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to+set+sb+(on+a+throne)

  • 1 τίθημι

    + V 66-146-136-138-72=558 Gn 1,17; 2,8.15; 3,15; 4,15
    A: to set, to put [τι] Gn 30,41; to place [τινα] Jos 4,3; to set, to plant [τι] Jos 2,18; to lay [τι] JgsB 9,24
    to lay (stones) [τι] 1 Ezr 6,8; to construct, to make (streets) [τι] 1 Kgs 21(20),34
    to set, to draw (a border, boundary) Ex 23,31
    to establish, to institute [τι] Ex 34,10; to make a decree, to ordain [τι] Ezr 4,21
    to give (the name) [τί τινος] JgsB 8,31
    to make sb (as) [τινα +pred.] Gn 17,5; id. [τινα εἴς τινα] Gn 17,6; to make sth (as) [τι +pred.] Lv 26,31;
    id. [τι εἴς τι] Zph 2,13; to turn into [τι εἴς τι] Jdt 1,14
    M: to set, to put, to place [τι] Gn 1,17; to place [τινα] Is 27,4
    to show, to bestow [τι] Jb 10,12; to lay (a reproach) [τι] 1 Sm 11,2
    to appoint to [τί τινι] 2 Sm 7,10; id. [τινι] Gn 47,26; to entrust sth to sb [τι ἔν τινι] Ps 104(105),27
    to appoint sb [τινα] 2 Chr 32,6; to set sb (on a throne) [τινα] 1 Kgs 2,24; to put sb in (prison) [τινα ἔν τινι] Gn 41,10
    to establish, to institute [τι] Gn 17,2; to appoint (a law) [τι] Ps 77(78), 5
    to make for sb a name [τινί τι] 1 Chr 17,21
    to make sb (as) [τινα +pred.] 1 Sm 28,2; id. [τινα εἴς τι] Zph 3,19; id. [τινα εἴς τινα] Jdt 5,11; to make sth (as) [τι +pred.] Jb 11,13
    ἐπ᾽ ἐμὲ ἔθετο πᾶς Ισραηλ τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ εἰς βασιλέα all Israel looked to me as (their next) king 1 Kgs 2,15; ἔθηκας τὸν οἶκον... ὡς ἡ ἡμέρα αὕτη you have made the temple as it is today Bar 2,26
    *Is 50,4 ἔθηκε he put, he stablished (me)-עלה (causal) to bring up, to place? for MT יעיר עור he rises up;
    *Ez 14,8 καὶ θήσομαι αὐτόν and I will put him, I will turn him into-מתיהושׂו for MT מתיהושׂוה (uncertain hi.) id.?; *Hos 13,1 καὶ ἔθετο αὐτά and he put them, and he established them-מםשׂוי יםשׂ for MT םשׁויא
    םשׁא and he incurred guilt; *Hab 3,4 καὶ ἔθετο and he puts, and he makes-םשׂו יםשׂ for MT םשׁו and there; *Neh 5,10 ἐθήκαμεν we put (to them), we gave (them)-אשׂנ or-יםשׂ for MT יםשׁנ השׁנ we gave loan (to them)
    see κεῖμαι
    Cf. CAIRD 1976, 82; HELBING 1928, 57; WEVERS 1993, 183; →MM; NIDNTT; TWNT

