, ἀλλ' ἄνω καὶ κάτω εἰλέεται μεμιγμένον τῷ ἄλλῳ ὑγρῷ is driven up and down, ibid.:— νῆα κεραυνῷ Ζεὺς ἔλσας (ἐλάσας Zenod.
) ἐκέασσε prob. striking the ship.., Od.5.132, cf. 7.250 (only here in this sense). -
56 yükseltmek
1. /ı/ to raise, elevate, increase the height of (something), make (something) higher: Binayı bir kat yükseltmeye karar verdiler. They decided to make the building one story higher. 2. /ı/ to raise, increase: Sesini yükseltti. He raised his voice. Gazetenin fiyatını yükselttiler. They´ve raised the price of the newspaper. 3. /ı/ to turn up, increase (the sound of) (a radio, television, etc.): Radyonun sesini yükseltti. He turned up the radio. 4. /ı/ elec. to amplify. 5. /ı/ to exalt the dignity, worth, or ability of. 6. /ı, a/ to promote, raise (someone) to (a higher rank). 7. /ı, a/ to raise (a number) to (a higher power): Beşi onuncu kuvvete yükselt. Raise five to the tenth power. -
57 mgongo
------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mgongo[Swahili Plural] migongo[English Word] back[English Plural] backs[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Swahili Example] wageni wakija nyumbani yeye huwapanda migongoni [Kez]------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] -pa mgongo[English Word] turn the back[Part of Speech] verb------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mgongo[Swahili Plural] migongo[English Word] backbone[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mgongo[Swahili Plural] migongo[English Word] spine[English Plural] spines[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] gongo, jongo, kijongo N[Swahili Example] lala mgongoni[English Example] lie on one's back.------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mgongo[Swahili Plural] migongo[English Word] hump[English Plural] humps[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] gongo, jongo, kijongo N[Swahili Example] mgongo wa ngamia[English Example] camel's hump------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mgongo[Swahili Plural] migongo[English Word] ridge[English Plural] ridges[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] gongo, jongo, kijongo N------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mgongo[Swahili Plural] migongo[English Word] crest[English Plural] crests[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Derived Word] gongo, jongo, kijongo N------------------------------------------------------------[Swahili Word] mgongo[Swahili Plural] migongo[English Word] banging sound[Part of Speech] noun[Class] 3/4[Swahili Example] Mgongo wa mchi na makofi huwa wa kupendeza mno msichana anayefikia hali ya kuwa mtu mzima [Masomo 130][English Example] The banging of the pestle and the clapping is very pleasing msichana anayefikia hali ya kuwa mtu mzima [Masomo 130]------------------------------------------------------------ -
58 विसृज्
vi-sṛijP. - sṛijati (ep. alsoᅠ Ā.), to send orᅠ pour forth, let go orᅠ run orᅠ flow, discharge, emit, shoot, cast, hurl (lit. andᅠ fig.;
« at» loc. dat., orᅠ acc. with prati) RV. etc. etc.;
to turn (the eye) upon (loc.) ṠāṇkhṠr. ;
to shed (tears) R. Kālid. Daṡ. ;
(Ā.) to evacuate the bowels PraṡnUp. ;
to utter (sounds orᅠ words) Br. MBh. etc.;
to set free, release (Ā. « one's self») from (abl.) ChUp. Hariv. etc.;
to send away, dismiss, repudiate, reject, throw orᅠ cast off Mn. MBh. etc.;
to despatch (a messenger) R. ;
to pass over, overlook MārkP. ;
(in older language Ā.) to abandon, desert, give up, renounce MBh. Kāv. etc.;
to open TS. ;
(Ā.) to stretch out, extend ṠBr. ;
to spread about, diffuse RV. AV. ;
to remove TS. ;
to remit, exempt from (acc.) Rājat. ;
to hand over, deliver, bestow, grant MaitrS. etc. etc.;
to produce, create (esp. « in detail») Up. Mn. MBh. etc.:
Caus. - sarjayati, to discharge, emit, cast, hurl, throw (lit. andᅠ fig.) ĀṡvGṛ. MBh. etc.;
to utter (a sound) ṠBr. ;
to set free, release, let go, dismiss MBh. Hariv. Kālid. ;
to banish, exile R. ;
to send out, despatch Mn. MBh. etc.;
to abandon, desert, relinquish, give up, renounce, avoid MBh. R. etc.;
to spare, save MBh. ;
to commit, entrust Kālid. ;
to lay aside, remove VarBṛS. ;
to divulge, publish (news) Rājat. ;
to give away MBh. ;
to hand over, deliver, grant, bestow MBh. Hariv. etc.;
to produce, create BhP. ;
to answer questions Divyâ̱v.
-
59 shot
I [ʃɔt] noun1) a single act of shooting:طَلْقَهHe fired one shot.
2) the sound of a gun being fired:صَوْت الطَّلْقَهHe heard a shot.
3) a throw, hit, turn etc in a game or competition:Can I have a shot?
ضَرْبَه، رَمْيَهGood shot!
4) an attempt:مُحاوَلَهI don't know if I can do that, but I'll have a shot (at it).
5) something which is shot or fired, especially small lead bullets used in cartridges:خُرْدُقَهlead shot.
6) a photograph, especially a scene in a film.صورَة، لَقْطَه7) an injection:حُقْنَهThe doctor gave me a shot.
8) a marksman:رامٍ IIHe's a good shot.
See: -
60 leise stellen
ausdr.to turn down the sound expr.
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