    Lust (λαγνεία) > τίθημι

  • 2 трон

    сидеть на троне, царствовать — to sit on the throne

    Синонимический ряд:
    престол (сущ.) престол

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > трон

  • 3 трон

    [lang name="Russian"]сидеть на троне, царствовать — to sit on the throne

    Русско-английский научный словарь > трон

  • 4 SETJA

    (set, setta, settr), v.
    1) to seat, set, place, put (hann setti sveininn í kné konungi; hón var í haug sett);
    setja e-n inn, to put in prison;
    setja inn fénað, svín, hross, to pen up, take in;
    setja dóm, to set a court;
    setja tjöld, herbúðir, to set up tents;
    setja grundvöll til kirkju, to lay the foundation of;
    setja borð, to set up tables;
    setja e-m gisla, to give one hostages;
    2) to drive (hann setti øxina í höfuð honum);
    3) to make, establish (setja lög, frið, grið);
    setja ráð, ráðagørð, to set on foot (contrive) a plan, plot (báðu þeir hann setja aðra ráðagørð);
    setja e-m torg, markað, to set up a market;
    4) to order, prescribe (setja e-m skript);
    setja e-m dag, stefnu, to fix a day for one to appear;
    5) with dat., setja e-u, to settle (setja máli);
    6) to appoint (hann setti Guthorm son sinn til landvarnar);
    7) to allay (sá dauði mun setja mína sút);
    8) setja e-t e-u or með e-u, to set, inlay (hann lét gøra gullkaleik ok setja gimsteinum);
    to embroider (seglit var sett með fögrum skriptum);
    9) intrans., to set off (hann lagði halann á bak sér ok setti í burtu);
    setja undan, to escape;
    10) impers. it settles;
    þegar er niðt setti moldrykit (acc.), when the dust settled;
    jarl (acc.) setti svá rauðan sem blóð (dreyrrauðan), the earl turned red as blood;
    þá setti at honum hósta, a fit of coughing seized him;
    þá setr at henni grát mikinn, she bursts into tears;
    11) with preps. and advs.:
    setja e-n af kirkju, to put out of the church, excommunicate;
    setja e-n af ríki, to depose one;
    setja e-n af lífi, af sinni eign, to deprive one of life, of one’s property;
    setja e-n aptr, hold one back, check (hann setti þá harðliga aptr, er á Þráin leituðu);
    setja at e-m, to attack;
    setja e-t á skrá, to enter, set in a scroll;
    setja á sik hjálm, to put on a helmet;
    setja á, to push (H. bað Ketil ganga fyrir skut ok setja á);
    setja e-n eptir, to leave one behind;
    setja fram skip, to launch a ship;
    setja e-t fyrir, to prescribe (eptir fyrir-settri skipan);
    setja þvert nei fyrir, to deny flatly (Þyri setti þvert nei fyrir, at hón myndi giptast gömlum konungi);
    setja e-n í fjötur, bönd, to put in fetters;
    hann hafði sett spjót í völlinn hjá sér, he had stuck his spear in the ground beside him;
    setja e-n niðr, to make one sit down, put one down (H. þreif til hans ok setti hann niðr hjá sér);
    setja niðr lík, to lay a corpse in earth, bury it;
    setja niðr mál, deilu, vandræði, to settle it;
    setja e-t saman, to put together, set up (setja bú saman);
    to compose, write (eptir bókum þeim, er Snorri setti saman);
    setja e-n til bókar, to set one to learn;
    setja e-n til ríkis, to put one on the throne;
    setja upp, to raise, erect, put up (setja upp skurðgoð);
    setja upp segl, to hoist sail;
    setja upp boga, to bend a bow;
    setja skip upp, to draw a ship up, ashore;
    setja skip út, to launch, = setja skip fram;
    setja e-t við e-u, to set against (þat þótti höfðingjum ofrausn ok settu mjök hug sinn við);
    to bet (ek set við hundrað marka silfrs, at hann ríðr mik eigi af baki);
    setja e-n yfir e-t, to put one over, at the head of (H. konungr setti Eystein jarl yfir Vestfold);
    12) refl., setjast.
    * * *
    set, setti, sett; a causal to sitja, q. v.; [Ulf. satjan, ga-satjan, = τιθέναι, φυτεύειν; Engl. to set; Dan. sætte; Swed. sätta.]
    A. To seat, set, place, put; hann setti sveininn í kné konungi, Fms. i. 16; hón var í haug sett, Ld. 20; bar hann inn ok setti hann í sæti, Nj. 179; hann setti hann í næsta sér, 46; setti hann í hásæti hjá sér, 282; setja höfuðit aptr á bolinn, Fms. x. 213; setja á sik hjálm, Nj. 42, 144; var settr undir hann stóll, 269; s. forsæti með endi-löngum bekkjum, 220; setja inn, to put in; s. inn fénað, svín, hross, to pen them, take them in, Gþl. 386, Grág. i. 436: to put in prison, Fms, x. 49; s. í fjötra, bönd, to ‘set in the stocks,’ put in fetters, ii. 173, x. 301; hann hafði sett spjótið ( stuck it) í völlinn hjá sér, Nj. 58; s. hest fyrir sleða, Landn. 94; s. e-n til bókar, to set one to book, set one to learn, Fms. vii. 199, viii. 9; s. til ríkis, to set one to reign, Eg. 366; hann setti sonu sína hina ellri til lands, Orkn. 4 old Ed.; s. á skrá, to enter, set in a scroll, Stj.; setja inn, to insert, Bs. i. 280:—þar var fimmtar-dómr settr, Nj. 241; þar er dómrinn var settr, Eg. 340; setja tjöld, to set up tents, Fms. xi. 85; s. herbúðir, id.; s. gamma sinn annan veg brekkunnar, 38, 79; s. grundvöll til kirkju, to lay the foundation of, 33; s. e-m borð, Nj. 220; setja e-m gísla, to give hostages, Fms. xi. 392.
    2. special usages, to drive; hann setti öxina í höfuð honum, Nj. 53; þau setja þegar af þeim nýrun, they bite them clean off, Stj. 94.
    3. intrans. to set off; hann lagði halann á bak sér ok setti í burtu, Fb. i. 565; enn úhreini andi greip grís, ok setti braut síðan, Greg. 56: s. undan, to escape, Nj. 136, Fms. ii. 325; s. undan e-m, s. undan á-gangi e-s, to make one’s escape, Al. 99, Fms, vi. 379.
    4. with prepp.; setja af, to depose, see above:—s. e-n aptr, to repel, hold back, check, Hkr. i. 20, Fms. xi. 81, Nj. 123, Stj. 21:—setja at, to set against, attack; mun ek s. at hinni rauðu töflunni, of a move in chess, Fas. ii. 67:—setja á, to put up; s. á langar tölur, Sturl. i. 105; s. e-t á sig, to mark, notice; svá var á sett, at Böðvarr, 32: setja á vetr, of livestock in the autumn = Germ. anbinden:—s. eptir, to leave behind, Eg. 368, Fms. ix. 43:—setja e-ð fyrir sig, to set a thing before one, i. e. be sad and depressed on account of it:—setja fram, to put forward, produce, Mar. (fram-setja): setja fyrir, to set before, as a thing ordered; eptir fyrir settri skipan, Sks. 37; setja nei fyrir e-t, to deny, refuse, Fms. ii. 131, ix. 242; setja e-m e-t fyrir, to set as a task to one; hann (the teacher) setti mér þetta fyrir:—setja niðr, to set down, quash; þeir settu Þorgeir niðr á Ánabrekku, put him there, Eg. 237; cp. niðr-setningr, in mod. usage s. niðr ómaga, to distribute the paupers among the households in a parish: s. niðr lík, to lay a corpse in earth, H. E. i. 491, Fms. iv. 110; s. upp óp, gnegg, Hrafn. 7: metaph. to stop, Fms. ix. 355, 452, xi. 260, Hkr. ii. 136, Eg 729: to dispose, s. niðr eptir reglu, Fms. xi. 428:—s. saman, to put together; s. bú saman, iii. 29, Ld. 10, s. saman kvið, kviðburð, Grág., Nj.: to compose, K. Á. 220, Fms. vii. 242; eptir bókum þeim er Snorri setti saman, Sturl. ii. 123; bók þessi heitir Edda, hana hefir saman setta Snori Sturluson, Edda ii. 250; hér er lukt þeim hlut bókar er Ólafr Þórðarson hefir saman sett, 427:—s. fram skip, to launch a ship, Eg. 160, Fms. ix. 478: s. út skip, to launch, 480, Gþl. 371:—s. upp skip, to draw her up ashore (as used to be done for the winter months), Hkr. i. 152, Fms. i. 62, ix. 478, Nj. 281, Eg. 180, Gþl. 371 (upp-sátr); þar fellr á er heitir Gufu-á, í hann setti Ketill upp skip sitt ( laid her up in the river), Eg. 592; (in mod. usage setja (absol.) is to launch a boat); s. upp, to put up, erect, raise, Eg. 492, Fms. vii. 265., Ó. H. 170; s. upp segl, to hoist sail, 165, Fms. ix. 10; s. upp boga, Fas. ii. 543; hann lét s. upp skurðgoð, Ver. 41: s. út, to set out for sale, Bs. i. 636:—5. við, to let, Bær. 6.
    II. metaph. usages, to make, establish; setja lög, lands-rétt (laga-setning), Kristinn-rétt setti hann við ráð Grímkels biskups, Ó. H. 44; lög þau er Hákon Aðalsteins-fóstri hafði sett í Þrándheimi, id.: svá settu þeir Ketill biskup ok Þorlákr biskup Kristinna laga þátt, K. Þ. K.; hann setti þat í lögum, at …, Ó. H. 4; hann setti Gulaþings-lög með ráði Þorieifs spaka, hann setti ok Frostaþings-lög með ráði Sigurðar jarls, … enn Heiðsefis-lög hafði fyrst sett Hálfdán Svarti, Fms. i. 23; á því þingi (in Nicea) var settr allr Kristinn-dómr, 625. 48; máldagi vel ok skynsamliga settr ok skipaðr, Dipl, i. 5; svá skulu hreppar settir, at hverr bóndi skal sitja it næsta öðrum, Grág. i. 443; setja frið um heim allan, setja frið millum landa, Rb. 412, Eg. 282; settum friði, Grág. ii. 167; s. grið, to make a truce, Nj. 248 (griða-setning); Julius setti misseris-tal, Rb. 412; setja á stofn, to start, begin, Fms. ii. 35: with dat. to settle, settu þeir þessu, Fms. ix. 452; s. þeim málum er konungar áttu um at dæma, Ld. 28; þeir (búar) áttu eigi at s. málinu, Nj. 87:—to appoint, hann setti Guthorm son sinn til landvarnar, Ó. H. 4, Fms. i. 24, 29, Eg. 272, 537, Nj. 129, Hom. 51, Dipl. v. 8; ef hann leysir þat svá af höndum sem hann er til settr, Grág. i. 497:—af-setja, to depose; setja e-n af kirkju, to put out of the church, excommunicate, Sturl. iii. 167; af setja e-n konungdómi, Stj.; s. e-n af ríki, af lífi, Hkr. i. 170; hann hefir af sett mik allri minni eign, Fms. i. 264, ii. 243:—to order, s. e-m skript, ii. 174; hann setti þeim þvílíkan markað, x. 237:—so in the law phrases, s. e-m dag, stefnu, stefnu-dag, fimmt, to fix a day for one to appear, etc., N. G. L. passim, Bs. i. 742; setja mál í dóm, Hrafn. 25:—to plan, contrive, setja ráð, ráða-görð, bragð, Fms. vii. 128, x. 305, 315, xi. 21, Nj. 106.
    2. to allay; sá dauði mun setja mína, sút, Al. 110; setið svá fyrnsku yðra, H. E. i. 251: to settle, s. mál, Grág. i. 490; enda sé settar sakir þær allar eðr dæmdar, 116: to humble, ek skal s. þik ok semja dramb þitt, Fas. i. 38.
    3. to set, inlay, by way of ornament; hann lét göra gullkaleik ok setja gimsteinum, Bs. i. 83; hjálm gimsteinum settan, Ld. 128, Fms. i. 15; slæður settar gull-knöppum, Eg. 516; segl sett pellum, Hkr. iii. 243; seglit var sett með fögrum skriptum, Fms. x. 77; skjöld settan járnslám, Fas. i. 415; brynja sett hringum, 215.
    III. impers. it settles; þegar er niðr setti moldrykit (acc.), when the dust settled, Al. 109:—to turn of a sudden, jarl (acc.) setti svá rauðan sem blóð, Ísl. ii. 220, Finnb. 260; Páll jarl þagði, ok setti dreyr-rauðan, Orkn. 194; konungr þagði, ok setti hann dreyr-rauðan á at sjá, Eg. 113; þá setti at honum hósta ok þröngd svá mikla, a fit of coughing set on him, Fms. i. 282; þá setr at henni grát mikinn, she burst into tears, iii. 113; setr nú at honum kvarða, Skíða R. 41.
    B. Reflex. to seat oneself, take a seat; ek settumk á fótskörina, Fms. ii. 188; setzk hann undir höfuð honum, Finnb. 238; þeir settusk niðr á völlinn, Nj. 144; s. á tal við, e-n, to sit down to talk with a person, Eg. 37; setjask í hásæti, Fms. i. 18; Hrapp þraut vistir, settisk hann þá at með þeim, Nj. 128:—to take up one’s abode, fór hann í Odda ok settisk þar, 117; at hann mundi fá hennar ok seljask þar, 280; setjask í kyrrsetu, Eg. 367; setjask um kyrrt, to settle oneself to rest, Fas. ii. 530: setjask í stein, to go into a cell, as an anchorite, Nj. 268; s. at ríki sínu, Fas. i. 531: setjask aptr, to desist from, esp. of a journey, Fms. xi. 129; setjask eptir, to remain behind, i. 62; s. heima, to stay at home, Grág. i. 491, N. G. L. i. 127; ek hefi hér upp sezk at þér ( I have taken up my abode with thee) ok tekit hér þrifnað, Lv. 36 (in mod. usage with a notion of intrusion, hann settisk þar upp); setjask fyrir e-t, to withstand, Finnb. 320; lét Sturla þá lausa lögsögu, ok settisk hjá öllum vandraeðum, Sturl. iii. 308; setjask um, to lay siege to (um-sátr), Fms. i. 103, x. 237; en þar sem hin himneski meistari sezk um, leggr hann …, Bs. i. 742 (or sesk um, i. e. sésk um, from sjá?), see the foot-note; nú setjask þeir yfir ( to seize upon) staðinn, ok alla staðarins eign, Sturl. ii. 13.
    2. to set, go down; er ok þat meiri virðing at aukask af litlum efnum en at hefjask hátt ok setjask með lægingu, Fs. 13: of the sun and stars, þat er víða á því landi, at sól setzk eigi um nætr, Fms. i. 233; vetrardag, en (= er) sól setzk, when the sun sets, N. G. L. i. 348; frá jafndægrí er haust til þess er sól setzk í eyktar-stað, Edda 103 (see sólsetr = sunset); stjörnur renna upp ok setjask, Rb. 466; en þar er á millum allt einn dagr, svá at aldregi setzk dagr á allri þeirri stundu, Sks. 67 (see dagsetr); síðan sólu er sett, Gþl. 442; þegar degi er sett, when day is closing in, Fas. ii. 110.
    3. to be settled, ended; nú skortir eigi sókn, ok setzk með því ( ends thus) at Sunnan-menn láta undan, Ísl. ii. 366; síðan settisk úfriðr í Svíþjóð, Fms. x. 47; freista ef þessi kurr mætti niðr setjask, Hkr. ii. 140; en niðr settusk allar sakar, Fms. iii. 39.
    II. pass., ef þeir setjask (= eru settir, are appointed) til at dæma um mál manna, Sks. 649; setjask þá grið allra vinda á millum, 234 (influenced by the Latin).
    III. part. settr, placed, situated, doing well or ill; Rútr var eptir með frændum sínum vel settr, Ld. 20; hón skal hér svá vel sett sem hón væri mín dóttir, Eg. 156; lítt var hann ok settr at klæðum, Fas. ii. 327, Grett. 91 A; langt kvæði ok íllt, ok sett með (set, studded with) mörgum hlutum íllum ok fáheyrðum, Fms. x. 264:—of a ship, deep in the water, heavy, var skútan mjök sett, Finnb. 254; sá þeir at skipit var sett mjök, Ó. H. 170; skip konungs vóru sett mjök ok sollin, Fms. iii. 44.
    2. as adj. settled; eru eigi þá sakarnar settri en áðr, Grág. i. 362:—composed, settr ok stillir, ráð-settr, q. v.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SETJA

  • 5 θρόνος

    θρόνος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr.; Jos., Ant. 7, 353; 8, 399; Mel., P. 83, 620 ; loanw. in rabb.).
    [b]① chair, seat
    ⓐ gener. ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου (Mary) sat down on her chair GJs 11:1 (JosAs 7:1 Ἰωσὴφ ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ θρόνου sat on a chair).
    ⓑ specif. a chair set aside for one of high status, throne.
    α. of human kings and rulers (Hdt. 1, 14, 3; X., Cyr. 6, 1, 6; Herodian 1, 8, 4) καθελεῖν ἀπὸ θρόνων dethrone Lk 1:52. The throne of David (2 Km 3:10; PsSol 17:6), the ancestor of the Messiah 1:32; Ac 2:30.
    β. of God (Soph., Ant. 1041; OGI 383 [ins of Antiochus of Commagene] 41f πρὸς οὐρανίους Διὸς Ὠρομάσδου θρόνους; Ps 46:9; Ezk. Trag. vs. 68 [in Eus., PE 9, 29, 5]; TestSol 13:5 C) Hb 12:2; Rv 7:15; 12:5; 22:1, 3; cp. 1:4; 3:21b; 4:2ff, 9; 5:1, 6f, 11, 13 al. (s. Cat. Cod. Astr. IX/2 p. 118f, notes w. lit.).—ὁ θρόνος τ. χάριτος Hb 4:16; τ. μεγαλωσύνης 8:1.—Of heaven as God’s throne (after Is 66:1) Mt 5:34; 23:22; Ac 7:49; B 16:2 (the two last pass. are direct quot. of Is 66:1.—Cp. Theosophien 56, 33f. For heaven as the throne of Zeus s. Orpheus: Hymn. 62, 2f Q. and Demosth. 25, 11).
    γ. of Christ, who occupies the throne of his ancestor David (s. α above). It is a θ. δόξης αὐτοῦ Mt 19:28a; 25:31 (PsSol; 2:19); an eternal throne Hb 1:8 (Ps 44:7), which stands at the right hand of the Father’s throne Pol 2:1 or is even identical w. it Rv 22:1, 3; cp. 3:21b. His own are to share this throne w. him vs. 21a.
    δ. of the 12 apostles as judges (Philochorus [IV/III B.C.]: 328 Fgm. 64bβ Jac. the νομοφύλακες … ἐπὶ θρόνων ἐκάθηντο; Plut., Mor. 807b; Paus. 2, 31, 3; Ps 121:5; Jos., Ant. 18, 107) or rulers in the time of the final consummation Mt 19:28b (Galen X 406 K. Θέσσαλος ἅμα τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ σοφισταῖς ἐφʼ ὑψηλοῦ θρόνου καθήμενος); Lk 22:30; cp. Rv 20:4.
    ε. of the 24 elders of Rv 4:4; 11:16.—Rv also mentions thrones of infernal powers; the throne of the dragon, which the ‘beast’ receives 13:2; cp. 16:10.—ὁ θ. τοῦ Σατανᾶ 2:13 in the letter to Pergamum is freq. (e.g. Dssm., LO 240, 8 [LAE 280, 2]; Lohmeyer ad loc.; Boll 112, 4) taken to be the famous Altar of Zeus there (cp. En 25:3 the mountain whose peak is like a throne); others (Zahn; JWeiss, RE X 551) prefer to think of the temple of Asclepius, and Bousset of Perg. as the center of the emperor-cult.—TBirt, D. Thron d. Satans: PhilologWoch 52, ’32, 259–66.
    ② supreme power over a political entity, dominion, sovereignty, fig. extension of mng. 1 (a semantic component prob. present in some of the aforementioned passages, for the idea of authority is intimately associated with the chair that is reserved for an authority figure) θ. αἰώνιος of Jesus Christ 1 Cl 65:2; MPol 21.
    ③ name of a class of powerful beings, earthly or transcendent, the enthroned, pl. (TestLevi 3:8; cp. the astrol. PMich 149 XVI, 23 and 24 [II A.D.].—Kephal. I 117, 24–26, personification of the one who sits on the throne, the judge) perh. of transcendent beings Col 1:16 (cp. Mel., P. 83, 620; DSanger, in EDNT s.v.), but in view of the ref. to things ‘seen and unseen’ in the same vs. it is probable that the author thinks also of earthly rulers (s. 2 above).—B. 481. DELG. 1628–31. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > θρόνος

  • 6 отказвам

    refuse, decline (да to)
    (отговарям отрицателно) deny, answer in the negative, return a negative; reject
    отказвам на refuse
    отказвам да дам съгласието си withhold o.'s consent, отказвам да приема (храма и пр.) reject
    отказвам да се подчиня на defy
    отказвам да се подчиня на закона defy the law
    отказвам да изпълня задължение repudiate an obligation
    отказвам да платя дълг repudiate/dishonour a debt
    отказвам да дам подкрепата си withhold o.'s support (на from)
    отказвам да дам позволение withhold permission
    отказвам на кандидат за женитба refuse a suitor
    отказвам да действувам (за механизъм) fail
    отказвам се give up (от, да-, с ger.)
    desist (от, да from с ger.)
    отказвам се от give up, renounce, drop, ( дете) disavow, (мнение и пр,) recant, ( чрез договор) cede. юр. disclaim, waive
    отказвам се от покапа decline an invitation
    отказвам се от правата си renounce/relinquish/abdicate/yield o.'s rights
    не се отказвам от правата си stand firm on o.'s rights
    отказвам се от наследство give up an inheritance
    отказвам се от престола abdicate, renounce o.'s/the throne
    отказвам се от миналото си renounce o.'s past
    отказвам се от длъжността си give up/relinquish/resign o.'s position
    отказвам се от задълженията си renounce o.'s obligations
    отказвам се от членство drop o.'s membership
    отказвам се от убежденията си renounce o.'s convictions, give up o.'s beliefs, recant
    отказвам се от идея give up/drop an idea. set an idea aside
    отказвам се от всяка мисъл, за give up all thought of
    отказвам да се занимавам с refuse to have anything to do with, write off
    отказвам се да съдя renounce/withhold judgment, suspend/defer (o.'s) judgment
    отказвам се от намерението си abandon o.'s intention
    отказвам се от опит relinquish/give up an attempt
    отказвам се от обещание go back on a promise
    отказвам се от думите си deny/renounce/withdraw/retract o.'s words
    отказвам се от подписа си refuse to acknowledge o.'s signature, deny o.'s signature
    отказвам се от честта да decline the honour of (c ger)
    отказвам се от поданството си expatriate o.s.
    отказвам се от по-нататъшно водене на дело (за адвокат) throw down o.'s brief, отказвам се от състезание drop out of/retire from a competition
    отказвам се от кафето/от пиене go off coffee/liquor
    отказвам се or пушене/пиене give up smoking/drinking
    не бих се отказал от една бира I wouldn't say no to a glass of beer
    отказвам се! (много е трудно) I give up разг. it beats/licks me
    * * *
    отка̀звам,
    гл. refuse (на -), decline (да to); ( отговарям отрицателно) deny, answer in the negative, return a negative; reject; (да дам) withhold; \отказвам да действам (за механизъм) fail; \отказвам да изпълня задължение repudiate an obligation; \отказвам да приема ( храна и пр.) reject; ( плащане на чек и пр.) dishonour; \отказвам да разбера shut o.’s mind to; \отказвам да се подчиня на defy; \отказвам на кандидат за женитба refuse a suitor;
    \отказвам се give up (от, да -, с ger.); ( доброволно) forfeit; for(e)go; desist (от, да from с ger.); (от нещо скъпо) forsake; разг. kiss (s.th.) goodbye; непрех. throw in o.’s hand, call it quits; не бих се отказал от една бира I wouldn’t say no to a glass of beer; I could do with a glass of beer; не се \отказвам от правата си stand firm on o.’s rights; никога не ми е отказвано I have never been refused; \отказвам се! ( много е трудно) I give up! разг. it beats/licks me; \отказвам се да съдя renounce/withhold judgement, suspend/defer (o.’s) judgement; \отказвам се от give up, renounce, drop, ( дете) disavow, ( мнение и пр.) recant, ( категорично, под клетва) foreswear; ( чрез договор) cede, юр. disclaim, waive; \отказвам се от борбата throw in the towel/sponge; \отказвам се от длъжността си give up/relinquish/resign o.’s position; \отказвам се от думите си deny/renounce/withdraw/retract o.’s words; \отказвам се от задълженията си renounce o.’s obligations; \отказвам се от идея give up/drop an idea, set an idea aside; \отказвам се от кафето/от пиене go off coffee/liquor; \отказвам се от намерението си abandon o.’s intention; \отказвам се от обещание go back on a word/promise; \отказвам се от печалбата в името на безопасността forfeit profit in the name of safety; \отказвам се от поданството си expatriate o.s.; \отказвам се от подписа си refuse to acknowledge o.’s signature, deny o.’s signature; \отказвам се от покана decline an invitation; \отказвам се от по-нататъшно водене на дело (за адвокат) throw down o.’s brief; \отказвам се от правата си renounce/relinquish/abdicate/forfeit/yield o.’s rights; \отказвам се от престола abdicate, renounce o.’s/the throne; \отказвам се от състезание drop out of/retire from a competition; \отказвам се от убежденията си renounce o.’s convictions, give up o.’s beliefs, recant; \отказвам се от честта да decline the honour of (с ger.); \отказвам се от членство drop o.’s membership; той се отказа от тази мисъл he thought better of it.
    * * *
    cancel: He called to отказвам the appointment. - Той се обади да откаже срещата.; refuse: She отказвамd to join us. - Тя отказа да дойде с нас.; deny; disallow; rebuff{ri`bXf}; reject; waive (юр.){weiv}
    * * *
    1. (|| ОТКАЗВАМ се give up (oт, да -, с ger.) 2. (отговарям отрицателно) deny, answer in the negative, return a negative;reject 3. (плащана на чек) dishonour 4. desist (от, да from с ger,) 5. refuse, decline (да to) 6. ОТКАЗВАМ ce or пушене/пиене give up smoking/drinking 7. ОТКАЗВАМ ce oт обещание go back on a promise 8. ОТКАЗВАМ ce oт опит relinquish/give up an attempt 9. ОТКАЗВАМ ce от намерението си abandon o.'s intention 10. ОТКАЗВАМ да дам подкрепата си withhold o.'s support (на from) 11. ОТКАЗВАМ да дам позволение withhold permission 12. ОТКАЗВАМ да дам съгласието си withhold o.'s consent, ОТКАЗВАМ да приема (храма и пр.) reject 13. ОТКАЗВАМ да действувам (за механизъм) fail 14. ОТКАЗВАМ да изпълня задължение repudiate an obligation 15. ОТКАЗВАМ да платя дълг repudiate/dishonour a debt 16. ОТКАЗВАМ да се занимавам с refuse to have anything to do with, write off 17. ОТКАЗВАМ да се подчиня на defy 18. ОТКАЗВАМ да се подчиня на закона defy the law 19. ОТКАЗВАМ на refuse 20. ОТКАЗВАМ на кандидат за женитба refuse a suitor 21. ОТКАЗВАМ се да съдя renounce/withhold judgment, suspend/defer (o.'s) judgment 22. ОТКАЗВАМ се от give up, renounce, drop, (дете) disavow, (мнение и пр,) recant, (чрез договор) cede. юр. disclaim, waive 23. ОТКАЗВАМ се от всяка мисъл, за give up all thought of 24. ОТКАЗВАМ се от длъжността си give up/relinquish/resign o.'s position 25. ОТКАЗВАМ се от думите си deny/renounce/withdraw/ retract o.'s words 26. ОТКАЗВАМ се от задълженията си renounce o.'s obligations 27. ОТКАЗВАМ се от идея give up/drop an idea. set an idea aside 28. ОТКАЗВАМ се от кaфето/от пиене go off coffee/liquor 29. ОТКАЗВАМ се от миналото си renounce o.'s past 30. ОТКАЗВАМ се от наследство give up an inheritance 31. ОТКАЗВАМ се от по-нататъшно водене на дело (за адвокат) throw down o.'s brief, ОТКАЗВАМ се от състезание drop out of/retire from a competition 32. ОТКАЗВАМ се от поданството си expatriate o. s. 33. ОТКАЗВАМ се от подписа си refuse to acknowledge o.'s signature, deny o.'s signature 34. ОТКАЗВАМ се от покапа decline an invitation 35. ОТКАЗВАМ се от правата си renounce/relinquish/abdicate/yield o.'s rights 36. ОТКАЗВАМ се от престола abdicate, renounce o.'s/the throne 37. ОТКАЗВАМ се от убежденията си renounce o.'s convictions, give up o.'s beliefs, recant 38. ОТКАЗВАМ се от честта да decline the honour of (c ger:) 39. ОТКАЗВАМ се от членство drop o.'s membership 40. ОТКАЗВАМ се! (много е трудно) I give up разг. it beats/licks me 41. не бих се отказал от една бира I wouldn't say no to a glass of beer 42. не се ОТКАЗВАМ от правата си stand firm on o.'s rights 43. той се отказа от тази мисъл he thought better of it

    Български-английски речник > отказвам

  • 7 стъпвам

    1. tread, step, set foot (in, on) make/take a step
    стъпвам бодро walk with vigorous strides
    стъпвам тежко walk heavily; trudge, tramp
    да не си ми стъпил вече в къщата don't you dare set foot in my house again; don't you dare cross my threshold
    не съм и стъпил там I have not even set foot there
    гледам къде стъпвам watch o.'s step (и прен.)
    2. вж. встъпвам
    стъпвам на крака вж. крак
    стъпвам на престола ascend the throne
    там не стъпва човешки крак it is an inaccessible place/spot
    стъпвам като в чинии/паници hobble
    стъпвам някому на врата/шията get s.o. under, bend s.o. to o.'s will, bring s.o. to his knees
    стъпвам в огъня за някого go through fire and water for s. o
    * * *
    стъ̀пвам,
    гл. tread, step, set foot (in, on); make/take a step; ( ходя) walk; гледам къде \стъпвам watch o.’s step (и прен.); \стъпвам тежко walk heavily; trudge, tramp; clomp; • \стъпвам като в чинии/паници hobble; \стъпвам на краката си find o.’s feet; \стъпвам някому на врата/шията get s.o. under, bend s.o. to o.’s will, bring s.o. to his knees; стъпил съм здраво на земята have both (o.’s) feet on the ground.
    * * *
    step ; tread ; make a step ; walk {wO;k} (ходя): стъпвам heavily - стъпвам тежко
    * * *
    1. (ходя) walk 2. tread, step, set foot (in, on) make/take a step 3. СТЪПВАМ бодро walk with vigorous strides 4. СТЪПВАМ в огъня за някого go through fire and water for s. o 5. СТЪПВАМ като в чинии/паници hobble 6. СТЪПВАМ на крака вж. крак 7. СТЪПВАМ на престола ascend the throne 8. СТЪПВАМ някому на врата/ шията get s. о. under, bend s. o. to o.'s will, bring s. o. to his knees 9. СТЪПВАМ тежко walk heavily;trudge, tramp 10. вж. встъпвам 11. гледам къде СТЪПВАМ watch o.'s step (u прен.) 12. да не си ми стъпил вече в къщата don't you dare set foot in my house again;don't you dare cross my threshold 13. не съм и стъпил там I have not even set foot there 14. там не стъпва човешки крак it is an inaccessible place/spot

    Български-английски речник > стъпвам

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 θρόνος

    -ου + ὁ N 2 3-62-29-42-27=163 Gn 41,40; Ex 11,5; 12,29; Jgs 3,20
    throne, seat Gn 41,40; throne (of glory) (metaph.) 1 Sm 2,8; throne, judge’s bench Ps 9,5; throne, kingdom 1 Kgs 2,33
    δοῦναι τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου αὐτοῦ to set his son upon his throne 1 Kgs 3,6; θρόνος κυρίου the throne of the Lord Jer 3,17
    *Prv 12,23 θρόνος αἰσθήσεως a throne of wisdom-דעת הסֵּכִּ for MT דעת ֶֹסהכּ he conceals (his) wisdom
    →TWNT

    Lust (λαγνεία) > θρόνος

  • 10 asseoir

    asseoir° [aswaʀ]
    ➭ TABLE 26
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = mettre assis) asseoir qn (personne debout) to sit sb down ; (personne couchée) to sit sb up
       b. ( = affermir) [+ réputation, autorité, théorie] to establish
       c. ( = stupéfier) (inf) to stagger
    2. reflexive verb
    ► s'asseoir [personne debout] to sit down ; [personne couchée] to sit up
    • le règlement, je m'assieds dessus ! (inf) you know what you can do with the rules! (inf!)
    * * *
    aswaʀ
    1.
    1) to sit [personne debout]; to sit [somebody] up [personne allongée]

    faire asseoir quelqu'un — ( contraindre) to make somebody sit down; ( convier) to offer a seat to somebody

    2) Construction, Bâtiment to seat, to bed [fondations]
    3) to establish [autorité, réputation]; to set up [argument]
    4) to base [cotisation, impôt]
    5) (colloq) to stagger (colloq), to astound

    2.
    s'asseoir verbe pronominal
    1) [personne debout] to sit (down); [personne allongée] to sit up

    s'asseoir à une or autour d'une table — lit to sit down at a table; fig to sit down at the negotiating table

    2) (colloq) ( mépriser)
    * * *
    aswaʀ
    1. vt
    1) [malade, bébé] to sit up, [personne debout] to sit down
    2) [autorité, réputation] to establish

    asseoir qch sur — to build sth on, (= étayer) to base sth on

    2. vi
    * * *
    asseoir verb table: asseoir
    A vtr
    1 ( sur un siège) to sit [personne debout]; to sit [sb] up [personne allongée]; asseoir qn sur ses genoux to sit ou take sb on one's knee; faire asseoir qn ( contraindre) to make sb sit down; ( convier) to offer a seat to sb; asseoir l'héritier sur le trône fig to install the heir on the throne;
    2 Constr to seat, to bed [fondations];
    3 ( établir) to establish [régime, autorité, réputation, conclusion]; to set up [argument]; asseoir sa réputation sur qch to build one's reputation on sth;
    4 Admin, Fisc to base [cotisation, impôt] (sur on);
    5 ○( sidérer) to stagger○; ça m'a assise I was staggered.
    B s'asseoir vpr
    1 [personne debout] to sit (down); [personne allongée] to sit up; s'asseoir sur une chaise/dans un fauteuil/par terre to sit on a chair/in an armchair/on the floor; je me suis assise dessus I sat on it; s'asseoir en tailleur to sit cross-legged; voulez-vous vous asseoir? would you like to sit down?; il n'y a rien pour s'asseoir there's nothing to sit on; asseyez-vous ( invitation) do sit down, do take a seat GB, please be seated; ( ordre) sit down; s'asseoir à une or autour d'une table lit to sit down at a table; fig to sit down at the negotiating table; s'asseoir sur le trône to come to the throne;
    2 ○( mépriser) s'asseoir sur not to give a damn about○.
    [aswar] verbe transitif
    1. [mettre en position assise]
    a. [le mettre sur un siège] to sit somebody down
    b. [le redresser dans son lit] to sit somebody up
    2. (soutenu) [consolider] to establish
    3. [faire reposer - statue] to sit, to rest
    5. FINANCE [impôt, taxe] to base, to fix
    ————————
    [aswar] verbe intransitif
    ————————
    s'asseoir verbe pronominal intransitif
    1. [s'installer] to sit down
    asseyez-vous donc please, do sit down
    votre dossier, vous pouvez vous asseoir dessus you know what you can do with your file

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > asseoir

  • 11 STÍGA

    * * *
    (stig; steig or sté, stigum; stiginn), v.
    1) to step, tread (hón mátti ekki s. á fótinn); s. fótum á land, to set foot on land; s. fram, to step forward; to die, = fara fram; s. undan borði, to rise from table; s. á hest, s. á bak, to mount one’s horse, get on horseback; s. af hesti, af baki, to alight; s. á skip, to go on board; s. fyrir borð, to leap overboard; s. ofan, to step down; s. upp, to ascend; s. til ríkis, to ascend the throne; s. yfir e-t, to overcome; s. yfir höfuð e-m, to get the better of one;
    2) to step on, set foot on, with acc.; hér sté hón land af legi, she landed here from the sea; O. steig í sundr orfit, O. trod asunder the scythe-handle.
    * * *
    pres. stíg; part. steig, steigt (Fms. vii. 160), steig, pl. stigu; also sté, Niðrst. 8; þú stétt, Blas. 50, Fms. vii. 160, v. l.; stéttú, Edda 54 (in a verse): subj. stigi; imperat. stíg, stígðú; part. stiginn: [Ulf. steigan = A. S. stîgan, Old Engl. to sty; Germ. steigen, etc.]:—to step, esp. to step upwards; hón mátti ekki stíga á fótinn, Bs. i. 343; stíga fótum á Noreg, á land, to set foot on, Fms. x. 259; svá nær landi, at maðr má stíga á hólmann, Sks. 93 B; stíga í skó, N. G. L. i. 31; hann sté í gólfit upp at ökla, Fms. iii. 188; þú steigt (v. l. stétt) upp ór ánni, vii. 160; annarr fótr sökk áðr öðrum væri upp stigit, ix. 511, v. l.; s. yfir borð, to step over the table, Sks. 259; s. fram, to step forward, Nj. 50, 52; s. undan borði, to rise from table, Ísl. ii. 352; þeir stigu á skíð, Eg 545; stiga á skip, to go on board, Nj. 19, Fms. viii. 228; s. í bát, ix. 374, Nj. 172; s. á hest, to mount one’s horse, Fms. xi. 332; s. á bak, to get on horseback, Nj. 58; s. af hesti, af baki, to alight, 53, 58, 104, Eg. 744: stíga stórum, to stride, take long steps; hann spurði hverr þar stigi stórum, Bs. i. 628 (stór-stígr, smá-stígr); s. fyrir borð, to leap overboard, Fms. ii. 117; s. ofan, to step down, x. 238; s. upp, to ascend; s. upp til himna, Rb. 56; s. niðr, to descend, 623. 8; cp. upp-stigning, ascent; niðr-stigning, descent: s. í fótspor e-m, Fs. 4, Sks. 13; s. til ríkis, to ascend the throne, Fms. x. 390, 410, 415; s. til föður-leifðar sinnar, xi. 331; konungr steig til vizku, x. 380:—s. yfir, to overcome, Blas. 50; stíg þú yfir íllt með góðu, Hom. 6; at stíga yfir höfuð þvílíkum höfðingjum, Fms. vii. 296; en nú er svá komit aldri mínum, at þat er á öngri stundu örvænt, nær elli stígr yfir höfuð mér, Eb. 332; ef talan stígr yfir (oversteps, exceeds) sjau, Rb. 128.
    2. with acc., steig hann keflit af spjóts-oddinum, Fms. xi. 347; hann steig í sundr orbit, Fb. i. 522.
    II. reflex., sú reiði stígsk yfir með þolinmæði, Hom. 26; hirð eigi þú yfir at stígask af íllu, 6. Róm. xii. 21.
    2. part., yfir-stiginn, overcome, vanquished, 625. 40, Sks. 551.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > STÍGA

  • 12 suceder

    v.
    1 to succeed.
    La empresa sucedió The company succeeded.
    2 to happen.
    suceda lo que suceda whatever happens
    Algo sucedió Something happened.
    3 to happen to.
    Nos sucedió algo cómico ayer Something funny happened to us yesterday.
    * * *
    1 (Used only in the 3rd person; it does not take a subject) (acontecer) to happen, occur
    ■ ¿qué sucede? what's the matter?
    2 (seguir) to follow (a, -), succeed (a, -)
    3 (heredar) to succeed
    1 to follow one another
    \
    suceda lo que suceda whatever happens, come what may
    lo sucedido what happened
    * * *
    verb
    1) to happen, occur
    2) succeed, follow, come after
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=ocurrir) to happen

    suceda lo que suceda — come what may, whatever happens

    ¿qué sucede? — what's going on?

    lo que sucede es que... — the fact o the trouble is that...

    lo más que puede suceder es que... — the worst that can happen is that...

    2) (=seguir)

    a este cuarto sucede otro mayor — a larger room leads off this one, a larger room lies beyond this one

    2.
    VT [+ persona] to succeed

    si muere, ¿quién la sucederá? — if she dies, who will succeed?

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( ocurrir) to happen

    ¿qué sucede? — what's happening?, what's going on?

    ¿le ha sucedido algo? — has something happened to him?

    lo peor or (fam) lo más que puede suceder es que... — the worst that can happen is that...

    no te abandonaré, suceda lo que suceda — I'll never leave you, come what may

    suceda lo que suceda no te muevas de aquí — whatever happens o no matter what happens don't move from here

    2) ( en el tiempo) hecho/época
    2.
    suceder vt (en trono, cargo) to succeed
    3.
    sucederse v pron to follow
    * * *
    = happen, occur, take + place, come about, go on, transpire, come to + pass, succeed.
    Ex. Everything that happens in the couple's tiny, shrunken, enclosed world is addictive, unglamorous, and boringly awful.
    Ex. In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex. This substitution takes place only in the online public access catalog.
    Ex. In the next chapter we look at how this development came about and the directions it has taken.
    Ex. How she ached to be a poet and by some wizardry of pen capture the mysteries going on out there.
    Ex. The 2nd is the fact that most information seeking transpires with little help from librarians, who have consistently failed to establish themselves as primary information professionals.
    Ex. The most devasting consequences predicted in 1980, such as the loss of small presses, have not come to pass.
    Ex. In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    ----
    * aclarar lo que sucedió = get + Posesivo + story straight, get + Posesivo + story right.
    * aclarar lo sucedido = get + Posesivo + story straight, get + Posesivo + story right.
    * cambio + suceder = change + take place.
    * ¿qué sucede si... ? = what if... ?.
    * que sucede sólo una vez = one-off.
    * si es que sucede alguna vez = if ever.
    * suceder de acuerdo con lo previsto = come off + on schedule.
    * suceder un cambio = occur + change.
    * tener que suceder = be bound to happen.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1) ( ocurrir) to happen

    ¿qué sucede? — what's happening?, what's going on?

    ¿le ha sucedido algo? — has something happened to him?

    lo peor or (fam) lo más que puede suceder es que... — the worst that can happen is that...

    no te abandonaré, suceda lo que suceda — I'll never leave you, come what may

    suceda lo que suceda no te muevas de aquí — whatever happens o no matter what happens don't move from here

    2) ( en el tiempo) hecho/época
    2.
    suceder vt (en trono, cargo) to succeed
    3.
    sucederse v pron to follow
    * * *
    = happen, occur, take + place, come about, go on, transpire, come to + pass, succeed.

    Ex: Everything that happens in the couple's tiny, shrunken, enclosed world is addictive, unglamorous, and boringly awful.

    Ex: In DOBIS/LIBIS, this occurs only when entering multiple surnames.
    Ex: This substitution takes place only in the online public access catalog.
    Ex: In the next chapter we look at how this development came about and the directions it has taken.
    Ex: How she ached to be a poet and by some wizardry of pen capture the mysteries going on out there.
    Ex: The 2nd is the fact that most information seeking transpires with little help from librarians, who have consistently failed to establish themselves as primary information professionals.
    Ex: The most devasting consequences predicted in 1980, such as the loss of small presses, have not come to pass.
    Ex: In 1964 he was promoted to Associate Director of the Processing Department where he succeeded John Cronin as Director four years later.
    * aclarar lo que sucedió = get + Posesivo + story straight, get + Posesivo + story right.
    * aclarar lo sucedido = get + Posesivo + story straight, get + Posesivo + story right.
    * cambio + suceder = change + take place.
    * ¿qué sucede si... ? = what if... ?.
    * que sucede sólo una vez = one-off.
    * si es que sucede alguna vez = if ever.
    * suceder de acuerdo con lo previsto = come off + on schedule.
    * suceder un cambio = occur + change.
    * tener que suceder = be bound to happen.

    * * *
    suceder [E1 ]
    vi
    A (ocurrir) to happen
    ¿qué sucede? what's happening?, what's going on?
    ¿le ha sucedido algo? has something happened to him?
    lo peor or ( fam) lo más que puede suceder es que … the worst that can happen is that …
    le expliqué lo sucedido I explained to him what had happened
    no te abandonaré, suceda lo que suceda I'll never leave you, come what may
    suceda lo que suceda no debes moverte de aquí whatever happens o no matter what happens you mustn't move from here
    lleva comida por lo que pueda suceder take some food just in case
    lo que sucede es que el coche no arranca the thing is that the car won't start
    B (en el tiempo) «hecho/época»: suceder A algo; to follow sth
    a este hecho sucedió otro no menos sorprendente this was followed by another equally surprising event
    C ( Der) to inherit suceder EN algo to inherit sth
    sucederán en la mitad de los bienes they will inherit half of the estate
    ■ suceder
    vt
    (en el trono, un cargo) to succeed
    ¿quién lo sucedió al frente de la empresa? who succeeded him as head of the company?
    «hechos/acontecimientos» to follow
    los acontecimientos se sucedían de manera vertiginosa events followed o succeeded each other at a dizzy pace
    desde entonces se han sucedido distintas actividades dedicadas a recordar esta efemérides since then there have been a series of different activities to commemorate this date
    * * *

     

    suceder ( conjugate suceder) verbo intransitivo
    1 ( ocurrir) to happen;
    ◊ ¿le ha sucedido algo? has something happened to him?;

    le expliqué lo sucedido I explained to him what had happened;
    por lo que pueda suceder just in case
    2 ( en el tiempo) [hecho/época] suceder A algo to follow sth
    verbo transitivo (en trono, cargo) to succeed
    suceder
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (acontecer, pasar) to happen: nadie me explicó lo que sucedía, no one explained to me what was going on: ¿qué sucede?, what's the matter?
    suceda lo que suceda..., whatever happens...
    2 (seguir, ir después) to follow
    el tres sucede al dos, three comes after two
    II vtr (en un cargo) to succeed
    el príncipe sucederá al rey, the prince will succeed the king
    ♦ Locuciones: por lo que pueda suceder, just in case
    ' suceder' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desarrollarse
    - ser
    - haber
    - pasar
    - resultar
    - retrasarse
    - sobrevenir
    - terciarse
    - venir
    - jamás
    - tratar
    English:
    come about
    - go on
    - happen
    - occur
    - succeed
    - bound
    - recur
    - see
    - transpire
    * * *
    ♦ v impersonal
    [ocurrir] to happen;
    sucedió el año pasado it happened last year;
    nunca nos había sucedido nada igual we'd never had anything like it happen to us before;
    suceda lo que suceda whatever happens;
    sucedió que me olvidé de poner el despertador what happened was that I forgot to set the alarm clock;
    lo peor que nos podía suceder es que… the worst that could happen to us is that…;
    sucedió que estábamos un día en el campo cuando… it so happens that we were in the country one day when…;
    llevaré provisiones para varios días por lo que pueda suceder I'll take enough provisions for a few days just in case anything happens;
    ¿qué te sucede? what's the matter (with you)?
    ♦ vt
    [sustituir] to succeed (en in);
    al presidente socialista le sucedió un conservador the socialist president was succeeded by a conservative;
    sucedió a su padre en el trono he succeeded his father to the throne
    ♦ vi
    [venir después]
    suceder a to come after, to follow;
    la primavera sucede al invierno spring follows winter;
    a la guerra sucedieron años muy tristes the war was followed by years of misery
    * * *
    v/i
    1 happen, occur;
    ¿qué sucede? what’s going on?
    2
    :
    suceder a follow;
    suceder en el trono succeed to the throne
    * * *
    1) ocurrir: to happen, to occur
    ¿qué sucede?: what's going on?
    suceda lo que suceda: come what may
    2)
    suceder a : to follow, to succeed
    suceder al trono: to succeed to the throne
    a la primavera sucede el verano: summer follows spring
    * * *
    1. (ocurrir) to happen
    2. (sustituir) to succeed

    Spanish-English dictionary > suceder

  • 13 innalzare

    raise
    ( erigere) erect
    * * *
    innalzare v.tr.
    1 (elevare) to lift (up), to raise (anche fig.), to elevate (anche fig.): innalzare una bandiera, to raise (o to hoist) a flag; innalzare le braccia, to raise one's arms; innalzare gli occhi al cielo, to raise (o to lift up) one's eyes to heaven; innalzare un inno, to raise a hymn; innalzare l'animo di qlcu., to elevate s.o.'s mind // innalzare un palo, (fissarlo in posizione verticale) to set up a pole // innalzare al settimo cielo, to praise (o to extol o to laud) to the skies
    2 (fig.) (elevare di condizione) to raise, to advance, to promote: innalzare qlcu. a una dignità, to raise (o to promote o to advance) s.o. to a dignity; innalzare qlcu. di grado, to raise s.o. to a higher rank (o to promote s.o.); innalzare qlcu. al trono, to raise s.o. to the throne; innalzare qlcu. all'onore degli altari, to make s.o. a saint
    3 (erigere) to build*, to erect, to put* up, to raise: innalzare un monumento, to put up (o to erect) a monument
    4 (rendere più alto) to raise, to make* higher: innalzare una casa di due piani, to make a house two storeys higher; innalzare un muro di due metri, to raise a wall by two metres (o to make a wall two metres higher); l'alta marea ha innalzato il livello dell'acqua, the high tide has raised the level of the water // innalzare la voce, to raise one's voice.
    ◘ innalzarsi v.rifl. o intr.pron.
    1 to rise*: il fumo s'innalzava verso il cielo, the smoke was rising towards the sky; montagne che s'innalzano oltre i 3000 m, mountains that rise to more than 3000 m; davanti alla casa s'innalzava un bel fico, before the house rose up (o stood) a beautiful fig tree
    2 (fig.) (elevarsi di condizione) to rise*: innalzare al di sopra della mediocrità, to rise above mediocrity; innalzare col proprio lavoro, to work one's way up
    3 (fig. letter.) (imporsi) to assert oneself.
    * * *
    [innal'tsare]
    1. vt
    (gen : sollevare) to raise, (costruire: monumento) to erect
    * * *
    [innal'tsare] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (sollevare) to raise, to put* up [ bandiera]; to address, to uplift [ preghiera]
    2) (erigere) to erect, to raise [statua, monumento]; to erect [ impalcatura]; to put* up, to raise [ barriera]
    3) (fare salire) to raise [ temperatura]; to improve, to raise [livello, standard]
    4) fig. to elevate (a to)

    innalzare qcn. al trono, al rango di — to raise sb. to the throne, to the rank of

    5) (nobilitare) to elevate, to uplift [mente, anima]
    2.
    verbo pronominale innalzarsi
    1) (sollevarsi) [ mongolfiera] to float off, to rise* up; fig. [ anima] to ascend
    2) (ergersi) [ montagna] to rise* (up)
    3) (aumentare) [temperatura, livello dell'acqua] to rise*
    * * *
    innalzare
    /innal'tsare/ [1]
     1 (sollevare) to raise, to put* up [ bandiera]; to address, to uplift [ preghiera]
     2 (erigere) to erect, to raise [ statua, monumento]; to erect [ impalcatura]; to put* up, to raise [ barriera]
     3 (fare salire) to raise [ temperatura]; to improve, to raise [ livello, standard]
     4 fig. to elevate ( a to); innalzare qcn. al trono, al rango di to raise sb. to the throne, to the rank of
     5 (nobilitare) to elevate, to uplift [ mente, anima]
    II innalzarsi verbo pronominale
     1 (sollevarsi) [ mongolfiera] to float off, to rise* up; fig. [ anima] to ascend
     2 (ergersi) [ montagna] to rise* (up)
     3 (aumentare) [ temperatura, livello dell'acqua] to rise*.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > innalzare

  • 14 asentar

    v.
    1 to set up.
    2 to secure.
    3 to settle, to establish, to radicate.
    El general asentó al pueblo ahí The general settled his people there.
    4 to write down, to put down, to jot down, to enter in.
    El juez asentó los comentarios The judge wrote down the comments.
    5 to place, to establish, to base, to rest.
    Ricardo asentó su casa en las afueras Richard placed his house on the outskirts.
    6 to be good for, to do good.
    Me asienta este clima This climate is good for me.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ ACERTAR], like link=acertar acertar
    1 (establecer) to establish; (apoyar) to base
    2 (colocar - gen) to locate; (- colonos) to settle
    ■ todos los edificios asentados en la Villa Olímpica cuentan con aparcamiento propio all buildings in the Olympic Village have their own parking facilities
    3 (fijar) to fix, set
    4 (calmar) to calm, settle
    5 (anotar) to enter, note down
    6 (golpes) to deal
    1 (establecerse) to settle
    2 (aves) to perch
    \
    asentar las bases to lay the foundations
    * * *
    verb
    1) to place, set up
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=colocar) [+ objeto] to place, fix; [+ tienda de campaña] to pitch; [+ campamento] to set up, pitch
    2) (=establecer) [+ principio] to lay down; [+ opinión] to state
    3) (=sentar) to seat, sit down
    4) (=aplanar) [+ tierra] to firm down; [+ costura] to flatten
    5) (=afilar) [+ filo] to sharpen; [+ cuchillo] to sharpen, hone
    6) [+ golpe] to deal
    7) (Com) [+ pedido] to enter, book; [+ libro mayor] to enter up
    8) (Constr) [+ cimientos] to lay down
    9) (Téc) [+ válvula] to seat
    10) Méx frm to state
    2.
    VI to be suitable, suit
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < campamento> to set up; <damnificados/refugiados> to place
    2)
    a) < objeto> to place carefully (o firmly etc)
    b) < tierra> to firm down
    c) < válvula> to seat
    d) <costura/dobladillo> to press
    e) <conocimientos/postura> to consolidate
    3) (Com, Fin) to enter
    4) (frml)
    a) <pauta/principio/criterio> to establish, lay down
    b) (Esp, Méx) ( afirmar) to affirm, state
    2.
    asentarse v pron
    1) café/polvo/terreno to settle
    2) ( estar situado) ciudad/edificio to be situated, be built
    3)
    a) ( establecerse) to settle
    b) (esp AmL) ( adquirir madurez) to settle down
    * * *
    = put down, establish.
    Ex. Any individual might engage in different information managament activities aimed at putting down new information through writing, glossing, assembling or extracting, and so forth.
    Ex. The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    ----
    * asentarse = settle in, find + Posesivo + feet, settle, set up + camp.
    * volver a asentar = resettle.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) < campamento> to set up; <damnificados/refugiados> to place
    2)
    a) < objeto> to place carefully (o firmly etc)
    b) < tierra> to firm down
    c) < válvula> to seat
    d) <costura/dobladillo> to press
    e) <conocimientos/postura> to consolidate
    3) (Com, Fin) to enter
    4) (frml)
    a) <pauta/principio/criterio> to establish, lay down
    b) (Esp, Méx) ( afirmar) to affirm, state
    2.
    asentarse v pron
    1) café/polvo/terreno to settle
    2) ( estar situado) ciudad/edificio to be situated, be built
    3)
    a) ( establecerse) to settle
    b) (esp AmL) ( adquirir madurez) to settle down
    * * *
    = put down, establish.

    Ex: Any individual might engage in different information managament activities aimed at putting down new information through writing, glossing, assembling or extracting, and so forth.

    Ex: The intention is to establish a general framework, and then to give exceptions or further explanation and examples for each area in turn.
    * asentarse = settle in, find + Posesivo + feet, settle, set up + camp.
    * volver a asentar = resettle.

    * * *
    asentar [A5 ]
    vt
    A
    1 ‹campamento› to set up
    2 ‹damnificados/refugiados› to place
    B
    1 ‹objeto› to place carefully ( o firmly etc)
    asienta bien la escalera make sure the ladder's steady
    2 ‹tierra› to firm down
    3 ‹válvula› to seat
    4 ‹costura/dobladillo› to press
    5 ‹conocimientos› to consolidate
    tratemos de asentar estos puntos antes de seguir let's try to consolidate these points before continuing
    C ( Com, Fin) to enter
    D ( Méx frml) (afirmar) to affirm, state
    A «café/solución/polvo» to settle; «terreno/cimientos» to settle
    B (estar situado) «ciudad/edificio» to be situated, be built
    C
    1 (establecerse) to settle
    2 ( esp AmL) (adquirir madurez) to settle down
    * * *

    asentar ( conjugate asentar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹ campamento› to set up;
    ‹damnificados/refugiados› to place
    2
    a) ‹ objeto› to place carefully (o firmly etc)

    b) ‹conocimientos/postura› to consolidate

    3 (Com, Fin) to enter
    asentarse verbo pronominal
    1 [café/polvo/terreno] to settle
    2 ( estar situado) [ciudad/edificio] to be situated, be built
    3


    asentar verbo transitivo to settle
    ' asentar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    settle
    - book
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [instalar] [empresa, campamento] to set up;
    [comunidad, pueblo] to settle
    2. [asegurar] to secure;
    [cimientos] to lay
    3. [afianzar] [conocimientos] to consolidate;
    toma un té, te asentará el estómago have a cup of tea, it will settle your stomach
    4. [golpe]
    le asentó una bofetada she slapped him, she gave him a slap;
    le asentaron dos puñaladas he was stabbed twice
    5. [apuntar] [entrada] to make;
    [cifras] to enter; [firma] to affix
    * * *
    v/t
    1 refugiados place, settle
    2 objeto place
    * * *
    asentar {55} vt
    1) : to lay down, to set down, to place
    2) : to settle, to establish
    3) Mex : to state, to affirm

    Spanish-English dictionary > asentar

  • 15 wieder

    Adv.
    1. (erneut) again; wieder einmal once again; immer wieder again and again; nie wieder never again; nie wieder Krieg! no more war!; schon wieder yet again; schon wieder? not again!; wieder und wieder again and again, over and over again; wieder ganz von vorn anfangen start again right from the beginning; wieder anlegen (Geld) reinvest, plough (Am. plow) back; wieder aufführen show again; (Film) rerun; (Konzert) give again, do a repeat of; wieder aufleben revive; wieder aufnehmen Handlung: resume; THEAT. revive; JUR. reopen; Kontakte wieder aufnehmen renew ties; wieder erleben relive, go through s.th. again; das Feuer wieder eröffnen reopen fire, start firing again; wieder geboren reborn; wieder geborene Christen born-again Christians; er ist der wieder geborene... he’s another..., he’s... come back to life (again); wieder herstellen produce ( oder make) again; industriell: manufacture again; wieder tun do again, repeat; wieder verwendbar reusable; wieder verwenden reuse, reutilize; wieder verwertbar recyclable; wieder verwerten (Abfallstoffe etc.) recycle; wieder wählen re-elect; er wurde wieder gewählt he was re-elected; ( schon) wieder eine Seite geschrieben that’s another page written; und wieder ist ein Tag vorbei that’s another day gone; da sieht man’s mal wieder! umg. it all goes to show
    2. bei Rückkehr in früheren Zustand: again; wieder aufbauen rebuild, reconstruct; (Firma etc.) rebuild; wieder aufbereiten oder aufarbeiten (Brennstäbe etc.) reprocess; (Abfälle) recycle; jemanden wieder aufrichten set s.o. up again; wieder aufrüsten rearm, wieder auftauchen aus Wasser: re-emerge; NAUT. auch (re)surface; fig. come to light again, reappear; Person: reappear on the scene, resurface, turn up again; wieder auftreten reappear; wieder ausführen Waren: re-export; wieder beleben resuscitate; auch fig. revive; eine Stelle wieder besetzen fill a vacancy; ein Land wieder bewaffnen rearm a country; wieder einbürgern (Wildtiere) renaturalize, reintroduce; wieder einführen reintroduce; (Brauch etc.) revive; (Ware) reimport; wieder einsetzen in Position: reinstate (in + Akk in); (Monarchen) restore to the throne; jemanden wieder in seine Rechte einsetzen restore s.o.’s rights, reinstate s.o.; jemanden wieder einstellen re(-)employ s.o., take s.o. back, give s.o. his ( oder her) job back; wieder entdecken rediscover; wieder erkennen recognize; nicht wieder zu erkennen unrecognizable; (verstümmelt etc.) maimed etc. beyond recognition; es ist nicht wieder zu erkennen you won’t recognize it; wieder eröffnen (Geschäft) reopen; wieder erscheinen reappear; Zeitung: resume publication, reappear on the newsstands; wieder erscheinen lassen republish; wieder erwecken (Interesse, Gefühle) revive; (jemanden) bring s.o. back to life; wieder finden find again; fig. (Selbstvertrauen etc.) regain; seine Sprache wieder finden be able to speak again; sich oder einander wieder finden find (their way back to) each other again; sich wieder finden irgendwo: find o.s. (in + Dat in), end up (in); (sich seelisch erholen) recover, get back on an even keel; sich wieder ( ein) finden Sache: turn up again, reappear, resurface; wieder herrichten oder instand setzen repair; (renovieren) renovate, do up umg.; ( sich) wieder vereinigen reunite; sich wieder verheiraten remarry, marry again ( oder a second etc. time); ich bin gleich wieder da I’ll be back in a minute, I shan’t (Am. won’t) be a minute; jetzt erinnere ich mich wieder oder fällt es mir wieder ein! now I remember!; kann man das wieder kleben / reparieren? umg. can it be stuck back together / repaired?
    3. umg. (zurück) back; (als Vergeltung) in return; gib es mir wieder zurück give it back to me, give it me back umg.; wenn du mich schlägst, schlage ich dich wieder I’ll hit you back
    4. (wiederum) again; dafür ist er wieder teuer but then he’s expensive; das ist wieder was ganz anderes that’s something else again; manche sind grün, andere blau, und wieder andere sind gelb some are green, others blue, and yet others yellow
    5. umg.: wo willst du wieder hin? ungeduldig: where are you off to this time?; das ist ja wieder typisch! verärgert: that is just typical!; wie hieß sie ( gleich oder noch) wieder? what was she called again?; so alt bin ich nun auch wieder nicht! I’m not as old as all that!; da hat er auch wieder Recht he’s right about that too; für nichts und wieder nichts for nothing at all; hin
    * * *
    again; once more; afresh; all over again
    * * *
    wie|der ['viːdɐ]
    adv

    wíéder nüchtern/glücklich etc — sober/happy etc again

    immer wíéder, wíéder und wíéder — again and again

    wíéder mal, (ein)mal wíéder — (once) again

    komm doch wíéder mal vorbei — come and see me/us again

    wíéder ist ein Jahr vorbei — another year has passed

    wíéder was anderes or Neues — something else again, something quite different

    wie, schon wíéder? — what, again?

    wíéder da — back (again)

    da bin ich wíéder! — I'm back!, here I am again!

    das ist auch wíéder wahr — that's true

    da sieht man mal wíéder,... — it just shows...

    das fällt mir schon wíéder ein — I'll remember it again

    das Boot tauchte wíéder auf — the boat resurfaced

    wenn die Wunde wíéder aufbricht — if the wound reopens

    See:
    → wiedergeboren, wiederverwendbar, wiederverwertbar
    * * *
    (once more or another time: He never saw her again; He hit the child again and again; Don't do that again!; He has been abroad but he is home again now.) again
    * * *
    wie·der
    [ˈvi:dɐ]
    1. (erneut) again, once more [or again]
    \wieder anlaufen to restart
    etw \wieder anschließen to reconnect sth
    etw \wieder aufbauen to reconstruct [or rebuild] sth
    etw \wieder auffinden to retrieve sth
    etw \wieder aufladen to recharge sth
    Gespräche/Verhandlungen \wieder aufnehmen to resume talks/negotiations
    Beziehungen/Kontakte \wieder aufnehmen to re-establish relations/contacts
    etw \wieder beleben to revive sth
    \wieder einblenden to redisplay sth
    etw \wieder einführen to reintroduce sth; ÖKON to reimport sth
    jdn/etw [in etw akk] \wieder eingliedern to reintegrate sb/sth [into sth]
    jdn/etw \wieder einsetzen to reinstate sb/sth
    jdn \wieder einstellen to reappoint [or re-employ] [or re-engage] sb; (nach ungerechtfertigter Entlassung) to reinstate sb
    etw \wieder eröffnen ÖKON to reopen sth
    etw \wieder tun to do sth again
    tu das nie \wieder! don't ever do it [or you ever do that] again
    \wieder mal again
    \wieder und \wieder time and again
    2. (wie zuvor) [once] again
    3. (nochmal) yet
    * * *
    1) (erneut) again

    je/nie wieder — ever/never again

    immer wieder, (geh.) wieder und wieder — again and again; time and [time] again

    etwas wieder aufnehmen — (fig.) resume something

    ein Thema/eine Idee wieder aufnehmen — take up a subject/an idea again

    ein Verfahren wieder aufnehmen — (Rechtspr.) reopen a case

    wiederauftauchen — (fig.) turn up again

    jemanden/etwas wieder erkennen — recognize somebody/something

    etwas wieder finden — find something again; (fig.) regain something

    jemanden/etwas wieder sehen — see somebody/something again

    2) (unterscheidend): (noch)

    einige..., andere... und wieder andere... — some..., others..., and yet others...

    ich bin gleich wieder da — I'll be right back (coll.); I'll be back in a minute

    etwas wieder aufbauen — reconstruct something; rebuild something

    jemanden wieder aufrichten — (fig.) give fresh heart to somebody

    jemanden wieder beleben — revive or resuscitate somebody

    eine Freundschaft/einen Brauch wieder beleben — revive or resurrect a friendship/custom

    etwas wieder gutmachen — make something good; put something right

    4) (andererseits, anders betrachtet)
    5) s. wiederum 3)
    6) (zur Vergeltung/zum Dank) likewise; also
    7) (ugs.): (noch)

    wo/wann war das [gleich] wieder? — where/when was that again?

    * * *
    wieder adv
    1. (erneut) again;
    wieder einmal once again;
    immer wieder again and again;
    nie wieder never again;
    nie wieder Krieg! no more war!;
    schon wieder yet again;
    schon wieder? not again!;
    wieder und wieder again and again, over and over again;
    wieder ganz von vorn anfangen start again right from the beginning;
    wieder anlegen (Geld) reinvest, plough (US plow) back;
    wieder aufführen show again; (Film) rerun; (Konzert) give again, do a repeat of;
    wieder aufnehmen Handlung: resume; THEAT revive; JUR reopen;
    wieder erleben relive, go through sth again;
    das Feuer wieder eröffnen reopen fire, start firing again;
    wieder herstellen produce ( oder make) again; industriell: manufacture again;
    wieder tun do again, repeat;
    (schon) wieder eine Seite geschrieben that’s another page written;
    und wieder ist ein Tag vorbei that’s another day gone;
    da sieht man’s mal wieder! umg it all goes to show
    wieder aufbauen rebuild, reconstruct; (Firma etc) rebuild;
    wieder aufarbeiten (Brennstäbe etc) reprocess; (Abfälle) recycle;
    jemanden wieder aufrichten set sb up again;
    wieder auftauchen aus Wasser: re-emerge; SCHIFF auch (re)surface;
    wieder auftreten reappear;
    wieder beleben fig revive;
    ein Land wieder bewaffnen rearm a country;
    wieder einbürgern (Wildtiere) renaturalize, reintroduce;
    wieder einführen reintroduce; (Brauch etc) revive; (Ware) reimport;
    in +akk in); (Monarchen) restore to the throne;
    jemanden wieder in seine Rechte einsetzen restore sb’s rights, reinstate sb;
    jemanden wieder einstellen re(-)employ sb, take sb back, give sb his ( oder her) job back;
    wieder erscheinen reappear; Zeitung: resume publication, reappear on the newsstands;
    sich wieder einfinden Sache: turn up again, reappear, resurface;
    wieder instand setzen repair; (renovieren) renovate, do up umg;
    sich wieder verheiraten remarry, marry again ( oder a second etc time);
    ich bin gleich wieder da I’ll be back in a minute, I shan’t (US won’t) be a minute;
    fällt es mir wieder ein! now I remember!;
    kann man das wieder kleben/reparieren? umg can it be stuck back together/repaired?
    3. umg (zurück) back; (als Vergeltung) in return;
    gib es mir wieder zurück give it back to me, give it me back umg; wenn du mich schlägst,
    schlage ich dich wieder I’ll hit you back
    4. (wiederum) again;
    dafür ist er wieder teuer but then he’s expensive;
    das ist wieder was ganz anderes that’s something else again;
    manche sind grün, andere blau, und wieder andere sind gelb some are green, others blue, and yet others yellow
    5. umg:
    wo willst du wieder hin? ungeduldig: where are you off to this time?;
    das ist ja wieder typisch! verärgert: that is just typical!;
    noch)
    wieder? what was she called again?;
    so alt bin ich nun auch wieder nicht! I’m not as old as all that!;
    da hat er auch wieder recht he’s right about that too;
    für nichts und wieder nichts for nothing at all; → hin
    * * *
    1) (erneut) again

    je/nie wieder — ever/never again

    immer wieder, (geh.) wieder und wieder — again and again; time and [time] again

    etwas wieder aufnehmen — (fig.) resume something

    ein Thema/eine Idee wieder aufnehmen — take up a subject/an idea again

    ein Verfahren wieder aufnehmen — (Rechtspr.) reopen a case

    wiederauftauchen — (fig.) turn up again

    jemanden/etwas wieder erkennen — recognize somebody/something

    etwas wieder finden — find something again; (fig.) regain something

    jemanden/etwas wieder sehen — see somebody/something again

    2) (unterscheidend): (noch)

    einige..., andere... und wieder andere... — some..., others..., and yet others...

    ich bin gleich wieder da — I'll be right back (coll.); I'll be back in a minute

    etwas wieder aufbauen — reconstruct something; rebuild something

    jemanden wieder aufrichten — (fig.) give fresh heart to somebody

    jemanden wieder beleben — revive or resuscitate somebody

    eine Freundschaft/einen Brauch wieder beleben — revive or resurrect a friendship/custom

    etwas wieder gutmachen — make something good; put something right

    4) (andererseits, anders betrachtet)
    5) s. wiederum 3)
    6) (zur Vergeltung/zum Dank) likewise; also
    7) (ugs.): (noch)

    wo/wann war das [gleich] wieder? — where/when was that again?

    * * *
    adv.
    afresh adv.
    again adv.
    against adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > wieder

  • 16 приемник

    1. приемница successor
    приемник/приемница на престола heir/heiress to the thrown/crown
    приемник съм на някого succed s.o
    2. рад. receiver, receiving set, wireless (set)
    лампов приемник a valve receiver
    детекторен приемник a crystal receiver/set
    * * *
    приѐмник,
    м., -ци; приѐмниц|а ж., -и successor; \приемникк на престола heir to the throne/Crown; \приемникк съм на някого succeed s.o.
    ——————
    м., -ци, (два) приѐмника 1. радио. receiver, receiving set, wireless (set); детекторен \приемникк a crystal receiver/set; лампов \приемникк a valve receiver; \приемникк, който излъчва сигнали bleeper;
    2. ( събирателен съд) receptacle.
    * * *
    acceptor; assignee; finder (тех.); receiver (рад.): приемник to the crown - приемник на престола; successor (продължител на дело, наследник); transducer (ел.)
    * * *
    1. (събирателен съд) receptacle 2. 1, приемница successor 3. 2 рад. receiver, receiving set, wireless (set) 4. ПРИЕМНИК съм на някого succed s.o 5. ПРИЕМНИК/приемница на престола heir/heiress to the thrown/crown 6. детекторенПРИЕМНИК a crystal receiver/set 7. лампов ПРИЕМНИК a valve receiver

    Български-английски речник > приемник

  • 17 καθίζω

    καθίζω (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; pseudepigr.; Joseph.; Just. [only in paraphrases]; Tat. 23, 1) fut. καθίσω Mt 25:31 and καθιῶ Is 47:8; 1 aor. ἐκάθισα, impv. κάθισον Mk 12:36 v.l.; pf. 3 sg. κεκάθικεν (B-D-F §101; W-S. §14, 2, 15; Rob. 1216) Hb 12:2, 1 pl. κεκαθίκαμεν Hs 9, 5, 6; mid. fut. καθίσομαι and καθιοῦμαι Hv 3, 1, 9.
    ① to cause to sit down, seat, set, trans. καθίσας ἐν δεξιᾷ αὐτοῦ (God) had (him) sit at his right hand Eph 1:20. God swore to David ἐκ καρποῦ τῆς ὀσφύος αὐτοῦ καθίσαι ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον αὐτοῦ to set one of his descendants upon his throne Ac 2:30 (cp. 2 Ch 23:20). ἐκάθισαν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ καθέδραν κρίσεως they seated him on the judge’s chair GPt 3:7 (αὐτὸν ἐκάθισαν ἐπὶ βήματος Just., A I, 35, 6). J 19:13 is probably to be understood in this sense, since the trial is evidently in progress (cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 67; Loisy; PCorssen, ZNW 15, 1914, 339f; IdelaPotterie, Biblica 41, ’60, 217–47; s. CBQ 25, ’63, 124–26); but also s. 3 below. ἐκάθισέ με ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ ὸ̓ρους Hs 9, 1, 4. On an ass ἐκάθισεν αὐτήν GJs 17:2; ὄνῳ καθίσαντες αὐτόν MPol 8:1. ἐκάθισεν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ τρίτου βαθμοῦ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου on the third step of the altar GJs 7:3.
    ② to put in charge of someth., appoint, install, authorize, trans., fig. ext. of 1 (Pla., Leg. 9, 873e δικαστήν; Polyb. 40, 5, 3; Jos., Ant. 20, 200 καθίζει συνέδριον κριτῶν, Vi. 368; POxy 1469, 7) τοὺς ἐξουθενημένους ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ καθίζετε; do you appoint as judges persons who have no standing in the church? 1 Cor 6:4 (on καθ.=‘appoint as judge’ cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 75).
    ③ to take a seated position, sit down, intr. (Hdt., Thu., ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr.) abs. (Diod S 8, 10, 4; Polyaenus 2, 21; Just., A I, 32, 6) Mt 5:1; 13:48; Mk 9:35; Lk 4:20; 5:3; 7:15 v.l.; 14:28, 31; 16:6; J 8:2; Ac 13:14; 16:13; Hv 1, 2, 2. W. inf. foll. ἐκάθισεν φαγεῖν καὶ πεῖν 1 Cor 10:7 (Ex 32:6). W. an adv. of place ὧδε (Sb 4117, 5; Ruth 4:1, 2; 4 Km 7:4) Mk 14:32 (perh. stay here; Hv 3, 1, 8). αὐτοῦ here (Gen 22:5) Mt 26:36. W. prep. εἰς τὸν ναὸν τοῦ θεοῦ in the temple of God (PSI 502, 21 [III B.C.] καθίσαντες εἰς τὸ ἱερόν) 2 Th 2:4. εἰς τὴν κλίνην on the bed (cp. Dicaearchus, Fgm. 20 W. εἰς θρόνον) Hv 5:1 (on sitting down after prayer cp. the Pythagorean precept: Philosoph. Max. 508, 60 καθῆσθαι προσκυνήσαντες=after prayer we should sit down. Similarly Numa: Plut., Numa 14, 7.—HLewy, Philol. 84, 1929, 378–80). εἰς τὸν τόπον τοῦ ἀγγέλου Hs 8, 4, 1. εἰς τὸ ἔδαφος AcPl Ha 2, 20. ἐκ δεξιῶν τινος at someone’s right Mt 20:21, 23; Mk 10:37, 40; 12:36 v.l.; 16:19; Hv 3, 2, 2. Also ἐν δεξιᾷ τινος Hb 1:3; 8:1; 10:12; 12:2. ἐν τῷ θρόνῳ μου on my throne Rv 3:21ab (Hdt. 5, 25 ἐν τῷ κατίζων θρόνῳ). ἐπί τινος (3 Km 2:12 al. ἐπὶ θρόνου; Diod S 1, 92, 2; 17, 116, 3 ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου=sat down on; Jos., Ant. 8, 344) Mt 19:28a; 25:31; ἐπὶ τῆς καθέδρας 23:2 (B-D-F §342, 1; cp. Rob. 837). ἐπὶ τῷ θρόνῳ (τοῦ θ. codd.) GJs 11:1. ἐπί τι (Thu. 1, 126, 10; Aesop, Fab. 393 H.; AscIs 3:17) θρόνους Rv 20:4 (cp. 3 Km 1:46; 2 Ch 6:10); ἐπὶ καθέδραν B 10:10 (Ps 1:1); on an animal (TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 25 [Stone p. 60] ἐπὶ κτῆνος; Achilles Tat. 1, 12, 2 ἐπὶ τ. ἵππον) Mk 11:2, 7; Lk 19:30; J 12:14. Of the Holy Spirit as a flame of fire ἐκάθισεν ἐφʼ ἕνα ἕκαστον αὐτῶν it rested upon each one of them Ac 2:3; κατέναντί τινος opposite someth. Mk 12:41. σύν τινι sit down w. someone Ac 8:31. Esp. of a judge (Pla., Leg. 2 p. 659b; Ps 9:5) κ. ἐπὶ (τοῦ) βήματος sit down in the judge’s seat to open the trial (Jos., Bell. 2, 172 ὁ Πιλᾶτος καθίσας ἐπὶ βήματος, Ant. 20, 130) J 19:13 (JBlinzler, Der Prozess Jesu3 ’60, 257–62; s. 1 above); Ac 12:21; 25:6, 17.—Under a tree GJs 2:4.—Mid. sit down (Pla. et al.; 3 Km 1:13; Da 7:26 [LXX]; Just., D. 109, 3 [for ἀναπαύσεται Mi 4:4]) Mt 19:28b v.l.; J 6:3 v.l.; s. καθέζομαι and κάθημαι.
    ④ to be or remain in a place, intr. reside, settle, stay, live (Thu. 3, 107, 1; 4, 93, 1) ἐν τῇ πόλει Lk 24:49 (cp. 1 Ch 19:5; 2 Esdr 21 [Neh 11]: 1f; Jos., Bell. 1, 46, Ant. 18, 86; SIG 685, 28 ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ). W. acc. of time Ac 18:11.—DELG s.v. ἕζομαι. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > καθίζω

  • 18 wynosić

    (-szę, -sisz); imp -ś; perf wynieść; vt
    ( w inne miejsce) to take lub carry away; ( na zewnątrz) to take lub carry out; (balon, rakietę) to carry up; MAT to amount to

    wynosić kogoś na urząd/tron — to elevate sb to an office/the throne

    koszty/straty wyniosły 1000 funtów — the cost/damage amounted lub came to 1,000 pounds

    * * *
    ipf.
    1. (= niosąc, usuwać) carry out l. away.
    2. (= być równym czemuś) be, amount to; rachunek wynosi 20 dolarów the bill is $20.
    3. lit. (= podnosić) raise; wynosić kogoś pod niebiosa praise sb to the skies; wynieść kogoś na piedestał put l. place l. set sb on a pedestal; wynieść kogoś na tron put sb on the throne, throne sb.
    ipf.
    1. pot. (= opuszczać jakieś miejsce) get out; wynoś się stąd! get out of here!
    2. form. (= górować) tower ( nad czymś over sth).
    3. wynieść się na tamten świat (= umrzeć) reach a better world, meet one's Maker.
    4. tylko ipf. wynosić się nad kogoś (= pogardzać kimś) lord it over sb.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wynosić

  • 19 rimettere

    put back, return
    ( affidare) refer
    vomitare bring up
    ci ho rimesso molti soldi I lost a lot of money
    * * *
    rimettere v.tr.
    1 to replace, to put* back (again); ( addosso) to put* on again: rimettere un libro al suo posto, to replace a book; devo rimettere questi fiori sul tavolo?, shall I put these flowers back on the table?; rimettersi il cappello, to put one's hat on again; rimettere in uso, to bring into use again; rimettere in funzione, to put back in working order; (aut.) rimettere in marcia, to restart; rimettere in ordine, to put back in order; rimettere a posto, to put back in its place; rimettere a posto un osso, to set a bone; rimettere la spada nel fodero, to sheathe one's sword; rimettere sul trono, to restore to the throne // rimettere in discussione, to bring up for discussion again // (sport) rimettere in gioco, ( calcio) to throw in; ( tennis) to return; (fig.) to risk // rimettere a nuovo, to do up // rimettere mano a qlco., to take up sthg. again // rimettere l'orologio, to put the clock right; rimettiamo gli orologi!, synchronize watches! // rimettere piede, to set foot again: non rimetterò mai più piede in questa casa, I shall never set foot in this house again // rimettere in piedi qlcu., ( guarirlo) to put s.o. back on his feet; rimettere in piedi, in sesto un'azienda, ( risanarla) to put a firm back on its feet (o to turn a firm round); vogliono rimettere in piedi la vecchia rivista, they want to revive the old review
    2 ( affidare) to refer; to leave*; to submit: dovreste rimettere questa faccenda a un esperto, you should refer (o submit) this matter to an expert; rimettiamo a te la decisione, we will leave the decision to you; rimettere un affare al giudizio di qlcu., to refer a matter to s.o.'s judgement; rimettere un prigioniero alla giustizia, to hand a prisoner over to justice; rimettere la propria sorte nelle mani di qlcu., to put one's fate in s.o.'s hands // rimettere l'anima a Dio, to commit one's soul to God
    3 ( perdonare) to remit; to forgive*: rimettere un peccato, to remit a sin; rimettere debiti, to remit debts (o to release from debts); rimettere un'offesa, to pardon an offence // rimetti a noi i nostri debiti come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori, forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive them that trespass against us
    4 ( mandare) to remit; ( consegnare) to consign, to deliver, to hand over; ( spedire) to ship, to despatch: rimettere un assegno, to remit a cheque; prego rimetterci la somma al più presto, please remit us the amount as soon as possible; rimettere un dispaccio a qlcu., to hand (o to deliver) a message to s.o.; rimettere documenti a qlcu., to lodge documents with s.o.; la citazione fu rimessa stamane, the summons was delivered this morning
    5 ( vomitare) to bring* up, to vomit, to throw* up: rimise tutto ciò che aveva mangiato, he brought up all that he had eaten; mi viene da rimettere, I feel sick
    6 ( rimetterci) to lose*; to ruin: in questo affare ci ho rimesso molto denaro, I have lost a lot of money in this business; se non ci guadagna, almeno non ci rimette, if he doesn't gain anything, at least he won't lose anything; cosa ci rimetti a rispondermi?, what have you got to lose by answering me?; ci si rimette il fiato a parlare con lui, it is a waste of breath talking to him; ci ho rimesso un paio di scarpe, I ruined a new pair of shoes; ci rimetterai la salute, you will ruin your health; rimetterci di decoro, reputazione, to lose one's face, reputation // rimetterci le penne, (fam.) to get one's fingers burnt
    7 ( rimandare) to put* off, to postpone, to defer: l'incontro è stato rimesso a un altro giorno, the meeting has been put off to another day; non si può rimettere ciò a più tardi?, can't we leave that till later?; rimettere un affare al domani, to put off (o to defer) a matter till tomorrow; rimettere una causa di una settimana, to postpone (o to remand) a case for a week.
    ◘ rimettersi v.rifl. o intr.pron.
    1 ( mettersi di nuovo): mi sono rimesso in una situazione difficile, I have put myself in a difficult situation again; si rimise a lavorare, he started working (o set to work) again (o he resumed work); rimettere a sedere, to sit down again; rimettere in viaggio, to set out (o off o forth) again // si sono rimessi insieme, they've got back together again
    2 ( rasserenarsi) il tempo si sta rimettendo, it is clearing up (o the weather is improving)
    3 ( ristabilirsi) to recover: non si è ancora rimesso, he has not recovered (yet); rimettere da un colpo, da uno spavento, to recover from a shock, from a fright; rimettere in forze, in salute, to recover one's strength, one's health // rimettere in sesto, to recover one's position (o to get on one's feet again)
    4 ( affidarsi) to rely (on): mi rimetto alla tua discrezione, I rely on your discretion; mi rimetto a te per la decisione, I leave it to you to decide; rimettere alla clemenza della corte, to throw oneself on the mercy of the court.
    * * *
    1. [ri'mettere]
    vb irreg vt
    1) (mettere: di nuovo) to put back, (indossare) to put back on

    rimettere a nuovo — (casa ecc) to do up Brit o over Am

    2)

    (affidare: decisione) rimettere a qn — to refer to sb, leave to sb

    3) (perdonare: peccato) to forgive, (condonare: pena) to quash, (debito) to remit
    4) (inviare: merce) to deliver, (somma) to remit
    5) (Sport: pallone) to throw in, Tennis to return
    6) (vomitare) to bring up
    7)

    (perdere) rimetterci — to lose

    3) (riprendersi) to recover

    rimettersi in forze — to regain o recover one's strength

    rimettersi in salute — to get better, recover one's health

    * * *
    [ri'mettere] 1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (mettere di nuovo) to put* [sth.] again; (ricollocare) to put* [sth.] back

    rimettere qcs. al suo posto — to return sth. to its place

    rimettere in ordine — to tidy up [stanza, casa]

    rimettere insieme qcs. — to put sth. back together

    rimettere qcs. a nuovo — to renovate sth. completely

    2) (demandare) to refer (a to)
    3) (vomitare) to vomit, to bring* up

    rimettere una pena a qcn. — to give sb. remission

    rimettere i peccati a qcn. — to forgive sb.'s sins

    6) rimetterci to lose* [soldi, arto, vita]
    2.
    verbo pronominale rimettersi

    -rsi a fare qcs. — to start doing sth. again

    rimettiti il cappotto, ce ne andiamo — put your coat back on, we are leaving

    - rsi da — to recover from [malattia, parto, incidente]; to get over [shock, situazione difficile]

    -rsi al giudizio di qcn. — to defer to sb.'s judgement

    -rsi con qcn. — to get back together with sb.

    * * *
    rimettere
    /ri'mettere/ [60]
     1 (mettere di nuovo) to put* [sth.] again; (ricollocare) to put* [sth.] back; rimettere qcs. al suo posto to return sth. to its place; rimettere in ordine to tidy up [stanza, casa]; rimettere insieme qcs. to put sth. back together; rimettere qcs. a nuovo to renovate sth. completely
     2 (demandare) to refer (a to)
     3 (vomitare) to vomit, to bring* up
     4 (condonare) rimettere una pena a qcn. to give sb. remission; rimettere i peccati a qcn. to forgive sb.'s sins
     5 sport rimettere in gioco to throw in
     6 rimetterci to lose* [soldi, arto, vita]; ci hanno rimesso nella vendita della casa they lost on the sale of the house
    II rimettersi verbo pronominale
     1 (ricollocarsi) - rsi a letto to go back to bed; - rsi in fila to get back in line
     2 (ricominciare) - rsi al lavoro to get back to work; -rsi a fare qcs. to start doing sth. again; - rsi in cammino to get back on the road
     3 (indossare di nuovo) - rsi i jeans to wear jeans again; rimettiti il cappotto, ce ne andiamo put your coat back on, we are leaving
     4 (ristabilirsi) - rsi da to recover from [malattia, parto, incidente]; to get over [shock, situazione difficile]
     5 (affidarsi) -rsi al giudizio di qcn. to defer to sb.'s judgement; - rsi alla sorte to trust to luck
     6 (riprendere una relazione) -rsi con qcn. to get back together with sb.; - rsi insieme to get back together.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > rimettere

  • 20 вступить на трон

    сидеть на троне, царствовать — to sit on the throne

    Синонимический ряд:
    короноваться (глаг.) венчаться на царство; взойти на престол; взойти на трон; восшествовать на престол; восшествовать на трон; воцариться; вступить на престол; короноваться

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > вступить на трон

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  • throne — throneless, adj. /throhn/, n., v., throned, throning. n. 1. the chair or seat occupied by a sovereign, bishop, or other exalted personage on ceremonial occasions, usually raised on a dais and covered with a canopy. 2. the office or dignity of a… …   Universalium

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  • throne — /θroʊn / (say throhn) noun 1. the chair or seat occupied by a sovereign, bishop, or other exalted personage on ceremonial occasions, usually raised on a dais and covered with a canopy. 2. the office or dignity of a sovereign. 3. the occupant of a …  

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